ME-332 Heat Transfer & HVAC Lab

Heat Transfer and HVAC Lab

Lab Report 05
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

6TH SEMESTER

Submitted to: LE Zeeshan Ahsan

Session: 2021 Section: ME-13B Group: A

SUBMITTED BY
Name CMS Marks

Syeda Malaikah Bukhari 371873

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

 ME-332 Heat Transfer & HVAC Lab

Objectives:
• To determine the effectiveness of shell and tube heat exchanger in case of parallel flow
configuration.

Apparatus:
• Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.
• Base Unit.

Figure 1: Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

Introduction:
Shell and tube heat exchangers:
Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a bundle of tubes enclosed in a cylindrical shell. Fluids
flow through either the tubes or shell to facilitate heat transfer between the two fluids. They are
widely used in chemical processes due to their ability to achieve a large heat transfer surface area
in a compact volume.

Parallel flow:
Parallel flow occurs when both the shell side and tube side mediums enter the heat exchanger from
the same end of the heat exchanger and flow to the opposite end of the heat exchanger.
The temperature change across the two mediums is equal for both i.e. they both increase or reduce
by a certain amount. Notice that the output temperature for both mediums tend to converge and it
is not possible to cool below this point even though the colder fluid inlet temperature is lower than
the convergence temperature
 ME-332 Heat Transfer & HVAC Lab

Fig 2, Parallel and counter flow in eat exchangers

𝛥𝑇
𝑞 = −𝑘𝐴
𝛥𝑥
For conduction:
𝛥𝑥
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑘𝐴

For convection:
1
𝑅𝑡 = ℎ𝐴

𝛥𝑇
𝑞 = 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ; 𝛥𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐
1 𝛥𝑥 1
𝑅𝑡𝑂𝑡𝑎𝑙 =ℎ + 𝑘𝐴 + ℎ
ℎ 𝐴ℎ 𝐶𝐴𝐶

𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐
𝑞=
1 𝛥𝑥 1
(ℎ 𝐴 + 𝑘𝐴 + ℎ 𝐴 )
ℎ ℎ 𝐶 𝐶

𝑇ℎ −𝑇𝑐
𝑞= 1 𝛥𝑥 1 ; 𝑅ℎ𝑖 & 𝑅𝐶𝑖 are resistances due to impurities
(𝑅ℎ + + + +𝑅𝐶𝑖 )
𝑖 ℎℎ 𝐴 ℎ 𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝐶 𝐴 𝐶

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇 m
𝛥𝑇1 − 𝛥𝑇2
𝛥𝑇𝑚 =
𝛥𝑇
𝑙𝑛 (𝛥𝑇1 )
2
 ME-332 Heat Transfer & HVAC Lab

In parallel flow:
𝛥𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 & 𝛥𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ0 − 𝑇𝐶0

𝑞ℎ = 𝑚 ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ0 ); 𝑞𝐶 = 𝑚 𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐(𝑇𝐶0 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

𝑞
𝜀=
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚 ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ); 𝑚 𝐶 𝐶𝑃𝐶 < 𝑚 ℎ𝐶𝑃 ℎ

𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚 ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ0 ); 𝑚 𝐶 𝐶𝑃𝐶 < 𝑚 ℎ𝐶𝑃 ℎ

𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ0
𝜀=
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

Procedure:
• Arrange the valves in parallel flow cnfiguration.
• Water in the heating tank should be above the level switch.
• Turn on the heating element and pump.
• Change the temperature of the hot water tank, using the ST-16 temperature sensor display
on the control unit
• Select the desired temperature by clicking on 'MODE' and using the ∆ and 𝛻 buttons
• Set the hot and cold-water flow rates accordingly.
• Provide sufficient settling time the hot water at the heat exchanger intake to reach steady-
state conditions, as shown temperature (T1).
• Make alculations and record the temperature and flow readings.
• For counter flow valves settings, perform the experiment again.
• Turn off the heater supply and pump before shutting off the main power switch.

Results:
Inner area: Ai = 21𝜋 × 8 𝑚𝑚 × 500 𝑚𝑚 =0.264 m2
Outer area: Ao = 21𝜋 × 10 𝑚𝑚 × 500 𝑚𝑚 =0.33 m 2
Volume flow rate of cold water = 1.45 l/min = 2.417 × 10 -5 m3 /s
Volume flow rate of hot water = 1.8 l/min = 3 × 10 -5 m3 /s
𝜌𝑐 = 996 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑚 𝑐 = 996(2.417 × 10 -5 ) = 0.024 kg/s
𝜌ℎ = 990 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑚 ℎ = 990(3.333 × 10 -5 ) = 0.029 kg/s
𝐶𝑃𝐶 = 𝐶𝑝ℎ = 4.186 J/g ˚C

Cmin = 𝐶𝐶= 𝑚𝑐. 𝐶𝑃𝐶= 4.186(0.024) = 0.100 kw/k

Cmax =𝐶ℎ = 𝑚 ℎ . 𝐶𝑃ℎ = 4.186(0.029) = 0.121 kw/k
 ME-332 Heat Transfer & HVAC Lab

(Parallel flow):
Identifiers Temperature in Temperature Temperature
kelvin in kelvin in kelvin
ST-16 313.15 318.15 323.15
Hot water inlet ST-1 308.15 313.15 317.15
Hot water outlet ST-2 304.15 310.15 314.15
Cold water inlet ST-3 295.15 297.15 298.15
Cold water outlet ST-7 301.15 307.15 311.15

Effectiveness 𝜀 0.37 0.23 0.19

Inner global heat 𝑈𝑖 333.29 487.75 568.09
transfer (W/m2K)
coefficient
Outer global heat 𝑈𝑜 215.08 141.64 126.9
transfer (W/m2K)
coefficient

Sample Calculation :
𝑞𝐶 = 𝐶𝑐(𝑇𝐶0 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) = 0.1(301.15-295.15) = 600 W

q= 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝑞ℎ = 𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ0 )= 0.121(308.15-304.15) = 484 W

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Cmin(𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) = 0.1(308.15 – 295.15) = 1300 W

𝑞 484
𝜀= = 1300 = 0.37
𝑞 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝛥𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 308.15 – 295.15 = 13 k

𝛥𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ0 − 𝑇𝐶0 = 304.15 – 301.15 = 3 k
𝛥𝑇1 −𝛥𝑇2 13−3
𝛥𝑇𝑚 = 𝛥𝑇1 = 13 = 6.819 K
𝑙𝑛( ) 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝛥𝑇2 3

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇 m

>>Inner transfer coefficient

𝑞(𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑) 0.6
𝑈𝑖 = = (0.264 )(6.819)= 333.29 W/m2 K
𝐴𝑖 𝛥𝑇m

>>Outer transfer coefficient

𝑞 (ℎ𝑜𝑡 ) 0.484
𝑈𝑜 = 𝐴 = (0.33)(6.819)= 215.08 W/m2 K
𝑜 𝛥𝑇m
 ME-332 Heat Transfer & HVAC Lab

Discussion:
In this experiment we focused on effectiveness of a shell and tube heat exchanger in parallel flow
configuration across different water tank temperatures, while also calculating inner and outer
global heat transfer coefficients.
Contrary to our expectations, the results showed a decrease in effectiveness and outer global heat
transfer coefficient, alongside an increase in the inner global heat transfer coefficient. This
deviation from the expected trend, where effectiveness typically increases with higher water tank
temperatures, suggests errors within our experimental setup.
The log mean temperature increased with rising set temperatures, following expected trend, the
observed increase in the global heat transfer coefficient was a contradiction . This may be due to

• heat loss
• inadequate insulation
• inaccurate measurements.

Conclusion:
To conclude our experiment where we observed impact of water tank temperature on heat transfer
coefficients in a shell and tube heat exchanger, typically, higher tank temperatures correlate with
increased inner heat transfer coefficient and reduced outer coefficient, we observed a different
trend: decreased effectiveness with rising temperature. Possible errors may be due to
• including conduction, radiation, andconvective losses
• inadequate insulation
• fluid leakage
• fouling and scaling