Experiment Number: 01 Roll Number:

Date:

AIM: ABCD parameter of a transmission line.

OBJECTIVE: To compute ABCD parameters of a transmission line using Transmission Line

Protection Simulator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram for calculation of ABCD parameter of a transmission line.

LIST OF APPARATUS:

SL No. Item Specifications Maker

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:

THEORY:

ABCD parameter are widely used in analysis of power transmission engineering where they will be
turned as “Generalized circuit parameter” ABCD parameters are also called as Transmission parameter. It
is conventional to designate the input port as sending end and the output port as receiving end while
representing ABCD parameter.
We know that,
𝑉 S = 𝐴 𝑉 R + 𝐵 𝐼R --------------------- (1)
𝐼S = 𝐶 𝑉 R + 𝐷 𝐼R --------------------- (2)
At open circuit condition (IR = 0), we get
A = VS/VR --------------------- (3)
C = IS/VR --------------------- (4)
At short circuit condition (VR = 0), we get
B = VS/IR --------------------- (5)
D = IS/IR --------------------- (6)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Switch on the 3 phase power supply.
3. Switch on the Transmission Line Protection Simulator.
4. Switch on all the MCBs and reset buttons of all the breakers sequentially.
5. Switch on the load MCB and note down the sending and receiving end voltages and currents on
no load.
6. Increase the load upto rated value and note down the sending and receiving end voltages and
currents again.
7. Calculate the ABCD parameters by using equations (3) to (6).

OBSERVATIONS:

At open circuit condition

Sl. Sending end Receiving end

A = VS/ VR C = IS/ VR
No. VS IS PS PFS VR IR PR PFR

At short circuit condition

Sl. Sending end Receiving end

B = VS/IR D = IS/IR
No. VS IS PS PFS VR IR PR PFR

CALCULATION:

A = VS/VR

C = IS/VR

B = VS/IR

D = IS/IR
RESULTS:

A B C D

CONCLUSION:

Signature of the teacher Date:

Experiment Number: 02 Date:

AIM: Synchronization and Load sharing between Alternator and Grid

OBJECTIVE: To perform synchronization of Alternator with Grid using Synchronization panel

and calculate load sharing between Alternator with Grid.

LIST OF APPARATUS:

MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

Theory of synchronizing:-

If two like alternators having the same wave form are running with their electromotive force
waves in uniform and are generating the same voltage they may be made to operate in parallel.
This is due to the reversibility of the alternators that is the ability of either to operate as a
synchronous motor in the same direction of rotation if its driving power be removed.

Necessity of synchronization:-
 An alternator cannot deliver power to electric power system until its voltage, frequency,
phase sequence and other parameters matches with the network to which the alternator is
connected.
 The case of synchronization arises because we are connecting many alternators in parallel
to supply the demand load. So we need to match all the parameter of connected alternator
with bus-bar to deliver power to load.
 By synchronization we can match all the other parameters of one alternator with the other
alternator and also with the bus-bar and deliver the required power to load.
 Synchronization of alternator is also called as paralleling of alternator

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Check the field rheostat for both motor for zero set.
3. Check for alternator excitation units „OFF‟ & minimum output position.
4. Check s/w – 1, 2, 3 for open position. Keep s/w – 2 on alternator side.
5. Switch on DC power supply to motor coupled with alternator.
6. Run DC motor.
7. Adjust the speed of alternator very near to the Alternator Synchronous Speed using Field
Rheostat of Motor.
8. Switch on Field Excitation Unit of Alternator and increase it to obtain rated terminal voltage of
alternator by keeping s/w – 2 on Alternator side.
9. Now keep s/w – 2 on Grid side and adjust its field current such that it gives voltage, frequency
and phase sequence (checked by using s/w – 3 momentary) equal to alternator. If phase seq. is not
the same OFF Grid and change phase seq. of grid. Then repeat stem 9 & 10 again.
10. Make small changes in speed by varying field rheostat of motors and excitation of alternators to
get equal parameters on both side. Make s/w – 1 close now.
11. At an instant when Synchroscope reads neutral position make s/w – 1 close to synchronize both
alternators with each other. Ammeter reading should be minimum at this time. After
synchronization Synchroscope meter should be disconnected.
OBSERVATIONS:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of the teacher Date:

Experiment Number: 03 Date:

AIM: Calculate regulation of a 3 phase transformer

OBJECTIVE: To compute efficiency of a 3 Phase Alternator through Load Test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

Voltage Regulation of single-phase transformers is the percentage (or per unit value) change in its secondary
terminal voltage compared to its original no-load voltage under varying secondary load conditions. In other words,
regulation determines the variation in secondary terminal voltage which occurs inside the transformer as a result of
variations in the transformers connected load thereby affecting its performance and efficiency if these losses are high and
the secondary voltage becomes too low. When there is no-load connected to the transformers secondary winding, that is
its output terminals are open-circuited, there is no closed-loop condition, so there is no output load current (IL = 0) and the
transformer acts as one single winding of high self-inductance. Note that the no-load secondary voltage is a result of the
fixed primary voltage and the turns ratio of the transformer. Loading the secondary winding with a simple load impedance
causes a secondary current to flow, at any power factor, through the internal winding of the transformer. Thus voltage
drops due to the windings internal resistance and its leakage reactance causes the output terminal voltage to change. A
transformers voltage regulation change between its secondary terminal voltage from a no-load condition when IL = 0,
(open circuit) to a fully-loaded condition when IL = IMAX (maximum current) for a constant primary voltage is given as:

Transformer Voltage Regulation as a Fractional Change

Regulation=(Change in actual Output Voltage/The No load Output Voltage)
 Regulation= ( Vno load – V Full Load ) / Vno load

Note that this voltage regulation when expressed as a fraction or unit-change of the no-load terminal voltage can be
defined in one of two ways, voltage regulation-down, (Regdown) and voltage regulation-up, (Regup).

That is when the load is connected to the secondary output terminal, the terminal voltage goes down, or when the load is
removed, the secondary terminal voltage goes up. Thus the regulation of the transformer will depend on which voltage
value is used as the reference voltage, load or non-load value. We can also express transformer voltage regulation as a
percentage change between the no-load condition and the full-load conditions as follows:

Transformer Voltage Regulation as a Percentage Change

%Regulation= ( Vno load – V Full Load ) / Vno load *100%

So for example, let‟s assume we have a single-phase transformer which has an open-circuit, no-load terminal voltage of
100 volts and the same terminal voltage drops to 95 volts on the application of a resistive load. The transformers voltage
regulation would therefore be: 0.05 or 5%, ((100 – 95)/100)*100%). Then a transformers voltage regulation can be
expressed as either a unit change value, in this example 0.05, or as a percentage change value (5%) of the original no-load
voltage.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect Circuit as shown in Diagram.

2. Start the panel by switching on the panel switch.
3. Switch on 3 phase supply.
4. Switch on the MCB 1 and Circuit breaker 1.
5. Increase the voltage by varying the 3 phase variac.
6. Switch on the MCB 2 and Circuit breaker 2.
7. Take one reading while no load is connected.
8. Then switch on the load and take 1reading at load condition.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of the teacher Date:

Experiment Number: 04 Roll Number:
Date:

Aim: To observe the Ferranti effect and find the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) in a long
transmission line.

Objective: To observe the Ferranti effect and find the SIL a in a long transmission line using
Transmission Line Protection Simulator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram for Ferranti effect and SIL on a long transmission line.

LIST OF APPARATUS:

SL No. Item Specifications Maker

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:
THEORY:

During light-load or no-load condition, receiving end voltage is greater than sending end voltage in
medium and long transmission line. This happens due to very high line charging
current. This phenomenon is known as Ferranti effect. A charged open circuit line draws
significant amount of current due to capacitive effect of the line. This is more in HV long
transmission line. Sending end voltage of a TL is: Vs = AVR + BIR .
Under no-load condition; IR = 0, therefore: VR =Vs/A ; Since A<1 so VR is greater than Vs.
The capacitance (and charging current) is negligible in short line but significant in medium
line and appreciable in long line. Therefore this phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines.
Consider the figure given below shows phasor diagram of Ferranti Effect of transmission line.

Fig.2 Ferranti effect phasor diagram.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Switch on the 3 phase power supply.
3. Switch on the Transmission Line Protection Simulator.
4. Switch on all the MCBs and reset buttons of all the breakers sequentially.
5. Switch on the load MCB and note down the sending and receiving end V, I, P, PF on no load.
6. Increase the load till VS = VR and note down the readings again.
7. The readings of PR when VS = VR is the SIL of the transmission line.

OBSERVATION:

Sl. Load Sending end Receiving end

No. Condition VS IS PS PFS VR IR PR PFR

1 At no load

At load when
2
VS = VR

CONCLUSION:

Signature of the teacher Date:

Experiment Number: 05 Roll Number:
Date:

AIM: Find oud maximum efficiency of 3 phase transformer.

OBJECTIVE: Formulate the Efficiency curve for a 3 phase transformer and find the maximum
efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:

Efficiency Of Transformer
Just like any other electrical machine, efficiency of a transformer can be defined as the output power
divided by the input power. That is efficiency = output / input .

Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical devices. Most of the transformers have full load
efficiency between 95% to 98.5% . As a transformer being highly efficient, output and input are having
nearly same value, and hence it is impractical to measure the efficiency of transformer by using output /
input. A better method to find efficiency of a transformer is using, efficiency = (input - losses) / input = 1
- (losses / input).

Condition For Maximum Efficiency

Let,

Copper loss = I12R1Iron loss = Wi

Hence, efficiency of a transformer will be maximum when copper loss and iron losses are equal.
That is Copper loss = Iron loss.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect Circuit as shown in Diagram.

2. Start the panel by switching on the panel switch.
3. Switch on 3 phase supply.
4. Switch on the MCB 1 and Circuit breaker 1.
5. Increase the voltage by varying the 3 phase variac.
6. Switch on the MCB 2 and Circuit breaker 2.
7. Connect load with the system.
8. Switch on all the switch and take the reading.
9. The consecutively switch off one load at a time and take readings.
10. After switching off all the load take another reading.
OBSERVATION:

CONCLUSIONS:

Signature of the teacher Date:

Experiment Number: 06 Roll Number:
Date:

AIM: To perform breakdown test on transformer oil.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the dielectric strength of transformer oil using breakdown voltage test
kit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram for breakdown test on transformer oil.

LIST OF APPARATUS:

SL No. Item Specifications Maker

THEORY:

Oil used in the transformer for insulation and cooling purpose. A breakdown test on transformer oil is
crucial for assessing the dielectric strength and overall quality of the oil used in electrical transformers.
This can be done using the breakdown test of transformer oil using the breakdown voltage test kit. The
breakdown strength can be calculated using the equation

Breakdown Strength = (breakdown voltage in KV / Electrode gap distance in mm) × 10 ------ (1)
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Adjust the gap between the electrodes at 2.5mm and close the test cell.
3. Switch on the power supply and switch on the mains switch on the kit.
4. Switch on the „HT ON‟ button and keep the switch in „INCREASE‟ position.
5. Gradually increase the voltage by pressing the „PRESS TO INCREASE‟ button till the
breakdown occurs.
6. Note down the reading of voltage by pressing memory button.
7. Change the switch to „DECREASE‟ and decrease the voltage to zero by using „PRESS TO
INCREASE‟ button.
8. Repeat the steps 2 to 7 by taking 4mm and 6mm.
9. Calculate the breakdown strength (Dielectric strength) using equation (1).

OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. Dielectric Strength = Avg Dielectric

Distance in mm (d) Voltage in KV (V)
No. (V/d) × 10 KV/cm Strength

1 2.5

2 4.0

3 6.0

CALCULATION:
Dielectric Strength = (V/d) × 10 =

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of the teacher Date:

Experiment Number: 07 Roll Number:
Date:

AIM: Perform load test on 3 phase transformer under unbalanced condition.

OBJECTIVE: Perform load test on 3 phase transformer under unbalanced condition & thus find
out per cent total harmonic distortion in both generating and load end

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:

Three phase Unbalanced System

Now, let‟s increase the load on one of the phase of our system. As we have increased the load on one
phase, it will draw more current than the other two phases. And this will create imbalance in the system.
And here you‟ll need the neutral conductor. The waveform is now disturbed in terms of magnitude and
phase shift.
System gets unbalanced because of following reasons.
1. Unbalance in winding of a 3 phase equipment like 3 phase induction motor. If the reactants of the
three windings are not same then it will draw unequal current from the system.
2. Unequal load on the system. This causes more current to flow through one particular phase on which
the load is connected.
These are the two main and the basic causes of unbalance in a system.
Effects of unbalanced system
 Heating of the 3 phase machines
 Heating will decrease overall life of machine
 This imbalance, will also increase the I^2 R losses,
 Also, unbalanced system may cause tripping of variable frequency drives used for induction motor.
You‟ll see in our distribution system a neutral is always provided. This is because, load on the phases
is not defined or equal. And hence, different phases draw different current which makes the distribution
system unbalanced.
Properties of an unbalanced system.
1. Waveforms are disturbed in terms of magnitude & phase angle.
2. Current flowing through phases is not same.
3. Neutral in needed.
4. Power losses are more.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect Circuit as shown in Diagram.

2. Start the panel by switching on the panel switch.
3. Switch on 3 phase supply.
4. Switch on the MCB 1 and Circuit breaker 1.
5. Increase the voltage by varying the 3 phase variac.
6. Switch on the MCB 2 and Circuit breaker 2.
7. Connect load of 250 W with the system.
8. Then switch off one of the three phases of the load and take the reading.
9. Consecutively switch off other phase and take reading.
OBSERVATION:

CONCLUSIONS:

Signature of the teacher Date:

Experiment Number: 08 Roll Number:
Date:

AIM: Regulation and efficiency of a transmission line.

OBJECTIVE: To compute the regulation and efficiency of a transmission line using Transmission
Line Protection Simulator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram for calculation of regulation and efficiency of a transmission line.

LIST OF APPARATUS:

SL No. Item Specifications Maker

MACHINE SPECIFICATION:

THEORY:

Due to transmission line resistance there are certain losses in the transmission lines such as copper loss,
corona loss etc. and due to the line resistance and reactance there are certain voltage drops in the
transmission lines. To measure this loss we can find out the efficiency and to find out the drop we can
find out the regulation of the line. To find the efficiency of a transmission line powers at both the ends
can be measured using multifunction meters at both ends and efficiency can be found out using equation

Efficiency = (PR/PS)×100% --------------------- (1)

To find the regulation of transmission line voltages at both the ends can be measured using multifunction
meters at both ends and regulation can be found out using equation

Regulation = ((VS- VR)/VR)×100% --------------------- (2)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Switch on the 3 phase power supply.
3. Switch on the Transmission Line Protection Simulator.
4. Switch on all the MCBs and reset buttons of all the breakers sequentially.
5. Switch on the load MCB and give the full load.
6. Note down V, P, PF at sending and receiving ends by decreasing the load in steps.
7. Calculate the regulation and efficiency by using equations (1) & (2).

OBSERVATIONS:

Sending end Receiving end

Sl. Efficiency = Regulation =
No. VS PS PFS VR PR PFR (PR/PS)×100% ((VS - VR)/VR)×100%

6
CALCULATION:

Efficiency = (PR/PS) × 100% =

Regulation = ((VS - VR) /VR) × 100% =

CONCLUSION:

Signature of the teacher Date: