STUDENT LAB REPORT
Program : EE241/CEEE241/CEEE222 Semester : 1
Ownership : Discipline of Electronics
Version : 4.0 Date March 2023
Issued :
Course Name : ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY I
Course Code : EEE410/EPO413
Mode of Delivery : ✔ Face to Face Virtual
APPLICATION DIODE
LAB REPORT SUBMISSION DEADLINE : 1 WEEK AFTER LAB SESSION
Prepared by : Student ID :
1. MUHAMMAD DANISH HAIL THADDEUS 2023299234
2. MUHAMMAD FARIS HA BIN FATAKH LIMA HA 2023492446
Group : B6 Lab Date : 12.12.2023 Submission 19.12.2023
Date :
Lab Instructor : TS DR ILI
2. PRE-LAB WORK
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INTRODUCTIONS
1. A diode is a one-way device that acts as a low resistance conductor when forward
biased and behaves like an insulator when reverse biased.A diode is constructed
of a p-n junction semiconductor material.Other than basic diodes,there are many
other types of diodes with specialized characteristics that are useful in particular
applications such as Zener Diode,solar cell,light-emitting diode(LED),photodiode
and Schottky diode.
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4. RESULTS
Student should include the findings such as completed the tables and presented the graphs here.
Experiment 3.1 3.1 Clipper and Clamper Circuit
3.1.1 Clipper Circuit
a) 𝜈𝑖 vs time plot: 𝑉1 = 4V
𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -5.5V
𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.5V
𝜈𝑂 vs time plot: 𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -5.2V
𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.5V
b) 𝜈𝑖 vs time plot: 𝑉1 = 2V
𝑉2 = 4V
𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -5.3V
𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.4V
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𝜈𝑂 vs time plot: 𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -1.5V
𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.5V
3.1.2 Clamper circuit
a) 𝜈𝑖 vs time plot: 𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛=
-5.1V
𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
4.8V
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𝜈𝑂 vs time plot: 𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -9.0V
𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.8V
b) 𝜈𝑖 vs time plot: 𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -
5.3V
𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
6.8V
𝜈𝑂 vs time plot: 𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑛 =-9.6V
𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.2V
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3.2 Rectifier Circuit
3.2.1 Half Wave Rectifier Circuit
a) 𝜈𝑖 vs time plot (without capacitor): 𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -5.5V
𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.4V
𝑣𝑖(𝑝−𝑝) = 10V
𝜈𝑂 vs time plot (without capacitor): 𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑛 =0.5V
𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 11.3V
𝑣𝑂(𝑝−𝑝) = 11.8V
𝑉𝑑𝑐
= 0.318𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 3.59V
b) 𝜈𝑖 vs time plot (with capacitor): 𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 =-9.4V
𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 9.3V
𝑣𝑖(𝑝−𝑝) = 18.7V
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𝜈𝑂 vs time plot (with capacitor): 𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
-0.3V
𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
9.1V
𝑣𝑟(𝑝−𝑝) =
9.4V
𝑣𝑂𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 4.7V
𝑉𝑑𝑐
= 0.318𝑣𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 2.89V
𝑅𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑟 (𝑝 −𝑝 )
= ∗ 100
𝑉
𝑉𝑑𝑐
= 325.26V
3.2.2 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit
a) 𝜈𝑖 vs time plot (without capacitor): 𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 =-9.4V
𝑣𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 9.5V
𝑣𝑖(𝑝−𝑝) = 18.9V
𝜈𝑂 vs time plot (without capacitor): 𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
-O.3V
𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 9.1V
𝑣𝑜(𝑝−𝑝) = 9.4V
𝑉𝑑𝑐
= 0.636𝑣𝑜(𝑝−𝑝)
= 5.98V
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𝜈𝑂 vs time plot (with capacitor): 𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
7.3V
𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
9.1V
𝑣𝑟(𝑝−𝑝) =
16.4V
𝑣𝑜𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 8.2V
𝑉𝑑𝑐
= 0.636𝑣𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 5.79V
𝑅𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
v (𝑝 −𝑝 )
= r ∗ 100
𝑉𝑑𝑐
283.25V
5. DISCUSSIONS
1.Discuss your findings and verify the theoretical concept of the clipper,clamper and
rectifier circuits.Explain if there are any variations in your experiments and
calculations.
Clipper circuits are designed to "clip" or limit the amplitude of a waveform by removing
or attenuating certain portions of the signal. There are two types of clippers - positive
and negative. Positive clippers remove the positive part of the waveform above a certain
voltage level, while negative clippers remove the negative part. Clamper circuits are used
to shift the DC level of a waveform without changing its shape. Positive clamper circuits
shift the waveform in the positive direction, and negative clamper circuits shift it in the
negative direction. Capacitors and diodes are commonly used in clamper circuits .
Rectifier circuits convert AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current). Half-wave
rectifiers allow only half of the AC waveform to pass through, while full-wave rectifiers
allow the entire waveform to pass, converting the negative half-cycle to positive.
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In experiments, you may use diodes or transistors to implement clipping. Variations can
occur based on the type of diodes, their characteristics, and circuit configurations. The
clipping voltage levels, diode characteristics, and resistor values all influence the clipping
behavior. Practical clamper circuits often involve selecting appropriate capacitor values,
diode characteristics, and resistor values. The choice of these components affects the
amount of shift and the time constants involved. Variations may occur due to the
tolerance of the components and the influence of parasitic elements. Rectifier circuits
are commonly built using diodes. Variations can arise from the type of rectifier used
(half-wave, full-wave), the choice of diodes, and the filtering elements (capacitors,
inductors) used to smooth the output. Practical considerations such as diode
characteristics and load resistance can affect the rectification efficiency.
2.For the circuit in figure 14,
a. what change would you expect in the output if the diode is reversed?
-the output graph shown in the oscilloscope will be shifted downwards.
b.what change would you expect in the output if the DC voltage is reversed?
-the value of Vomax and Vomin will decrease.
3.Compare half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits in figure 15 and figure 16.
-the half-wave rectifier circuits only use one diode while the full-wave rectifier circuits use
two diodes.The full-wave rectifier circuits have the higher output voltage than half-wave
rectifier circuits.The half-wave rectifier circuits have a larger current across the diodes than
full-wave rectifiers circuits as the circuits only has one diode compared to two diodes.
4.Compare the max DC volatage for all the rectifier circuits in figure 15 anf 16.
-The maximum DC voltage for both half-wave rectifier circuits is 5.79V.
Whereas the max DC voltage for full-wave rectifier circuit without capacitor is higher than
full-wave rectifier circuits with capacitor which are 3.59V and 2.89V.
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6. QUIZ
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7. CONCLUSION
-In conclusion, the experiment involving diodes has provided valuable insights into
their behavior and applications. Through careful observation and analysis, we have
confirmed the expected rectifying properties of diodes, allowing current flow in one
direction while blocking it in the opposite direction. The voltage-current
characteristics were consistent with the theoretical expectations, demonstrating the
diode's role in signal rectification. Furthermore, by varying the parameters such as
voltage and resistance, we explored the diode's response to different conditions. This
experimentation allowed us to understand the diode's behavior in practical
applications, such as in rectifier circuits, where it efficiently converts alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC).
8. REFERENCES
1. Robert L. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 11th
Edition, Pearson 2013, ISBN: 9780132622264
END
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