‫جامعة دمياط‬

‫كلية تجارة‬

‫تكليف بحثي مقدم من‬

‫اسم الطالب‬
‫كود الطالب‬
‫رقم الجلوس‬
‫الشعبة‬
‫الفرقة‪ /‬المستوي‬
‫اسم المقرر وكوده‬
‫أستاذ المقرر‬

‫الجزء خاص بأعمال بالكنترول‬

‫تاريخ االمتحان‬
‫تاريخ التسليم‬
‫‪-1‬‬ ‫أسماء السادة المصححون‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫رئيس الكنترول‬

‫التقييم‬

‫راسب‬ ‫ناجح‬

‫‪1‬‬
Introduction
Statistics play an important role in business. A successful businessman must be very
quick and accurate in decision making. He knows that what his customers wants, he
should therefore, know what to produce and sell and in what quantities. Statistics
helps businessman to plan production according to the taste of the costumers, the
quality of the products can also be checked more efficiently by using statistical
methods. So all the activities of the businessman based on statistical information. He
can make correct decision about the location of business, marketing of the products,
.financial resources etc

Importance Of Statistics In Business Organization

Statistics is an important field of study because of its application in almost all walks
of life. It is an important branch of mathematics. It is the analysis, interpretation,
preservation, and presentation of data. The role of statistics in business management
is pivotal. It comes in handy, especially for rating organization, financial markets,
financial organizations, etc. The uses of statistics in business and management are
limitless; with the proper skill to implement statistical methods, the managers can
increase the production capacity of any plant or find out the optimum production
capacity, efficient management of work and employee performance, limit the wastage
of resource

Measures of location

2
Mean-1
The arithmetic mean (mean) is the most common measure of central tendency

:For a sample of size n

It is the Sum of values divided by data values , Affected by extreme values

(outliers ), it is a Unique value , Sum of deviation from the mean = 0

Median-2
In an ordered array, the median is the “middle” number (50%above, 50% below)

Not affected by extreme values , The median of an ordered set of data is located at
n+1
2 ranked value. If the number of values is odd, the median is the middle number If
the number of values is even, the median is the average of the two middle

Mode-3
Value that occurs most often Not affected by extreme values Used for categorical
data Used for numerical primarily when grouped There may be no mode , There may
be several mode

Example : House Prices are $2,000,000 500,000 300,000, 100,000 , 100,000

Mean: ($3,000,000/5) = 600,000

3
Median: middle value of ranked data = $300,000

Mode: most frequent value = $100,000

Linear Regression

,In Machine Learning

.Linear Regression is a supervised machine learning algorithm

.It tries to find out the best linear relationship that describes the data you have

It assumes that there exists a linear relationship between a dependent variable and
.independent variable(s)

The value of the dependent variable of a linear regression model is a continuous

.value i.e. real numbers

-Representing Linear Regression Model

Linear regression model represents the linear relationship between a dependent

.variable and independent variable(s) via a sloped straight line

The sloped straight line representing the linear relationship that fits the given data
.best is called as a regression line. It is also called as best fit line

Regression equation
y = a + bx
a = intercept at y axis
b = regression coefficient

Covariance
The sample covariance measures the strength of the linear relationship between two
variables (called bivariate data)

The sample covariance

4
S xy= ∑
(x−x )( y− y)
n−1
Sample covariance can take ( positive values – Negative values – zero )
S xy is positive value there is a direct linear relation ship

S xy : Negative value there is inverse linear relation ship

S xy =0 there is no linear relation ship, butmay be square relation

Percentiles
Data are classified into 100 part from P1 to P99

A -P35 is the value for which 35% of the observation are smaller and 65% are larger

b- p50 is the value for which 50% of the observation are smaller and 50% are larger

Example: find the third quartile and first quartile

$1,721 $1,637 $1,471 $1,460

$2,038 $1,940 $1,787 $1,758

$2,205 $2,097 $2,054 $2,047

$2,406 $2,311 $2,287

75 25
L75=(15+ 1) =12 L25=(15+1) =4
100 100

first quartile =Q1=1721$-1

Third quartile =Q3=2205$-2

Correlation
The correlation of two variables is a measure of the linear dependence

between them, scaled to always take on values between -1 and 1.

Cov (X , Y )
ρ( X ,Y )=
√ Var (X )Var (Y )
Measures of dispersion
An average is an attempt to summarize a set of data using just one number. As
some of our examples have shown, an average taken by itself may not always be
very meaningful.

5
We need a statistical cross-reference that measures the spread of the data
1-Range
The range is the difference between the largest and smallest values of a data
distribution
It is the simplest measure of variation but, it influence by the extreme values

2-Variance and Standard Deviation

Variance: is The average of squared deviation from the mean
2
( ∑ x)
2 ∑ x −
2
Population variance : σ = N
N

( ∑ x)
2

S =∑
2
x−
Sample variance: 2
n
n−1

Standard deviation: is the square root of the variance

√ √
(∑ x)
∑ x − ∑n
2 2
( x)
σ= ∑ x − N
2 2
, S=
N n−1

Ex:

3-Coefficient of Variation
A disadvantage of the standard deviation as a comparative measure of variation is
that it depends on the units of measurement. This means that it is difficult to use
the standard deviation to compare measurements from different populations.
For the population For the sample