WEST YANGON TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF WATER DISPENSER

FIFTH YEAR PROJECT REPORT

GROUP : III
SUPERVISOR : Dr. Khin Nwe Zin Htun (Associated Professor)
SUBMITTED : August 2023

A fifth-year project in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of the degree in Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF WATER DISPENSER

GROUP - III

A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

FIFTH YEAR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(MECHANICAL)

AUGUST,2023
YANGON
DECLARATION
We declare that this is our original work and has not been published or presented for a
degree award in any other university/college/institution there before.

STUDENT NAME ROLL NUMBER SIGNATURE DATE

Maung Wanna Htoo V.M- 7 ……………… ………………

Maung Aung Khant Zaw V.M- 22 ……………… ………………

Maung Nyi Nyi Aung V.M- 29 ……………… ………………

Maung Chit Moe Wai V.M- 33R ……………… ………………

Maung Shoe Naing V.M- 34R ……………… ………………

Maung Arkar Phyoe Wai V.M- 37R ……………… ………………

Maung Naing Lin Ko V.M- 38R ……………… ………………

Maung Htet Aung V.M- 40R ……………… ………………

Maung Ye Thu V.M- 42R ……………… ………………

Maung Aye Min Thein V.M- 44R ……………… ………………

Ma Ei Ei Thwe V.M- 65 Ext. ……………… ………………

SUPERVISOR
This Project Report has been submitted by the above students for examination with
your approval as university lecturer and supervisor of the project.

SIGNATURE ……………… DATE ………………

 WEST YANGON TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

We certify that we have examined, and recommended to the University Steering

Committee for Fifth year Studies for acceptance the project entitled: “DESIGN AND
CALCULATION OF WATER DISPENSER)” submitted by GROUP-III (August,
2023) to the Department of Mechanical Engineering as the requirement for the studies
of Fifth of Engineering (Mechanical Engineering).

Board of Examiners:

1. Dr.Htwe Tin (Professor & Head) ……………….

Department of Mechanical Engineering, WYTU (Chairman)

2. Dr.Khin Nwe Zin Htun (Associated Professor) ………………..

Department of Mechanical Engineering, WYTU (Supervisor)

3. Daw Khine Khine Wai (Associated Professor)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, WYTU ………………..

4. Daw Khin Khin Thant (Associated Professor)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, WYTU ………………..

5. Daw May Hlaing Win Khin

………………..
Department of Mechanical Engineering, WYTU

6. Daw Yu Nandar Myint

Department of Mechanical Engineering, WYTU ………………..

7. Daw Ei Khwar Nyo Soe

Department of Mechanical Engineering, WYTU ………………..
 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, the authors would like to express their grateful thanks to Dr. Kyi Soe,
Rector of West Yangon Technological University, for his inspiration and
encouragement.
Moreover, the authors would also like to express their deepest gratitude to the
Chairman, Dr. Htwe Tin, Professor and Head of the Mechanical Engineering
Department, West Yangon Technological University, for her permission and
guidance.
Very special thanks to their supervisor, Dr. Khin Nwe Zin Htun, Associated
Professor of the Mechanical Engineering Department, West Yangon Technological
University, for her encouragement, helpful suggestions, true-line guidance,
supervision and editing.
The authors would also like to express their thanks not only to all the teachers
they’ve met throughout their academic lives but also to each and every individual who
assisted them for the completion of this thesis. Finally, the authors wish to thank their
parents for their inspiring determination, financial support and encouragement to
collect their attention without any difficulty.
 2

ABSTRACT

Today’s refrigeration and air conditioning systems have become necessary for
the human. In those refrigeration systems we are using different refrigerants for
providing refrigeration effects. Indirectly those refrigerants are causing many effects,
by emitting harmful gases to the surroundings. Gases like chlorofluorocarbons are
affecting the atmosphere and causing ozone depletion. The water dispensers are one
among several electrical appliances, used for drinking of cool water. The water
dispensers are used in the public places like railway stations, bus terminals, hospitals,
shopping malls and educational institutes. Refrigeration or cooling may be defined as
the process of removing heat. This process may be accomplished by using one of the
refrigeration systems; vapor compression or absorption or thermoelectric refrigeration
systems. A water dispenser is a device which cools a fluid by removing heat from it,
either through a vapor compression or absorption refrigeration cycle; with the key
components being the compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion device.
 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF SYMBOLS viii

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Objective
3
1.2. Implementation Program
1.3. Outline of the project

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 DIY (do it yourself) project
5
2.2 History of Water dispenser
2.3 Type of Water dispenser
2.3.1. Bottled Water dispensers
6
2.3.2. Countered top Water dispensers
8
2.3.3. Filtered Water dispensers
2.4 Type of Drinking Water dispenser
2.4.1. Storage Type Water dispenser Constructional details
9
2.4.1.1. Working Principle
2.4.2. Instantaneous Type Water dispensers 10
 4

2.5 Overview of Water dispense 11

2.6 Main Components of Water dispenser
2.6.1. Condenser
2.6.1.1. Air cooled Condenser 14

2.6.1.2. Water cooled Condenser 15

2.6.1.3. Evaporative Condenser
19
2.6.1.4. Compressor
2.6.2. Reciprocating Compressor 21
2.6.3. Capillary Tube
2.6.3.1. Working Principle of Capillary tube
23
2.6.4. Evaporation Coil
2.7 Other Parts of the Water dispenser
2.8 Installation of the Water dispensers
24
2.9 Operation of the Water dispenser System
2.9.1. Various Types of Water Dispenser Operation
2.10 Cooling Process Flow 25
2.11 Refrigeration Unit
26
2.11.1. Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
2.11.2. Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 27
2.12 Water Storage System
28
2.13 Process Flow Chart
2.14 Advantages of Water dispenser 29

2.14.1. Point of using Water dispenser 30

2.14.2. Energy efficiency
31

32
3. DESIGN THEORY OF COMPRESSOR AND EVAPORATOR
33
3.1 The Amount of Heat Transfer
3.2 Heat Transfer Rate of Evaporator 34
3.3 The Refrigerant Flow Rate
3.4 The Actual Volume of Vapor Compression Per Minute
3.5 Theoretical Compressor Work Done 36
 5

3.6 The Refrigerating Effect 37

3.7 Coefficient of Performance
38

39

4. DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF COMPRESSOR AND

EVAPORATOR 40

4.1. The Amount of Heat Transfer (Qevap )

4.2. Heat Transfer Rate of Evaporator
42
4.3. Using Psychrometric Chart, HFC-134a
4.4. Refrigerant flow rate (Mass Flow Rate)
4.5. Volume of Vapor (V̊ R)
43
4.6. Compressor Work Done (Wcomp)
4.7. Refrigerating effect (RE)
4.8. Coefficient of Performance (COP) 44

5. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

45
5.1. Discussions
5.2. Conclusion
5.3. Recommendations

REFERENCES
47
APPENDICES

48

49
 6

51

51

52

53

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1.1. Iconic Picture of Water dispenser 3

 7

2.1. Bottled Water dispenser

2.2. Countertop Water dispenser 9

2.3. Filtered Water dispenser 10

2.4. Parts of Storage Type Water dispenser 11

2.5. Schematic Sketch of the Cooling Coil of Instantaneous Type Water 12

dispenser 16

2.6. Drinking fountain Cooled by a VCR System

2.7. A 3=D View of a Cold Hot Water dispenser 18

2.8. Overview of Water dispenser 19

2.9. Main Components of a Water dispenser 20

2.10. Condenser of a Water Cooler 21

2.11. Air Cooled Condenser

2.12. Water Cooled Condenser 22

2.13. Evaporative Condenser 23

2.14. Reciprocating Compressor 24

2.15. Capillary Tube 26

2.16. Evaporation Coil

2.17. T.S Diagram for the Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle 28

2.18. T.S Diagram for the Actual Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle 33

2.19. Process Flow Chart 35

37

4.1. Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram

 8

47

5.1. Variation of cold water temperature with period time at different room

temperature 52

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

4.1. Design Result Data of Compressor and Evaporator 44

 9

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Symbol Description Unit

Cp Specific heat KJ/kg ℃

h Enthalpy KJ / kg
K Thermal conductivity W/m2K
L Length m
m Mass flow rate kg/s
P Pressure MPa
Q Heat transfer W
0
T Temperature C
v Velocity m/s
Q̊ evap The Rate of Heat Transfer kJ/min
m̊ R Mass Flow Rate kg/s
V̊ R Actual Volume of Vapor Compressed per Minute m3/min

v1 Volume of State One m3/kg

Wcom Compressor Work Done J/s

RE Refrigerating Effect kJ/kg

COP Coefficient of Performance -

Greek Letters

ρ Density kg/m3
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Water dispenser is a machine that dispenses and often also cools or heats
up water with a refrigeration unit. It is commonly located near the restroom due to
closer access to plumbing. A drain line is also provided from the water dispenser into
the sewer system.

Water dispensers come in a variety of form factors, ranging from wall-

mounted to bottle filler water dispenser combination units, to bi-level units and other
formats. They are generally broken up into two categories: point-of-use (POU) water
dispensers and bottled water dispensers. POU water dispensers are connected to
a water supply, while bottled water dispensers require delivery (or self-pick-up) of
water in large bottles from vendors. Bottled water dispensers can be top-mounted or
bottom-loaded, depending on the design of the model.

Bottled water dispensers typically use 11- or 22-liter (5- or 10-gallon)

dispensers commonly found on top of the unit. Pressure coolers are a subcategory of
water dispensers encompassing drinking water fountains and direct-piping water
dispensers. Water dispenser may also refer to a primitive device for keeping water
cool.

Water dispensers come in a variety of form factors, ranging from wall-

mounted to bottle filler water dispenser combination units. Bottled water dispensers
typically utilize 5 or 10gallon dispensers commonly found on top of the unit. Pressure
coolers are a subcategory of water dispensers encompassing water fountains and
direct piping water dispensers. Water dispenser may also refer to a primitive device
for keeping water cool.

Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a

temperature below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or
 2

space to the required temperature. One of the most important applications of

refrigeration has been the preservation of perishable food products by storing them at
low temperatures. The subject of refrigeration has evolved out of human need for food
and comfort, and its history dates back to centuries. The history of refrigeration is
very interesting since every aspect of it, the availability of refrigerants, the prime
movers and the developments in compressors and the methods of refrigeration all are
a part of it. There are two types of refrigeration systems, one is natural refrigeration
system and the other one is artificial refrigeration system.

Natural refrigeration is sub divide into Art of ice making by nocturnal cooling,
evaporative cooling, cooling by salt solutions. Artificial refrigeration is sub divided
into Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems, Domestic refrigeration systems, Air
conditioning systems, Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Systems, Solar energy-based
refrigeration system, Gas Cycle Refrigeration, Steam Jet Refrigeration System,
Vortex tube systems, Thermoelectric Refrigeration Systems

This research relates to a process to heat water by recovering the heat released
on the level of the condenser of the cooling systems such as refrigerator, air
conditioner, cold room etc. The most system refuted is obviously the refrigerator that
has more the share of the families in India and in the world. Behind the refrigerator
(water dispenser) for example, an exchange of heat is named condenser It releases and
dissipates, with the ambient air, the heat accumulated on the level of the evaporator
and the compressor. We had the idea to recover this heat-to-heat domestic water if the
need is made feel, which is often the case such as in the kitchens, the restaurants, the
barracks, hospitals etc. In fact, one can note that in the refrigerating (water dispenser)
systems, it is the evaporator which is only used. In the heat pumps, it is rather the
condenser which is only used. In fact, we learned how to use judiciously the two
exchangers: evaporator and condenser simultaneously in another former energy
system not quoted here; the total coefficient of performance of the system is thus
increased to reach an unusual value.

Thus, in the present innovation, the two exchangers are used effectively: the
existing evaporator in the refrigerator (water dispenser) is not touched, when with the
condenser it is removed completely or partially and is replaced by another exchanger
to heat water.
 3

Figure 1.1. Iconic Picture of Water dispenser

1.1 Objectives

The objective of this study was to provide easy access to clean and fresh
drinking water in order to promote the hydration and create a healthy environment
in workplaces or public spaces and to design water dispenser specified in cooling
system. Our main purpose is to instantly get cold water and to know about the
cooling system of water dispenser. Moreover, we would like to prevent having to
wait for water to get cold and to design the main components of water dispenser.

1.2 Implementation Program

● Studying the relative background knowledge for water dispenser,

● Finding out additive data from library, internet and related field,

● Studying the design procedure and calculation of water dispenser,

 4

● Resembling main parts of a water dispenser such as cold tanks, condenser,

evaporator coils and compressor, and

● Checking the result of our calculation

1.3 Outline of the project

In this project, five chapters can be found. Chapter one includes the
introduction of the water dispenser, chapter two is literature review and design
of water dispenser are described in chapter three. Design calculation of the
water dispenser are in chapter four. In chapter five, discussions, calculations
and recommendations are mentioned.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 DIY (do it yourself) project

DIY is the method of building, modifying, or repairing things by oneself

without the direct aid of professionals or certified experts. Academic research has
described DIY as behaviors where "individuals use raw and semi-raw materials and
parts to produce, transform, or reconstruct material possessions, including those
drawn from the natural environment (e.g., landscaping).

DIY behavior can be triggered by various motivations previously categorized

as marketplace motivations (economic benefits, lack of product availability, lack of
product quality, need for customization), and identity enhancement (craftsmanship,
empowerment, community seeking, uniqueness).

The term “do-it-yourself” has been associated with the consumers since at
least 1912 primarily in the domain of home improvements and maintenance activities.
In reference to the emergence of a trend of people undertaking home improvement
and various other small craft and construction projects as both a creative creational
and cost-saving activity.

Subsequently the term DIY has taken on a border meaning that covers a wide range of
skill sets. DIY is associated with the international alternative rock, punk rock, and
indie music scenes, indie media networks, private radio stations and the zine
community.

The DIY movement is a re-introduction (often to urban and suburban

dwellers) of the old pattern of personal involvement and use of skills in the upkeep of
a house or apartment, making clothes; maintenance of cars, computers, websites; or
any material aspect of living.
 6

2.2 History of Water dispenser

We see water dispensers now as part of any office staple. They provide us all
with refreshing water throughout the day and make sure we are all hydrated while we
work. So where did the water dispenser begin? Read on below to take a wander
through 3000 years of history and discover how the water dispenser began.

The Beginning(2000 BC): Sanskrit Writings: The pursuit of clean drinking

water is something that has driven mankind since we stumbled out of our caves with
burning sticks in our hands. The first written record of a water purification system is
in the Sanskrit medical writings known as the Sushrut Samhita which includes such
methods as boiling water over a fire, leaving it out in the sun, and filtering it through
layers of gravel and sand. A process still used today.

The Egyptian Filtration Machine(1500 BC): On the walls of the tomb of

Egyptian ruler Amenophis II are the first pictures of a water filtration system in use.
Again, using sand to filter the water, you can almost imagine these two Egyptians
gathered round their ‘water dispenser’ like we do today.

900BC–What did the Romans ever do for us: This next example is the first
implementation of a city-wide clean water system. The Romans built giant aqueducts,
lined with marble or copper, to transport water many miles from clean sources such as
mountain springs and into their cities. The ancient Greeks also employed a filtration
system of gravel and sand, building an infrastructure that supplied great areas with
clean water.

The Very Dirty Dark Ages (500 to 1500): After the collapse of the Roman
Empire water systems took a rapid step backwards and then took a long time to
recover. In the Middle Ages most water came from rivers and lakes, which is also
where most of the human waste was deposited. This led to constant outbreaks of
Typhoid and Cholera, causing uncountable deaths.
 7

Shining light after so many years came from an Italian physician called Lucas
Antonius Portius (1671), who employed a system of three pairs of sand filters with an
upward and downward flow filtration system to make water safe again.

Paisley Goes Clean (1804) Led by Scottish entrepreneur John Gibb, in order to
supply his bleachery with clean water, he then expanded the project to supply the
whole town with a clean water supply using the good old-fashioned sand and gravel
filtration system, making this small town in Scotland the first in the world to supply
an entire populace with filtered water.

The Idea of Chilled Water Catches on 1840. Despite the fact that much of the
UK was still without clean water, rich Victorians started the idea of drinking chilled
water as a beverage and came up with the first water dispenser in its most basic form.
Using ice houses that stored ice and snow from the winter into the summer months,
huge blocks of ice were used to chill the contents of the water dispenser, although the
units where large, expensive and extremely heavy.

Shocked by high death rates from cholera in London, parliament decided on

the Metropolitan Water Act, the first of its kind – a directive to make sure the entire
populace was supplied with clean drinking water in 1852.

In 1906, Halsey Willard Taylor and Luther Haws invented the first drinking
water fountain to provide safer drinking water fountains with the primary motivation
being to provide safer drinking water and avoid the risk of typhoid fever caused by
contaminated water.

Early drinking fountains provided room temperature drinking water, but

demand led to the development of fountains that could provide cooler water thereby
killing the microorganisms responsible for pollution and disease. But early water
dispensers did not have a discrete water treatment method for purifying the dispensed
H2O that eliminate microorganisms but could not result in disease.

As the years went by, water dispensers further evolved into smaller, lighter,
and more efficient units. They also varied in shape and size, depending on the needs
of the consuming public.
 8

With health and safety being the main drivers in recent years, modern water
dispensers were created with inbuilt purifying systems with some having a reverse
osmosis system that removes chlorine and destroys microbial.

Today there are two main types of water dispenser: bottled and bottle less. The
bottle less cool connects directly to the water supply and has a filtering process for
purifying the water. One of the big advantages here is that you don’t have to maintain
the cumbersome and heavy bottles; plus, bottle less water is cheaper and more
environmentally friendly.

1980’s–The Modern Water dispenser is Born- With plastics becoming

increasingly popular, plastic bottles replaced the original glass ones – making water
dispensers a lot more accessible due to the ease at which plastic bottles could be
transported. They started to spread across the globe, going from strength to strength
until the establishment of Water for Work ltd (the precursor that was to become
Edgars Water) in 1992, meaning we have been providing cooler solutions to offices
for over 35 years – and hope to help you with all your water dispenser needs for many
years more.

2.3 Types of Water dispenser

There are many different types of water dispensers available in the market
nowadays. Each water dispenser has a unique feature that is meant to enhance its
functionality. Depending on your requirements you can select one from the following.
Though you do have to keep in mind that each cooler has certain requirements when it
comes to installation and water supply.

2.3.1 Bottled Water dispensers

● One of the most common types of water dispenser is the bottled water cooler
 9

● This dispenser requires a bottle to be installed at the top

● Once the water bottle is installed it dispenses water at two temperatures.

● At the touch of a button, you can get cool drinking water as show in Figure 2.1

● Some models even have a small refrigerator towards the base.

Figure 2.1 Bottled Water dispenser

On the other hand, if you are not in the mood for cool water, you can have
room temperature water as well. Do keep in mind that not all bottled water dispensers
offer different temperatures. The best thing about these dispensers is the fact that they
are durable and do not require much maintenance. All you will need to do is clean it
with a damp cloth once in a while.

2.3.2 Countertop Water dispensers

There are times when you do not have enough space for a full-sized bottle
dispenser. This is when you should look towards a countertop water dispenser.
 10

● This dispenser is relatively the same as a full-sized bottled water dispenser.

● It can be placed on top of a counter and can easily support a 5-gallon water bottle

as shown in Figure 2.2.

● Some models provide options for cold, medium, and hot water, while others only

provide cool water.

● This bottle water dispenser is also quite easy to maintain.

Figure 2.2 Countertop Water dispensers

2.3.3 Filtered Water dispensers

Most people do not like the taste of the tap water that they get. To eliminate
the unpleasant taste in top water, one can set up a filtered water dispenser. This is the
same as a point of use water dispenser, except that it is equipped with a filter. The
filter purifies the water and then sends it to the reservoir where the water is cooled and
dispensed as shown in Figure 2.3.
 11

There are mainly two types of filtration systems. The first is a reverse osmosis
filter. This filter is quite effective in removing odors and minerals. Reverse osmosis is
a water purification technology that use a semipermeable membrane to remove ions,
molecules and large particles from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an applied
pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure. But if the tap water contains chemicals
and other substances, you will require a different type of filter.

Figure 2.3 Filtered Water dispenser

If you want an enhanced filtration system you can opt for the ones with an
activated carbon filter. These filters are particularly effective in removing chemicals
and small particles from the water. Enjoy filtered water 24 hours a day and not worry
about running out of clean drinking water. Effective in improving water quality
parameters including taste and odor and treated to prevent microbial growth.

2.4 Types of Drinking Water dispenser

There are two types of unitary drinking water dispensers;

● the storage type and

● the instantaneous type.

 12

2.4.1 Storage Type Water dispenser Constructional details

A storage type of water dispenser consists of the following parts.

Figure 2.4 Parts of Storage Type Water dispenser

1. Compressor 2. Condenser 3. Strainer

4. Capillary Tube 5. Evaporator 6. Storage Tank

7. Thermostat 8. Insulation 9. Water Outlet

10. Water Inlet 11. Drain Pipe 12. Waste Water Drain

13. Fan 14. Discharged Line 15. Suction Line

 13

16. Inspection Lid (Top cover) 17. Overload Productor

a) Compressor: - Hermetically sealed motor reciprocating compressor are commonly

used for water dispenser. They are similar to those used in household refrigerators.
The range is between 0.06 kW to 0.56 kW. b)
b) Condenser: - Fan cooled condensers are most commonly used. Natural-
convection condensers are used when the capacity of the cooler is less than 19
L/h. On models used in high ambient temperature, water-cooled condensers of
tube-on-tube construction are used.

a) Fan with motor: - The fan used is the fixed pitch blade propeller fan with motor.
The fan is used to circulate air over the condenser to condense the refrigerant in the
condenser.

b) Water storage tank: - the storage tank shall be of corrosion resistant, non-toxic,
non-absorbent and durable materials made up of stainless steel or FDA grade
material. The tank shall be provided, where necessary, with overflow and make up
correction with ball float and drain. This float valve will maintain constant water level
in the tank.

c) Expansion valve or refrigerant flow control: - Capillary tubes are almost

exclusively used in hermetically sealed systems. In some hermetically sealed systems
thermostatic, expansion valves are also used.

d) Evaporators: - In water dispenser the evaporator formed by refrigerant tubing

bonded to the outside of a water circuit is used. The water circuit is usually a tank. It
is also a coil of large tubing. The material used are usually non-ferrous metal or
stainless steel. Sanitary requirements must be kept in mind since the coolers are
cooling water for human consumption. A PUF insulation of 35 mm is usually applied
over evaporator.

e) Filter: - A cleanable or throwaway type strainer (filter) to remove suspended

matters from water may also be fitted externally to the water dispenser at the inlet to
the cooling unit when desired by the purchaser. The filter elements shall not be of
 14

asbestos based materials. The filter shall have suitable mesh size (500u and more) and
shall be free from mercury, lead, aluminum, cadmium, arsenic and other poisonous
materials for human consumption.

f) Thermostat: - The thermostat is usually located where it is most affected by the

compartment temperature that is water storage tank. This will control the operation of
the compressor depending upon the temperature of water in the tank. This temperature
of the water depends upon the usage of the water dispenser.

g) Overload protector: - OLP protects compressor motor winding from damage from
one or combined effect of low voltage, high voltage, high suction and discharge
pressure, high load, incorrect charging. Insulation of motor winding burns above 250o
C and hence an overload protector is selected such that it opens the circuit before the
winding temperature can go to a high value. An oversize OLP would not protect
motor winding from damage and an under size OLP trips unnecessarily.

The thermal insulation for the cooling unit, connections therefrom to the
outlets, and for suction pipe of the condensing unit shall be of vapor proof materials
or covered with external vapor-proof barrier. The insulation shall have no interior air
gap and shall be of sufficient thickness to prevent condensation on the exterior cold
surfaces. The inspection lid for storage type water dispenser shall be of rigid
construction and hinged. It shall be provided with a gasket to keep the storage tank
dustproof. The drain tray shall be made of sufficiently strong corrosion resistant
material which shall not warp or get deteriorated in constant use with cooled water
under varying weather conditions. This shall be of ample size to prevent any splash
outside its periphery.

2.4.1.1 Working Principle

As we switch on the water dispenser, then:

1) The compressor starts working. The compressor compresses the refrigerant gas and
pushes it through the discharge line into the condenser.
 15

2) In the condenser the refrigerant gas is cooled with air circulated by a fan. This
process of cooling is known as forced air cooling of the refrigerant gas in the
condenser.

3) From the condenser, the liquid refrigerant enters the filter strainer. This will filter
and dehydrate the refrigerant flowing through it.

4) The refrigerant enters the expansion device.

5) From the expansion device (capillary tube) the liquid refrigerant at low temperature
and pressure enters the evaporator.

6) The evaporator coil is brazed around the water tank. The water tank is made from
stainless steel.

7) From the outlet of the evaporator, the refrigerant gas enters the accumulator (not
shown in figure). This accumulator is a protective device. It prevents any liquid
refrigerant entering the compressor suction during off-cycle from evaporator.

8) The overload protector operates when the motor is overloaded. The bimetallic
overload gets heated and disconnects the power supply.

9) The water to be cooled is stored in a tank. This tank is properly insulated. This
insulation will prevent heat penetration from outside. This type of cooler finds a
variety of applications such as in colleges, schools, hotels, etc.

2.4.2 Instantaneous Type Water dispenser

Evaporator of the instantaneous type (fig 2.5) consists of two separate

cylindrically wound coils made of copper or stainless-steel tube. The two coils are
entwined and bonded together by soldering.

The evaporating refrigerant is in one of the coils and the water to be cooled in
the other. The water is cooled by the refrigerant evaporator by conduction and
convection.

The instantaneous type coolers may be further classified as:

 16

1. Bottle type,

2. Pressure type, and

3. Self-contained remote type.

The storage-type cooler has the evaporator coil soldered on to the walls of the
storage tank of the cooler; generally, on to the outside surface of the walls. Push type
water faucets (taps) are generally provided for drawing cold water in both the types,
to minimize the wastage of refrigerated water.

Thermostat controls the operation of the compressor to maintain the water

temperature at the desired level. The feeler bulb of the thermostat is clamped on to the
water coil just at the outer end in the instantaneous cooler.

In the storage type, the bulb is kept immersed in water in the tank or clamped
to the wall of the storage tank on the outside at a lower level, much below the lower
most evaporator refrigerant tube soldered onto the tank.

Figure 2.5. Schematic Sketch of the cooling coil of

instantaneous type water dispenser

As is evident, the storage capacity of the water coil in the instantaneous cooler
is negligible. When there is no draw of water from the cooler, it is obvious that the
temperature of water in the water coil will drop down very fast. The thermostat puts
 17

off the compressor at the set point temperature (generally about 12° to 15°c). On
opening the faucet, fresh water enters the coil. Now because of the insignificant
storage capacity, the water temperature in the coil rises up fast, cutting in the
thermostat to start the compressor. Once the faucet is closed, water temperature drops
down rapidly and the compressor stops. Thus, in an instantaneous cooler, the
compressor cycles frequently on the thermostat when there is frequent draw of water.
When there is no draw of water f or a long time, the machine may cycle in between,
as the temperature of the water in the coil can rise due to the heat transmission from
outside. In the storage water dispenser, the machine will have to run for a long time to
bring down the temperature of the mass of water in the storage tank. Once the
temperature touches the set point of the thermostat, the machine cycles off. Again,
because of the large volume of water in the tank, the temperature will rise up slowly
even when water is drawn from the cooler and an equal amount of fresh water is
allowed into the tank by the float valve. Thus, there will not be frequent cycling of the
machine in the case of the storage type cooler.

In the case of the instantaneous cooler, it is very important that the rate of flow
of water to the cooler (or the rate of draw) is adjusted to match its capacity. With a
higher rate of flow, the cooler will not be able to pull down the water temperature to
the desired level. Further, with a very high flow rate, the refrigeration system will
work at a very high evaporator temperature (i.e. high suction pressure)

This may adversely affect the suction gas cooling of the hermetic compressor
motor and in the long run, it can affect the life of the motor winding-another reason
why the water flow-rate should be adjusted to match the capacity of the cooler. For
example, the water flow-rate in an instantaneous cooler of 45 liter per hour capacity
should not exceed 45 l/h or 75 cc/min., in other words, a 150 ml cup should get filled
up only once in 12 seconds. Generally instantaneous type water dispensers are
equipped with regulators for adjusting the flow-rate. The flow-rate should be checked
and adjusted, before starting the cooler and also whenever it is found that the water
temperature is not coming down.

Higher flow-rate can occur in high rise buildings if the water dispenser is
installed in a lower-floor and water supply to the cooler is from the overhead tank of
the building. It may also be necessary to provide a pressure reducing valve on the
 18

water supply line to the instantaneous type cooler if the main water supply is at high
pressure. This is to protect the water coil of the cooler against high pressure. The
water flow-rate should not be too lower either. With a low flow-rate, the capacity of
the cooler will be reduced and the evaporator temperature can fall and may become
lower than the freezing point of water. Under such a condition the water in the coil
can freeze into ice. Since the density of ice is less than that of water for the same mass
of water, there will be an increase in volume on freezing. When water freezes inside a
confined space, as in a pipe, due to the volumetric expansion on freezing, heavy
hydraulic pressure is developed which can burst the pipe. In an instantaneous cooler,
the water coil can burst if freezing occurs, resulting in heavy water leakage, flooding
the floor and damaging the electrical components of the cooler. To facilitate drinking
of water direct from the cooler, without the need of a cup, glasses or container bubbler
type spout are provided in the instantaneous type coolers and they are known as
drinking fountains.

Obviously, when in use, quite a bit of cold water is wasted down the drain.
Such coolers are often equipped with a tube-in-tube or tube-to-tube heat exchanger.
The heat exchanger cools the incoming supply of water (to the cooler) by using the
waste water, thereby achieving some economy on refrigeration. In storage-type
coolers, meant for dispensing water in the cups or containers, such heat exchangers
are not provided as the wastage of cold water is usually negligible.
 19

Figure 2.6 Drinking Fountain cooled by a VCR System

 20

2.5 Overview of Water dispenser

Drinking water is the most essential requirement for every human being. If
this water is available in a chilled form, it will be very nice to drink during summer.
Water dispensers are used to reduce the temperature of water irrespective of the
ambient temperature. The water dispensers also provide water at a constant
temperature. They can produce cold water at about 7oC to 13.5oC.

Figure 2.7. A 3-D View of a cold/hot water dispenser

The water dispenser is a device that cools and dispenses water. They are
generally divided into the bottle-less and bottled water dispensers. Both bottled water
 21

dispensers and bottleless water coolers provide a chilled water supply, but receive the
water from a different source.

Bottled water dispensers are freestanding units that use a large plastic bottle to
deliver water, and can be either bottom- or top-loaded. Bottleless water dispensers on
the other hand are hooked up to a mains water supply.

A modern water dispenser has refrigeration units as well as heating filament

(water heater) to enable it to dispense cold, hot and boiling water.

The overview of water dispenser Fig.2.8, which contains basic controls and
parts of a water dispenser. Most water dispensers can be seen in this general structure.

Figure 2.8 Overview of Water dispenser

The controls and parts of a water dispenser are described in Figure 2.8, they are:

1. Top cover 5. Hot water tap (Red)

2. Heating indicator 6. Cold water tap (Blue)

3. Cooling indicator 7. Water receptacle

4. Body 8. Heating button (Red)

 22

9. Cooling button (Green)

10. Condenser

11. Drain plug

12. Power supply cord

 23

2.6 Main Components of Water dispenser

System is usually made up of four essential components, namely:

● Condenser

● Compressor

● Capillary Tube

● Evaporator Coil

Figure 2.9 (A, B) Main Components of a Water dispenser

2.6.1 Condenser

A condenser as shown in Figure 2.10, is a device or unit used to condense a

substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing, the latent
heat is given up by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment.
 24

Figure 2.10 Condenser of a Water dispenser

Condensers can be made according to numerous designs, and come in many

sizes ranging from rather small (hand-held) to very large (industrial-scale units used
in plant processes). For example, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid
of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air. Condensers are used
in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such as distillation, steam power
plants and other heat exchange systems. Use of cooling water or surrounding air as
the coolant is common in many condensers.

In condensers the refrigerant gives up the heat that is has absorbed in the
evaporator. There are three main types of condensers: air cooled condensers, water
cooled condensers and evaporative condensers.

2.6.1.1 Air cooled condenser

Air cooled condenser as shown in Figure 2.8 is used in small units like
household refrigerators, deep freezers, water dispensers, window air-conditioners,
split air-conditioners, small packaged air-conditioners etc. These are used in plants
where the cooling load is small and the total quantity of the refrigerant in the
refrigeration cycle is small.

Figure 2.11 Air Cooled Condenser

 25

Air cooled condensers are also called coil condensers as they are usually made
of copper or aluminum coil. Air cooled condensers occupy a comparatively larger
space than water cooled condensers.

2.6.1.2 Water cooled condenser

Water cooled condensers as shown in Figure 2.12 are used for large
refrigerating plants, big packaged air-conditioners, central air-conditioning plants, etc.
These are used in plants where cooling loads are excessively high and a large quantity
of refrigerant flows through condensers. There are three types of water-cooled
condensers: tube-in-tube or double pipe type, shell and coil type and shell and tube
type. In all these condensers the refrigerant flows through one side of the piping while
the water flows through the other piping, cooling the refrigerant and condensing it.

Tube and tube

type & Shell and tube type

Figure 2.12 Water Cooled Condensers

 26

2.6.1.3 Evaporative condenser

Evaporative condenser as shown in Figure 2.13 is usually used in ice plants.

They are a combination of water cooled and air-cooled condensers.

Figure 2.13 Evaporative Condenser

In these condensers the hot refrigerant flows through the coils. Water is
sprayed over these coils. At the same time the fan draws air from the bottom side of
the condenser and discharges it from the top side of the condenser. The spray water
that comes in contact with the condenser coil gets evaporated in the air and it absorbs
the heat from the condenser, cools the refrigerant and condenses it.

2.6.2 Compressor

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by

reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

Compressor is one of the most important components of a vapor compression

refrigeration system. Piston compressor and small rotary compressor (also called
reciprocating compressor) mainly used in water dispenser cooling system. The main
refrigerant used in water dispenser cooling system is R290 or R134A
 27

Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and
both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor
also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible; while some
can be compressed, the main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids.

Types of compressors are following:

● Positive displacement ● Rolling piston

● Reciprocating compressors ● Scroll compressors

● Ionic liquid piston compressor ● Diaphragm compressors

● Rotary screw compressors ● Dynamic compressors

● Rotary vane compressors ● Hermetically sealed, open or semi-

hermetic compressor

2.6.2.1 Reciprocating compressor

Reciprocating compressors as shown in Figure 2.8 use pistons driven by a

crankshaft. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged,
and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Small
reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 horsepower (hp) are commonly seen in
automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Larger reciprocating
compressors well over 1,000 hp (750 kW) are commonly found in large industrial and
petroleum applications.

Discharge pressure can range from low pressure to very high pressure (>18000
psi or 180 MPa). In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-
acting compressors are said to be the most efficient compressors available, and are
typically larger, and more costly than comparable rotary units. Another type of
reciprocating compressor, usually employed in automotive cabin air-
conditioning systems, is the swash plate compressor, which uses pistons moved by a
swash plate mounted on a shaft.
 28

But the refrigerator compressor and small rotary compressor are mainly used
in water dispensers. Small common rotary compressors for small air conditioning,
small dehumidifier, small air-cooling system, water dispenser, water dispenser.

● R134A small rotary compressor

● R410A small ac compressor

● R290 compressor

Figure 2.14 Reciprocating Compressor

2.6.3 Capillary Tube

Capillary tube which shown in Figure 2.15 is one of the most commonly used
throttling devices in the refrigeration and the air conditioning systems. The capillary
tube is a copper tube of very small internal diameter. It is of very long length and it is
coiled to several turns so that it would occupy less space. The internal diameter of the
capillary tube used for the refrigeration and air conditioning applications varies from
0.5 to 2.28 mm (0.020 to 0.09 inches). Capillary tube used as the throttling device in
the domestic refrigerators, deep freezers, water dispensers and air conditioners.
 29

Figure 2.15 Capillary Tube

2.6.3.1 Working principle of capillary tube

When the refrigerant leaves the condenser and enters the capillary tube its
pressure drops down suddenly due to the very small diameter of the capillary. In
capillary the fall in pressure of the refrigerant takes place not due to the orifice but
due to the small opening of the capillary.

The decrease in pressure of the refrigerant through the capillary depends on

the diameter of the capillary and the length of the capillary. Smaller is the diameter
and more is the length of the capillary more is the drop in pressure of the refrigerant
as it passes through it.

In the normal working conditions of the refrigeration plant there is drop in

pressure of the refrigerant across the capillary but when the plant stops the refrigerant
pressure across the two sides of the capillary equalizes. Due to this reason when the
compressor restarts there won’t be much load on it. Also, due to this reason one
cannot overcharge the refrigeration system with the refrigerant and no receiver is
used. The capillary tube is a non-adjustable device that means one cannot control the
flow of the refrigerant through it as one can do in the automatic throttling valve. Due
to this the flow of the refrigerant through the capillary changes as the surrounding
conditions change. For instance, as the condenser pressure increases due to high
atmospheric pressure and the evaporator pressure reduces due to lesser refrigeration
load the flow of the refrigerant through the capillary changes. Thus, the capillary tube
is designed for certain ambient conditions. However, if it is selected properly, it can
work reasonably well over a wide range of conditions.
 30

The length of the capillary of particular diameter required for the refrigeration
applications cannot be found by fixed formula rather it is calculated by the empirical
calculations. Some approximate length required for certain applications is found out
and it is then corrected by the experiments.

When the refrigerant leaves the condenser and enters the capillary tube its
pressure drops down suddenly due to very small diameter of the capillary. In capillary
the fall in pressure of the refrigerant takes place not due to the orifice but due to the
small opening of the capillary. The decrease in pressure of the refrigerant through the
capillary depends on the diameter of the capillary and the length of the capillary.

Smaller is the diameter and more is the length of the capillary more is the drop
in pressure of the refrigerant as it passes through it.

2.6.4 Evaporation Coil

Evaporator coil as shown in Figure 2.16 is specially made water cooling

dispenser parts that play an important role in the proper functioning of any cooling
unit in the air.

Figure 2.16 Evaporation Coil

They condition the air in a room, and as the air passes over the coil, heat is
removed and cooler air is sent back out through the cool tank. Humidity is also taken
out of the air by the coil, which works with the condenser unit to condense the water.

2.7 Other Parts of a Water dispenser

 31

Cold Water Tank: This is made of stainless steel. It serves as the reservoir
where the cold water is cooled and stored.

Cold Water Baffle: This is a plate like plastic material that separates the water
supplied from the cold water and hot water respectively.

Cold Water thermostat: This senses the temperature of cold water and controls the
electric power supply to the compressor automatically in order to keep constant the
temperature of the cold water. This device will not be needed in the modified models
as it will be replaced by an ice sensor.

PTC Starter: PTC stands for “Positive Temperature Coefficient”. The PTC starter
starts up the motor of the compressor.

Drier: This removes moisture and dirt’s inside the refrigeration pipes.

Table 2.1: Specification of Water dispenser Under Study

Voltage 220V,50/60Hz

Heating power 500 Watts

Cooling power 95 Watts

Hot water Temperature 88oC

Cold water temperature <10oC

Test pressure 15psig

Refrigerant R134a

2.8 Installation of the Water Cooling System

Before connecting the appliance to the power source, let it stand upright for
approximately 2 hours. This will reduce the possibility of a malfunction in the cooling
system from handling during transportation.
 32

The water dispenser is pre-cleaned at the factory but the reservoir and water
lines must be flushed with fresh water before use as follows:

• Keep the unit unplugged.

• Fill the water tank with tap water full to capacity. Wait for 5 minutes until
water settles.

• Slide the child safety button then push the hot water faucet until water comes
out, then stop.

• Plug the dispenser into the electrical outlet. We are ready to complete the
first cycle. In order to do that, wait for the hot water to reach temperature in
approximately 10 minutes, and then wait for the cold to reach temperature
(another 40 minutes, approximately).

• Unplug the dispenser from the electrical outlet. Proceed to drain the water
from the faucets one at a time until no more water remains. (Note: To facilitate
this operation, use a large container).

• Then, drain any water left in the tanks by opening the drain plug located on
the back, until it drains completely.

• Proceed to close the drain cap.

• Remove the cap from the 5-gallon bottle and use a clean cloth to wipe off the
neck of the bottle.

• Place the 5-gallon bottle of water on the water intake, allowing water to
stand for approximately one minute.

• Push water faucet buttons to ensure water flows from both faucets. • Plug the
dispenser back into the electrical outlet.

• Now you are ready to use your water dispenser.

NOTE: Your water dispenser has been cleaned and sanitized before leaving the
factory, but in case a taste problem develops, place two tablespoons of baking soda
and add tap water. Fill the water tank again and repeat basic operations previously
outlined, except turn the hot water function “OFF” to avoid leaving residues in the hot
water tank.
 33

2.9 Operation of the Water Cooling System

A water dispenser is a device that dispenses water. It is used to

provide easy access to drinking water. Water dispensers have become a necessary part
of society.

Some water dispensers provide clean, filtered water from a replaceable bottle.
Other water dispensers provide water straight from a municipal water line. Some
dispensers perform functions like filtering water, heating water, or cooling water.

2.9.1 Various Types of Water Dispenser Operation

Most water dispensers typically use the same simple concept: deliver water
from a source through a tap or spigot, usually using a button or knob for users to
dispense the water. However simple the concept, how a dispenser works depends on
the type of dispenser. There are different types of water dispensers:

Mounted Water Dispensers: Mounted Water Dispensers are commonly

referred to as water fountains.

They are found in public places such as theme parks or boardwalks, in parks,
or in large office buildings. The dispenser mounts to a wall, or can be freestanding on
the ground, and taps water from an existing water line. The water is dispensed by the
user by turning a knob or pressing a button, which sends a stream of water until the
knob or button is released. The water is sent in an arched formation to make drinking
easy.

Typically, a water fountain is not used to fill cups, but rather to take a quick
drink from the receptacle.

Mounted water dispensers are usually tapped into the municipal water supply
which means the water is not usually cooled, heated, treated or filtered. So, on cold
days, the water is cold and on warm days the water is warm.
 34

However, some water fountains, like that in large cooperation’s, office

buildings, or in places that have electricity available, do have water dispensers inside
to cool the drinking water prior to dispensing it.

Mounted water dispensers are usually the most primitive of water dispensers,
as they usually don’t have any special functions like heating, cooling, or filtering
water. For this reason, mounted dispensers don’t usually have many parts. The parts
on a mounted filter are usually:

● A tank- to draw water into from the main line

● A spigot- that sends a stream of water into the air in an arched form to make

drinking easier.

● A button or knob- that when pressed releases the water

● A cooler or refrigerated system- if the water fountain is designed to cool

water.

2.10 Cooling Process Flow

In this type of water dispenser water is feed through an inverted water

bottle which is placed on top of the water dispenser. When the bottle is placed into the
opening on the top of the water dispenser, the seal of the bottle is cut off, allowing
free flow of water into the cooler.

There is a valve inside the water dispenser which controls the water flow in
the water dispenser. The water inside the water dispenser is passed into a reservoir,
where it is chilled using a refrigerant. A refrigerant, located near the reservoir in the
water dispenser, reduces the water temperature. Refrigerant, a cooling medium, is
circulated in pipes.

The compressor inside the cooler creates a pressure which changes the
cooling medium from a liquid to gas while water moves in the pipes towards the
 35

reservoir. The cooled gas in the water pipe then passed through a valve to further
reduce the water temperature.

Refrigerant in a gaseous form has the capacity to absorb the heat from the water in the
reservoir, providing cool and refreshing water. The heat absorbed by the refrigerator is then
driven out from the dispenser. This process continues as long as the reservoir is filled with
water.

2.11 Refrigeration Unit

Single phase hermetic compressor is used. The capacity of the

compressors generally range from 0.125 to 1 hp. Capillary tube is the throttling
device. Since R-12, R-22 is phased out, R-134a and R404a are used as the refrigerant
presently. Water dispensers are rated on the basis of their capacity to cool a
continuous flow-rate of water from a specified temperature of the incoming water, say
from 30° to 13.5°c under an ambient temperature of 35°c.

The capacity of the water dispensers commonly available range from 3.4 to
225 liters of flow-rate per hour. It is interesting to note that the suction pressure in an
instantaneous cooler will vary appreciably when the faucet is pressed open or closed.
This is because the heat-transfer efficiency of the evaporator increases substantially
with an increase in the velocity of water passing through the coil. When the faucet is
pushed open, water flows through the coil, establishing a certain velocity. But the
water velocity in the pipe drops down to zero the moment the faucet is released i.e.,
closed, and so the heat transfer efficiency of the evaporator drops. This results in the
reduction of refrigerant temperature in the evaporator and of the suction pressure.

2.11.1 Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

 36

Figure 2.17 T.S Diagram For The Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression in a Compressor:

In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant enters the

compressor at state 1 (as saturated vapor) as shown on the T-S Diagram and is
compressed is entropically from T1 and P1 (evaporator temperature and pressure) to T2
and P2 (condenser temperature and pressure). This isentropic compression process
increases the temperature of the refrigerant above the temperature of the surrounding
(TH) i.e., T2>TH.

Process 2-3: Constant-Pressure Heat Rejection in a Condenser:

The refrigerant enters the condenser as supersaturated vapor at state 2 and

leaves as saturated liquid at state 3 as a result of heat rejection (Q H) to the
surroundings due to T2 condenser temperature being greater than T H (surrounding
Temperature) as shown in the T-S Diagram.

Process 3-4 Throttling in an Expansion Device:

The saturated liquid refrigerant at state 3 (at a high pressure P 2 = P3), is

throttled to a low pressure (P 1 = P4) in the evaporator through an expansion device or
 37

capillary tube. This causes the temperature of the refrigerant to drop below the
temperature of the refrigerated space (TL) as shown from the T-S diagram.

Process 4-1 Constant-Pressure Heat Absorption in an Evaporator

The refrigerant enters the evaporator at state 4 as a liquid-vapor mixture and it

completely evaporates by absorbing heat (Q L) from the refrigerated space. The heat
exchange is achieved as a result of the refrigerant temperature (T 4 = T1) been lower
than the refrigerated space TL (as shown in the T-S diagram i.e. TL >T4).

2.11.2 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Figure 2.18 T.S Diagram For The Actual

Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

 38

The actual vapor-compression process shown in (fig 2.18), the T-S diagram is
what is obtainable in the practical design of refrigeration system like the water
dispenser.

It differs from the ideal refrigeration cycles due to irreversibility (as a result of
fluid friction i.e., pressure drop) and heat loss to or from the surroundings.

From the T-S diagram above the modifications carried out to obtain the actual
vapor compression system include.

1. Vapor Superheating at compressor inlet (state 1’):

In an ideal cycle, the refrigerant leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor
at saturated vapor (state 1) as shown in the T-S diagram above. But in practice it may
not be possible to control the state of the refrigerant precisely (Congel), some liquid
refrigerant may be carried to the compressor which usually interferes with the
compressor lubrication and reduce the pumping capacity. Therefore, the system is
designed so that the refrigerant is superheated at the compressor inlet (1’ as shown in
the T-S diagram above) in order to vaporize the refrigerant completely when it enters
the compressor.

2. Compression process (1’- 2’):

In an ideal refrigeration cycle, the compression process 1-2 is isentropic but the
actual compression process (1’ - 2’) involves some frictional effects in the piston and
bearings of the compressor and also heat transfer which increase the entropy from
state 1’to 2’, giving rise to irreversibilities in the system.

3. Condensate undercooling (3 - 3’):

In an ideal cycle, the refrigerant is assumed to leave the condenser as saturated

liquid, but in practice it is not easy to carry out the condensation process so that the
refrigerant is a saturated liquid at the end and also it is not desirable to allow the
refrigerant get into the throttling device before condensation is complete. Therefore,
 39

the refrigerant is subcooled from state 3 to state 3’ before entering the throttling
device. This helps to increase the refrigerating effect (as in process 4-1) as the
refrigerant enters the evaporator at a lower temperature and absorbs more heat from
the refrigerated space.

2.12Water Storage System

The storage of a water dispenser mainly comprises reservoir, water tanks, hot
tank and cold tank to dispense either hot or cold water as required. The reservoir is an
important part of the dispenser being able to store water to distribute to the hot or cold
tank of the dispenser. The reservoir provides clean, filtered water from a replaceable
bottle. The water dispenser then provides water straight from a municipal water line.
To achieve certain hot water, the water from the reservoir must flow through the hot
tank in the dispenser.

The condenser mainly performs the function of the hot tank to release heat to
warm up the water. This tank is a stainless enclosed tank with internal heaters for
heating the water inside the tank and insulated with foam to conserve heat. The heater
tank includes an internal heater drawing at least 2 amperes of current to bring the
water temperature up to boiling point.

After reaching the required temperature, hot water can be obtained from the
hot water outlet. Cold water tank is above the hot water tank. This is a stainless tank
with an evaporator coil wound around its side for cooling the water. The evaporator
coils are similar to those used inside refrigerator freezers. By tapping a knob, cold
water will flow through the cold-water outlet instantly. Water storage systems support
the water as the main source for water dispensers. Water dispensers collect water from
water storage systems that can be different but the functions are the same. Therefore,
water storage system is one of the most important sections for a water dispenser.

2.13 Process Flow Chart

 40

A simple process flow is shown below. This flow chart depicts bottled water
dispensers dispensing either hot or cold water depending on the user's choice.

Figure 2.19 Process Flow Chart

The process flow chart in Figure 2.19 shows how a water dispenser works.
The first step is to load the canister onto the water dispenser. When the user adds his
or her input through pressing hot or cold buttons, either the heating or cooling system
will work.

Once the buttons are also pressed by the user, the water flows from either the
heating or cooling storage tanks through the piping system and to the taps. Lastly,
once the water reaches the internal taps, it is dispensed to the user through the external
tap.

2.14 Advantages of Water dispenser

2.14.1 Point of Using Water Dispenser

Points of use water dispensers are

● similar to a mounted water dispenser, as they are used by tapping into

an existing water line.

● typically found in businesses and residential homes that require

convenient access to water.

● are a convenient option because they have an unlimited supply of

water available, since it’s connected to a water line.

 41

● do not require replacing bottles periodically in order to ensure water is

available through the dispenser, water dispensers usually have the

ability to cool and heat water by storing water in a tank and using
electricity to warm or heat the water prior to dispensing it.

● usually filter the water coming from the water line.

● is connected to the main water line, it stores water in a tank, heats and

cools it, if applicable, and is dispensed by users by turning a knob or

pressing a button. Water is funneled through a tap located in the front
of the dispenser.

● come with various uses, the best of them cool, heat, and filter water.

Point of use water dispensers have more parts than a mounted water
dispenser because they usually have more components.

▪ A tank (or two) – to store water to be chilled or heated prior to dispensing.

▪ A water heater- to warm water

▪ A refrigerating system- to cool water

▪ Water filters- to filter the tap water

▪ A tap or spigot- for users to receive water from

▪ A button or knob- to release water

These types of filters typically require electricity to function.

 42

Bottled Dispensers: Bottled water dispensers are commonly referred to water

dispensers.

Bottled dispensers are similar to point-of-use water dispensers as they are

often available with options to cool and heat the water prior to dispensing it.

Usually, a five-gallon water bottle is placed upside down in the water

dispenser’s tank. This is an ideal option for those who do not wish to drink tap water,
or for those who do not have the option to connect into the main water line.

Usually, the water in bottled water is high quality, filtered water.

The bottled water dispenser works the same way as a point of use dispenser, as
the user simply presses a button or turns a knob to release the water in.

2.14.2 Energy Efficiency

A hot water dispenser which keeps water hot in a tank uses the energy needed
to heat the water to the required temperature, and wastes the energy needed to keep
the water hot permanently in a thermally-insulated tank when not being used. These
tank type dispensers often also consist of energy wasting 'keep warm' and 'recoil'
functions.

Whereas, an instant hot water dispenser without a tank does not waste
significant energy. Only when hot water is needed, the instant heater consumes at
least 2000 watts to produce hot water at 92°C and above. The hot water flow rates are
flowing at approximately 20 liters per hour. Comparing this with the insulated tank
type of hot water dispensers that consumes approx. 500w, the amount of energy
savings to produce 20 liters of hot water is at least 5 times faster. The savings not only
comes from the speed, but also instant hot water dispensers do not 'keep warm' nor
‘’recoil’’.

In fact, it further provides the convenience that users need not switch off the
appliance when not in use. In many cases the alternative is to heat water in, say,
a kettle. If only the amount of water needed is heated, energy usage is less: the same
 43

energy is used for heating [needs clarification: only true if the kettle and the dispenser
have the same thermal transfer, which is very unlikely], but none for keeping hot. If
more water than needed is boiled in a kettle, energy is wasted in heating the unwanted
water, which then cools.

Sometimes a supply of an unknown amount of instant hot water is required,

for example when cooking risotto boiling water must be added instantly as needed.
This can only be achieved with a kettle by boiling the maximum amount that can be
needed; in cases of this nature the instant water heater, which heats and dispenses
only what is needed, is always more efficient.

Overall comparative efficiency can only be estimated by calculating the

energy wasted by the water heater, and comparing it with that wasted by heating more
water than necessary in a kettle in typical circumstances. Kettle efficiency is subject
to patterns of usage, and can be improved by user discipline; dispenser efficiency
cannot be so improved. Switching off when not needed, as at night, would save a lot
energy and improve overall efficiency.
 44

CHAPTER 3

DESIGN THEORY OF COMPRESSOR AND EVAPORATOR

This chapter describes how the entire theories were carried out in order to
fulfill the objectives of the study.

3.1 The Amount of Heat Transfer

Heat, a measure of thermal energy, can be transferred from one point to

another. Heat flows from the point of higher temperature to one of lower temperature.
The heat content of an object depends upon its specific heat and its mass. The heat
transfer is the measurement of the thermal energy transferred when an object having a
defined specific heat and mass undergoes a defined temperature change.

The density of water is the weight of the water per its unit volume, which
depends on the temperature of water.

ρw = m/ Vw

Therefore, the mass of water

m = ρw Vw Equation (3.1)

Where,

ρw = density of water, kg/m3

Vw = volume of water, m3

Q = m Cp ∆T Equation (3.2)

Where,

Q = amount of heat transfer, J

m = mass of water, kg
 45

Cp = specific heat capacity, J/kg℃

∆T = change in temperature, ℃

3.2 Heat Transfer Rate of Evaporator

The compression cycle is used for refrigeration in preference to gas cycle,

making use of the latent heat enables a far larger quantity of heat to be extracted for
given refrigerant mass flow rate. The heat transfer rate of evaporator is

Q̊ evap = Qevap /time taken from 35 ℃ to 10 ℃ Equation (3.3)

Where,

Q̊ evap = the rate of heat transfer, kJ/min

3.3. The Refrigerant Flow Rate

Q̊ eva = m̊ R (h1 – h4) Equation (3.4)

Therefore,

m̊ R = Q̊ eva /m̊ R (h1 – h4)

Where,

m̊ R = mass flow rate, kg/s

h1 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant leaving evaporator coil, kJ/kg

h4 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant entering evaporator coil, kJ/kg

3.4 The Actual Volume of Vapor Compressed Per Minute

A change in the evaporation or the condensing temperature influences the

operating conditions for the compressor. The increased vapor pressure means the
 46

vapor density also increases. Consequently, a larger mass of refrigerant becomes

compressed on every compressor stroke. The actual volume of vapor compressed per
minute is determined by the following equation;

V̊ R = m̊ R × v1 Equation (3.5)

Where,

V̊ R = the actual volume of vapor compressed per minute, m3/min

m̊ R = mass flow rate, kg/s

v1 = volume of state one, m3/kg

3.5 Theoretical Compressor Work Done

The hermetic compressors raise gas pressure and transport the gas through a
piping system for system distribution needs. Electricity energizes the motor which
causes the compressor crankshaft to rotate. The compressor pump contains a piston,
which creates a low-pressure rear between the piston top and the cylinder head during
the down stroke. The gas is compressed and forced through discharge, or the high -
pressure side of the system.

Wcom = m̊ R (h2 – h1) Equation (3.6)

Where,

Wcom = compressor work done, J/s

m̊ R = mass flow rate, kg/s

h1 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant leaving evaporator coil, kJ/kg

h2 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant of entrance condenser, kJ/kg

 47

3.6 The Refrigerating Effect

Refrigerating effect is the amount of heat that each pound of refrigerant retains
from the refrigerated space to deliver helpful cooling. In the gas cycle, the
refrigeration effect is equivalent to the result of the particular warmth of the gas and
the ascent in, temperature of the gas in the low temperature side. Therefore, for a
similar cooling load a gas refrigeration cycle needs a substantial mass stream rate and
is massive.

RE = h1 – h4 Equation (3.7)

Where,

RE = refrigerating effect, kJ/kg

h1 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant leaving evaporator coil, kJ/kg

h4 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant entering evaporator coil, kJ/kg

3.7 Coefficient of Performance

The coefficient of performance or COP is the heat pump, refrigerator, or air

conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work required.
Higher COP equals lower cooperating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1, especially in
heat pumps, because, instead of just converting work to heat (which if 100% efficient,
would be a COP of 1), it pumps additional heat from a heat source to where the heat
required. For a complete system, COP calculation should include energy consumption
of all power consuming auxiliaries. The COP for heating and cooling are different.
COP is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and
relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged
against expected conditions.

COP = h1-h4 / h2-h1 Equation (3.8)

 48

Where,

COP = coefficient of performance

h1 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant leaving evaporator coil, kJ/kg

h2 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant of entrance condenser, kJ/kg

h3 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant of exist of condenser, kJ/kg

h4 = specific enthalpy of refrigerant entering evap; coil, kJ/kg

 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF WATER DISPENSER

Design Calculation of Condenser

Type of refrigerant = R – 134a

Material of coil tube = copper

Evaporating temperature = 10 C° + 273 = 283 K

Condensing temperature = 35 C° + 273 = 308 K

Volume , Vw = 3 L = 3 dm3 = 3 × 10-3 m3

4.1. The Amount of Heat Transfer (Qevap )

Mass of water, mw = ƿw Vw

= 1000 × 3 x 10-3

= 3000 × 10-3

= 3 kg

The amount of heat transfer from 35 C° to 10 C°, Cp = 4.186 kJ/kg℃

Qevap = m Cp T

= 3 × 4.186 (35 – 10)

= 313.95 kJ
 50

4.2. Heat Transfer Rate of Evaporator

The Time Taken from 35 ℃ to 10 ℃ = 30 mins

Therefore,

313.95 kJ
the rate of heat transfer, Q̊ evap = = 10.465 kJ / min
30 mins

The amount of heat transfer passes through the evaporator is 10.465 kJ

per minute.

4.3. Using Psychrometric Chart, HFC-134a (Pressure Enthalpy Diagram)

T1 = 10 C°

T2 = 35 C°, Using Psychrometric Chart (p-h Diagram)

P (N/m2 )

3 2
Condensing temp, 35

Evaporating temp; 10
4 1

h (k j/kg)
 51

Pr
es
sr
e,
p

Enthalpy, h

Figure 4.1. Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram

From the diagram,

h1 = 405 kJ/ kg, V1 = 0.053 m3 / kg

h2 = 425 kJ/ kg, V2 = 0.025 m3 / kg

h3 = 250 kJ/ kg

h4 = 250 kJ/ kg

4.4. Refrigerant flow rate (Mass Flow Rate)

Q̊ evap = m̊ R (h1 – h4)

10.465 = m̊ R (405 – 250)

m̊ R = 0.06752 kg / mins

0.06752 kg 1 min
= ×
1 min 60 sec

= 1.125 × 10-3 kg/s

 52

4.5 Volume of Vapor (V̊ R)

The actual volume of vapor compression per minute,

V̊ R = m̊ R × v1

= 1.125 x 10-3 x 0.053

= 5.963 x 10-5 m3 / min

4.6. Compressor Work Done (Wcomp)

The theoretical compressor work done, Wcom = m̊ R (h2 – h1)

= 1.125 x 10-3 (425 – 405)

= 0.0225 kW

= 22.5 W

4.7. Refrigerating effect (RE)

RE = h1 – h4

= 405 – 250

= 155 kJ / kg

4.8. Coefficient of Performance (COP)

Q
COP =
W
 53

mC p (h 1 – h 4 )
=
mC p( h2 – h1)

405−250
=
425−405

= 7.75

Table 4.1 Design Result Data of Compressor and Evaporator

No. Description Symbol Result Data Unit

1. Amount of heat transfer Q 313.955 kJ

2. Heat transfer rate of Evaporator Q̊ evap 10.465 kJ / min

3. Mass flow rate m̊ R 1.125 x 10-3 kg / s

4. Refrigerating Effect RE 155 kJ / kg

5. Compressor work done Wcomp 22.5 W

Actual Volume of Vapor

6. V̊ R 5.963 x 10-5 m3 / min
Compression per Minute

7. Coefficient of Performance COP 7.75 no unit

 54

CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The authors wish to express their gratitude to all the teachers and supporters
of the project again. Carrying out a project and team work has demonstrated our
capabilities as engineering students and pride to be learners embraced by West
Yangon Technological University.

5.1 Discussions

Generally, this water dispenser project intends to obtain instant cold water so
that it is convenient to drink. It takes less space to place, consumes less energy usage
and can be easily maintained. After operating the dispenser for about 30 minutes, we
can get cold water at 10°C.
 55

For the cold‐hot water dispenser with thermoelectric module system (TMS)
in the test room temperature of 24°C (with air conditioning system), experiments were
performed on the cooling capacity of the cold‐hot water dispenser with TMS by
considering the cold and hot water temperature variations with various cold water
consumption conditions (500, 1000, and 1500 mL). It can be seen from the figure that
the water temperature tends to decrease to 10°C (setting temperature) as the water
flow enters the cold side of the thermoelectric cooling module. After a temperature
drop of 10°C, the thermoelectric cooling module stops working and meanwhile the
cold water consumption rate is 500 mL. It can be seen that after cold water is used,
the water from the water tank flows into the cold water loop, which results in higher
cold water temperature (cold water loop). As cold water temperature is higher than the
setting temperature, the thermoelectric cooling module starts working to chill the
water in the loop, so the cold water temperature tends to decrease to the setting
temperature in the cooling period of 15 minutes. After the cold water temperature is
chilled to the setting temperature, the cold water consumption rates are 1000 and 1500
mL, respectively. The variation of cold water temperature obtained from the cold ‐hot.

Figure 5.1. Variation of cold water temperature with period time at different room
temperatures.
 56

5.2 Conclusions

Design structures in conformity with components is employed in thesis as

Design analysis of water dispensers. The design structures included evaporator,
condenser, compressor, capillary tubes, thermostat and heating element. Due to the
assembly and disassembly of water dispenser components, the mechanical problems
of domestic water dispensers can be solved. Therefore, get a thorough understanding
of the components and their functions and then understand the wisdom of its
technicians. This project has successfully provided the improvement of existing water
conditions by which human beings get the good quality of water, and with this there
will be no wastage of water.
The individual successfully assembled and disassembled a water dispenser,
learned the refrigeration process, studied its design and calculation, and presented the
project, completing chapters 1-5 of the project report books.

5.3 Recommendations

Mechanical problems of domestic water dispensers are able to be solved by

extra components and it should be modified by adding new features, changing the
design, enhancing the functionality, or anything else. The water dispenser is needed to
be regularly cleaned and maintained so that the water remains safe and fresh for
consumption. In order to get instant cold water, the duration for the cooling process
might be reduced significantly for a further project modification.

Creating smarter and more advanced models or lab-equipment, is possible

with other materials and production technologies. It opens up a manufacturing
platform that is more efficient than that before; We hope that implementation of this
project (Design and Calculation of Water dispenser) will in spire engineering students
to transform their knowledge into work and take DIY to another level.
 57

REFERENCES

1. Compressor Handbook PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

2. CENTRIFUGAL AND AXIAL COMPRESSOR CONTROL
(Gregory K. McMilan)
3. Condenser capacities and Symmetrization in Geometric Function Theory
(Valadimir N. Dubinin)
4. Integrating Electrical Heating Elements in Appliance Design
(Thor Hegborn)
5. Water Dispenser System Using Air Conditioner
(Vinay Vishwanath and Rohan Jikar)
6. Water Dispenser User Manual Book (beko)
7. www.waterdispenserspecialization.com
8. www.waterdispenserdesign.com
9. S.P.Arora and Domakunduwar,A Course on Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning, 8thEditionDhanpat andRai Publications.
10. R.S.Kurmi,J.K.Gupta, T.B of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 5th Edition.
S.Chand Publications.
11. S.P.Arora and Domakunduwar,A Course on Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning, 8thEditionDhanpat andRai Publications.
12. R.S.Kurmi,J.K.Gupta, T.B of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 5th Edition.
S.Chand Publications
13. Refrigeration and air conditioning,2nd Edition
14. Refrigeration-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration
15. Chlorofluorocarbon- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroflurocarbon
http://www.ecoevaluator.com/environment/air-quality/chlorofluorocarbons-
silent-destroyers-of-the-ozone-layer.html
 58

APPENDICES

A.1 Psychrometric Chart, HFC-13a (Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram)