DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, MANDLA ROAD, JABALPUR

STUDY MATERIAL CLASS XII

PHYSICS

ELECTROSTATICS

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1. Sketch a graph to show how the charge acquired by a capacitor of capacitance C varies
with increase in potential difference between its plates.
2. If a wire is stretched to double its original length without loss of mass, how will the
resistivity of the wire be influenced?
3. Two point electric charges of value q and 2q are kept at a distance d apart from each other.
A third charge Q is to be kept along the same line in such a way that the net force acting
on q and 2q is zero. Calculate the position of charge Q in terms of q and d.
4. Write the expression for work done in rotating a dipole from stable equilibrium position to
unstable equilibrium position in a uniform electric field.
5. Two charges 2 µC and – 2 µC are placed at points A and B 5cm apart. Depict an
equipotential surface of the system.

6. A metal plate is introduced between the plates of a charged parallel plate capacitor. What
is its effect on the capacitance of capacitor?
7. What orientation of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field corresponds to its stable
equilibrium?

8. In the following graph which of the Q

two capacitor L or K
more electrostatic energy is stored? Explain.
L

9 . Three capacitors of capacitance 2,3 and 4 pF are connected in parallel, What is the total
capacitance of the combination?

10. Give the sign of potential difference between A and B when (i) positive charge is moved
from A and B (ii) negative charge is moved from A and B. +Q--------------------A-------B

11. A conductor of length L is connected to a dc source of emf E .If this conductor is replaced
by the another conductor of same material and same area of cross-section but of length 3L
,How will the drift velocity change.
12. Write the expression for work done in rotating a dipole from stable equilibrium position
to unstable equilibrium position in a uniform electric field.

13.Three identical capacitors C1, C 2,C3 of capacitance 6µF C1

C3
each are connected to a 12V battery as shown.
Find (i) charge on each capacitor 12V
(ii) equivalent capacitance of the network
(iii) energy stored in the network of capacitors. C2

2
14. (i) Can two equipotential surface intersect each other?
(ii) Two charges –q and +q are located at points A (0,0,-a) and B (0,0,+a) respectively,
how much work is done in moving a test charge from point P (7,0,0) to Q (-3,0,0)?

15. (a) Define electric flux. Write its SI units.

(b) Consider a uniform electric field E = 3x103i N/C. Calculate the flux of this field
through a square surface of area 10 cm2 when (i) its plane is parallel to the y-z plane and
(ii) the normal to its plane makes a 600 angle with the x axis.

16. Two uniformly large parallel thin plates having charge densities +σ and –σ are kept in the
X-Z plane at a distance‘d’ apart. Sketch an equipotential surface due to electric field
between the plates. If a particle of mass m and charge ‘-q’ remains stationary between the
plates, what is the magnitude and direction of this field,

17. Dipole moment ‘p’ are kept at an angle of 1200 as shown in fig. What is resultant dipole
moment of this combination? If the system is subjected to electric field directed along +X
direction, what will be the magnitude and direction of the torque acting on this?

D . A(+q)
(-q)

.B(-q) (+q)C
18. Fig, shows two identical capacitors each of 1µF capacitance connected to 6V battery,
Initially switch S is closed .After some time ‘S’ is left open and dielectric slabs of dielectric
constant 3 are inserted to fill completely the space between the plates of the
S
two capacitors. How will the (i) charge and
(ii) potential difference between the plates of C2
capacitors be affected after the slabs are inserted?
6V C1

19.Using Guass’s law obtain the expression of the electric field due to a uniformly charged
thin spherical shell of radius R at a point outside the shell. Draw a graph showing the
variation of electric field with r, for r >R and r <R.
20. In the arrangement of the capacitors shown in the fig. 6V
the energy stored in the 6µF capacitor is E. Find the
Energy stored in the 12µF and 3µF capacitor also 6µF
total energy drawn from the battery.

3µF 12µF

3
21. Two parallel plate capacitors X and Y have the same area
of plates and same separation between them .X
has air between the plates while Y contains a dielectric X Y
medium of dielectric constant 4
(i)calculate capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent capacitance
Of combination is 4 µF.
(ii) Calculate potential diference between the plates of X and Y. 12V
(iii) What is the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in the X and Y

22.Consider two conducting spheres of radii R1 and R2 with R1 > R2. If the two are at the
same potential, the larger sphere has more charge than the smaller sphere. State whether the
charge density of the smaller sphere is more or less than that of the larger one.
23.Do free electrons travel to region of higher potential or lower potential?
24. A capacitor is charged with a battery and then its plate separation is increased without
disconnecting the battery. What will be the change in (a) Charge stored in the capacitor? (b)
Energy stored in the capacitor? (c) Potential difference across the plates of the capacitor? (d)
Electric field between the plates of the capacitor?

25. State Gauss’s Theorem. Using Gauss’s theorem establish that the magnitude of electric
field intensity at a point due to an infinite plane sheet with uniform charge density .

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 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1. Draw a graph showing the variation of resistivity with temperature for a semi-
conductor.
2. Two wires of equal length, one of copper and other of magnin have same resistance.
Which wire is thicker?
3. conducting wires X and Y of some diameter but different material are joined in series
across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of
drift velocity of e- in the two wires.
4. A straight line graph shows the variations of potential difference and current, using
this plot determine (i) emf and internal resistance of the cell.

1.4

V
1.2

0 0.04 0.12 0.20

5. i
A potential difference of V volts is applied to a conductor of length L and
diameter D. How will the drift velocity of e- and resistance of diameter change when:
(i) V is doubled (ii) L is halved (iii) D is halved
Give reason in each case.
6. What happens to balancing length:
(i) When galvanometer and cell are interchanged
(ii) When R and S are interchanged
(iii) Why the balance point is obtained near the mid point of the wire.
7. Which material of the wire is used for potentiometer wire. Why?
8. How the sensitivity of the potentiometer can be increased.
9. What is emf?
10. Three cells ofemf 2, 1.8 and 1.5 V are connected in series, their internal
resistances are 0.05, 0.7 and 1 Ω resp. If this battery is connected to an external
resistor of 4 Ω. Calculate:
(i) Total current flowing in the circuit.
(ii) The potential difference4across the terminals of cell of emf 1.5 V while in use.

5
13. The null point D is obtained 40 cm from the end A. When a resistance of 10 ohm is
connected in series with X, the null point shifts by 10 cm. find the position of the null point
when the 10 ohm resistance is instead connected in series with resistance ‘Y’.

Determine the values of the resistances X and Y.

14. A potential difference V is applied to a conductor of length L. How is the drift velocity
affected when V is doubled and L is halved?

15. A cylindrical metal wire is stretched to increase its length by 5 %. Calculate the
percentage change in its resistance.

16 In the following figure:

(i) What is the purpose of using high resistance R2.

(ii) How does the position of balance point (J) change when R1 is decreased.
(iii) Why balance point cannot be obtained.
(a) When E >2 V (b) When K is closed.

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1 marks questions

1. Magnin is used for making standard resistors, why?

2. The sequence of bands marked on a carbon resistor are: Red, Red, Red, Silver. Write
the value of resistance with tolerance.
3. A wire of resistively ρ is stretched to three its initial length, what will be its new
resistively.
4. A copper wire of resistivity r is stretched to reduce its diameter to half of its previous value
.What will be the new resistances?

2 marks questions

6. If the length of the wire conductor is doubled by stretching it , keeping potential difference
constant by what factor the drift speed of the electron changed.
7. A student has two wire of iron and copper of equal length and diameter.He first joins two
wires in series and pass electric current through the combination which increases
gradually.After that he joins two wires in parallel and repeats the process of passing
current.Which wire will glow first in each case?
8. Two bulbs whose resistance are in the ratio of 1:2 are connected in parallel to a source of
constant voltage. What will be the ratio of power dissipation in these?
Q.Plot a graph showing the variation of resistance as a function of its radius ,keeping other
Ө2things constant.

Q. The V-I graph is plotted for two conductors is shown in fig,

I

What is the ratio of resistances of conductor 1 and 2

in terms of Ө1 and Ө2 ? Ө1

Q. A uniform wire of resistance 50 ohm is cut into 5 equal parts .These parts are now
connected in parallel.What is the value of equivalent resistance of this combination.

Q. Define mobility and give its SI unit.

Q.A carbon resistor is marked red ,black, orange and silver .what is the resistance and
tolerance power of the resistor.

Q. For household wiring Cu or Al wires are used .What consideration are kept in mind.

Q. Two identical cells ,each of emf E ,having negligible internal resistance ,are connected in
parallel with each across an external resistance R, what is the current through this
resistance.

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Q. When is a Wheat stone bridge most sensitive? Name the device used to measure internal
resistance of a cell.

Q. Given the resistance of 1, 2 and 3 ohm how you will combine them to get the equivalent
resistance of 11/3 ohm and 6/11 ohm.

3 marks questions
9. In a meter bridge the balance point is found to be 39.5cm from the end A when the
resistor Y of12.5ohm is connected in right gap and resistor in left gap. Determine the value of
X.

(i) Why are connections between resistors in Meter Bridge made of thick copper strips?
(ii) Determine the balance point of the bridge described above if X and Y are interchanged.
(iii) What happens to the balance point when the galvanometer and the cell are interchanged?

11. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a variable resistor R .Plot a
graph showing the variation of terminal potential v with resistance R. Predict from the graph
the condition under which V becomes equal to E.

12. Define the term current density of a metallic conductor. Deduce the relation connecting
current density(J) and the conductivity (σ) of the conductor ,when an electronic field E is
applied to it.

13. . Two cells of emf E 1.5V and 2V and internal resistance 1Ω and 2Ω respectively are
connected in parallel to pass a current in the same direction through an external resistance
of 5Ω(i) draw a circuit diagram (ii) using Kirchoff’s law calculate the current through
each branch of the circuit and potential difference across 5Ω resistor.

14. Write a relation between current and drift velocity of electrons in a conductor. Use this
relation to explain how the resistance of a conductor changes with the rise in temperature.

15. Use Kirchoff’s rules to determine the value of the current I1 flowing in the circuit shown
in fig.

16. The graph shows the variation of potential difference 6V

across a combination of three identical cells in series
versus current ,what is the emf of each cell?

8
 V

1A I

17. Derive an expression for resistivity of a good conductor, in terms of the relaxation time of
electrons.

18. Using Kirchoff’s law, determine the voltage drop across the unknown resistor R and the
current flowing in the arm EF in the circuit shown
4V

6V

Q. Derive an expression for drift velocity.

Q. Deduce ohm’s law using the concept of drift velocity.

1 marks
1. Explain why Electric current and electric potential are Scalars in spite of they have
magnitude as well as direction.
2. Write the expression for resistivity of a conductor by applying the concept of drift
velocity and show that it is independent of its length and area of cross section.
3. The potential difference applied across a given resistance is altered so that heat
produced per second increases by a factor of 16. By what factor does the applied p.d
change?
4. A carbon resistance is marked in green, orange, red and silver. Write the value of the
resistance.
2 Marks
1. You are given n resistors, each of resistance r. These are first connected to get
minimum possible resistance. In the second case, these are again connected
differently to get maximum possible resistance. Compute the ratio between the
minimum and maximum values of resistance so obtained.
2. A cylindrical metallic wire is stretched to increase its length by 5%. Calculate the
percentage change in its resistance
3. A cell of e.m.f ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected across a variable resistor
‘R’. Plot a graph showing the variation of terminal potential ‘V’ with resistance ‘R’.
Predict from the graph, the condition under which ‘V’ becomes equal to ‘E’.

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4. A copper and an aluminium wire, of same length and diameter, carry same current. In
which wire is the electric field larger and why?
3 marks
4 State the principle of potentiometer and explain the procedure of finding out the
internal resistance of a cell using the potentiometer.
5 (a) Calculate the value of R in the balance condition of the Wheatstone bridge, if the
carbon resistor connected across the arm CD has the colour sequence red, red &
orange as shown in the figure.
(b) If now the resistance of arms BC & CD are interchanged, to obtain the balance
condition, another carbon resistor is connected in place of ‘R’. What would now be
sequence of colour bands of the carbon resistor?

6 In the given network, find the values of the currents I1, I2 and I3.

5Marks
5 Define relaxation time. Derive Ohm’s law by using the concept of drift velocity. Also
use this relation to find the expression for resistance and resistivity.
6 (a) State with the help of circuit diagram, the working principle of a meter bridge.
Obtain the expression used for determining the unknown resistance.

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 7 (a) State with the help of circuit diagram, the working principle of a meter bridge.
Obtain the expression used for determining the unknown resistance.
(b) In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of 40cm from A. If a
resistance of 12Ω is connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at 50cm from
A. Determine the value of R and S.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Is the motion of a charge across junction momentum conserving? Why or why not?
2. The relaxation time τ is nearly independent of applied E field whereas it changes significantly
with temperature T. First fact is (in part) responsible for Ohm’s law whereas the second fact
leads to variation of ρ with temperature. Elaborate why?
3. What are the advantages of the null-point method in a Wheatstone bridge? What additional
measurements would be required to calculate Runknown by any other method?
4. What is the advantage of using thick metallic strips to join wires in a potentiometer?
5. For wiring in the home, one uses Cu wires or Al wires. What considerations are involved in
this?
6. Why are alloys used for making standard resistance coils?
7. Power P is to be delivered to a device via transmission cables having resistance Rc. If V is the
voltage across R and I the current through it, find the power wasted and how can it be
reduced.
8. 3.19 AB is a potentiometer wire (Fig 3.4). If the value of R is increased, in which direction
will the balance point J shift?

9. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across an external resistance R. Plot a
graph showing the variation of P.D. across R, verses R.

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 Short Answer Type Questions
1. First a set of n equal resistors of R each are connected in series to a battery of emf E and
internal resistance R. A current I is observed to flow. Then the n resistors are connected in
parallel to the same battery. It is observed that the current is increased 10 times. What is ‘n’?
2. Let there be n resistors R1…………Rn with Rmax = max (R1 ……… Rn) and Rmin = min
{R1 ….. Rn}. Show that when they are connected in parallel, the resultant resistance Rp <
Rmin and when they are connected in series, the resultant resistance Rs > Rmax. Interpret the
result physically.
3. The circuit in Fig 3.6 shows two cells connected in opposition to each other. Cell E1 is of emf
6V and internal resistance 2Ω; the cell E2 is of emf 4V and internal resistance 8Ω. Find the
potential difference between the points A and B.

4. Two cells of same emf E but internal resistance r1 and r2 are connected in series to an external
resistor R (Fig 3.7). What should be the value of R so that the potential difference across the
terminals of the first cell becomes zero.

5. Two conductors are made of the same material and have the same length. Conductor A is a
solid wire of diameter 1mm. Conductor B is a hollow tube of outer diameter 2mm and inner
diameter 1mm. Find the ratio of resistance RA to RB.
6. Two cells of voltage 10V and 2V and internal resistances 10Ω and 5Ω respectively, are
connected in parallel with the positive end of 10V battery connected to negative pole of 2V
battery (Fig 3.8). Find the effective voltage and effective resistance of the combination.

1. A room has AC run for 5 hours a day at a voltage of 220V. The wiring of the room consists
of Cu of 1 mm radius and a length of 10 m. Power consumption per day is 10 commercial
units. What fraction of it goes in the joule heating in wires? What would happen if the wiring

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is made of aluminium of the same dimensions?
[resistivitycu = 1.7 × 10-8Ω m , resistivityAl = 2.7 × 10-8Ω m

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 MAGNETIC EFECT OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
1. A proton is moving is along +ve X axis in the presence of uniform magnetic field
along +ve y axis. What is the direction of force acting on it?

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2. Where on the surface of Earth is the vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field
zero?

3. The permeability of a magnetic material is 0.9983.Name the type of magnetic

material it represents
4. An electric cable is laid in east to west direction such that the current flows from east
to west. A monkey sitting on the pole keeps a compass needle over the cable. Find
the direction in which the compass needle gets deflected.
5. How does the pole strength of a bar magnet change when it is cut into two equal
pieces:
(a)Transverse to its length (b) Longitudinally
6. What is the angle of dip at a place where the horizontal and vertical components of
the Earth’s magnetic field are equal?
7. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is - 4.2 x 10-6. Name the type of magnetic
materials it represents.

8. A current is induced in the coil C1 due to the motion of current carrying coil C2 (a)
Write any two ways by which a large deflection can be obtained in the galvanometer
(b) suggest an alternative device to demonstrate the induced current in place of a
galvanometer?
9. Define angle of dip. How does the value of angle of dip change while moving from
the equator to the poles?
10. What is hysteresis? What is the physical significance of having narrow hysteresis
loop of a material?
11. Define the term current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer. “Increasing the
current sensitivity may not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity”. Justify the
statement.

12. Figure show the variation of intensity of magnetization (I) versus the applied
magnetic field intensity (h) for two magnetic materials A and B. (a) Identify the
materials A and B (b) For the material A, plot the variation of I with temperature

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14.A square coil of side 10cm consists of 20 turns and carries a current of 12A. The coil
is suspended vertically and the normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle of 30° with
the direction of a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 0.8T. What is the
magnitude of torque experienced by the coil?

15.A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.5 J/T is placed with its axis at 30° to a
uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T. Calculate (i) the magnitude of the torque experienced
and (ii) the direction on which it acts.

13. (a) With the help of the diagram, explain the principle & working of a moving coil
galvanometer.
(b) What is the importance of a radial magnetic field & how is it produced.
(c) Why is it that while using a moving coil galvanometer as a voltmeter a high
resistance in series is required where as in an ammeter a shunt is used?
14. A charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field with its initial velocity directed:
(i) parallel to the field (ii) perpendicular to the field. Show that there is no change in
the kinetic energy of the particle in both the cases.
15. Give one example each of diamagnetic and a paramagnetic material .In what way
each of these tend to move when placed in a non uniform external magnetic field.
16. Two long parallel wires A and B separated by a distance (d) carry steady currents I A
and IB respectively .Show by using Biot savart law and the Lorentz force that the
magnitude other force on a segment L of the conductor B due to a is given by F =
µoIAIBL/(2πd).
17. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment m=0.32 JT-1is placed in a uniform external
magnetic field of 0.15 T If the bar magnet is free to rotate in the plane of the field
, which orientation would correspond to (i) its stable equilibrium (ii) unstable
equilibrium? what is the potential energy in each case?
18. Natasha has to measure the value of voltage at home.She has only three resistance
and a galvanometer .Her daughter Nikita comes to her and asked the problem .Nikita
has an idea to solve the problem.She asked her mother what range of voltage she
want to measure. Her mother told her that it would be 2V,20V and 200V.(i) Can you
suggest the way by which the problem may be solved (ii) what would be the values
of three resistors to be used in the circuit?
19. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment m=0.32 JT-1is placed in a uniform external
magnetic field of 0.15 T If the bar magnet is free to rotate in the plane of the field
, which orientation would correspond to (i) its stable equilibrium (ii) unstable
equilibrium? what is the potential energy in each case?
20. An electron is moving in X axis in magnetic field acting along Y axis .What is the
direction of magnetic force acting on it?
21. Give two factors by which the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer can
be increased.
22. In the fig. PQR and PSR are two semi circles Q

16
 What is the magnetic field at the centre of loop P R

S
23. A beam of α particles and of protons of the same velocity v enter a uniform
magnetic field at right angles to the field lines .The particles describe the circular
paths. What is the ratio of the radii of the two Circles.
24. A galvanometer has a resistance of 300Ω .If give full scale deflection with a current
of 2mA. Calculate the value of the resistance needed to convert it into an ammeter or
range 0- 0.3A.
25. Explain the principle construction and working of cyclotron. Show that its frequency
is independent of speed of rotation.
26. State Biot-Savart’s law. Using it derive the expression for magnetic field due to a
current carrying circular coil on its axis.
27. (i) With the help of a diagram ,explain principle and working of a moving coil
galvanometer.
(ii) What is the importance of radial field and how it is produced.
(iii) Why is it that while using a moving coil galvanometer as a voltmeter a high
resistance in series is required where as in ammeter a shunt is used.
28. (i) Stat Ampere’s circuital law.
(ii) Use it to derive an expression for magnetic field inside ,along the axis of an air
cored solenoid.
(iii) Sketch the magnetic field lines for solenoid .How are these field lines different
from electric field lines from an electric dipole.

29. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a in a vertical plain parallel to magnetic meridian
has its north tip down at 600 with horizontal. The horizontal component of the earth’s
magnetic field at the place is known to be 0.4G.Determine the intensity of earth’s
magnetic field at the place.
30. A current is induced in coil C1 due to the motion of current carrying coil C2.(i) Write
any two ways by which large deflection can be obtained in the galvanometer G.(ii)
Suggest an alternative device to demonstrate the induced current in the place of a
galvanometer.

31. Show that cyclotron frequency is independent of energy of the particle. Is there an
upper limit on the energy acquired by the particle? Give reason.
32. Two straight wires X and Y separated by a distance of 5cm in air carry current 5A
and 10A respectively in opposite direction .Calculate the magnitude and direction
of the force on 20cm length of the wire y.
33. write any three points of difference among Ferromagnetic, Paramagnetic and
diamagnetic substances.
34. (a) Steel is preferred for making permanent magnets whereas soft iron is preferred
for making electromagnets. Give reason.
(b) If the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place where the angle
of dip is 60° is 0.4 x 10-4 tesla, calculate the vertical component and the resultant
magnetic field of earth at that point.
35. A galvanometer with a coil of resistance 12Ω shows a full scale deflection for a
current of 2.5 mA. Calculate the value of resistance required to convert it into (a) an

17
 ammeter of range 0 to 7.5A and (b) a voltmeter of range 0 to 10V. Draw the
diagrams to show how you will connect this resistance to the galvanometer in each
case.
36. State and explain three elements of earth’s magnetic field using suitable diagram.
37. A long straight wire of circular cross section of radius ‘a’ carries a steady current ‘I’.
The current is uniformly distributed across the cross section. Apply Ampere’s
circuital law to calculate the magnetic field at a point ‘r’ in a region for (i) r < a and r
> a. Draw a graph between ‘B’ and ‘r’.

42. A straight wire, of length π/2 m, is bent into a circular shape. If the wire were to
carry a current of 5A, calculate the magnetic field due to it before bending at a point
distant 0.01 times the radius of the circle formed from it. Also calculate the magnetic
field at the centre of the circular loop formed, for the same value of current.

43.A rectangular loop of wire of size 4 cm x 10cm carries a steady current of 2A. A
straight long wire carrying 5A current is kept near the loop as shown. If the loop and the
wire are coplanar. Find (a) the torque acting on the loop and
(b) The magnitude and direction of the force on the loop due to the current carrying wire.

18
 EMI AND AC
1 marks

19
7. In the diagram below a circular loop carrying current I is shown. Show the direction of
the
magnetic field with the help of lines of force.

8. Give the direction in which the induced current flows in the coil mounted on an insulating
stand when a bar magnet is quickly moved along the
9. Axis of the coil from one side to the other as shown S N
S N
Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described in the following fig.

10. Why is the core of the transformer laminated?

11. What is the dimensional formula of√𝐿𝐶 ?
12. The power factor of an ac circuit is 0.5.what will be the phase difference between voltage
and current in the circuit?
13. Explain the meaning of back emf in a motor.
14. Sketch a graph showing the variation of reactance of a capacitor with frequency of the
applied voltage.
15. State the principle on which metal detectors used for security reason at airports are used.
16. The electric current in a wire in the direction from B to A is decreasing. What is the
direction of induced current in the metallic loop kept above the wire as shown in the
figure?

11.Why is the use of a.c. voltage preferred over d.c. voltage? Give two reasons.
12. In a series LCR series circuit, VL = VC ≠ VR. What is the value of power factor?
13.If the number of turns of a solenoid is doubled, keeping the other factors constant, how
does the self inductance of the solenoid change.
14. A low power factor implies large power loss. Explain.
15. A signal of 7 KHz frequency is amplitude modulated on a carrier wave of
frequency 3 MHz. What are the frequencies of the side bands produced?
16. Why is the core of transformer laminated?
17. State faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

2 marks

1. Starting from the expression for the energy W= ½ LI2, stored in a solenoid of self
inductance L to build up the current I, obtain the expression for the magnetic energy in terms

20
of the magnetic field B, area A and length l of the solenoid having n number of turns per unit
length. Hence show that the energy density is given by B2/2µ0.

2 The graph (i) and (II) rep resent the variation of the opposition offered by circuit element
to the flow of ac with frequency of the applied emf. Identify the circuit element
corresponding to each graph .

opposition
Opposition to current

to current

frequency
frequency

3.Name the phenomenon associated with the production of back emf in a coil due to change
in electric current through the coil itself. Name and define the SI unit used for measuring
this characteristic of the coil.
A

Q. Which of the two curve A or B has larger value of self inductance.

B Ø

Q. Two bulbs P and Q are connected one in series with an inductor and another in series with
a resistor ,the resistance of inductor is same as that of resistor, both of them are connected in
parallel to a battery, which of the bulb will light up first? Justify your answer.

Q. Define the term ‘power loss’ in a conductor of resistance r carrying a current i. In what
form does this power loss appear? Show that to minimise the power loss in the transmission
cables connecting the power stations to homes, it is necessary to have the connecting wires
carrying current at enormous high values of voltage.
Q Show that Lenz’s law is accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
Q In India domestic power supply is at 220V, 50Hz while in USA it is 110V and 50Hz. Give
one advantage and one disadvantage of 220V supply over 110V supply.
17. A 100 Ω resistor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz ac supply (a) what is the rms value of
current in the circuit? (b) What is the net power consumed over a full cycle?
18. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5h. If the current in one coil
changes from 0 to 20 ampere in 0.5 s, what is the change in magnetic flux linkage with
the other coil?
19. The instantaneous voltage from an ac source is given by e = 300 sin 314 t; what is the
rms voltage of the source.

21
20. A rectangular coil of n-turn and area of cross-sections A is held in a time varying
magnetic field. Deduce an expression for the emf induced in the coil.
21. In a series LR circuit, XL = R and the power factor of the circuit is p1. When a capacitor
with capacitance C such that XC = XL is put in series, the power factor becomes p2. Find
out p1 / p2.
22. Mention two reasons for energy losses in an actual transformer. How it can be
minimized?
23. In a given coil of self-inductance of 10 mH, current changes from 6 A to 2 A in 20 s.
Calculate the emf induced in the coil.

3 marks
24. How is mutual induction of pair of coils affected when (i) separation between coils is
increased? (ii) number of turn of each coil is increased ?(iii) a thin iron sheet is placed
between two coils? Explain your answer in each case.
25. (i)Define the term impedance of the series LCR circuit. Derive mathematical expression
for it using phasor diagram.
(ii) Obtain the resonant frequency of a series LCR circuit with L=2H, C= 32µF and R
=10ohm.
(iii)Explain the term ‘capacitive reactance’ show graphically the variation of it with
frequency of applied alternating voltage.
26. An ac voltage E=E0 Sinwt is applied across a pure capacitor of capacitance C.Show
mathematically that current flowing through it leads the applied voltage by π/2.
27. A rectangular loop is of wire is moved with a uniform velocity across the field as shown
in fig.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

X x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xxxxxx

X x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xxxxxxxxx

Draw the graph shows the variation of (i) magnetic flux linked with the loop and (ii) induced
emf in the loop with time.

28. The primary coil of an ideal transformer has100 turns and the transformation ratio
100.The input voltage and power are 220V and 1100W respectively. Calculate
(i) number of turns in the secondary

(ii) current in the primary

(iii) power in the secondary.

29. (i) Distinguish between the term resistance, reactance and impedance of a circuit.

22
 (ii) A 100µF capacitor in series with a 40 ohm resistance is connected to a 100V, 60Hz
supply .Calculate the reactance, impedance and maximum current in the circuit.

30. (i) With the help of the labeled diagram. Describe briefly the underlying principle and
working of a step up transformer.
(ii) Write any two sources of energy loss in transformer.
(iii) A step up transformer converts a low input voltage into a high output voltage. Does it
violate law of conservation of energy.? Explain.
31. Derive an expression for impedance of a series LCR circuit connected to an ac supply of
variable frequency and Plot a graph showing variation of current with the frequency of
applied voltage.
32. Explain how the phenomenon of resonance in the circuit can be used in tuning
mechanism of a radio.
33. (i) Derive the expression for the average power consumed in a series LCR circuit
connected to ac source in which the phase difference between the voltage and the current
in the circuit is Ø

(ii) Define the quality factor in a series LCR circuit, why it should have large value.
Name the factors on which it depends.

34. (a) When an ac source is connected to an ideal capacitor show that the average power
supplied by the source over a complete cycle is zero.

(b) A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor. Predict your observations when the
system is connected first across a d.c and then an ac source. What happens in each case if
the capacitance of the capacitor is reduced?

38. What are eddy currents.?How eddy currents are produced? In what sense are eddy
currents considered undesirable in a transformer and how these can be reduced?

39. Draw the graphs showing variation of inductive reactance, capacitive reactance and
impedance in LCR series circuit in resonance condition with frequency.

40. An electric lamp having coil of negligible inductance

connected in series with a capacitor and an ac source is glowing
with certain brightness. How does the brightness of lamp change
on reducing the (i) capacitance, and (ii) the frequency? Justify your
answer.

41.Define self inductance of a coil.show the magnetic energy

required to build up the current i in the coil of self inductance l is given by 1/2li2.

42.State lenz’s law. A metallic rod held horizontally along east-west direction, is allowed to
fall under gravity. Will there be an e.m.f. Induced at its ends? Justify your answer.

5 MARKS

23
1. You are given three circuit elements x, y and z. When the element x is connected
Across an a.c. Source of a given voltage, the current and the voltage are in the same
Phase. When the element y is connected in series with x across the source, voltage is
Ahead of the current in phase by 𝜋/3 . But the current is ahead of the voltage in
Phase by 𝜋/3when z is connected in series with x across the source. Identify the
Circuit elements x, y and z.
When all the three elements are connected in series across the same source,
determine the impedance of the circuit.
Draw a plot of the current versus the frequency of applied source and mention the
Significance of this plot.

2.In a series LCR circuit connected to an a.c. Source of voltage v = vosinωt, use phasor
diagram to derive an expression for the current in the circuit. Hence, obtain
the expression for the power dissipated in the circuit.
A circuit containing an 80 mH inductor and a 250 μF capacitor in series connected to a240
V, 100 rad/s supply. The resistance of the circuit is negligible.
(i) obtain rms value of current.
(ii) what is the total average power consumed

3. “Lenz’s law is a consequence of energy conservation principle”. Justify this statement.

If frequency of alternating emf be increased, what will be the effect on currents In the three
cases. Explain.

(a) (b) (c)

4. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

A semicircular coil of radius ‘R’ is rotated with constant angular velocity ‘ω’ in
uniform magnetic field of field intensity ‘B’.Obtain an expression for the
(i) magnetic flux and (ii) induced emf.
Represent the variation of induced emf with the angle θ.

5(a)State the principle of a transformer. Why it cannot be used for charging dc voltage?

(b)In a step up transformer,transformation ratio is 100. The primary voltage is 200V and
input power is 1000 W. The number of turns in primary is 100. Calculate
i) number of turns in the secondary coil

24
ii) current in the primary
iii)the voltage across the secondary
iv)current in the secondary.

6.a) State the condition under which the phenomenon of resonance occurs in a series LCR
circuit.Plot a graph showing the variation of current with frequency of ac source in a series
LCR circuit.
b) Show that in a series LCR circuit connected to an ac source exhibits resonance at its
natural frequency equal to 1/√𝐿𝐶.

7. Describe briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, the basic elements of an a.c.
generator. State its underlying principle. Show diagrammatically how an alternating emf is
generated by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field.

8. (i) With the help of a labelled diagram, describe briefly the underlying principle and
working of a step up transformer.
(ii) write any two sources of energy loss in a transformer.
(iii) a step up transformer converts a low input voltage into a high output voltage. Does it
violate law of conservation of energy? Explain.

9.Derive an expression for the impedance of a series LCR series circuit connected to an ac
supply of variable frequency.
Plot a graph showing variation of current with the frequency of the applied voltage.
Explain briefly how the phenomenon of resonance in the circuit can be used in the tuning
mechanism of a radio or a tv set.

10. (a) Define self-inductance of a coil. Obtain an expression for

the energy stored in a
Solenoid of self-inductance ‘L’ when the current though it grows
from zero to ‘i’.
(b) A square loop MNOP of side 20 cm is placed horizontally in a
uniform magnetic field acting vertically downwards as shown in
the figure. The loop is pulled with a constant velocity of 20 cm s−1
till it goes out of the field.
(i) Depict the direction of the induced current in the loop as it goes out of the field.
For how long would the current in the loop persist?
(ii) plot a graph showing the variation of magnetic flux and induced emf as a function
of time.

11. (a) Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular loop area A carrying current I. Show
That it acts as a bar magnet of magnetic moment M = IA .
(b) Derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a solenoid of length ‘2l’, radius ‘a’
having ’n’ number of turns per unit length and carrying a steady current ‘i’ at a point
near to the axial line.

12. Write the expression for the instaneous value of the emf induced in the rotating loop.A
series LCR circuit is connected to an source having voltage v = v0 sin. Derive the expression
for the instantaneous current i and its phase relationship to the applied voltage.

25
Obtain the condition for resonance to occur. Define ‘power factor’. State the conditions under
which it is (i) maximum and (ii) minimum.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

26
1. A variable frequency ac source is connected to a capacitor .What will happen to the
displacement current with increase in the frequency of ac?

2. Name the radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which are used in (a) warfare to
look through fog (b) radar.
3. How are electromagnetic waves produced? How do you convince yourself that
electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum?

27
4. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in the descending order of their
wavelengths: microwaves, infrared waves, UV radiations, gamma rays, Write one use
each of any two of them.
5. An e.m wave is travelling in a medium with a velocity v = vi. The electric field
oscillation of this em wave are along the y- axis(i) identify the direction in which
the magnetic field oscillations are taking place in the em wave (ii) how are the
magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields in the em wave related to each other?

6. In a plane electromagnetic wave the electric field oscillates sinusoidally at a

frequency of 2 X 1010Hz and amplitude 48V/m.(i) What is the wavelength of the
wave.(ii) What is the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field.
7. Arrange the following EM radiation in the ascending order of the frequencies:
Microwaves, radio waves, X-rays, Gamma rays. Write two uses of any of these.
8. Suppose the electric field amplitude of on electromagnetic wave is E 0 = 120N/C and
that its frequency is 50MHz determine B0, Ѡ and k.
9. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction .What can you say
about the direction of electric and magnetic field vectors?
Q1. Which part of EM spectrum has the largest penetrating power?
Q2. Which part of EM spectrum is used in operating a RADAR?
Q3. How are X-rays produced?
Q4. What is the origin of the displacement current?
Q5. Which of the following has the shortest wave length: microwaves, UV rays or X-
rays?
2 MARKS QUESTIONS:
Q1. Experimental observations have shown that X- rays
(i) travels in vacuum with a speed of 3 X 108 m/s.
(ii) exhibit the phenomenon of diffraction and can be polarized.
Q2. The small ozone layer on the top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival,
why?
Q3. Explain briefly how EM waves are produced by an oscillating charge. How
frequency of the EM waves is produced related to that of the oscillating charge?
3 MARKS QUESTIONS:
Q1. Name the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum which is
(a) suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation.
(b) used to treat muscular strain.
(c) used as a diagnostic tool in medicine.
Write in brief, how these waves can be produced.
Q2. How are electromagnetic waves produced? What is the source of the energy carried
by a propagating electromagnetic wave? Identify the electromagnetic radiations used
(i) in remote switches of household electronic devices; and
(ii) as diagnostic tool in medicine.

Q3. (a) Which one of the following electromagnetic radiations has least frequency: UV
radiations, X-rays, Microwaves
(b) How do you show that electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum?

28
(c) Write the expression for the energy density of an electromagnetic wave propagating in
free space.

Q4. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in the order of their increasing
wavelength:
(a) ϒ-rays (b) Microwaves (c) X-rays (d) Radio waves
How are infra-red waves produced? What role does infra-red radiation play in (i)
maintaining the Earth’s warmth and (ii) physical therapy?

Q5. How are electromagnetic waves produced? What is the source of energy of these
waves?
Draw a schematic sketch of the electromagnetic waves propagating along the + x-axis.
Indicate the directions of the electric and magnetic fields. Write the relation between the
velocity of propagation and the magnitudes of electric and magnetic fields.

OPTICS

29
30
31
32
33
34
1 marks questions

Q. what is the focal length of glass plate?

Q. What is the distance between the objective and eyepiece in telescope in normal
adjustment.

35
Q. What are the necessary conditions for TIR.

Q.Draw the the ray diagram to obtain inverted image through a prism without any deviation.

Q. A concave lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a medium of refractive index 1.65.
What is the nature of the lens?

Q. The radii of curvature of both the surfaces of a lens are equal. If one of the surfaces is
made plane by grinding, how will the focal length and power of the lens change?
Q. For the same angle of incidence, the angle of refraction in two media A and B are 25o and
35o respectively. In which medium is the speed of light less?

Q. The focal length of an equiconvex lens is equal to the radius of curvature of either face.
What is the refractive index of the material of the lens?

Q. Why does bluish color predominate in a clear sky?

Q6. For which material the value of refractive index is (i) minimum (ii) maximum?
Q7. What happen to the interference pattern if the phase difference between two sources
varies continuously?
Q8. State the essential condition for diffraction of light to occur.
Q9. Which type of wave show the property of polarization?
Q10. Name three properties, which are mutually perpendicular to each other in a plane
polarized light wave.
Q11. What are secondary wavelets?
Q.12. Can a plane mirror form a real image? If yes, how?
Q.13. What happens when a plane wave front is incident on a convex lens?
Q.14. Which property of light remains unchanged when it enters from one medium into the
other?
Q.15 A beam of light enters from air into water and its speed decreases. Does this mean that
its energy will also decrease? Explain.

2 marks questions

Q1. Use the mirror equation to show that an object placed between f and 2f of a concave
mirror produces a real image beyond 2f.

Q2. Find an expression for intensity of transmitted light when a Polaroid sheet is rotated
between two crossed Polaroids. In which position of the Polaroid sheet will the transmitted
intensity be maximum?
Q3. Define a wave front. Using Huygens’ Wave Principle, draw the shape of a refracted wave
front, when a plane wave is incident on a convex lens.
Q4. (a) When a wave is propagating from a rarer to a denser medium, which characteristic of
the wave does not change and why?

36
(b) What is the ratio of the velocity of the wave in the two media of refractive indices µ1 and
µ2?
Q5. A biconvex lens of glass of refractive index 1·5 having focal length 20 cm is placed in a
medium of refractive index 1·65. Find its focal length. What should be the value of the
refractive index of the medium in which the lens should be placed so that it acts as a plane
sheet of glass?
Q6. Write the important characteristic features by which the interference can be distinguished
from the observed diffraction pattern.
Q7. Explain the basic differences between the construction and working of a telescope and a
microscope.

Q8. An object is placed 40 cm from a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. If a concave lens of
focal length 50 cm is introduced between the convex lens and the image formed such that it is
20 cm from the convex lens, find the change in the position of the image.
Q9. A biconvex lens of glass of refractive index 1·5 having focal length 20 cm is placed in a
medium of refractive index 1·65. Find its focal length. What should be the value of the
refractive index of the medium in which the lens should be placed so that it acts as a plane
sheet of glass?
Q10. A screen is placed 90 cm away from an object. The image of the object on the screen is
formed by a convex lens at two different locations separated by 20 cm. Determine the focal
length of the lens.
Q11. What change will occur in diffraction pattern if
(i) light of smaller wavelength is used
(ii) slit is made narrower, and
(iii) another slit is placed near and parallel to the first slit?
Q. 12. Draw the angle of deviation vs. angle of incidence curve for a ray incident obliquely
on a prism. Which phenomena of light does this experiment reveal?
Q.13. Write the expression for the magnification for a compound microscope when the final
image is at infinity. Why must both the objective and the eye piece of a compound
microscope have small focal length?
Q. 14. Assuming that diameter of eye pupil to be 2 mm, calculate the smallest angular
separation at which two point objects can be distinctly seen when viewed in the light of
wavelength 600 nm.
Q1. (i) A giant refracting telescope has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an eye piece
of focal length 1.0 cm is used, what is the angular magnification of the telescope?
(ii) If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the moon
formed by the objective lens ? The diameter of the moon is 3.48 × 106 m and the radius of
lunar orbit is 3.8 × 108 m.
Q2. Answer the following questions:
(a) In a double slit experiment using light of wavelength 600 nm, the angular width of the
fringe formed on a distant screen is 0.1°. Find the spacing between the two slits.
(b) Light of wavelength 5000 Å propagating in air gets partly reflected from the surface of
water. How will the wavelengths and frequencies of the reflected and refracted light be
affected?

37
Q3. In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits are separated by a distance of 1·5 mm
and the screen is placed 1 m away from the plane of the slits. A beam of light consisting of
two wavelengths 650 nm and 520 nm is used to obtain interference fringes. Find :-
(a) the distance of the third bright fringe = 520 nm on the screen from the central maximum.
(b) the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the
wavelengths coincide.
Q4. Answer the following:
(a) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a double slit
experiment?
(b) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright
spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain, why?
(c) How does the resolving power of a microscope depend on (i) the wavelength of the light
used and (ii) the medium used between the object and the objective lens?
Q5. (a) The light from a clear blue portion of the sky shows a rise and fall of intensity when
viewed through a Polaroid which is rotated. Describe, with the help of a suitable diagram, the
basic phenomenon/process which occurs to explain this observation.
(b) Show how light reflected from a transparent medium gets polarized. Hence deduce
Brewster’s law.
Q6. What does a Polaroid consist of? Shows, using a simple Polaroid, that light waves are
transverse in nature. Intensity of light coming out of a Polaroid does not change irrespective
of the orientation of the pass axis of the Polaroid. Explain why.
Q8. An object is placed 15 cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. Find the nature
and position of the image formed. Where a concave mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm
should be placed so that the final image is formed at the position of the object itself?
Q9. Compare and explain three distinguishing features observed in Young’s double slit
interference pattern with those seen for a coherently illuminated single slit producing
diffraction pattern.

Q10. (a) Assume that the light of wavelength 6000 Å is coming from a star. Find the limit of
resolution of a telescope whose objective has a diameter of 250 cm.
(b) Two slits are made 1 mm apart and the screen is placed 1 m away. What should be the
width of each slit to obtain 10 maxima of the double slit pattern within the central maximum
of the single slit pattern?

Q11. Write the expression for the resultant intensity at a point due to the superposition of two
monochromatic waves : y1 = a cos (ωt), y2 = a cos (ωt + Ф), where Ф is the phase difference
between the two waves and a and ω denote the amplitude and angular frequency respectively.
Q12. In Young’s double slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the
intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is λ is k units. Find the
intensity at a point on the screen where path difference is λ/4.
Q13. (a) Give two reasons to explain why reflecting telescopes are preferred over refracting
type.
(b) Use mirror equation to show that convex mirror always produces a virtual image
independent of the location of the object.
Q14. (a) Write the necessary conditions to obtain sustained interference fringes.
(b) In Young’s double slit experiment, plot a graph showing the variation of fringe width
versus the distance of the screen from the plane of the slits keeping other parameters same.
What information can one obtain from the slope of the curve?

38
(c) What is the effect on the fringe width if the distance between the slits is reduced keeping
other parameters same?
Q15. An object is placed 15 cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. Find the
nature and position of the image formed. Where a concave mirror of radius of curvature 20
cm should be placed so that the final image is formed at the position of the object itself?
Q16. What does a Polaroid consist of? Show using a simple Polaroid, that light waves are
transverse in nature. Intensity of light coming out of a Polaroid does not change irrespective
of the orientation of the pass axis of the Polaroid. Explain why?
Q17. (a) Assume that the light of wavelength 6000 Å is coming from a star. Find the limit of
resolution of a telescope whose objective has a diameter of 250 cm.
(b) Two slits are made 1 mm apart and the screen is placed 1 m away. What should be the
width of each slit to obtain 10 maxima of the double slit pattern within the central maximum
of the single slit pattern?

3 MARKS QUESTIONS:

Q. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped ,in turn, in (i) a medium
of refractive index 1.65, (ii )a medium of refractive index 1.33, Will it behave as
converging or diverging in the two cases ?also what happens to their focal length in the
two cases.

Q. When monochromatic light travels from one medium to another, its wavelength changes
but frequency remains the same. Explain.
Q. State Brewsters law and prove that at angle of polarization reflected ray and refracted ray
are perpendicular to each other.

3 marks questions

1. Double convex lenses are to be manufactured from a glass of refractive index 1.55, with
both faces of same radius of curvature. What is the radius of curvature required if the focal
length is to be 20cm?

2. A convex lens and a convex mirror of radius of curvature 20cm are placed coaxially with
the convex mirror placed at a distance of 30cm from the lens. For a point object at a
distance of 20cm from the lens, final image due to this combination, coincides with the
object itself. What is the focal length of the convex lens?

3. Two lenses p and Q of an astronomical telescope having focal lengths 4cm and16cm
respectively are arranged as shown in fig. P 15cm Q

(i) Which one of the two lenses will you select to use as objective lens and why.

39
 (ii) What would be the change in distance between the lenses to have the telescope in its
normal adjustment?

(iii) Calculate the magnifying power of the telescope in its normal adjustment.

4. (a) What are coherent sources of light? State two conditions for two light sources to be
coherent.

(b) Derive mathematical expression for the width of the interference fringes in Young’s
double slit experiment with the help of suitable diagram.

(c) If s is the size of the source and b is the distance from the plane of the two slits, what
should be the criterion for the interference fringes to be seen.

5.(i) How is wave front different from a ray ?Draw the geometrical shape of the wave fronts
when (a) light diverges from appoint source (b) Light emerges out of a convex lens when a
point source is placed at its focus.

(ii) State Huygen’s principle .With the help of a suitable diagram; prove Snell’s law of
refraction using it.

7. Two convex lenses of same focal length but of aperture A1 and A2 (A2 < A1) and used as
the objective lenses in two astronomical telescopes having identical eyepieces. What is the
ratio of their resolving power? Which telescope will you prefer and why? Give reasons.
8. Describe Young’s double slit experiment to produce interference pattern due to a
monochromatic source of light. Deduce the expression for the fringe width.
9. Use Huygen’s principle to verify the laws of refraction.
10. (i) Describe briefly, with the help of suitable diagram how the transverse nature of light
can be demonstrated by the phenomenon of polarization.
(ii) When a polarized light passes from air to a transparent medium, under what condition
does the reflected light get polarized?
11.(i) Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of a ray of monochromatic light passing through
a prism .Deduce the expression for its refractive index in terms of angle of prism and angle of
minimum deviation.
(ii) Explain briefly how the phenomenon of total internal reflection is used in optical fibers.

12. (i) Obtain lens maker’s formula.

(ii) Draw a ray diagram to show how the image formation in concave mirror when the object
is kept between its focus and pole. Using this diagram deduce the magnification formula for
the image formed.
13. A double convex lens ,made from a material or refractive index µ,immersed
in a liquid of refractive index µ2 where µ2 >µ1. Draw the ray diagram for parallel rays
entering the lens.
14. Define resolving power of a compound microscope.How does
the resolving of the compound microscope change when (i) refractive index of the
medium between the object and the objective lens increases?(ii) wavelength of the
radiations used is increased?

40
15. A ray of light falls on a triangular prism in such a way that the deviation of emergent ray
is minimum for that prism. Draw Ray diagram for this case and write the relation between
angle of incidence and angle of emergence.

16. What is the effect on the interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment when (i)
screen is moved away from the slit (ii) separation between the two slits is increased(iii)
monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light.(iv) source slit is moved
closer to the double slit plane.
17. Draw a labeled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.
Derive the expression for the total magnification of compound microscope .Explain why both
the objective and the eyepiece of it must have short focal length.
18. A thin lens having two surfaces of radii of curvature r1 and r2, made from material of
refractive index µ2 is kept in a medium of refractive index µ1.Derive the lens maker’s
formula for this setup.

19. A convex lens is placed over a plane mirror .A pin is now positioned so that there is no
parallax between the pin and its image formed by this lens mirror combination .How can this
observation be used to find the focal length of the convex lens? Give appropriate reasons in
support of your answer.

20. Draw a schematic arrangement of a reflecting telescope (Cassegrain) showing how rays
coming from a distant object are received at the eye-piece. Write its two important
advantages over a refracting telescope.

21. A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water to a depth of 80cm; Find
out the area of the surface of water through which light from the bulb can emerge. Take the
value of refractive index of water to be 4/3.

22. (a) Use Huygens geometrical construction to show how a plane wave front at t =0
propagates and produces a wave front at a later time.

(b) Verify, using Huygens principle .Snell’s law of refraction of a plane wave propagating
from a denser to a rarer medium.

( c ) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media .The reflected
and refracted light both have the same frequency explain why?

24. (i) State the principle on which the working of an optical fiber is based.
(ii) What are the necessary conditions for this phenomenon to occur?
(iii) What is the relation between critical and refractive index of a material?
25. (i) Draw a well labeled diagram to show the formation of image in an astronomical
telescope.
(ii) Write two advantages of reflecting telescope over refracting telescope.
(iii) A convex lens of focal length 10cm is placed coaxially 5cm away from a concave
lens of focal length 10cm.If an object is placed 30cm in front of the convex lens, find the
position of the final image formed by the combined system.

26. With the help of suitable diagram, derive mirror formula for a concave mirror.

41
5 MARKS QUESTIONS:

Q1. (a) Using Huygens’s construction of secondary wavelets explain how a diffraction
pattern is obtained on a screen due to a narrow slit on which a monochromatic beam of light
is incident normally.
(b) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half that of the central fringe.
(c) Explain why the maxima at q = ( n + ½) λ/a become weaker and weaker with increasing.
Q2. (a) A concave mirror produces a real and magnified image of an object kept in front of it.
Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation and use it to derive the mirror equation.
(b) A beam of light converges at a point P. Now a lens is placed in the path of the convergent
beam 12 cm from P. At what point does the beam converge if the lens is
(i) a convex lens of focal length 20 cm,
(ii) a concave lens of focal length 16 cm ?

Q3. (a) A point-object is placed on the principal axis of a convex spherical surface of radius
of curvature R, which separates the two media of refractive indices n1 and n2 (n2 > n1). Draw
the ray diagram and deduce the relation between the distance of the object (u), distance of the
image (v) and the radius of curvature (R) for refraction to take place at the convex spherical
surface from rarer to denser medium.
(b) Use the above relation to obtain the condition on the position of the object and the radius
of curvature in terms of n1 and n2 when the real image is formed.
Q4. (a) Draw a labeled ray diagram showing the formation of image by a compound
microscope in normal adjustment. Derive the expression for its magnifying power.
(b) How does the resolving power of a microscope change when :-
(i) the diameter of the objective lens is decreased,
(ii) the wavelength of the incident light is increased ?
Justify your answer in each case.

Q5. (a) Define a wave front.

(b) Using Huygens’ Principle, draw the diagrams to show the nature of the wave fronts when
an incident plane wave front gets
(i) reflected from a concave mirror,
(ii) Refracted from a convex lens.
(c) Draw a diagram showing the propagation of a plane wave front from denser to a rarer
medium and verify Snell’s law of refraction.

Q6. (a) In Young’s double slit experiment, deduce the conditions for obtaining constructive
and destructive interference fringes. Hence deduce the expression for the fringe width.
(b) Show that the fringe pattern on the screen is actually a superposition of single slit
diffraction from each slit.
(c) What should be the width of each slit to obtain 10 maxima of the double slit pattern within
the central maximum of the single slit pattern, for green light of wavelength 500 nm, if the
separation between two slits is 1 mm?

**********

ATOM AND NUCLEI

42
43
1. What is meant by distance of closest approach?
2. Define impact parameter.
3. Write the expression for Bohr’s radius of hydrogen atom.
4. What is the Bohr quantization condition for the angular momentum of an e- in 2nd
Orbit?
5. Name the series of hydrogen spectrum which lies in

44
 (a) U-v region and (b) visible region
6. Name the series of hydrogen spectrum which has least wavelength.
7. Define ionization energy. What is its value for a hydrogen atom?
8. The ground state energy of a hydrogen atom is – 13.6 eV.
What are K.E and P.E of e- in this state.
9. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 27 : 125 .
What is the ratio of their nuclei radii?
10. Draw a labelled diagram of Geiger Marden experiment. How is the size of a nucleus
estimated in this experiment?
11. Show that speed of e- in 2nd orbit of H like atom He is equal to the speed of e- in the
1st orbit of H2atom.
12. Energy levels of atom is shown in figure. Which of them
corresponds to emission of photon of = 275 nm.

13. What would happen if e- in an atom were stationary ?

14. What is the value of impact parameter of α particle scattered through an angle of 180 ᵒ
.
15. Find the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of an e- of the atom of
H2atom from its:
(i) 2nd permitted energy level to 1st level and
(ii) Highest permitted level to 1st permitted level.

16. Two nuclei have mass no. in the ratio 2 : 5 . What is the ratio of their nuclear
densities.
17. In Rutherford α scattering experiment the distance of closest approach for anα particle
is d₀. If α particle is replaced by a proton, how much K.E in comparison to α particle
will it require to have same distance of closest approach d₀.
18. Write the empirical relation for Paschen series lines of hydrogen atom.
marks questions

1. Name the largest stable nucleus.

2. What is the shortest wavelength present in paschen series of spectral lines.
3. What do you mean by Q value of a nuclear reaction.
4. Write relationship connecting the radius R of nuclear and its mass numbers ?

45
 5. Name the reaction responsible for energy production in Sun.
6. Complete the reaction:
7. 4𝐵𝑒 +1𝐻 3𝐿𝑖 + _________
Q. The energy levels of an element are given below:
-85eV

Identify using necessary calculations, the transition

-1.5eV

that corresponds to the emission of a spectral lines of -

3.4eV

wave length 482mm -

13.6eV

29. Draw BE/nucleon curve with mass no. and explain?

30. Calculate the binding energy /nucleon of 20Ca40 nucleus .Mass of 20Ca
40

=39.962u,mass of proton = 1.00782u,mass of neutron = 1.00866u.

31. How the distance of closest approach change when (i) KE of the projectile is doubled
(ii) velocity of projectile is halved.

32 . Four nuclei of an element fuse together to form a heavier nucleus .If the process is
accompanied by release of energy, which of the two the parent or the daughter nucleus
posses greater binding energy per nucleon?

35..Descibe Geiger Marsden experiment .What are its observations and conclusions ?

36.The radius of innermost orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.1 x 10-11m .What is the radius of
orbit in the second exited state?

37.(i) Define activity of a radioactive material and write its SI unit.

(ii) Plot a graph showing the variation of activity of radioactive sample with time.
38. In the ground state of hydrogen atom, its Bohr radius is given as 5.3 x 10-11m. The
atom is excited such that the radius becomes 21.2 x 10-11m.Find (i) the value of the
principal quantum number and (ii) the total energy of the atom in this excited state.

40. Define Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones .

42(i) Draw a graph showing the variation of P.E of a pair of nucleons as a function of
their separation indicate the region in which the nuclear force is : Attractive (ii)
Repulsive .Write to characteristic features which distinguish it from the coulomb force.

1. (i) Draw a graph showing the variation of P.E of a pair of nucleons as a function of their
separation indicate the region in which the nuclear force is :
(i) Attractive (ii) Repulsive
(ii) Write to characteristic features which distinguish it from the coulomb force.

46
2. Binding energies of 8𝑂 and 17𝐶𝑙 are 127.35 MeV and 289.3 MeV respectively
which of the two nuclei are more stable.
3. The mass of 3𝐿𝑖 = 6.015125 amu. Calculate the Binding energy per nucleon of 3𝐿𝑖 in
MeV. Given mass of a proton = 1.007825 and mass of a neutron = 1.008665 amu.
Q.Draw the graph to show variation of Binding Energy / Nucleon with mass no.

Q.What is the ratio of the radii of the orbits corresponding to the first excited state and
ground state in a hydrogen atom?
Q. Which part of electromagnet spectrum has largest penetrating power?
Q. The radius of innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 x 10-11m.What is the
radius of orbit in second excited state?
Q. Which is more likely to be stable 3X7 or 3Y4? Justify your answer.

Q. If nuclei, with low binding energy per nucleon, transform to nuclei with greater binding
energy per nucleon, would the reaction be exothermic or endothermic?
Q.The ground state energy of a hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV.
(i) What is the kinetic energy of an electron in the second excited state?
(ii) If the electron jumps to the ground state from the 2nd excited state, Calculate the
wavelength of the spectral line emitted.

Q. The energy of the electron in the ground state of hydrogen atom is -13.6eV.
(i) What does the negative sign signify?
(ii) How much energy is required to take an electron in this atom from the ground state to 1st
excited state?
(iii) If the nucleons bound in a nucleus are separated apart from each other, the sum of their
masses is greater than the mass of the nucleus. Where does this mass difference come from?
Explain briefly.

Q.Using Bohr’s postulates of hydrogen atom, show that the total energy E of the electron in
the stationery states can be expressed as the sum of kinetic energy K and potential energy U,
where K = -2U. Hence, deduce the expression for the total energy in the nth energy level of
hydrogen atom.
.
Q. The energy levels of atom are shown below. Which of the shown transitions will result in
the emission of a photon of wavelength 275 nm? Which of these transitions correspond to
emission of radiation of (a) maximum and (b) minimum wavelength?
Q. Draw a plot showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon versus the mass no. A.
Explain with the help of this plot the release of energy in the processes of nuclear fission and
fusion.
Q. i) Using Bohr’s postulates and derive an expression for the energy of the electron in the
nth orbit. How the Lymen and Balmer series produced?
ii) If the radius of the electron orbit for n=1 is 0.53Å. What is the radius of the orbit n=2?

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

47
48
1. Fig shows the variation of stopping potential (V0) M1 M2

V0

with the frequency (f) for two photosensitive materials M1 and M2 .

f

49
 (i) Why is the slope same for both the lines?(ii) For which material will

the emitted electron have greater kinetic energy for the incident
f

radiations of the same frequency? Justify your answer.

1. An electron and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential, which
one of the two has (i) greater value of de-Broglie wave length associated with it and
(ii) less kinetic energy? Justify your answers.
2. Sketch a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident
radiations for photosensitive material .What information can be obtained from the
value of intercept on the potential axis.

3. The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is 3eV.What is its stopping potential?

(i)The following graph shows the variation of stopping potential ( Vo) with the
frequency ( f) of the incident radiation for two photosensitive metals P and Q:
Explain which metal has greater wavelength
(ii) Explain giving reason, which metal emits photo-electrons Vo P Q
having smaller kinetic energy.
(iii )If the distance between the light source and the metal
is doubled, how will the stopping potential change

f
a

4. The fig. shows a plot of three curves a,b,c showing the variation of photo b

current versus collector plate potential for three different c

intensities I1,I2 and I3 having frequencies n1,n2 and n3
photo electric current

respectively incident on a photosensitive surface

point out two curves for which the incident radiations collector
potential

have same frequency but different intensities.

5. An electron and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which of the two will have
large wavelength and why?

6. In the given graph between stopping potential (V) and frequency (n) V
P Q
(i)Which of the metal P or Q has greater work function?

(ii)What does slope of line depict. n

50
 7. The work function of a metal is 2.14eV When light of frequency 6x 1014Hz is incident
on the metal surface photo emission of electron occurs What is the (i) maximum
kinetic energy of emitted electron.(ii) Stopping potential and (iii) maximum speed of
the emitted photo electron.
8. Define stopping potential and threshold frequency. Show graphically how stopping
potential for a photo sensitive material varies with the frequency of incident
radiations.
9. An electron and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential, which
one of the two has (i) greater value of de-Broglie wave length associated with it and
(ii) less kinetic energy? Justify your answers.
10. Sketch a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident
radiations for photosensitive material .What information can be obtained from the
value of intercept on the potential axis.
11. Show graphically, the variation of the de-Broglie wavelength with potential through
which an electron is accelerated from rest.
12. An electron and a photon each have a wave length 1.00nm.Find (i) their momenta, (ii)
the energy of the photon and (iii) the kinetic energy if electron.
1 marks questions

Q. The threshold wavelength of Lithium is 8000Ao.What will happen if incident light has
wavelength longer than above wavelength.
Q. How does the work function influence the KE of electrons liberated during photo
electric emission.
Q. With what purpose was Davison Germer experiment performed.
Q. State de-Broglie’s hypothesis.
Q. If an electron is accelerated by p.d of 64 V, calculate its de-Broglie wave length.
Q. If stopping potential is 6 V ,what is the kinetic energy possessed by it.
Q. What is the stopping potential of electron if its K.E is 6eV.
2 marks questions
Q. Two metals A and B have work function 4eV and 10eV respectively, which metal has
the higher threshold wavelength.
Q. Explain briefly why wave theory is not able to explain the observed features of photo
electric effect.
Q. Write Einstein’s photo electric equation and point out any two characteristic properties
of photon which this equation is based.
Q. Draw a plot showing the variation of photo electric current with collector plate
potential for two different frequencies (f1 >f2), of the incident radiations having the same
intensity. In which case will the stopping potential higher? Justify your answer.

One Mark Questions:

Q1. Two metals A and B have work functions 3eV and 5eV, respectively. Which metal has a
lower threshold wavelength?
Q2. For a given photosensitive material and with a source of constant frequency of incident
radiation, how does the photocurrent vary with the intensity of incident light?
Q3. Can you find the value of Planck’s constant from Vo- ν graph for photoelectric effect?
Q4. The stopping potential in an experiment on an photoelectric effect is 2V. What is the
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted?

51
Q5. Electrons are emitted from a photosensitive surface when it is illuminated by green light
but electron emission does not take place by yellow light. Will the electrons be emitted when
the surface is illuminated by (a) red light and (b) blue light?
Two marks Questions
Q11. Two monochromatic radiations, blue and violet, of the same intensity, are incident on a
photosensitive surface and cause photoelectric emission. Would (a) the number of electrons
emitted per second and (b) the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons, be equal in the two
cases? Justify your answer.
Q32. (a) In a plot of photoelectric current versus anode potential how does
(i) the saturation current vary with anode potential for incident radiations of different
frequencies but same intensity?
(ii) the stopping potential vary for incident radiations of different intensities but same
frequency?
(iii) Photoelectric current vary for different intensities but same frequency of incident
radiations? Justify your answer in each case.
(b) For a photosensitive surface, threshold wavelength is λ0. Does photoemission occur if the
wavelength λ of the incident light is (i) more than λ0 (ii) less than λ0? Justify your answer.
Q33. (a)X-rays of wavelength ‘λ’ fall on a photosensitive surface, emitting electrons.
Assuming that the work function of the surface can be neglected, prove that the de-Broglie
wavelength of electrons emitted will be λ .
(b) A source of light is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a photocell and the cut off
potential is found to be V0. If the distance between the photocell and the light source is made
25 cm what will be the new cut-off potential?

52
 Q12. Two metals X and Y when illuminated with appropriate radiations emit photoelectrons.
The work function of X is higher than that of Y. Which metal will have higher value of
threshold frequency and why?
Q13. The threshold frequency of a certain metal is 3.3 x 1014 Hz. If light of frequency
8.2 x 1014 Hz. is incident on the metal, predict the cut off voltage for photoelectric emission.
Given Planck’s constant (h = 6.62 x 10-34Js).
Q14. Show graphically, the variation of the de-Broglie wavelength (λ) with the potential (V)
through which an electron is accelerated from rest.
Q15. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 100V. What is the de-
Broglie wavelength associated with it? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does
the value of wavelength correspond?

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. A proton and an α-particle are accelerated, using the same potential difference. How are the
de Broglie wavelengths λp and λa related to each other?
2. i) In the explanation of photo electric effect, we assume one photon of frequency ν collides
with an electron and transfers its energy. This leads to the equation for the maximum energy
Emax of the emitted electron as Emax = hν – φ0 where φ0 is the work function of the metal. If an
electron absorbs 2 photons (each of frequency ν ) what will be the maximum energy for the
emitted electron?
(ii) Why is this fact (two photon absorption) not taken into consideration in our discussion of
the stopping potential?
3. There are materials which absorb photons of shorter wavelength and emit photons of longer
wavelength. Can there be stable substances which absorb photons of larger wavelength and
emit light of shorter wavelength.
4. Do all the electrons that absorb a photon come out as photoelectrons?
5. There are two sources of light, each emitting with a power of 100 W. One emits X-rays of
wavelength 1nm and the other visible light at 500 nm. Find the ratio of number of photons of
X-rays to the photons of visible light of the given wavelength?

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Consider Fig.11.1 for photoemission. How would you reconcile with momentum-
conservation? Note light (photons) have momentum in a different direction than the emitted
electrons.

53
2. Consider a metal exposed to light of wavelength 600 nm. The maximum energy of the
electron doubles when light of wavelength 400 nm is used. Find the work function in eV.
3. Assuming an electron is confined to a 1nm wide region , find the uncertainty in momentum
using Heisenberg Uncertainty principle (Ref Eq 11.12 of NCERT Textbook). You can
assume the uncertainty in position Δx as 1nm. Assuming p Δp , find the energy of the
electron in electron volts.
4. Two monochromatic beams A and B of equal intensity I, hit a screen. The number of photons
hitting the screen by beam A is twice that by beam B. Then what inference can you make
about their frequencies?
5. Two particles A and B of de Broglie wavelengths λ1 and λ2 combine to form a particle C. The
process conserves momentum. Find the de Broglie wavelength of the particle C. (The motion
is one dimensional).
6. A neutron beam of energy E scatters from atoms on a surface with a spacing d = 0.1nm. The
first maximum of intensity in the reflected beam occurs at θ = 30°. What is the kinetic energy
E of the beam in eV?

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Consider a thin target (10–2m square, 10–3m thickness) of sodium, which produces a
photocurrent of 100μA when a light of intensity 100W/m2 (λ = 660 nm) falls on it. Find the
probability that a photoelectron is produced when a photons strikes a sodium atom. [Take
density of Na = 0.97 kg/m3].
2. Consider an electron in front of metallic surface at a distance d (treated as an infinite plane

surface). Assume the force of attraction by the plate is given as Calculate work in
taking the charge to an infinite distance from the plate. Taking d = 0.1nm, find the work done
in electron volts.
[Such a force law is not valid for d < 0.1nm].
3. A student performs an experiment on photoelectric effect, using two materials A and B. A
plot of Vstop vs ν is given in Fig. 11.2.
(i) Which material A or B has a higher work function?
(ii) Given the electric charge of an electron = 1.6 × 10–19 C, find the value of h obtained from
the experiment for both A and B.
Comment on whether it is consistent with Einstein’s theory:

4. A particle A with a mass mA is moving with a velocity v and hits a particle B (mass mB) at
rest (one dimensional motion). Find the change in the de Broglie wavelength of the particle
A. Treat the collision as elastic.

54
5. Consider a 20 W bulb emitting light of wavelength 5000Å and shining on a metal surface
kept at a distance 2m. Assume that the metal surface has work function of 2 eV and that each
atom on the metal surface can be treated as a circular disk of radius 1.5 Å.
(i) Estimate no. of photons emitted by the bulb per second. [Assume no other losses]
(ii) Will there be photoelectric emission?
(iii) How much time would be required by the atomic disk to receive energy equal to work
function (2 eV)?
(iv) How many photons would atomic disk receive within time duration calculated in (iii)
above?
(v) Can you explain how photoelectric effect was observed instantaneously?
[Hint: Time calculated in part (iii) is from classical consideration and you may further take
the target of surface area say 1 cm2 and estimate what would happen?]

Semi conductors

55
Q. Draw energy band diagram of a p- type semiconductor.
Q. Why should a photodiode be operated at a reverse bias?
Q. Name the type of biasing of a p-n junction diode so that the junction offers very high
resistance.
Q. Which of the following diodes is (i) forward biased, and (ii) reverse biased in the
following (b) +3V

56
 -10 V

(a)
.

Q.The current in the forward bias is known to be more (mA) than the current in the reverse +8V
bias (-µA).What is the reason then, to operate the photodiode in reverse bias?

Q.Draw the output waveform across the resistor.

Vo
+1 +4 V
______________(c)0 A
-1
(d)
input waveform at A
-8 V

Q.Name one impurity each, which when added to pure Si, produces (i) n- type, and (ii) p-
type semiconductor.

Q. Which one of the two diodes D1 and D2 in the given figures (i) forward biased (ii) reverse
biased?
-2 V D2

D1
-2V

Q. Draw the circuit diagram of diagram of full wave rectifier using pn junction diode
.Explain its working and show the output input waveforms.

Q.Why are element dopants for silicon and germanium from xiii and xv group?
Q.What types of charge-carriers are there in a n-type semi conductor?

Q.Can potential difference of potential barrier be measure by connecting a voltmeter across

it? .

Q. Which biasing will make the resistance of p-n junction high?

Q.When the voltage drop across a p-n junction diode is increased from 0.65V to 0.70V, the
change in the diode current is 5mA. What is the dynamic resistance of the diode?

Q. Draw a p-n junction with reverse bias.

Q. What is the order of energy gap in a semiconductor?

57
Q.Give the ratio of the number of holes and the number of conduction electrons in an
intrinsic semiconductor.

Q.How does the conductance of a semi conducting material change with rise in temperature?

Q. Draw energy band diagram for a (i) p- type extrinsic semiconductor (ii) intrinsic
semiconductors

Q.How does the collector current change in a junction transistor, if the base region has larger
width?

Q.How does the thickness of the depletion layer in a p-n junction vary with increase in
reverse bias?

Q.How does the energy gap in an intrinsic semiconductor vary, when doped with a
pentavalent impurity?

Q.How does the width of the depletion region of a p-n junction vary, if the reverse bias
applied to it increases?

Q.Frequency of input voltage to a half –wave rectifier is 50 Hz. What will be the frequency
of the output voltage?

Q.Draw the graph showing the variation of current with voltage for a p-n junction diode.

Q. Draw a circuit for p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias. Sketch the voltage
versus current graph for the same.

Q. In the following diagrams, indicate which of the diodes are forward biased and which
are reversed biased.

Q(a). Distinguish between conductors, semiconductors and insulators on the basis of band
theory of solids. At what temperature semiconductor behaves like a insulator.

Q. (a) What is an ideal diode? Draw the output waveform across the load resistor R, if the
input waveform is as shown in the figure.

58
 (b) What is meant by the term, doping of an intrinsic semiconductor? How does it
affect the conductivity of a semiconductor?

Q. (a) Draw the energy band diagram of an N-type semiconductor. How does the
forbidden energy gap of an intrinsic semiconductor vary with increase in temperature?

Q. (a). Determine the currents through the resistance ‘R’ of the circuits (i) and (ii), when
similar diodes D1 and D2 are connected as shown below.

(b). Pure silicon at 300 K has equal electron and hole concentrations of 1.5 x 1016/m3.
Doping by Indium increases the hole concentration to 4.5 x 1022/m3. Calculate the new
electron concentration in the doped silicon.

Q Define the terms ‘potential barrier’ and ‘depletion region’ for a p-n junction diode. State
how the thickness of depletion region will change when the p.n junction diode is (i)
forward biased. (ii) reverse biased.

Q (a). With the help of labelled circuit diagram, explain the rectification action of a full wave
rectifier.

Q.Name the process involved in the formation of p-n junction diode.

Q. How does energy gap in intrinsic semiconductor vary when it is doped with
a(i) pentavalent impurity (ii) trivalent impurity?
Q. Which type of extrinsic semiconductor has more mobility and why?
168
Q. What is the direction of diffusion current in a function diode?
Q. How does the height of potential barrier vary with increase in temp
Q. Write the relation between number density of holes and number density of
free electrons in an intrinsic semiconductor.
Q. Write the value of resistance offered by an ideal diode when (i) forward
Q. A semiconductor device is connected in a series circuit with a battery and

59
a resistance. A current is found to pass through the circuit. When polarity
of the battery is reversed, the current drops to almost zero. Name the
semiconductor device.
Q. In the following diagram write which of the diode is forward biased and
which is reverse biased ?
Q. How does the energy gap in semiconductor vary, when doped, with a
pentavalent impurity ?
Q. What is the order of energy gap in a conductor, semiconductor and insulator.
Q. The ratio of the number of free electrons to holes ne/nh for two different
materials A and B are 1 and < 1 respectively. Name the type of semiconductor
to which A and B belong.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
Q. If the frequency of the input signal is f. What will be the frequency of the
pulsating output signal in case of :
(i) half wave rectifier ? (ii) full wave rectifier ?

Q. Potential barrier of p-n. junction cannot be measured by connecting a sensitive voltmeter

across its terminals. Why ?
Q. Diode is a non linear device. Explain it with the help of a graph.
Q. A n-type semiconductor has a large number of free electrons but still it is electrically
neutral. Explain.
Q. a piece of pure semiconductor S in series with a variable resistor R and a source of
constant voltage V. Would you increase or decrease the value of R to keep the reading of
ammeter A constant, when
semiconductor S is heated ? Give reason.
Q. What are the characteristics to be taken care of while doping a semiconductor ?
Justify your answer.
Q. What is the value of knee voltage in
(a) Ge junction diode.
(b) Si junction diode.
Q. Two semiconductor materials X and Y are made by doping germanium crystal with
indium and arsenic respectively. The two are joined at lattice level and connected to a battery
as shown.
(i) Will the junction be forward biased or reversed biased ?
(ii) Sketch a V-I graph for this arrangement.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
Q. What is depletion region in p-n junction diode. Explain its formation with
the help of a suitable diagram.
Q. What is rectification ? With the help of labelled circuit diagram explain half
wave rectification using a junction diode.
Q. With the help of a circuit diagram explain the V–I graph of a p-n junction
in forward and reverse biasing.
Q. What is p-n junction ? How is p-n junction made ? How is potential barrier
developed in a p-n junction.
Q. Give three differences between forward bias and reverse bias.
Q. Write three differences between n-type semiconductor and p-type
semiconductor.
Q. What is p-n junction diode ? Define the term dynamic resistance for the
junction. With the help of labelled diagram, explain the working of p-n
junction as a full wave rectifier.

60
NUMERICALS
1. In a p-n junction, width of depletion region is 300 nm and electric field of
7 × 105 V/m exists in it.
(i) Find the height of potential barrier.
(ii) What should be the minimum kinetic energy of a conduction electron
which can diffuse from the n-side to the p-side ?
2. An LED is constructed from a p-n junction of a certain semiconducting
material whose energy gap is 1.9eV. What is the wavelength of light emitted
by this LED ? [Ans. l = 6.54 × 10–7 m]
3. A p-n junction is fabricated from a semiconductor with a band gap of
2.8 eV. Can it detect a wavelength of 600 nm ? Justify your answer.

61
62