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Group 6 Ex#5

The document describes an experiment to detect common elements found in organic substances. Various tests were performed on different organic samples like sugar, ethyl alcohol, urea, egg albumin, and casein to detect the presence of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. Positive results from tests indicated the elements present in each sample.

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318 views6 pages

Group 6 Ex#5

The document describes an experiment to detect common elements found in organic substances. Various tests were performed on different organic samples like sugar, ethyl alcohol, urea, egg albumin, and casein to detect the presence of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. Positive results from tests indicated the elements present in each sample.

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s2200569
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18/20

Experiment # 5

Detection of Elements Found in Organic Substances

Group Number: Group 6 Year/Section: BN 1-A


Date Performed: September 12, 2022 Date Submitted: September 21, 2022
Members: Florendo, Franz Axel G.
Tingson, Abigail M.

Objective: To detect the presence of elements occurring most frequently in organic


compounds

Apparatus and Materials: sugar crystals, ethyl alcohol, limewater, urea, 3M NaOH solution,
chloroform, iodoform, powdered egg albumin, 50% NaOH solution, 6M acetic acid, lead
acetate solution, sodium nitroprusside solution, casein, 6M nitric acid, ammonium
molybdate, crucible, burner, wire gauze, tripod, crucible tongs, test tubes, glass tubing,
test tube holder, beaker, stirring rod, red and blue litmus paper, watch glass, looped Cu
wire, silver coin, dropper, graduated cylinder, evaporating dish, clay triangle.

Procedure:

A. Test for Carbon


1. Charring of Organic Compounds

Place about 1-2 grains of sugar on a crucible cover and heat directly on a tripod
over a clay triangle. Heat strongly until no black particle remains. (The charring
indicates the presence of carbon).

Result:

The sugar (sucrose) melted slowly after being placed on a crucible


cover and heated directly on a tripod over a clay triangle. It smelled
like sweet sugar. In a matter of seconds, it had turned brown. After a
few seconds, it turned black and its particles solidified; after about 15
minutes, only few black particles remained, which were heated by the
Bunsen burner. The longer sugar grains are directly heated on a
Bunsen burner, the more black particles disappear until nothing
remains. Carbon dioxide gas and burnt carbon are produced when the
carbon in the black particle burns.
B. Limewater test

Place 2 ml of lime water, Ca (OH)2, in a test tube. Attach a rubber tubing at the
stem of a glass funnel. Hold the inverted glass funnel a few inches above the
flame of a burning alcohol lamp. Dip the end of the rubber tubing attached to it in
the limewater. Observe if a white substance forms as gas produced by burning
alcohol mixes with lime water.

Result:

After a few minutes, a white cloudy substance was produced


which is called Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). Limewater turns
milky or cloudy white when carbon dioxide oozes through it.

What is this white substance formed?

ANSWER:

The white substance formed is called Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) It is formed


when limewater and Carbon Dioxide reacts. Calcium carbonate appears as
white, odorless powder or colorless crystals and practically insoluble in water.
Moreover, calcium carbonate helps test if there is carbon dioxide gas present.

Write the chemical equations for the following:

1) Combustion of ethyl alcohol

Chemical Equation: CH3CH2OH(l)+O2(g)⟶2CO2(g)+3H2O(l)

2) Limewater reaction

Chemical Equation: Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)


Test for Nitrogen

Place 0.5 g of urea in a small beaker. Add 2 ml of 3M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution,
stir and heat but do not boil. Remove the beaker from the flame and fan the fume
towards your nose. Do not sniff. Record any odor you recognize. Moisten a strip of red
and blue litmus paper and stick them to the outer bottom of a watch glass. Place the
watch glass over the beaker exposing the litmus to the fume. Note any change in the
color of the litmus paper. What type of gas is liberated, basic or acidic?

Result:

After heating the beaker with urea and sodium hydroxide


(NaOH) and fanning the fumes towards our nose the smell is
very bad, the odor which has a colorless gas has a pungent
smell. The reason behind why bad odor occurs is because
urea mixed with sodium hydroxide reacts and produces
ammonia. As we test the litmus paper, sticking red and blue
litmus paper to the outer bottom of a watch and putting it over
the beaker where the litmus paper was exposed to the fumes
changes the color of litmus paper. From red litmus paper it
turned blue. Therefore, the type of gas liberated is basic
because the red litmus paper turned into blue was in contact
with an alkaline substance which is the ammonia.

C. Test for Halogens

Beilstein Test. Heat a copper wire loop in the non luminous


flame until no more color is imparted to the flame, but taking care not to melt the wire.
Allow to cool and dip the wire into chloroform. Again, hold the copper wire to the flame.
Observe the color of the flame produced.
Result:

Without any chloroform present in the copper wire loop,


We can see glowing red in the flame of a Bunsen burner
There’s no green or blue-green color present in the flame.
However, after dipping the wire into chloroform and heating
it in the non luminous flame of Bunsen burner the flame
became a brilliant green or blue-green color. The reason
behind this is because of the chlorine’s reaction with
copper compounds at high temperature.
Repeat the above experiment using iodoform instead of chloroform. Observe again the
color of the flame produced.

Result: We skipped this part because iodoform was NOT available.


Repeating the above experiment using iodoform instead of chloroform the color of the ???
flame remains the same which is green or blue-green color. Thus, chlorine and iodine
are halogens. A positive result where the visible blue-green flame indicates the
formation of volatile cupric halide.

D. Test for Sulfur

Alkali Test. Boil for 30 minutes about ½ g of powdered egg albumin with 15 ml of 50%
NaOH solution, periodically replacing the water as it boils off. Let it cool. Place 1 ml of
this alkali solution in a test tube and add 3 ml of water. Mix well by shaking the test
tube. Add a few drops of sodium nitroprusside solution. Observe the color of the
solution produced.

Result:

The color of the solution produced is dark brown or nearly red in color compared to
the one before sodium nitroprusside solutions were added, where the color is light
brown. Thus, we can say the formation of color was due to the presence of cysteine.
In other words, due to amino acid cysteine in egg bumin reacting with sodium
nitroprusside results in a red-color complex.
E. Test for Phosphorus

Place a pile of casein the size of a match head on an evaporating dish and heat
strongly for 15 minutes or until a gray ash remains. If the ash is a solid, crush it with
the end of a stirring rod. Cool until the dish can be held in your hand, then add a drop
or two of 6M nitric acid. Add a few drops of ammonium molybdate. Warm gently (do
not boil) for a minute or two. The formation of a yellow precipitate is evidence that
phosphorus is present. Describe the results.

Result:

Result:

A few particles remained after heating the casein for 15 minutes until it turned ash gray.
We added two drops of 6M nitric acid and a few drops of ammonium molybdate. The
solution turned light green or yellowish. Thus, the yellow precipitate of ammonium
phosphomolybdate in the solution indicates that phosphorus is present in the solution.
This is made by heating ammonium molybdate and combining it with nitric acid and
phosphoric acid, resulting in ammonium nitrate and water.

Conclusion:

As we observed each experiment done, there are elements that occur commonly in
organic compounds which are: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Halogen
elements. Using qualitative analysis we can identify what elements present in organic
compounds by doing some tests to identify what kind of element.

Questions:

1. Is the charring of a substance a sure indication of the presence of carbon?


Why or why not?

Yes, the charring of a substance is a sure indication of the presence of carbon


because the carbon present inside the combustion leads to the formation of carbon
dioxide gas and burnt carbon, which is black in color or the char. In other words, the
residual black carbon particle is a char. By heating a substance in the Bunsen
burner, the black particles being heated remove hydrogen and oxygen from the solid,
so that the remaining char is composed primarily of carbon.
2. Is the Beilstein test conclusive as to which halogen is present in a
compound? Why or why not?
No, the Beilstein test is not conclusive as to which halogen is present in a compound
because it is only used to detect the presence of halogens in a certain compound.
Thus, the Beilstein test cannot distinguish between chlorine, bromine, or iodine; it
only checks the presence of halogens. Moreover, when halogen contains impurities it
may give misleading results because the Beilstein test is very sensitive.

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