M1.
(a) any one from:
• protection / improve lifespan
• improve appearance.
1
(b) (i) Bleach
1
(ii) Hydrogen is less reactive than sodium
1
(iii) 1 bonding pair of electrons 6 unbonded electrons on Cl
accept dot, cross or e or − or any combination
1
(iv) Covalent
1
(v) Hydrogen chloride has a low boiling point.
1
Hydrogen chloride is made of simple molecules.
1
(c) (i) oxygen
accept carbon dioxide
1
(ii) aluminium ions are positive
1
so are attracted (to the negative electrode)
allow opposites attract
1
(iii) Reduction
1
(iv) slide
allow move
1
Page 2
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) (i) C
1
(ii) strong covalent bonds
1
[14]
Page 3
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
M2.(a) (i) was well qualified
1
(ii) check the results of the experiment
1
(b) (i) cannot move
1
(ii) melt it / make it a liquid
allow heat it
allow dissolve (in water) / make a solution
1
(iii) they are positive
allow opposites attract or opposite charges
1
(iv) atoms
1
[6]
Page 4
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
M3. (a) reduction
1
(b) carbon is less reactive than aluminium
1
(c) aluminium (ions) / they are positively charged
they = aluminium ions
ignore particle names
accept aluminium (ions) / they are cations
allow aluminium (ions they have an opposite charge
1
so they are attracted or they move towards the negative electrode
OR
aluminium (ions) / they need to gain electrons (1)
which come from the negative electrode (1)
if no other marks awarded allow ‘opposites attract’ for 1 mark
1
(d) aluminium has a low density
1
aluminium is resistant to corrosion
1
(e) advantage less carbon dioxide is produced
1
disadvantage used aluminium cans have to be collected and transported
1
[8]
Page 5
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
M4. (a) (i) A
1
(ii) E
1
(b) (i) insoluble
precipitation
2
(ii) filtration
accept decant or centrifuge
1
(iii) hydrochloric acid
1
(c) (i) melt
allow add to / dissolve in water
allow heat until liquid
allow turn it to liquid / make it molten
ignore heat
1
(ii) they are positive
or
opposite charges or opposites attract
do not accept electrodes attracting
do not accept positive electrons
1
Page 6
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(iii) chlorine
accept Cl2
do not accept chloride
1
[9]
Page 7
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
M5. (a) (i) cryolite
1
(ii) lower the melting point of the aluminium oxide
1
(b) (i) opposite charges or oxide ions are negative
1
attract
1
(ii) carbon
1
(iii) reacts with oxygen or forms carbon dioxide
accept burns
1
(c) Structure mark:
either Al (atoms) in layers / rows
accept Al (atoms) all the same size
allow Al (atoms) in lines
or alloy (atoms) not in layers / rows
accept different sizes of atoms in alloy
allow alloy (atoms) not in lines
1
Page 8
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Sliding mark:
either so (Al layers) can slide
or so (alloy) layers cannot slide
1
[8]
Page 9
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
M6. (a) cannot move
1
(b) water
1
(c) (i) a positive charge
1
(ii) atoms
1
[4]
Page 10
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
M7. (a) covalent
1
(b) (i) liquid
1
(ii) fluorine
accept F / F2
do not accept fluoride
1
(c) (i) should fluoride ions be added to drinking water?
1
(ii) any one from:
• not enough reliable/valid evidence
• may be other factors involved
• it is an opinion / choice / belief / ethics issue
• it can’t be scientifically investigated
allow can’t do an experiment
ignore test
mark independently of (c) (i)
1
[5]
Page 11
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
M8. (a) (i) ionic
1
(ii) elements
1
(b) (i) chlorine (gas)
allow Cl2 / Cl / Cl2
allow chloride
1
(ii) hydrogen (gas)
allow H / H2 / H2
1
(iii) sodium hydroxide (solution)
allow NaOH
allow sodium solution
1
[5]
Page 12
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
