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Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 35 (2008) 763–769

www.elsevier.com/locate/chaos

Statistical convergence on intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces

S. Karakus a, K. Demirci a, O. Duman b,*

a
Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Sciences and Arts Sinop, Department of Mathematics, 57000 Sinop, Turkey
b
TOBB Economics and Technology University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mathematics,
Söğütözü 06530, Ankara, Turkey

Accepted 22 May 2006

Abstract

Saadati and Park [Saadati R, Park JH, Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 2006;27:331–44] has recently introduced the
notion of intuitionistic fuzzy normed space. In this paper, we study the concept of statistical convergence on intuition-
istic fuzzy normed spaces. Then we give a useful characterization for statistically convergent sequences. Furthermore,
we display an example such that our method of convergence is stronger than the usual convergence on intuitionistic
fuzzy normed spaces.
 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction

In 1965, Zadeh [29] first introduced the fuzzy set theory. Later many researchers have applied this theory to the well-
known results in the classical set theory. So it has become an area of active research for nearly forty years. The fuzzy
logic has been used not only in many engineering applications, such as, in bifurcation of non-linear dynamical systems
[17], in the control of chaos [13], in the computer programming [16], in the population dynamics [4], in the quantum
physics [21], but also in various branches of mathematics, such as, in metric and topological spaces [2,12,15,19], in
the theory of functions [6,18,28], in the study of matrix and linear systems [5,24], in the approximation theory [3]. Espe-
cially, there are a lot of studies in the field of fuzzy topology. Actually, the fuzzy topology has very important appli-
cations in the quantum particle physics [10,11]. Recently, the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy metric space has been
introduced by Park [23] (see also [1,25]). Furthermore, Saadati and Park [25] gave the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy
normed space.
The aim of the present paper is to investigate the statistical convergence, which was first introduced by Steinhaus
[27], on intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces. Then we give a useful characterization for statistically convergent sequences
on intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces. Also we display an example such that our method of convergence is stronger than
the usual convergence on intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces studied in [25].
We now recall some notation and basic definitions used in the paper.
Definition A [26]. A binary operation * : [0, 1] · [0, 1] ! [0, 1] is said to be a continuous t-norm if it satisfies the
following conditions:

*
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Karakus), [email protected] (K. Demirci), [email protected] (O. Duman).

0960-0779/$ - see front matter  2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2006.05.046
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764 S. Karakus et al. / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 35 (2008) 763–769

(a) * is associative and commutative,

(b) * is continuous,
(c) a * 1 = a for all a 2 [0, 1],
(d) a * b 6 c * d whenever a 6 c and b 6 d for each a, b, c, d 2 [0, 1].

Definition B [26]. A binary operation  : [0, 1] · [0, 1] ! [0, 1] is said to be a continuous t-conorm if it satisfies the fol-
lowing conditions:

(a)  is associative and commutative,

(b)  is continuous,
(c) a  0 = a for all a 2 [0, 1],
(d) a  b 6 c  d whenever a 6 c and b 6 d for each a, b, c, d 2 [0, 1].

For example, we can give a * b = ab, a * b = min{a, b}, a  b = min{a + b, 1} and a  b = max{a, b} for all a,
b 2 [0, 1].
Using the continuous t-norm and t-conorm, Saadati and Park [25] has recently introduced the concept of intuition-
istic fuzzy normed space as follows:
Definition C [25]. The 5-tuple (V, l, m, *, ) is said to be an intuitionistic fuzzy normed space (IFNS) if V is a vector
space, * is a continuous t-norm,  is a continuous t-conorm, and l, m fuzzy sets on V · (0, 1) satisfying the following
conditions for every x, y 2 V and s, t > 0:

(a) l(x, t) + m(x, t) 6 1,

(b) l(x, t) > 0,
(c) l(x, t) = 1 if andonly if x = 0,
(d) lðax; tÞ ¼ l x; jajt for each a 5 0,
(e) l(x, t) * l(y, s) 6 l(x + y, t + s),
(f) l(x, Æ) : (0, 1) ! [0, 1] is continuous,
(g) lim lðx; tÞ ¼ 1 and lim lðx; tÞ ¼ 0;
t!1 t!0
(h) m(x, t) < 1,
(i) m(x, t) = 0 if andonly if x = 0,
(j) mðax; tÞ ¼ m x; jajt for each a 5 0,
(k) m(x, t)  m(y, s) P m(x + y, t + s),
(l) m(x, Æ) : (0, 1) ! [0, 1] is continuous,
(m) lim mðx; tÞ ¼ 0 and lim mðx; tÞ ¼ 0:
t!1 t!0

In this case (l, m) is called an intuitionistic fuzzy norm. As a standard example, we can give the following:
Let (V, k Æ k) be a normed space, and let a * b = ab and a  b = min{a + b, 1} for all a, b 2 [0, 1]. For all x 2 V and
every t > 0, consider
t kxk
l0 ðx; tÞ :¼ and m0 ðx; tÞ :¼ :
t þ kxk t þ kxk
Then observe that (V, l, m, *, ) is an intuitionistic fuzzy normed space.
We also recall that the concepts of convergence and Cauchy sequence in an intuitionistic fuzzy normed space are
studied in [25].
Definition D [25]. Let (V, l, m, *, ) be an IFNS. Then, a sequence x = {xk} is said to be convergent to L 2 V with
respect to the intuitionistic fuzzy norm (l, m) if, for every e > 0 and t > 0, there exists k 0 2 N such that
ðl;mÞ
l(xk  L, t) > 1  e and m(xk  L, t) < e for all k P k0. It is denoted by (l, m)  limx = L or xk ! L as k ! 1.

Definition E [25]. Let (V, l, m, *, ) be an IFNS. Then, x = {xk} is called a Cauchy sequence with respect to the intui-
tionistic fuzzy norm (l, m) if, for every e > 0 and t > 0, there exists k 0 2 N such that l(xk  xm, t) > 1  e and
m(xk  xm, t) < e for all k, m P k0.
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S. Karakus et al. / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 35 (2008) 763–769 765

2. Statistical convergence on IFNS

In this section we deal with the statistical convergence on the intuitionistic fuzzy norm spaces. Before proceeding
further, we should recall some notation on the statistical convergence.
Let K be a subset of N, the set of natural numbers, then the asymptotic density of K, denoted by d{K}, is given by:
1
dfKg :¼ lim jfk 6 n : k 2 Kgj
n n
whenever the limit exists, where jBj denotes the cardinality of the set B. Then a sequence x = {xk} of numbers is sta-
tistically convergent to L provided that, for every e > 0,
dfk : jxk  Lj P eg ¼ 0

holds. In this case we write st  limx = L (see [14,27]).

Notice that every convergent sequence is statistically convergent to the same value, but its converse is not true. Such
an example may be found in [14,22].
Statistical convergence and its some generalizations have appeared in the study of locally convex spaces [20]. It is
also connected with the subsets of the Stone–Čech compactification of the set of natural numbers [7]. Some results
on characterizing Banach spaces with separable duals via statistical convergence may be found in [8]. This notion of
convergence is also considered in the measure theory [22], in the trigonometric series [30] and in the approximation the-
ory [9].
We are now ready to obtain our main results.
Definition 2.1. Let (V, l, m, *, ) be an IFNS. We say that a sequence x = {xk} is statistically convergent to L 2 V with
respect to the intuitionistic fuzzy norm (l, m) provided that, for every e > 0 and t > 0,
dfk 2 N : lðxk  L; tÞ 6 1  e or mðxk  L; tÞ P eg ¼ 0; ð1Þ

or equivalently
1
lim jfk 6 n : lðxk  L; tÞ 6 1  e or mðxk  L; tÞ P egj ¼ 0:
n n
In this case we write stl,m  limx = L, where L is said to be stl,m  limit.
By using Eq. (1) and the well-known properties of the density, we easily get the following lemma.
Lemma 2.1. Let (V, l, m, *, ) be an IFNS. Then, for every e > 0 and t > 0, the following statements are equivalent:

(i) stl,m  limx = L.

(ii) dfk 2 N : lðxk  L; tÞ 6 1  eg ¼ dfk 2 N : mðxk  L; tÞ P eg ¼ 0.
(iii) dfk 2 N : lðxk  L; tÞ > 1  e and m(xk  L, t) < e} = 1.
(iv) dfk 2 N : lðxk  L; tÞ > 1  eg ¼ dfk 2 N : mðxk  L; tÞ < eg ¼ 1.
(v) st  liml(xk  L, t) = 1 and st  limm(xk  L, t) = 0.

Theorem 2.2. Let (V, l, m, *, ) be an IFNS. If a sequence x = {xk} is statistically convergent with respect to the
intuitionistic fuzzy norms (l, m), then the stl,m  limit is unique.

Proof. Assume that stl,m  limx = L1 and stl,m  limx = L2. For a given e > 0 choose r > 0 such that
(1  r) * (1  r) > 1  e and r  r < e. Then, for any t > 0, define the following sets:

K l;1 ðr; tÞ :¼ fk 2 N : lðxk  L1 ; tÞ 6 1  rg;

K l;2 ðr; tÞ :¼ fk 2 N : lðxk  L2 ; tÞ 6 1  rg;
K m;1 ðr; tÞ :¼ fk 2 N : mðxk  L1 ; tÞ P rg;
K m;2 ðr; tÞ :¼ fk 2 N : mðxk  L2 ; tÞ P rg:
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Since stl,m  limx = L1, we have

dfK l;1 ðe; tÞg ¼ dfK m;1 ðe; tÞg ¼ 0 for all t > 0:
Furthermore, using stl,m  limx = L2, we get
dfK l;2 ðe; tÞg ¼ dfK m;2 ðe; tÞg ¼ 0 for all t > 0:
Now let Kl,m(e, t) :¼ {Kl,1(e ,t) [ Kl,2(e, t)} \ {Km,1(e, t) [ Km,2(e, t)}. Then observe that d{Kl,m(e, t)} = 0 which implies
dfN=K l;m ðe; tÞg ¼ 1. If k 2 N=K l;m ðe; tÞ, then we have two possible cases. The former is the case of k 2 N=fK l;1 ðe; tÞ
[K l;2 ðe; tÞg; and the letter is k 2 N=fK m;1 ðe; tÞ [ K m;2 ðe; tÞg. We first consider that k 2 N=fK l;1 ðe; tÞ [ K l;2 ðe; tÞg. Then we
have
 t  t
lðL1  L2 ; tÞ P l xk  L1 ;  l xk  L2 ; > ð1  rÞ  ð1  rÞ:
2 2
Since (1  r) * (1  r) > 1  e, it follows that
lðL1  L2 ; tÞ > 1  e: ð2Þ
Since e > 0 was arbitrary, by Eq. (2) we get l (L1  L2, t) = 1 for all t > 0,which yields L1 = L2. On the other hand, if
k 2 N=fK m;1 ðe; tÞ [ K m;2 ðe; tÞg, then we may write that
 t  t
mðL1  L2 ; tÞ 6 m xk  L1 ; }m xk  L2 ; < r}r:
2 2
Now using the fact that r  r < e, we see that
mðL1  L2 ; tÞ < e:
Again, since e > 0 was arbitrary, we have m (L1  L2,t) = 0 for all t > 0, which implies L1 = L2. Therefore, in all cases,
we conclude that the stl,m  limit is unique. h

Theorem 2.3. Let (V, l, m, *, ) be an IFNS. If (l, m)  lim x = L, then stl,m  limx = L.

Proof. By hypothesis, for every e > 0 and t > 0, there is a number k 0 2 N such that
lðxk  L; tÞ > 1  e and mðxk  L; tÞ < e
for all k P k0. This guarantees that the set
fk 2 N : lðxk  L; tÞ 6 1  e or mðxk  L; tÞ P eg
has at most finitely many terms. Since every finite subset of the natural numbers has density zero, we immediately see
that
dfk 2 N : lðxk  L; tÞ 6 1  e or mðxk  L; tÞ P eg ¼ 0;
whence the result. h
The following example shows that the converse of Theorem 2.3 is not valid.
Example 2.1. Let ðR; j  jÞ denote the space of real numbers with the usual norm, and let a * b = ab and
a  b = min{a + b, 1} for all a, b 2 [0, 1]. For all x 2 R and every t > 0, consider
t jxj
l0 ðx; tÞ :¼ and m0 ðx; tÞ :¼ :
t þ jxj t þ jxj
In this case observe that ðR; l; m; ; }Þ is an IFNS. Now define a sequence x = {xk} whose terms are given by

1; if k ¼ m2 ðm 2 NÞ
xk :¼ ð3Þ
0; otherwise:
Then, for every 0 < e < 1 and for any t > 0, let Kn(e, t) :¼ {k 6 n:l0(xk, t) 6 1  e or m0(xk, t) P e}. Since
  n o
t jxk j et
K n ðe; tÞ ¼ k6n: 6 1  e or Pe ¼ k 6 n : jxk j P >0
t þ jxk j t þ jxk j 1e
¼ fk 6 n : xk ¼ 1g ¼ fk 6 n : k ¼ m2 and m 2 Ng
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S. Karakus et al. / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 35 (2008) 763–769 767

we have
pffiffiffi
1 1  n
jK n ðe; tÞj ¼ fk 6 n : k ¼ m2 and m 2 Ng 6 ;
n n n
which yields that
1
lim jK n ðe; tÞj ¼ 0:
n n
Hence, by Definition 2.1, we get stðl0 ;m0 Þ  lim x ¼ 0. However, since the sequence x = {xk} given by Eq. (3) is not
convergent in the space ðR; j  jÞ, by Lemma 4.10 of [25], we also see that x is not convergent with respect to the intui-
tionistic fuzzy norm (l0, m0).
Theorem 2.4. Let (V, l, m, *, ) be an IFNS. Then, stl,m  limx = L if and only if there exists an increasing index sequence
K ¼ fk n gn2N of the natural numbers such that dfKg ¼ 1 and ðl; mÞ- lim xn ¼ L, i.e., ðl; mÞ- lim xkn ¼ L.
n2K n

Proof. Necessity. We first assume that stl,m  limx = L. Now, for any t > 0 and j 2 N; let
 
1 1
K l;m ðj; tÞ :¼ n 2 N : lðxn  L; tÞ > 1  and mðxn  L; tÞ < :
j j
Then observe that, for t > 0 and j 2 N,
K l;m ðj þ 1; tÞ  K l;m ðj; tÞ: ð4Þ
Since stl,m  limx = L, it is clear that
dfK l;m ðj; tÞg ¼ 1; ðj 2 N and t > 0Þ: ð5Þ
Now let p1 be an arbitrary number of Kl,m(1, t). Then, by Eq. (5), there is a number p2 2 Kl,m(2, t), (p2 > p1), such that,
for all n P p2,
 
1  1 1  1
k 6 n : lðxk  L; tÞ > 1  and mðxk  L; tÞ < > :
n 2 2  2
Further, again by Eq. (5), there is a number p3 2 Kl,m(3, t), (p3 > p2), such that, for all n P p3,
 
1  1 1  2
k 6 n : lðxk  L; tÞ > 1  and mðxk  L; tÞ < > ;
n 3 3  3
and so on. So, we can construct, by induction, an increasing index sequence fpj gj2N of the natural numbers such that
pj 2 Kl,m(j, t) and that the following statement holds for all n P pj ðj 2 NÞ:
 
1  1 1  j  1
k 6 n : lðxk  L; tÞ > 1  and mðxk  L; tÞ < > : ð6Þ
n j j  j

Now we construct the increasing index sequence K as follows:

" #
[
K :¼ fn 2 N : 1 < n < p1 g [ fn 2 K l;m ðj; tÞ : pj 6 n < pjþ1 g : ð7Þ
j2N

Then by Eqs. (4), (6) and (7) we conclude, for all n, (pj 6 n < vj+1), that
 
1 1 1 1  j  1
jfk 6 n : k 2 Kgj P  k 6 n : lðxk  L; tÞ > 1  and mðxk  L; tÞ < > :
n n j j  j
Hence it follows that d(K) = 1. Now let e > 0 and choose a number j 2 N such that 1j < e. Assume that n P mj and n 2 K. Then,
by the definition of K, there exists a number m P j such that mm 6 n < mm+1 and n 2 Kl,m(j, t). Hence, we have, for every e > 0,
1
lðxn  L; tÞ > 1  >1e
j
and
1
mðxn  L; tÞ < <e
j
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768 S. Karakus et al. / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 35 (2008) 763–769

for all n P mj and n 2 K. This indicates that

ðl; mÞ  lim xn ¼ L:
n2K

So the proof of necessity is completed.

Sufficiency. Suppose that there exists an increasing index sequence K ¼ fk n gn2N of the natural numbers such that
d{K} = 1 and ðl; mÞ  lim xn ¼ L. Then, for every e > 0, there is a number n0 such that for each n P n0 the inequalities
n2K
l (xn  L, t) > 1  e and m (xn  L, t) < e hold. Now define M l;m ðe; tÞ :¼ fn 2 N : lðxn  L; tÞ 6 1  e or m (xn  L,t) P e}.
Then we have
M l;m ðe; tÞ  N  fk n0 ; k n0 þ1 ; k n0 þ2 ; . . .g:
Since d{K} = 1, we get dfN  fk n0 ; k n0 þ1 ; k n0 þ2 ; . . .gg ¼ 0, which yields that
dfM l;m ðe; tÞg ¼ 0:
Therefore, we conclude that stl,m  limx = L. h
Finally, we introduce the notion of statistical Cauchy sequence on an intuitionistic fuzzy norm space and give a
characterization.
Definition 2.2. Let (V, l, m, *, ) be an IFNS. We say that a sequence x = (xk) is statistically Cauchy with respect to the
intuitionistic fuzzy norm (l, m) provided that, for every e > 0 and t > 0, there exists a number m 2 N satisfying
dfk 2 N : lðxk  xm ; tÞ 6 1  e or mðxk  xm ; tÞ P eg ¼ 0:
Now using a similar technique in the proof of Theorem 2.4 one can get the following result at once.

Theorem 2.5. Let (V, l, m, *, ) be an IFNS, and let x = {xk} be a sequence whose terms are in the vector space V. Then, the
following conditions are equivalent:

(a) x is a statistically Cauchy sequence with respect to the intuitionistic fuzzy norm (l, m).
(b) There exists an increasing index sequence K = {kn} of the natural numbers such that d{K} = 1 and the subsequence
fxk n gn2N is a Cauchy sequence with respect to the intuitionistic fuzzy norm (l, m).

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