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DES Manual

The document discusses the implementation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm. It provides an overview of DES, including its structure, key schedule, initial and final permutations, round functions involving expansion, XOR, substitution boxes, and straight permutation. It also discusses DES analysis and weaknesses. The goal is for students to understand and implement the DES algorithm in Python.

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Kushal Swamy
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55 views7 pages

DES Manual

The document discusses the implementation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm. It provides an overview of DES, including its structure, key schedule, initial and final permutations, round functions involving expansion, XOR, substitution boxes, and straight permutation. It also discusses DES analysis and weaknesses. The goal is for students to understand and implement the DES algorithm in Python.

Uploaded by

Kushal Swamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab Practices-III Information and Cyber Security

Assignment No.1

Title:

Implementation of S-DES

Problem Definition:
Implementation of S-DES

Prerequisite:
Basics of Computer networking and Python

Software Requirements:
Python 3

Hardware Requirements:
PIV, 2GB RAM, 500 GB HDD

Learning Objectives:
Learn Data Encryption Standard Algorithm (DES)

Outcomes:
After completion of this assignment students are able to understand the Data Encryption Standard.

Theory Concepts:

Data Encryption Standard (DES)


The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a Symmetric-key block cipher issued by the national
Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST).

DES is an implementation of a Feistel Cipher. It uses 16 round Feistel structure. The block size is
64-bit. Though, key length is 64-bit, DES has an effective key length of 56 bits, since 8 of the 64
bits of the key are not used by the encryption algorithm (function as check bits only). General
Structure of DES is depicted in the following illustration −
Lab Practices-III

Figure 1: General Structure of DES

Since DES is based on the Feistel Cipher, all that is required to specify DES is −

• Round function

• Key schedule

• Any additional processing − Initial and final permutation

Initial and Final Permutation


Lab Practices-III

The initial and final permutations are straight Permutation boxes (P-boxes) that are inverses of each
other. They have no cryptography significance in DES. The initial and final permutations are shown
as follows

Figure 2 initial and final permutations

Round Function
The heart of this cipher is the DES function, f. The DES function applies a 48-bit key to the
rightmost 32 bits to produce a 32-bit output.

Figure 3 Round Functions


Lab Practices-III

Expansion Permutation Box


Since right input is 32-bit and round key is a 48-bit, we first need to expand right input to 48 bits.

Permutation logic is graphically depicted in the following illustration:

Figure 4 Permutation logic

The graphically depicted Permutation logic is generally described as table in DES specification
illustrated as shown:

Table 1 Permutation logic

XOR(Whitener)

After the expansion permutation, DES does XOR operation on the expanded right section and the
round key. The round key is used only in this operation.

Substitution Boxes
Lab Practices-III

The S-boxes carry out the real mixing (confusion). DES uses 8 S-boxes, each with a 6-bit input and

a 4-bit output. Refer the following illustration –

Figure 5.5 S-Boxes

The S-box rule is illustrated below –

Figure 6 S-Box Rules


There are a total of eight S-box tables. The output of all eight s-boxes is then combined in to 32
bit section.
Straight Permutation − The 32 bit output of S-boxes is then subjected to the straight
permutation with rule shown in the following illustration:

Table 2 Straight Permutation


Lab Practices-III

Key Generation
The round-key generator creates sixteen 48-bit keys out of a 56-bit cipher key. The process of key
generation is depicted in the following illustration −

Figure 7 the process of key generation

The logic for Parity drops, shifting, and Compression P-box is given in the DES description.

DES Analysis
The DES satisfies both the desired properties of block cipher. These two properties make cipher
very strong.

• Avalanche effect − A small change in plaintext results in the very great change in the
cipher text.
• Completeness − Each bit of cipher text depends on many bits of plaintext.
During the last few years, cryptanalysis has found some weaknesses in DES when key selected are
weak keys. These keys shall be avoided.
Lab Practices-III Fourth Year Computer Engineering

DES has proved to be a very well designed block cipher. There have been no significant
cryptanalytic attacks on DES other than exhaustive key search.

Oral Questions

1. Explain structure of DES

2. Explain Initial permutation steps in DES

3. Draw and explain the internal structure of single round of DES

4. Explain Double DES

5. Explain Triple DES

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