Classification of Automobiles a (©) According to fuel used Fig.C1.1Automobile Engineerir (MSBTE_Sem-v) a) According to use Introduction to Automobiles (@ Passenger Cars (iii) Special Purpose (9) Motor Cycle (Bikes) p) According to capacity Gi) Goods Carriage (iv) Earth Moving (vi) Mopeds (Heavy transport vehicle e.g. Trucks and buses, Gi) Light transport vehicle e.g. Car, jeep, minibus, matador, (c) According to fuel used (Petrol vehicle : Motor cycle, scooter etc. (ii) Diesel vehicle : Buses, trucks. (ii) Gas vehicle : Buses. (iv) Solar vehicle : Storage battery types. (@) According to wheels @ Two wheeler : e.g. Scooter, motorcycle. Gi) Three wheeler : e.¢. Auto-rickshaw, tempo. (ii) Four wheeler : e.g. Car, jeep, tractor. Giv) Six wheeler : Truck, buses. {e) According to drive @ According to sitting (driver) arrangement : (e) Left hand drive e.g. American vehicle, old Indian vehicles. (b) Right hand drive e.g, Indian vehicle. (ii) Whether the front axde, rear axle or both axle drive = (@) Front wheel drive e.g. Manuti Car. (®) Rear wiscel drive e.g. Ambassador, premier. (0) Al wheel drive e.g. Jeep. {f) According to transmission @ Conventional in which ordinary erash type gear box is used eg All Indian cr. Gi) Semi-automatic having two pedal transmission using manual operation with standard gear box and automatic clutch control. (ii) Fully automatic. (a) According to suspension system (Conventional (Rigid) : Leaf spring. (ii) Independent : Hydraulic shock absorber.ccording to engine fitting (@_Frontengine. (ii) Rear engine. (ii) Transverse under floor engine According to body construction Passenger Cars a) Sedan/Saloon b) Hardtop ©) Lift back (Hatchback) @) Station Wagon ©) Coupe ) Limousine 8) Convertible bh) Estate Car B. Heavy Vehicles/Trucks 2) Truck Punjab Body b) Truck Half Body ©) Truck Platform Type 4) Truck with Trailer ©) Dumper ) Tanker ‘Station wagon Bus Fig. 1. + Types of automobile bodies 1.2 Major Components of Automobile with Their Function and Location i 36j_nutomobie Engineering (MSBTE_Sem-V) 15 icp ara Introduction to Automobiles ‘An automobile is consist of substructure called chassis and superstructure as body. ‘Chassis is a main structure upon which all the major com; ile which are neces 1F component fomobite which are chile ay jor component of an automobile which are necessary to propel the Chassis comprises of everything of a vehicle except the body, cabin and equipment. The automobile chassis consist of following components, Components of chassis (a) Conventional system ] (©) Independent system {eae ] Fig. C12 41) Frame ‘© The frame is the main part of the chassis on which remaining parts of chassis are mounted. The fame should be ‘extremely rigid and strong so that it can withstand shocks, twists, stresses and vibrations to which it is subjected while \ehicle is moving on road. Its also called underbody. ©The frame is supported on the wheels and tyre assemblies. The frame is narrow in the front for providing short turning, radius'o front wheels. It widens out atthe rear side to provide larger space in the body. ‘tis a skeleton to hold the major unit together. These are of two types : (@) The conventional pressed steel frame to which all mechanical unit are attached. (&) Integral or frameless construction in which body construction perform combine function of body and frame. So it decreases the weight and save fuel consumption also reduces manufacturing cost but increases repair cost if damage occur during accident.mits are attached {0 1. | al mechanical perform function of only support (Frame). 2. | trongitudinal member and crass member form the frame. 5 Buses. 3 [ates in weight wed for trvck amd : a a Less fol consumption. “4. | More fue! consumption. ae uring cost is less. S| Manufacturing cost is more ‘Manufacturing eon i to lower impact resistance. | Repair cost less due to higher impact Repair cost more du 7 _ | swonger and Heavy construction. Results ina light but stiff construction. | Frame and Body are not integral structure. | Frame and Body are integral'structure for extra strength and durability ©. | Frame is up swept at rear and front to ‘Jn some cases the sub frames are also used along with this type accumulate movement ofthe axle. of construction. i Eg Tata, Ashok Leyland vehicles. Egg, Small and medium cars, small buses To. | Daring collision the body transfers the | During collision the body crumbles, thereby absorbing the shock due to impact and thus not safety to | shock due to impact and. thus providing safety to the: the passengers. passengers. [11 | Topless cas are simple to design. ‘Topless cars are difficult to design. bid : : : : # ay ees which baie and provides motive power to propelled the vehicle for performing the various "function of vehicle. It is located atthe front zear or in middle depending on th lcati si _ ; 1g-on the type of application of layout. This system consists of clutch, a shaft, differential, rear axle, Sa ” ‘gear box, universal joi mn %, universal joint, propeller shaft, differential, wheel. 48) Clutch is used to connect or disconnect formar the engine power to is ee to road wheel when desire. It is located after engie |G7 Automobile Engineering (MSBTE_Sem-V) 17 Introduction to Automobiles soe — ———e— (b) Gearbox is used to oblain the various fixed torque ratio according to requirement. It also help to reverse the vehicle. © ‘Universal joint and propeller shaft : It is located between gear box and differential. It transmit the torque from the gear box shaft to the final drive and also adjust the different inclination when vehicle come across abump or shock. (€) Differential : It is located in the rent or front axle depending upon type of drive. It helps to tum the vehicle through right angle and split the torque in equal proportion to the road wheel. Ittakes vertical (©) Axle :Itis a weight carying portion whether it may be front or rear loaded at intermediate Joad due to weight of body, shock load during braking or driving a torque reaction due to driving and braking and a side thrust during comering. (9 Wheel and tyre : The wheels along with tyre has to take vehicle Toad, provide eushioning effect and cope with the steering control. (4) Suspension system ‘This gystem isolates the vehicle body from the road shock which are in the form of rolling, bouncing and pitching. It provides comfort to passenger and reduce the stress in frame. These are of two types. (2). Conventional (Rigid) system : In which the leaf springs are attached to the rigid beam axle orto axle housing, (b) Independent system : Here no rigid axle beam and each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on the other wheel. (5) Controts Vehicle includes steering system, braking system and engine control. (e) Steering system :It is used to change the direction of motion of the vehicle by turning the front wheel. The front wieels are linked to steering wheel which is operated by the driver. (b) Brake system :This system provide safety to the vehicle by stopping quickly or slow down while going down slope. The brakes are mounted on all the wheels of a vehicle. {© Engine control :This control refer to variation in the revolution of the engine shaft in accordance with demand of fuel supply and accelerator pedal. ‘This system consist of following : (@) Supply system : Battery and dynamometer. () The starting relay. (©) The ignition system : Battery or magneto-ignition system. (@ Other miscellaneous system like driving light, signalling, reverse light, panel light, wiper ete. (7) Radiator Ttisa device used to re-cool the hot engine cooling water for resirculstion purpose. The radiator is connected to engine by hose pipe to allow the cooled water circulation. It is located at the front or rear depending upon chassis layout.- automobile Engineering (MSBTE_Sem-VI) 19 Introduction to Autom. _ntroduction obiles 2.2 Types of Vehicle Layout : ‘The vehicle based upon type of drive used are rear engine rear wheel drive, front ‘engine rear wheel drive, front engine nt wheel drive and four wheel drive which are discussed below : Types of Automobile according to Drive +. Front Engine Rear Whee! Drive 2, Front Engine Front Whee! Drive 3, Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive 4. Mid-Engine, Rear Wheel Drive 5. Four Wheel Drive (A) Rear engine, all whee! drive (4WD) {@) Front engine, al wheel drive (2D) Fig.C1.3 : Types of Automobile accor Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive (FERWD) a Tis ay a iaringes of tnt enna andra vheel ave phere ae | (WAB, SAT, W-19) Explain rear wheel drive vehicle ‘front and rear engine: State relative advantages and disadvantages. (S-18) ut wz) @._Statch and explain chassis layout of font engine rear wheel dive, eels are located at the rear, 2 | Rearswheel drive places the engine in the front of the vehicle and the driven: wh -wihee! drive layout. configuration known as front-engine, rear 5m tis layout a front mounted engine-clutch-gear box unit drives a beam type rear axle Suppo through a propeller shaft with two universal joins. the front wheels are indepen« sted on leaf springs © With the help of coil springs, dently sprung, As show in Fig. 1.5.1, this ayout is one ofthe ‘oldest layout which remains unchanged for many years. Advantages = ‘Some of the advantages provided by this system are = Even weight distribution: Balanced weight distribution characteristics. (b) For easy front wheel steering movem provided behind the rear seat. petween the front and the rear wheels providing good handling @ ent engine occupies the reduced width between the whee arches: (©) Large luggage space is (d) Maimenance and accessibility of engine, gear box is decreases the power require for cooling. easy and the control over the accelerator, clutch, ehioke simple, (c) Radiator cooling is natural (by air) so. yO,Fig. 1.2.1 : Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive Disadvantages 4. Reduces back seats leg room space. 2. A tunnel is needed for the propeller shaft. 3. Reduces boot space. 4. Heavier and more expensive. 5. 2 ‘{fstuck in mud or snow itis harder to drive away than in a front wheel drive car. ‘Front Engine Front Wheel Drive (FEFWD) '¢ Engine, cluich, gearbox and final drive build together to form a single integral assembly. Normally transversal engine arrangement is used. Longitudinal-mounted engine is the other possible layout, Weight distribution tends to be more than 50% in the front axle. ‘© Inthis arrangement the engine is fitted inthe front of vehicle and drive is given to the front wheel. ‘© The propeller shaft ength is reduced or neglects the propeller shat. © The drive is transferred from engine, situated at frontend, tothe gear box tothe differential withthe help of gear drive- ‘The differential unit is placed in the front axle,Fig. 1.2.2 : Front Engine Front Whee! Drive ‘© This arrangement provides good grip with road surface due to engine weight atthe front, ‘* Absence of propeller shaft can decrease the chassis height. ‘e Note that for front engine, front wheel drive vehicle there is generally no propeller shaft in modern vehicles, but there is ‘a transaxle with two half shafts /axtes on each side connecting wheels with ball joints. ‘Advantages ‘© Having engine, clutch, gearbox and final-drive in the front makes the front heavy and this helps acceleration (If compared with a rear engine, front wheel drive which does not exist). © This ype of arrangement provides optimum passenger space and 2 flat floor line resulting in a transverse underfloor- Jongitudinal engine position. ‘© The propeller shaft length is reduced or neglects the propeller shaft. © Good grip with road surface doe to engine weight at front. ‘© Thechunce of wheel skidding and slipping is very much reduced. © Natural air-cooling of the radiator due to motion of vehicle. © Power required for the cooling is reduced, When the vehicle is to be “steer in’ to the curve, it provide “under-steer” characteristics, which always is preferred. ‘* More passenger room since the propeller shaft is eliminated, Tend to under-steer, which makes them safer than over ‘steer (supposing an average driver and no traction-sability control, under-steer is easier to notice and correct) [tis the cheapest, fightest and more compact arrangement. Disadvantages ‘© Traction is penalized when hill-climbing, weight moves backwards. Not efficient braking, when braking hard is easy to block the back wheels, itis like only having two wheels to brake “with, even though these have a lot of grip due to weight transfer to the front. © Steering radius is reduced because of drive shafts. The front wheels have to do almost all the work (accelerate, brake, ‘seering). Application of this layout © The vast majority of car manufacturers, to say some examples: Ford, Audi, Seat, VW, Toyota. ‘© ‘understeer’ characteristics, which is always preferred. [Tosti Mast ofthe modem cars are front wheel dive. “This type of arrangement provides optimum passenger space and a flat floor line resulting ina transverse under-floor- longitudinal engine position. “The propeller shat length is reduced or neglects the propeller shaft. Good grip with road surface due to engine weight at front WiseE_Avtomobile Engineering (MSBTE_Sem-V) 412 Introduction to Automobile a = ‘The chance of wheel skidding and slipping is very much reduced. © Natural air-cooling of the radiator due to motion of vehicle. Difference between Rear Wheel Drive and Front Wheel Drive : [2 + Compare front engine front rear wheel drive with front engine front wheel drive. Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive(RWD) | RWD vehicles are propelled via the rear wheels [{SeNo, | Front Engine Front Wheel Drive(FWD) 1 | FWD vehicles are propelled via the front wheels. 2 | The propeller shaft length is reduced or Require longer propeller shaft length. neglects the propeller shaft > EWD vehicles offen have more interior space | RWD vehicles often have less interior space compared to ‘compared to RWD vehicles. FWD vehicles. FWD vehicles are less balanced. RWD vehicles are more balanced. RWD vehicles allow for better. ‘control. FWD vehicles allow for less control. RWD vehicles are able to drift, while FWD vehicles cannot. 4 5 6 FWD vehicles cannot be able to drift, 7 For easy front whee! steering movement engine occupies the ‘When the vehicle is to be ‘steer in’ to the ‘care, it provide ‘under-steer' characteristics, | reduced width between the wheel arches. which is always preferred. FT FWD vehicles are lighter compared to RWD | RWD vehicles are heavier compared to FWD ‘vehicles. vehicles. Beiter braking efficiency: The more even weight 9 | Notefficient braking to block back wheel. distribution helps prevent lockup from wheels becoming unloaded under heavy braking. itation on speed due to whirling of propeller shaft or sagging. 70 | No limitation on speed due to whirling of propeller shaft or sagging. Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive (RERWD) Ful tank -) Spare whee! ~ Clutch Engine Fig, 1.2.3 : Rear engine rear wheel driveDisadvantages When accelerating some steering is lost. © Takes aot of space. © Noback seats, Difficulties with the cooling system. Application of this layout Ferrari F430 8. FourWheel Drive (4WD) for traction, Fig. 1.2.5: Four wheel drive ‘These four wheel drive vices are very usefil on Hill tation if one ofthe wheel slipping or skidding then the other ‘alt Wheels the trative fore tothe vile. The sterng ofthe four wheel drive is hard to operate compared “with other type of drive. Ins Srereement all the four whevs ofthe voile are driven by the engine this making the ene vile weight available for traction, Fig. 1.2.6 : Line Diagram of Four Wheel Drive. Working ‘When the engine is started the power is transmitted to the rear wheel, wisn‘When the shifter mechanism of a transfer ease is connected to the input shaft with the big input gear, but the other shifter mechanism B disconnects the front output shaft from the rear output shaft. In this position, the two wheel drive with the high gear is obtained. ~ simitarly the situation of four wheel drive in low gear. Obviously, four wheel drive with low gear should be used wariably with the low gears on the main transmission. Also the transfer ease should be engaged with the stationary ‘vehicle since these are not provided with synchromesh devices. ‘Traction is nearly doubled compared fo atwo-whec!-drive layout. Handling characteristics in normal conditions ean be configured to emulate FWD or RWD. = Gives sufficient power, this reslls in unparalleled acceleration and drivability on surfaces with ess than ideal grip, and superior engine braking on Toose surfaces: “The manufacturing cost of the vehicle is high. More component and complicate transmission. Increase powertrain mass, rotational inertia and Increased fuel consumption compared to 2WD. .) Rear engine, all whee! drive (4WD) as rear engine, rear wheel drive. And other additional as: power transmission losses. Similar characteristics Better weight distribution. ‘More neutral reactions. ‘Better traction on bends and slippery surfaces. More expensive and difficult to design and build. | (@) Frontengine, all wheel drive (4WO) ‘Similar characteristics as the front engine, rear wheel drive. And other additional as: Advantages 1. Better handling eapacity. 2 Beter acceleration. Disadvantages 1. Itincreases weight and manufacturing cost compare with front engine layouts. 2. Loss of some space in the back seats legs room.mop re_sem-vy) Differentiate between Front and Rear Mount Engine Vehicle : Front mount Engine ‘Travelling is faster and safer as compare to rear mount engine, ‘Travelling is less faster and safer than front moun, | engine. ‘This engine vehicles have good road adhesion due to large vehicle weight carrying on driving wheel. This engine vehicles having less road adhesion a compared to front mount engine. This engine provide less passenger comfort compared to Fear mount engine. | This engine provide better passenger comfort due to reduce noise, heat and fumes. It provides high floor results in more passenger space as compared to rear engine. It provides less floor area result in more passenger space due to dispensing with propeller shaft. | Front engine vehicles provide natural air cooling. Rear engine required powerful fan. In this engine as compared to the rear engine the Vehicles are less affected. In this engine, the rearward concentration of weight | causes the vehicle more affected by side wind at high speed causes vehicle to unstable result in over steer, Articulated Vehicles :Automobile Engineering (MSBTE_Sem- Introduction to Automobiles ‘Torque from the engine and transmission, Longitudinal tensile forces from starting and acceleration, as well as compression from braking. Sudden impacts from collisions. Aerodynamic characteristic which determine the fuel consumption, speed and stability in cross wind. The positive pressure at front should be decreases and deflated smoothly for the prevention of eddies creations, 9. Reduction in body weight to improve capacity and fuel economy. Requirements of Chassis, Frame and Body ” Stale the various requirements of automobile body, Space availability ‘There must be adequate space inside the body for the passenger and luggage both. Stiffness ‘The car body may be considered a rigid beam which is supported on wheels at each end. The ear body must have sufficient stiffness to prevent excessive sagging or bending in the middle. 3. Strength “The body must be strong enough to-withstand al types of forces to which the ear is subjected, which include the weight of the car, passengers and luggage, inertia, and side forees. t should also be able to cope with impact loads of reasonable magnitude. Protection against weather “The design ofthe body must be such tat the occupants andthe luggage are protected from bad weathes- 5. Torsional stiffness “The body should be sufficiently rigid so as to resist twisting movement on rough roads, 6. Protection in accidents ‘This is a very important parameter consider in the design car body. The body must be such that the driver is at vniimum ease co that there are least changes ofthe accident talking place due to fatigue. However, in ease the accident taking place the body must protect the occupants. “The resistance of air during running depends upon the body shape and size. It increases directly with the square of the ‘vehicle speed. The shape of the body should be such that the air drag should be minimizes. 8 Resistance to corrosion “The vehicle body is exposed to corrosion throughout its life. The body should be designed such that no mojsture should ‘be accumulated which eauses rust. The materials are used also be such that no corrosion takes place.© Tn-comparison to filly unitary < detailed below: (a) It provides t ; subframe are flexible with the occupants of the cf ait no direct feedback pat for m 5 des 10 the mechanical parts C0? jrs and maintenance. () It provides greater access I cost of repairs one 10 say! ally well onal sizes of c2"- in time of repai Ol emere cect separately can be built-up o their sub production because differen spanical units produ t mecl (a Wsimplifies a ise with fully is written layout. Only one ‘sub-frame both ¢, rot easier to meet than tho suspension and the final drive tain manufacturer while the rear ing changes are and front suspension provided by ce (©) Butthe the engine provided at the rear. 4.5.4 Basic Body Nomenclature + ‘two seater with two small extra seat at the back ©The salient features ofa car body are four doors, two doors, pillar less, ; space as a continuation of passenger compartment, folding roof wit partition between driver and passenger, luggage windup windows, clip on fibre glass roof, sliding roof and fold flat windscreen. | «The car body is manufactured from many sheet metal panels by spot welding together to form a single solid unit. ¢ och pane! is designed to give sufficient strength and rigidity to the assembled unit. ‘The basic structure of the car body has two type of panels namely, outside panel and inner panel. The outside panels provide the contour or the shape of the car body. The various types of curved shapes given to panels incorporate ‘strength into the panels. The inner panels reinforce the shell body. «They also provide mounting location forthe various trim panels and connecting assemblies. The outer and inner panes sre welded together and tothe pillars and rails so as to form the skeleton of the body. © = The floor is il | Lt + of the car is assembled first and then the pillars, rails and panels are welded in order to form the complete cat © Tee ‘Te ft ras esta panel are mad by pres tel panes Each unit i 0 shaped that it gives a lower pole mmodate more passenger space, For additional strength more metal strips are welded at different © This suip prevent excessive vibration. The ; ee {is stip event xcesive vation, Thee wheelhouse inner panels and rocker panels are also welded othe Ht Wheel panel is s tit gi | a gives enough clearance for up and down movement of wheel when car is moving © The cow! assembly or the front port i b portion of the car is made fro ian ym many smaller panel stampi a opening fame accommodate the front glass which is curved in shape fae cxacont = ew = : is ‘Te 1p out ow pals sometime vented tallow fresh sito ener theca. The dashboard provided with wi mt — ces equited to operate the ear The instrument panel is welded to th ee ‘epils othe sifesf te cov are mean fr fing the ot dork ecu nlce bolted to the cov, isthe sheet metal panel which separates the driver cabi Fae ae ness and the cow fickle pane. The fire wa ae . in and engine space, s wall is insulated to proteet the: engine fromt heat and : assembly is usually welded to the rocker panels and floor tec, With neat sketch gue the nomenclature of car body. ise which penetrate inside from: the body. The co¥! wmetIntroduction to Automobile 1-26 WH _rusomodite Enginvering (MSBTE, Some) at it ca be nd on aerodynan ee Tife as the load on engine reduces. It lyy 5 improve fue) economy a 2 The aerodynamic shape ean imp ine efficiency as well as fimiaing the air flow over and under ag 7 i engi its provided in the vehicle. It proves sine by opt ei 7 peal a whic, I aso imyrove cooling eet 0 oa seealy and properly distribution of air pressure i i due to uni ound tothe engine component. It improve the ride comfort over a car body. of Aerodynamics aspect_____- ae array tan — s E 4.7 __Need and Importane ESR TG. Give the Importance of Asfodynamic shape of car body. Q. Justify serodynamic shape of body. pate formance of vehicle”. {Q. - Justify “Aerodynamic shape of an automobile improves per j {Q.» State importance of aerodynamic body of car. : 5-416); its advantages. (WAG, S-18, S-19)| Q. Why aerodynamic shapes is important in automobile bodies? State ‘Q. State and explain different forces acting on the vehicle body related to aerodynamics., (S17 minimize noise emission and prevent dered as a fluid in this case. ! In automotive aerodynamics is the main aim to reduce drag and wind noise, undesirable lift forces and other causes of aerodynamic instability at high speed. Air is also cons ‘The boy shape and size ofthe vehicle must have acceptable aerodynamic characteristics. There are three forces acting onavehicle : (1) Air drag force acting ina direction of vehicle motion. (2) Acrodynamic lift acting vertically upward. G) Cross wind force acting in lateral direction. The aerodynamic aspects will be more expensi is i expensive but lowering acrod) :. eee 1g aerodynamic drag the fuel economy of the fastest vehicle (@), Aerodynamic drag * Actodynamic means the behaviour of the air moti i , sets ‘ait motion relative to car body. Aerodynamic drag is also called as air " factors such i : é many uch as Form dra; trag (57%) is the drag caused by the separation of the boundary layer fro | ‘xparation. It is depend on the shape of body, e * Induced drag (8%) skin friction drag : 48 (10%) arises from the fricti urface caused ee ene i friction of the air against the i ayer around the automobi e = Interference drag (15%) an ; the region of turbulent i is also known as pressure drag or profile 'm the surface and thé. wake created by the ) is created by mixing of airflow. flow downstream of the moving Total acrodynamic drag (P,) =, pv Where : . = dimensional drag coefficient P = airdensity in kg sec’/m! Ves velocity of car in m/sec A= proj Projected area of the vehicle from the front, m? Tun t ¢ t f Air cannot un epee vocarum Down foreo (it) Fig. 17.4 2007 i & ee & 0, yo 20 40 8 60 70 ao m0 100 ‘Speed (mph) ‘Assumes powertrain aciency of 20% Fig. 1.7.2 ‘Stream line of air flow around the vehiele should be continuous and separation of the boundary layer with its attendant Yertices should be avoided. Skin drag coefficient is always associate with particular surface area and it should be doerease by smooth and well polished of body surface. The accessories such as mirror, door handle aerials and badges which project outward from normal surface of body Hoduce interference drag and projection below the vehicle such as axle, propeller shaft tow bar also contribute interference drag hence such projection should be avoided, (8) Aerodynamic tft Wis the vertical component of the resultant force caused by the equation by the pressure distribution on the vehicle body. It is expressed Where, C, = dimensional lif coefficient * Te aerodynamic it and pitehing moment are undesirable effect, The aerodynamic fift tends to reduce the pressure ‘tween the tyre and the ground. This causes the loss of steering onthe front axle and loss of traction on the rear axle. Pitching causes rear wheel Ff off the ground and reduce available traction. I i the rocking chair or rotating action ‘shout the transverse axis through the vehicle parallel to ground. Due to Pitching, the front suspension moves out of ‘ase with the rear resulting in rocking effect in a vehicle,‘Automobile Engineering (MSBTE_Sem-VI) 431 een ae "As vaporization of propane occurs at atmosphere temperature and pressure hence it burn move accurately cylinder. ‘Due to complete combustion emit less HC and CO and easy ta control exhaust emission. ei ‘engine ‘At normal temperature propane fires easily hence cold starting is easy and produces power without stumble. “The main difference between petrol and L.P.G is thatthe L.P.G is dry fuel and enters in engine eylinder in vapour state suhile petrol enter in engine with fine tiny liquid droplets. Regulator or reducer, also called asa vaporizer and is located in engine compartment and performs same fictions as that a carburetor in a gasoline engine. Iu uses beat ftom the cooling flu to vaporize the propane into gas form. I ow of gas if the engine stops or stalls. The regulator is usually smaller than a regular carburetor. Judes an electronic circuit that cuts the Working of LPC ¢ Thepropane fuel 4s Since the fuel is already under pressure, no fuel pump is needed, From the pressurized fuel tanks, the fuel flows to a vacuum filter fuel lock. This ystem isa completely closed system that contains a supply of pressurized LPG. serves asa filter and a control allowing the fuel to flow to the engine. «The gas (propane) supplied from the fuel tank through the reducer, in which the gas changes from the liquid to the gnscous states injected into the ar intake just before the turbo pump. “The mass flow rate is adjusted by gas injector controlled by an electronic control unit(ECU), which adjusts the entire een based om information obtained from load, RPM and temperature inthe exhaust system. «Exhaust Gas temperature sensor acts as safety contro, ifthe exhaust temperature rises, the system immediately reacts by reducing pas flow through the computer contro, the engine is not at risk for knock combustion or abnormal wear in comparison to an engine without an LPG system installed. led on the fuel line in between the tank and the engine. This valve cuts the flow of LPG © Asolenoid valve must be insta also has a filter built in that removes any dirt that ‘when the car is running on gasoline and when the engine is shutoff. It may be in the fuel ‘©The carburetor mixes gaseous propane with air. «Air low into the engine is controlled by a butterfly valve in the venturi. «The mixture is controlled by a fuel metering valve operated by a diaphragm, whichis controlled by the pressure in the intake manifold. ‘+The idle system is an air bleed, similar to a gasoline engine. © In fact, except for the fact that the propane carburetor does basically the same. not require a fuel bow, the {wo carburetor types are u _Q. ‘Stale the advantages of LPG and aes aeic cost is ess its 99 ee ae and more ener tem wt 2s plain a rage oxides (NO) SPH carbon mooie ( ‘ext fel ak is mad oF thick wall 6. oF% inch, So they ean withstand dynamic explosg ele. THe CN nis safer for vehi ‘crash test, direct gunfire. CNG: itis iter than ait 3 e era owen ols a8 CNG does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase of. No need of oil change fe of I i : 2% less pollutants carbon dioxide (CO), unbumed hydrocarbo, ur oxides (SOx) and particulate matter than petrol. 5 dissipates quickly and has a higher ignition temperature, by ee pl nan rece vehicle mnintenance. Being a gaseous fuel, CNG mixes easly and evenly in air before 183 : overs while hive lower maintenance cost than other hydrocarbon fuel-powered vehiclesCNG man 5, CNG pow const of methane with less percent of other hydrocarbon like ethane, propane and butane. Less pollutant, does na, restrict vehicle performance and more economical than petrol, 6 Due to its aniknock property, CNG can be used safely in engine with compression ratio as high as 12 : 1 compare ty | ‘gasoline engine. Because CNG has a higher octane number than petrol, CNG engines operate at higher compression ratio without knocking, : a 7. CNG fue! systems are sealed, preventing fuel losses from spills or evaporation. Disadvantages : 1. The space required for CNG cylinders and their weight about 300 pounds which is more in most of the application, 2. While as compare to diese] engine compression ratio of CNG is lower, so fuel efficiency of these engine is 10-20% lower than diesel engine. / 4.8 Electric Vehicles 1.8.1 Introduction : ‘Three main types of electric vehicles exist, (@) Directly powered from an extemal power station, e.g electric train, ©) Powered by stored electricity originally from an extemal power source eg, electric boats, (©) Powered by an on-board electrical generator, such as an engine (a hybrid electric: vehicle, ‘or ahydrogen fuel cell. Electric vehicles include electric cars, electric lories, electric aeroplanes, electric boats, electric motorcycles and | Scooters and electric spacecraft.sere, sem-V) putomobile Engines z Eloctric Vehicles 494 Advantages of Fig.C1.5 1. Rapid acesleraton. te Slee ‘Noise-Aree aperation: Electric vehicles typically have less noise pollution than an internal combustion engine vehi whether it is at rest or in motion. 3. No exhaust fumes : Electric vehicles release almost no any air pollutants at the place where they are operated. ‘dition, its generally easier to build pollution control systems into centralized. power stations than retrofit enor numbers of car, Electric vehicles emit no tailpipe CO, or pollutants such as NO;, NMHC, CO and PM at the point we. leetric motors do not xequire oxygen, unlike internal combustion engines.4.9.8 Limitations of Electric Vehicles = High ecceleration by high torque from the motor is towered efficiency de to higher losses inthe form of Joule heating in the motor windings caused by the high electric current. ‘This energy loss increases fourfold as the input curent is doubled, clectric motor depends on how well it can be cooled during operation. sncy. This limits the top speed of electric vebicles ‘and maintain efficiency at low vehicle speeds. so the practical limit for sustained torque from an 3, There is always a compromise between torque and eneray fi operating on. single gear duc to the need to fimit the required torque 4.40 Hydrogen Fuel Cell ‘a chemical reaction by converting a fuel (hydrogen) into xd electrochemical cells and consist of similar structure, ial combustion engine needs a © A fuel cell is a device which produce electrical power through clectricity. Although fuel cells and baticries are both considere fuel cells require a continuous source of fel and oxygen to ran similar to. an intern continuous flow of gasoline or diesel. ‘Atiyrogen fuel cell eosists of three main components an anode, the negative post of the fue! coll cathode the positive fos ofthe fast cll and an polymer eleetrolyte membrane to create the chemical reaction between hydrogen gas (Fa) and oxygen gas (O>) as fuel. First, a hydrogen firel is channeled to the anode through flo clectrons), and exrry only a positive charge. Then, oxygen enters the fucl cell at the lectrons returning from the electrical circuit and the ionized hydrogen atoms. up the electrons, then it flow through the electrolyte to combine with the hydrogen ion. ‘as the basis for the chemical reaction. wv fields. Hydrogen atoms become ionized (stripped of cathode, where it combines with 1+ Her, the oxygen atom picks The combination of oxygen and ionized hydrogen serve «A pyr eleroyte membrane (Proton Exchange Membrane) permits the appropriate fons to pass between the anos A pet merhode Ite electrolyte gave fre control forall elecrons or fons to pass freely, it would disrupt the chenes! a am atthe end ofthe process the positively charged hydrogen atoms react withthe oxygen to form both water and ‘heat while creating an electrical charge. F@q Water and Tee Fuolin —> ‘Anode Polymer Electrolyte Fig. 1.10.4 : Hydrogen Fuel Coll