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Learning Outcome
After completing this lesson, you should able to:
differentiate the apparent and complex power in
AC system.
apply conservation of AC Power in solving AC
problem
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Revision: Power Calculation
; is called Average or Real
P Vrms I rmscos( v i ) W or Active power.
P is measured in ‘Watt’
Q Vrms I rmssin( v i ) Var ; is called Reactive power.
Q is measured in ‘VAR’
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Revision: Power Calculation
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Apparent Power and Power Factor
Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s.
values of voltage and current.
It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it
from the average or real power which is measured
in watts.
P Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) S cos (θ v θ i )
Apparent Power, S
Power Factor, pf
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Apparent Power and Power Factor
P Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) S cos (θ v θ i )
Apparent Power, S
Power Factor, pf
VM I M
S Vrms I rms P
2 pf cos( v i )
S
Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference
between the voltage and current. It is also the
cosine of the angle of the load impedance.
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Power Factor
Could be used to show the type of the load
For inductive load : current lag voltage Lagging pf
Im
Im
V
Re |S|
+ = V – I +Q (lagging pf)
I +
Re
P
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Power Factor
- For capacitive load : current lead voltage Leading pf
Im
Im
I P
– Re
– = V – I
Re
V |S| –Q (leading pf)
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Power Factor
For purely resistive load:
current in phase with voltage Unity pf
Im
Im
P = |S|
I
Re
Re
V
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Summary (Power Factor)
Purely resistive θ – θ = 0, Pf = 1 P/S = 1, all power are
v i
load (R) consumed
Purely reactive θv– θi = ±90o, P = 0, no real power
load (L or C) pf = 0 consumption
Resistive and θv– θi > 0 Lagging - inductive load
reactive load θv– θi < 0 Leading - capacitive
(R and L/C) load
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Summary (AC Power)
P Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) S cos (θ v θ i )
Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf
Q Vrms I rms sin (θ v θ i ) S sin (θ v θ i )
+ve: -ve:
Apparent Power, S
inductive capactive
S Vrms I rms VA
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Example 1
1) Find the active power, reactive power, apparent power and power
factor for the following circuit.
i
+ Element i = 4 cos (t - 100°) A
or
-
network = 100 sin (t + 15°) V
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Complex Power
Complex sum of real power and reactive power or S P jQ
VA
Complex numbers are really important in analyzing AC circuit.
The magnitude of complex power is referred to as apparent
power.
S S V I or
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Complex Power
Apparent Power, S
S Vrms I rms VA S k P jQ
Sk Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) j Vrms I rms sin (θ v θ i )
SK Vrms I Vrms I rms θ v θ i VA
*
rms
cosV I j sin V I
Vm I m Vm I m
Sk
2 2
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Complex Power
complex power can be represented in power triangle,
Im
Power factor: cos
|S|
Q
P Re
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Complex Power
The load impedance can be expressed as
V Vm V Vm
Z V I
I I m I I m
cosV I j sin V I
Vm Vm
and in rectangular form Z
Im Im
Thus, the impedance can be further written as
Z Z V I or Z R jX
where R is the resistance and X is the reactance.
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Complex Power
Both complex power and impedance can be represented in triangle,
Im Im
|S| |Z| Inductive load
Q X
Re Re
P R
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Complex Power
Both complex power and impedance can be represented in triangle,
P R
Re Re
Q
X Capactive load
|S| |Z|
Im Im
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Example 2
Find the complex power
delivered by the source if
i(t) R L
R=20Ω, L=3H and
i(t)=1.25cos(5t–150) A.
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Example 3
If (11.72+j11.72) VA is absorbed at the load, find Real power,
reactive power and power factor.
