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 L@UKD-UES
Contents
1. Present FOrMms oo... cccssssssessesseeseeseeseesscsnesnssessussseeseeseestsseeseeseesseeee 3
Dy, PEGE POI ss cscseicosesceanncans ites sacentsn eee ina TRATES AGRE 12
B. POU FOUN a ssicasdisrcrncnanccnnssoena chinese ORES 25
4. Infinitive
/ -ing form / Participles 2.0.0.0... cccccceseesteestessteeseesseeeveeenes 33
© Revision Exercises | 43
5. Modal Vers oon cccccccccccscssessesssssessecssesvensessessesseesnsvsrsesssseeseeessaveaseareevennes 46
GB. PASSIVE VOICE oii ccccccccseesessessessesesseesssseevesvevensessesvesnessevseveeeesensvareenee 57
7. Conditionals = WiSh@S oo... ccscessesssessessesseessensessesseesesaseesvanreeseensees 66
B, CLAUSCS oie ccc cocccccesesscssessuesssessessssteesrsesstatsesststesssesssereesseareesieanenserarensenssen 76
CO Revision Exercises II 92
9, Reported Speech ooaniniccccccccccccccssssssssssesssessesseessesseesessssesvesvsessnevenveneeavees 96
10. NOUNS
= Articles oil cccecceccccssessessessesseresvensearenveseestnsenteaveneevensenvenes 108
11. Causative Form (Having something done) ..........0...0.....ccccccccceees tees 116
12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons oo.........0..ccccccccccssesseesstesseesseeeseesnes 121
© Revision Exercises III 134
13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers ....................... 139
TA. PODOSIIONS esscisisssiescussacwensenpaponasnscsnectcsaapeuaectunneies enasssenuercanacerseneaneesuatenetees 152
15: CUSSTONG QR ANSON Fcc ceccccrcrccrsmagg
omen RCRERSRAEAN 158
© Revision Exercises IV 167
€) Summary of Tenses 171
OC Irregular Verbs 173
OC Appendix 1 174
© Appendix 2 176
© Pre-Tests 177
OC Progress Tests 194
 Introduction

Round-Up 5 is aimed at intermediate students of the English language.

The aim of the book is to help students understand and use English grammar structures
through exciting, full-colour illustrations and a variety of exercises. All material presented is
structurally graded, with revision exercises after every 4 units. Four Pre-Tests are included at
the end of the book for students to use as practice before their exam. Eight Progress Tests,
each covering two consecutive units, are also included at the end of the book. These may be
used to assess students’ progress.

There are “Phrasal Verb and Idiom” sections at the end of each unit to help give students a
feeling for everyday English language usage. There are also exercises practising
prepositions with verbs, adjectives and nouns, along with an appendix which provides a
reference for the structures. A regular “Tense Review” is provided to consolidate structures
practised in earlier units, and the “In other words” section of each unit gives students the
chance to practise the various ways of expressing similar ideas in English.

The oral activities which appear throughout the book help students practise the structures
while having fun at the same time. They can be done after the presentation of the appropriate
grammar structure or they can be used as revision material throughout the year. The writing
activities reinforce students’ writing ability.

The author, Virginia Evans, herself a teacher for many years, has written this book on the
principle that every structure should first be heard, then practised in oral and finally in
written form. The book, based on the use of full-colour visual stimuli, encourages students
to speak before writing and allows them to practise English structures through a variety of
enjoyable and useful activities.

The Student’s Book is accompanied by a Teacher’s Guide which contains lesson plans for the
presentation of each unit, the answers to the exercises, Pre-Tests and Progress Tests in the
Student's Book as well as four tests.

Pearson Education Limited,

Edinburgh Gate, Harlow
Essex, CM20 2JE, England
and Associated Companies throughout the world

www.longman.com

© Virginia Evans 1994

All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the
prior written permission of the copyright holders.

First published in 1994 by E. Viachou - “Express Publications”.

This edition published by Pearson Education Limited 2003
Sixth impression 2006

Printed in Spain by Mateu Cromo, S.A. Pinto (Madrid)

ISBN-13: 978-0-582-82345-7
ISBN-10: 0-582-82345-5
iilustrated by Philip Vazakas and Terry Wilson
 1. Present Forms

t- Present Forms

What are you doing, Jenny? You've been Where’s the cow? Where’s the
\
sitting quietly at your desk all morning. = grass? | can't see anything!
——— el

I'm drawing a picture of a cow Y Well, the cow has gone home, Miss,
eating grass, Miss. because there isn’t any more grass!

Present Simple Present Cont. Present Perfect Present Perf. Cont.

permanent situations temporary situations recently completed actions started in the

or states They're staying at the actions past and continuing
She works as a nurse. Park Hotel at present. She has tidied her room. up to the present
She owns a large shop. (She has finished tidying He’s been writing a
her room. You can see letter for two hours. (He
it is tidy now. - evidence started two hours ago
in the present) and he’s still writing it.)

repeated / habitual actions happening at or actions which happened past actions of certain
actions (especially around the moment at an unstated past time duration having visible
with frequency adverbs: of speaking and are connected with results or effects in the
often, usually etc) She is looking for a the present present
| usually get up at 7.30. better job. He has lost his keys. (He She’s been crying.
is still looking for them.) (Her eyes are red.)

permanent truths or repeated actions with personal experiences/ actions expressing anger,
laws of nature “always” expressing changes which have irritation, annoyance,
Money doesn’t buy annoyance or criticism happened explanation or criticism
happiness. She’s always I've lost 10 kilos. Who has been using my
Water freezes at O°C. interrupting me! toothbrush? (annoyance)

timetables/programmes fixed arrangements in emphasis on number emphasis on duration

(future meaning) the near future She’s written three (usually with for, since
The match finishes The Browns are letters since this morning. or how long)
at 7.45. visiting us tonight. She has called on two She's been calling on
The plane leaves at 6.05. (It’s all arranged.) clients since 12 o'clock. clients since this morning.

reviews/sports changing or developing Note : live, feel and work can be used either in
commentaries/ situations the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Cont.
dramatic narrative His English is with no difference in meaning.
Meryl Streep acts getting better.
I’ve been living/I’ve lived in Rome for a year.
brilliantly in this film.
= SSS SSS SS eee
1. Present Forms

Time expressions used with :

Present Simple every day/week/month/year, usually, often, always, rarely, never,
sometimes, in the morning/evening/afternoon, at night, on Mondays etc

Present Cont. now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight, always, still etc

Present Perfect just, ever, never, already, yet (negations & questions), always, how
long, so far, recently, since (= from a starting point in the past), for
(= over a period of time), today, this week / month etc

Present Perf. Cont. how long, for, since

G) Put the verbs into the correct column in the 3rd person singular.
watch, play, buy, go, fly, get, drop, kiss, say, cry, write, mix, dry, sneeze, reach, pay, smash, try, drive

+S ss, sh, ch, x,0 + es vowel +y +S consonant + y aap ies

gets watches plays flies

@ Add -ing to the following verbs and put them into the correct column.
rub, listen, lie, use, bring, run, tie, dive, hope, go, die, cry, come, travel, put

+ing -ie aap y + ing -@ gaping double consonant + ing

listening dying diving travelling

@) Write the past participle of the following verbs.

1. break ... broken 3. swim 5. bring 7. write

2. meet 4. finish 6. send 8. read

® Match the sentences with the meaning of the tense used in each of them.

1. He drinks a litre of milk every day. a. emphasis on duration

2. Milk contains a lot of vitamins. b. temporary situation
3. He is getting stronger. c. repeated action expressing annoyance
4. She has just passed her exams. d. emphasis on number
5. She is having a party at the moment. e. habitual action
6. He has been working all day. f. recently completed action
7. She has phoned him three times this morning. g. permanent truth
8. He is always borrowing money from me. h. changing or developing situation
9. She has been walking all morning. i. fixed arrangement in the near future
(Her feet are aching.) j. past action of certain duration having visible results
10. They are getting married next week. (They've in the present
already sent the invitations.)

Te é 2 3 4. 5.
6. rae 8 9. 10
 1. Present Forms

©) Fill in with Present Simple or Present Continuous.

June: Hi, Mum!

Mum : Hello, June. Where 1) are you calling
(you / call) from?
June: | 2) (be) at work at the
moment. My boss 3)
(have) lunch with his wife now. He
4) (often/take) her to
lunch on Tuesdays.
Mum: Well, why 5)
(you/phone)? Is there anything wrong?
June : No, | just want you to know that |
6) (come) home
next Saturday.
Mum : What time 7) (your
train/arrive) in Leeds?
June: It 8) (leave) London at 11
o'clock and 9) (arrive) in Leeds at 2 o'clock.
Mum : See you on Saturday then.

Stative Verbs
Verbs describing a permanent state (stative verbs) do not normally have continuous forms. These are:
(1) verbs of the senses : see, hear, smell, feel, taste etc (We often use can or could with these verbs.
eg. Can you see that tall boy over there?) The verbs look, watch and listen express deliberate actions and
can be used in continuous forms. eg. Be quiet please! I’m listening to the news. But: / can’t hear you. Can you
speak louder, please? The verbs feel and hurt can be used in either continuous or simple forms, though.
eg. A: How are you feeling today? or How do you feel today?
B: My leg is hurting. or My leg hurts.
(2) verbs of opinion : agree, believe, consider etc (3) verbs of emotions : feel, forgive, hate, like, love etc
(4) other verbs : appear (=seem), be, belong, fit (= be the right shape and size for sth), have (=possess),
know, look (= appear), need, prefer, require, want, weigh, wish etc
eg. He knows where Peter is. (not is-knewing)

Some stative verbs (see, smell, taste, feel, think, have etc) have continuous forms but there is
a difference in meaning.

STATE ACTION
| think she’s rich. (=| believe) I’m thinking about your plan. (= I’m considering)
The milk tastes awful. (= it has a bad flavour) He’s tasting the sauce; it might need some salt.
(= he’s trying its flavour)
He has a pet dog. (= he owns) He’s having dinner now. (= he’s eating)
This cloth feels like velvet. (= has the texture) She’s feeling her way in the dark. (= she’s finding her way)
| see you're in trouble. (= | understand) I’m seeing my lawyer tonight. (= I’m visiting)
The kitchen smells of burnt meat. (= has the smell) Why are you smelling your food? (= trying the smell of)
He comes from Spain. (= he was born in) He’s coming from Spain. (= he’s travelling from)
| love holidays. (in general) I’m loving this holiday. (= I’m enjoying; specific)
Your hair looks great. (= it appears) She’s looking at some old photographs. (= she’s
examining)
The baby weighs 5 kilos. (= it is) I’m weighing myself on my new scales. (= I’m finding out
my weight)
Ann is very tall. Ann is being very kind to me these days. (= she’s behaving)
1. Present Forms

(©) Underline the correct item.

1.1 see / am seeing that the situation is out of control.

2. The sausages are tasting/taste delicious.
3. Do you enjoy/Are you enjoying this party?
4. You haven't said a word all morning. What are you thinking/do you think about?
5. He has/is having a Siamese cat.
6. These flowers are smelling/smell nice.
7.1 don’t know/am not knowing where she keeps the keys.
8. Why are you feeling/do you feel your pockets? Have you lost anything?
9. Why do you smeli/are you smelling the milk? Do you think it has gone off?
10. Anna is Italian. She is coming/comes from Italy.
11. That dress looks/is looking nice on you.
12. Paul listens/is listening to a new record in his room.
13. If you don’t look/aren’t looking at that comic book, I'd like to see it.
14. Joan weighs/is weighing 50 kilos.
15. Mary is/is being very naughty these days.

@ Fill in with Present Simple or Continuous.

Sue : What 1) are you doing (you/do) now?

Mark +12) (look) through these old film
magazines. Look, here's an old picture of Jack Nicholson.
Sue: Oh, | 3) (think) he 4) (look)
awful! And his suit 5) (not/fit) him properly.
Mark : Yes, | 6) (agree). And he 7)
(appear) to be really angry. | wonder what he 8)
(think) about.
Sue: He 9) (be) in that new film that’s on at the
Odeon now, isn't he?
Mark : Yes, | saw it last night. He 10) (look) very
different now. He 11) (weigh) a lot more.
Sue: 1 12) (hope) it’s a good film. | 13)
(see) it tonight. Stuart 14)
(take) me. Actually, he 15) (be)
very nice to me these days.
Mark : He probably 16) (want)
to borrow some money.
Sue :117) (see). That explains it.

Fill in: yet or already.

Mike : Haven't you cleaned the bathroom 1) yet .?

Chris : Stop complaining! You've 2) asked me that three times today. Why is it so important?
Mike : I've 3) told you. My parents are coming to stay this weekend.
Chris : Well, don’t worry! They haven't come 4) _ have they? Anyway, it’s not my turn to clean the
bathroom. I’ve 5) done it this month.
do any cleaning 6)
- That's not true. You've been living here for nearly a year and | haven't seen you

John and Norma have been married 1) for. . 20 years. They have been living in New York 2)
1989. John has been working on Wall Street 3) four years and he has made a lot of money
they moved to New York but
4) he started working there. Norma hasn't worked 5)
she has been writing a book 6) the past two years. She has had a lot of spare time 7)
their son left home four years ago to work in France.
 1. Present Forms

Have gone to / Have been to / Have been in

| Where’s Johnny, Ann? } Hello, Dad. I've been Yes, | know. Is your
to the dentist. tooth better now?

He’s gone to the dentist. He hasn't come back yet. ) ( | don’t know. | left it at the dentist's. )

He has gone to Brussels. ( =He’s there or on his way to Brussels.)

He has been to Brussels once. ( =He’s visited Brussels but he’s back now.)
He has been in Brussels for two months. ( =He’s in Brussels now.)

Fill in : has - have been in/to, has - have gone to.

Editor : Where's Stevens? | haven't seen him for days.

Secretary : He 1) has gone to Washington to interview Kim Basinger.
Editor : How long 2) he Washington?
Secretary: Three days.
Editor : What about Milton and Knowles?
Secretary : They 3) London. They're going to interview the Royal Family.
Editor: 4) anyone Paris to talk to Alain Delon?
Secretary : Smith 5) his country house. He interviewed him there yesterday actually. He's
coming back today.

@® Fill in : yet, since, for, tonight, often or how long.

1. John is flying to Nicosia tonight «4 have you been working here?

2. She hasn't met Cathy . 5. She cooks exotic dishes.
3. | haven't seen him last week. 6. Jim has been in Lisbon four years.

2) Match the sentences with the meaning of the tense used in each of them.

1. Vieira passes to Henry ... and a. action started in the past and
Henry scores! continuing up to the present
2. Who's been drinking my orange juice? b. permanent situation
3. Light travels faster than sound. c. past action at an unstated time connected with the
4. He’s been watching TV since 6 o'clock. present
5. Spencer opens the door and sees the d. sports commentary
murderer. €. personal experience/change which has happened
6. He lives in Tokyo. f. action happening at/around the moment of speaking
7. I've learnt a lot in this class. g. timetable
8. The film starts at 11 o'clock. h. action expressing irritation
9. My mother is writing a book. i. dramatic narrative
10. He has written to the Prime Minister. j. law of nature

1... d 2. 3: 4. 5.
6 ri 8. 9. 10.
 1. Present Forms

3) Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Present

Perfect Continuous.

Dear sia glad to hear that you are enjoying yours

game as usual. Your father 1) ..has pom wn : veese (not/wri for weeks, probably
te) vecate
(just/pass) her driving teat. Alex 3) «.-+-.++ exams, Uncle Tom 5) «-.ssrrerenere ere’
HEA) cscererecererecens this month. The
(build) a shed in the (visit) the doctor four tim e (nat/open)
l recently. He 7) ».+-00sesr-s0 EADY cpevauapnotnncneome
Si ae nt) it for weeks. i
oy “ eveseecesaecee
ansatiiie r
«--+«ss0+0** ‘, Ee
her new shop yet. The decorators 10)
-
Vi

( / )
Mum ,

Fill in with Present S., Present Cont., Present Perfect or

Present Perfect Cont.

Arthur: 11) ....’ve been searching ....... (search) for a house for
a week now but so far!2) ....................... (not/find)
anything suitable.
SAH WHY G): cic es sine cvdcvdsrcncaxerveesees (you/want) to move?
Arthur : Well, the people living next to me 4) eR ole eteewuewaricalys (be)
the main problem. They 5) .............0...00.00...........
(always/argue), especially at night.
Sandra : Oh dear! 6) .20.. oe, (you/ ever/complain)
to them?
Arthurs Vs, DUthOy 7) vcsescicasicacasiexssesdevdevcecces (not/stop).
TOBY ED wrarosnsesBeiiciesescciee: (keep on) making noise.
UG) asisreitensewaeate (not/be able) to sleep well lately, and | 10)
Sandra : How awful!

(5) Fill in with Present Perfect or Present Perfect Contin

uous.

Robinson Crusoe has been stuck ff Fy

on a desert island for the past six months. = =e
Here is a letter he wrote and put in a bottle : a =.

Dear Anybody, .
— j hs now. It is a miracle that
.... have been. . (be) on this islana ial (eat) fish and
(su
. iPO rvi
o sthis
ve)sfor ii longe | 3)
. n
- vad
2) Bira
(
ate ly, 1|4) .oe20e ee
it since | got here. Fortun it 5)
the weather was fine, but
obser | aie here
’

-
for 30 long. Recently | <e
%

(not/speak) to anyone h e l p
interesting. Please
to myself, but it isn't very
 1. Present Forms

Fill in with Present S., Present Cont., Present Perfect or Present Perfect Cont.

Tom: 1) ... Have you séen.. (you/see) the state of this kitchen? Someone 2) ..........-...6.0565
(wash) clothes in the sink and they're still there!
Fred : Yes, | know. | usually 3) ............5.
(use) the bath, but it 4) .......... (be)
too dirty at the moment.
Tom : Why didn’t you clean it? You 5) .......
Si sueabanetowneabors (live) here for two
months now, and!6) .............065
(never/see) you do any housework.
Fred : What do you mean?17) ............5.
bebe eee e eens (wash) the dishes at
least three times and | always 8) ......
See KomaNMENHewUMREEOEN (make) my bed.
Tom : Rubbish! You 9) ............0...00008.
(always/make) a mess and not cleaning
up afterwards.
Fred : What about you? You 10) ......... 6.6 eeeeee eens
Tom : Don't be ridiculous! Where 11) ..........-..0005- (you/go)?
Fred : Out! 112) 0.0.0.6...
cece cece ees (see) my girlfriend this evening.
Tom : What about the kitchen?
Fred : Bye!

Oral Activity 1

The teacher divides the class into two teams. He/She sets a situation on the board. Then he/she shows the
students word flashcards with the time adverbs from page 4. The teams in turn make sentences using the
time adverb shown each time. Each correct sentence gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the
winner.

Situations : she/clean/room, she/iron/clothes, he/wash/dishes, he/write/letter etc

Teacher: (shows now) Teacher: (shows already)
Team A S1: She’s cleaning the room now. Team B S1: She has already cleaned the room.
etc

Oral Activity 2
The teacher prepares a list of time expressions and divides the class into two teams. He/She then starts a
story. The teams in turn continue the story using the time expression given by the teacher. Each correct
sentence gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner.
Teacher: on Sundays Team B S1: My brother hasn’t got up yet.
We get up late on Sundays. Teacher : still
today Team A S2: He’s still sleeping.
Team A S1: But today we got up early Teacher : at the moment
because we are going for a picnic. Team B S2: Mother is trying to wake my
Teacher: yet brother up at the moment. etc
1. Present Forms

TRE Ca Wee Fee

hy

Write the letter in full sentences. Use the present forms.

Dear Ted,
1. | write / you / London.
2.1 be / here / a week / and / | enjoy myself / very much.
3. So far / | see / most of / important historic places.
4. | usually / spend / several hours every day / in museums and galleries.
5. The hotel / | stay / be / lovely / but / be very expensive,
6. so | plan / move / cheaper one / rest / my Stay.
7. Tomorrow / | take / trip through Kent / which / | look forward to.
8. | hope / you be / OK.
See you soon,
Richard

Use this list of adjectives (happy, pleased, desperate, sad, depressed, angry) to write a letter of 60-80 words
to a friend, giving the good/bad news about people you both know.
Dear Paul,
I’m fine. Everyone here is OK, though we all miss you a lot. Ann is very happy
because she has moved to a bigger house. ...

In Other Words
I've never eaten pizza before. I've never read such a good book.
It’s the first time I've ever eaten pizza. It's the best book I've ever read.

@?) Rephrase the following sentences.

1. | have never tasted muesli before. It's the first time I've ever tasted muesll.
2. I've never seen such a boring film. It’s ...
3. He has never been to New York before. It's ..
4. She has never had such a delicious meal. It's
5. She’s never flown before. It’s

Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold type.

1. She has never been to the club before.

first _ It’s the firet time she has ever been to the club.
2. She has never heard such a funny story.
funniest . einiereece Risearinipinewe
3. It’s the first time she has ever read Tolstoy.
never .
4. It's the worst headache she’s ever had.
bad
5. He’s never played cricket before.
ever ‘
 1. Present Forms

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

break down: 1) stop working 1. Our school usually breaks ...... UP sx s.ee for the
(of cars, engines, machines etc) summer in July.
2) lose control of feelings 2. My car broke ............... on the motorway and
(of people) | had to walk to a garage.
3. When she fell off the chair, the whole class broke
break into 1) enter by force serbeemeadeset laughter.
(+ object): 2) start doing sth suddenly 4. The prisoner managed to break ................ of
(laughter etc) prison after murdering the guard.
breakout: 1) begin suddenly (war, fire etc) 5. The robber broke ..........- 66... the house by
2) escape from a place smashing a window.
6. The fire broke .........0.....00.. in the basement
break up : stop for holidays and quickly spread upwards.
(of schools etc) 7. At the funeral, the boy's mother broke .............
and started crying.

Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1. She blamed him ...... for the murder. 7.She is brilliant ...................... gymnastics.
2. They arrived .........., . London at 7:30. 8.| was not aWare . 66. the problem.
3. | must apologise ....... Mary the delay. 9. aincalaid: vagescs anusnsicevvucvenpexebete snakes
4.l am very annoyed ............ JOHN .......0006. 10. He does not associate eee his colleagues.
being so careless. 11. They were ashamed ... their children’s behaviour.
5. He was accused being a thief. 12. He was astonished .... .the way he spoke to the
6. He believes ; God. manager.

@)) Fill in the correct idiom.

1.1 was so shocked by the news that! .was ata...

loss for words......... ‘
2. Look what you’ve done! | wouldn't like to .........
. when Mum gets home.
3. “What do you . 2” “| work
as a nurse.”
4. After the divorce, they didn’t talk for months, but
now they Lees
with each other.
5.1 don't get paid till meee so now |.

try as hard as possible 6. Although he ., he didn’t

win the race.
do sb a favour : do sth to help sb 7. Could you : . 2? If you're
going out, could you get me some milk?
do (sth) for a living : have a job and earn money 8. Now's a good time to ask for a rise because the
boss .... -
2. Past Forms

2. Past Forms

What happened? How did you

burn your ears?

Vv >

Well, | was ironing when the phone ia) Well, yes! | had been ironing for only (&
and | answered the iron by mistake. two minutes when it rang again. _/

Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

past actions which action in the middle past action which action continuing over
happened one after the of happening ata occurred before a period up to a spe-
other stated past time another action or before cific time in the past
She sealed the letter, He was playing tennis a stated past time She had been working
put a stamp on it and at 4.30 yesterday. He had left by the time as a Clerk for 10 years
posted it. | got there. (or by 8.15) before she resigned.

past habit or state past actionin progress complete past action past action of certain
He used to go/went to interrupted by another —_ which had visible duration which had visi-
school on foot. past action. Thelonger _ results in the past ble results in the past
complete action or action is in the Past She was sad because They were wet because
event which happened Continuous, the shorter she had failed the test. they had been walking
at a stated past time action is in the Past , in the rain.
She called anhourago. Simple. While | was get-
(When? An hour ago.) ting dressed the bell rang.

action which happened _ two or more the Past Perfect is the the Past Perfect Cont.
at a definite past time simultaneous past past equivalent of the is the past equivalent
although the time is not actions Present Perfect of the Present Perfect
mentioned. This action While/ was sunbathing, (He can’t find his watch Continuous
is not connected with Tim was swimming. He has lost it.) (She is going to the
the present.Shakespeare or background He couldn’t find his watch. doctor.Her leg has been
wrote a lot of plays. description to events in He had Jost it. aching for two days.)
(Shakespeare is now a story She went to the doctor.
dead; he won't write again. She was flying to Paris. Her leg had been
— period of time now The sun was shining ... aching for two days.
finished)

Time expressions used with:

Past Simple yesterday, last week etc, (how long) ago, then, just now, when, in 1967 etc
Past Continuous while, when, as etc
Past Perfect for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time etc
Past Perfect Cont. for, since
 = es eee
s-t1 ose. Se eee! ee ee eS SO

2. Past Forms

2) Add -(e)d to the words, put them in the correct column, then read them out.

like, cry, play, dance, stop, fry, smile, rob, travel, try, pray, stay, live, prefer, empty, destroy

-- ap +d double consonant+ed consonant+y amp ied vowel+y+ed

WOR esk tewacccacsn §«=—§ POD ass | ecesiscenec COA wiicc severance prayed..

@) Add -(e)d to the verbs, put them in the correct column, then read them out.

land, look, watch, smile, correct, start, slip, smash, decorate, cook, offer, collect,
dress, prepare, water, iron, suggest, clean

/va/ It/ /a/

after AV, /d/ after /k/, /s/, /{/, /p/, Af/ after other sounds

Complete the correct past form and identify the speech situation.

past action of certain duration with visible results in the past, past habit, simultaneous past actions,
by another
complete past action with visible results in the past, past action in progress interrupted
past action, action continuing over a period up to a specific time in the past

varnawes past habit saraig tidale seat

1. When she was young, she ..... DION) io dzevienoacsnesisssnessws B.TOd .cverccersececvesneeecrees
...Aanced ....- (dance) a lot. (drive) home when his car ..... (read) a book while Mary ....
ranansienererenetearemny (break down). Ricwasheenvoussoeenew (SISQD).

4. He was dizzy. He ........... ; 5. She was upset because she ..

(Work) ON tHE ee eee eee cece rere recess (lose) for an hour before he .........
her watch. - os eeees (arrive).
computer all night.
2. Past Forms

@) Match the sentences with the correct tense description.

1. It was raining and the wind was blowing. a. past equivalent of the Present Perfect
2. He was exhausted because he had b. action in the middle of happening at a stated past
been walking all day. time
3. There was no juice left because Jack Cc. past actions which happened one after the
had drunk it all. other
4. She had finished by 8 o’clock. d. action which is not connected with the present and
5. The storm broke out after we had been driving happened at a definite past time not mentioned
for four hours. e. background description to events in a story
6. He got into the plane, started the f. action continuing over a period up to a specific
engine and flew off into the clouds. time in the past
7. The party had already started by the g. past equivalent of the Present Perfect
time | arrived. Continuous
8. Elvis Presley died in 1977. h. past action which occurred before another action
9. | was cycling to work when | fell off the bike. i. past action in progress interrupted by another
10. My grandfather met Winston Churchill. j. past action which occurred before a stated time in
11.1 was sleeping at 3 o'clock yesterday the past
afternoon. k. event which happened at a stated past time
12. She had been trying to find a job in |. past action of certain duration which had visible
Hollywood for years. results in the past

led é 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
ts 8. 9. 10.

Fill in with Past Simple or Past Continuous.

Last night | 1) was (be) alone at home. | 2)

(lie) on my bed and | 3)
- (watch) TV when | 4)
(hear) a strange noise. The noise 5)
sa (come) from the kitchen. |
6) . (go) downstairs, 7)
(pick up) a heavy vase from the table and 8)
(head for) the kitchen. | 9) (open) the
door very slowly. Then | 10) (see) someone. He
11) (search) in the fridge. | 12)
(be) so frightened that | 13) . (drop) the vase |
14) (carry) and it
15) (crash) onto the floor. The man
16) (turn) towards the door and |
17) (see) his face. It was my husband!

Oral Activity 3

The teacher divides the class into two teams and gives them a sentence. The teams in turn ask questions based
on the teacher's sentence. Each correct question gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner.
Possible sentences: They robbed a bank. — He invited her to dinner. —
Ann wrote a letter. - She bought a new dress. etc

Team A S1: Who robbed a bank? Team A S2: How much money did they get?
Team B S1: Did the police catch the robbers? Team B S2: Did the robbers shoot anyone? etc
 2. Past Forms

Look at the picture and the list of words, then write what they were doing
or did at the time Paul’s parents entered the house.

Paul’s parents were going away for the weekend. Paul invited some friends to the house. However his
parents’ car broke down so they had to come back home.

wash - jump out - bark play cards - stop playing - drop hold a glass of Cola - spill - stain
sleep - wake up - fall off dance/listen - not see - continue dancing smoke - see them - throw

1, Ben was washing the dog. It jumped out of the bath and started barking.
2. Jackie
3. Jim and Peter
4. Sarah
5. Sindy
6. Paul

Fill in with Past Simple or Past Perfect then state which action happened first.

1.When | ...left.. (leave) the house,! realised... (realise) that! ..had forgotten .... (forget) my keys.
First action : ...had forgotten
2. After | (finish) digging the garden | (decide) to go for a walk.
First action :

3.1 (lend) Fiona some money only after she (promise) to give it back the
next day. First action :
4. They kept arguing about the money their father (leave) them in his will when he (die).
First action :

5. Kate (start) studying after John (leave). First action :

3 (buy) Beckie a plant yesterday because she (sing)

so well in the concert the night before. First action :
7. When | (see) Julie, | (realise) that | (meet) her before.
First action :
2. Past Forms

Fill in the appropriate tense, then identify the speech situations.

recently completed action, past action of certain duration with visible results in the past, past action of
certain duration with visible results in the present, personal experience/change, action which occurred
before another, past action in progress interrupted by another, past action not connected with the
present whose time is not mentioned, past action connected with the present whose time is not
mentioned, past action at a stated time, action continuing over a period up to a specific time in the
past, simultaneous past actions

recently Completed ACTION — vee eceeeevenerevevereeeees

1.He .has cleaned... (clean) the §2.Hehadabackache. He ....... 3. He was angry. He

floor but he hasn’t cleaned the S ivisigincresitesineaisciaeteiesi (argue) with his
windows yet. (dig) the garden. daughter.

aa
: Ky EN
¥ S 5% S/ :
\ ae ee Gi
ee no's, t; Pa

S g hi a

5. Marilyn Monroe ....... cee 6. Michael Jackson

..... (swim) for hours. (act) in a lot of films. (make) a lot of records.

7. He can't find his wallet. 8.He . a (not/have) 9. She looks exhausted. She
He (lose) it. a haircut for ages. (cycle) for two hours.

LAE
4 2 —_=- 2 My

40. SHE: acccaseecn ... (wait) for 11.John .......... (already/cook) 12. She had a terrible headache. She
an hour before the bus came. dinner before Ann came. (read) all day.
 2. Past Forms

14. Alexander Fleming ........... 15.She ......06. ae (type) a

eens ; (discover) letter while she .
fell off the ladder. penicillin in 1928. (talk) on the phone.

Oral Activity 4

Students in teams look at the following pictures and give two reasons for each person’s accident. What were
they doing at the time? What happened to them? Each correct answer gets 1 point. When a team fails to give
a reason, it doesn’t get a point.
Teacher: picture 1 Team B S1: He was digging in the garden
Team A S1: He was walking across the living room when when he hurt his foot.
he tripped over the carpet and hurt his foot. Teacher: picture 2 etc.

Match the sentences then join them using when, while, and, after or because.

1. She went to bed A. Mary was laying the table. 1. ..E (after)
2. Ted was making lunch B. she had finished her work. ACERT CCE T.
3. She went home C. bought some chops. 3
4. Jim was reading D. she was drying them. GA tease cea uteee eet ee
5. Sally went to the bank E. all her guests had left. Bi eeeratecnmiterere:
6. | was washing the dishes F. he had lost his job. Ghis xiawrerauntw/atea's enteceierwraraascpine'siear
7. Mark went to the butcher’s G. withdrew some money. 7
8. He was very depressed H. the doorbell rang. 8
2. Past Forms

@)) Fill in a suitable word or phrase practising present or past forms.

1. As soon as | ees gaw that the house was on fire, | phoned the fire brigade.
2. By the end of 1990 he _ : eleven different countries.
3. The river flooded because sents heavily for weeks.
4. Where have you been? | ca , for hours.
5. The first time | sksaie . a bicycle, | kept falling off.
6. Steven didn't realise he .... until he put his hand in his pocket.
7. Mark was out of breath. He for an hour.
8. He is very strong because every day.
9. He caren the park when it started to snow.
10. Don’t make too much noise! The baby

©) Fill in with Past Perfect Continuous or Past Continuous, then identify the speech situation.

action over a period up to a specific past time, past action in progress interrupted by another,
past action of certain duration with visible results in the past

1...action over a periodupto 2. 3.

.a specific past time

dat
et —_——_

He .had been cooking. (cook) She (fry) He was tired. He

until 12 o’clock. fish when the pan caught fire. (drive) all day.

HO: sisicieiesiseiss .... (watch) He (ski) when He (ski) all

TV when his wife came home. he fell over and broke his leg. day. He was exhausted.

@:3) Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Perfect.

Last Monday Angie 1) ..got up.... (get up) for work as usual and 2) (go) to the kitchen to have some
breakfast. But when she 3) ........ (open) the fridge, she 4) (find) that her flatmate Lucy 5)
Saree (drink) all the milk - not a good start to the day! So she 6) (have) a quick cup of black coffee,
7) ....... (get) dressed and 8) .. (go) out to the car. There she 9) . (find) that she 10)
(forget) to put the cover on the car the night before and there 11) (be) thick frost all over the
windscreen. She 12) ....... (scrape) it all off and 13) (get) into the car. However, when she
14) ........... (turn) the key, nothing 15) (happen)! Someone 16) (leave) the
headlights on and the battery 17) (go) flat. She 18) . (be) furious as Lucy 19)
(use) the car last and it 20) (be) her who 21) : (forget) to switch off the lights. Angie
22) ..........,.. (head) for the bus stop to wait in the freezing cold.
 2. Past Forms

What did you use | used to be a tiger hunter

Used to - Would - Was going to
in Scotland.
Used to expresses past habits or states. It forms
its negative and interrogative with “did” and it is
the same in all persons. We can use Past Simple
instead of “used to”.
She used to walk/ walked long distances. She
didn’t use to stay in and watch TV.

Would expresses past repeated actions and

routine, Used to expresses past states or habits.
Grandma would always make me porridge for
breakfast. (also: used to make)
When | was young | used to live in Leeds. (Not : weule}

Was going to expresses unfulfilled arrange-

ments or unfulfilled plans in the past, or actions
one intended to dogt but did not or could not do. But there aren't any
He was going to visit Pam but she wasn’t at home. tigers in Scotland.

Before Now
She worked in a café. She works as an air-hostess.
She stayed in England. She travels all the time.
She didn't earn much money. She earns a lot of money.
She walked to work. She drives to work.
She didn't get up early. She gets up early.

Mary used to work in a café, but now she works as an air-hostess. She

©) Write what was going to happen but didn’t happen.

1.He was going to drink. some 2.She her 3. They some

lemonade but there was none left. _ red skirt but it was dirty. flowers but the shop was closed.

Fill in : used to or would.

11) ...ugéd to.. live in a small house in the country when | was a little girl. | 2) get up every
day at 7 o'clock and get ready for school. My mother 3) get our breakfast ready and then she 4)
walk to the bus stop with us and wait for the school bus to pick us up. The bus 5)
be on time. We stayed at school until 3.00 pm and then we 6) catch the bus home again.
In the afternoon we 7) walk home alone because Mother didn’t pick us up. She
8) work in an office, but she stopped working last year and now she stays at home.
2. Past Forms

@) Fill in : was going to, would or used to.

Last week | 1) .. was going to... visit an old house where we 2) ................ play as children, but I didn't
have the time. We 3) ............. go there every weekend and play cowboys and Indians. We 4) .........
love it! My friend 5) ............ buy it and turn it into a hotel or so he 6) ......... say,but of course he didn't.

Fill in with Past Simple, Present Simple, Present Continuous or Present Perfect.
Jane: Hi, Johnny. | 1) . haven't heard. (not/hear) from you for a long time. Where 2) .......... (you/be)?
Johnny: 13) .......2-.s.0e. (start) a new job six months ago. 14) .................. (be) a computer salesman
NOW. 1:5) wsiesewe aes (enjoy) it very much. My company 6) ................5.. (send) me abroad every
few weeks. Last month! 7) ......... (go) to Japan - it 8) ........... (be) fantastic!
Jane: Wow! Japan! How long 9) ................ ..... (you/stay) there? Tell me all about it.
Johnny: 110) ......... (stay) there for three weeks in a luxurious hotel. The company always 11) ........-....
(pay) for everything.
Jane: I'd love a job like yours.
Johnny: Well actually, Jane, that 12) ................ . (be) the reason why 113) ......... vs se (all) you
now. | 14) ..... (need) an assistant. Last week, the company 15) .............. . (tell) me to
choose someone and | immediately 16) .................. (think) of you. What 17) .................
(you/think)?
Jane: When 18) ............-5. .. (start)?

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past form.

| remember when! 1)... went..... (go) on holiday abroad for the first time. 12)... 6.666. c cee cece eee eee eens
(JUSTIBEVE) SCHOO: 1:3) he:c tc arama csiaawateramereresaiantsiraarearapanrereeinain (study) very hard for my final exams and |
OY ciesaiawunatanta
vata ..... (feel) that | needed a holiday. A friend of mine’5) ...... 6.6.6.6
eee e eee es (want)
to come as well SO We 6) . 0. (look) eawniens
at some brochures from the travel agent's. We 7) ..........
. (read) for about an hour when my friend
8) . _ ... (find) the perfect holiday - two weeks
in Hawaii. We ee (be) very excited about it.
Finally the day of our holiday 10) Daucus anne arene eames
(arrive). We 11) ile ciatawenes er -. (just/leave) the house
when the phone 12) .............6...008. (ring). | 13)..
TOT OTTO (run) back into the house, but the phone
14) 2.0... .e0..0.4. (Stop) by the time 115)... eee,
(reach) it. When we 16) ....... 0.6. ..60s0eee ee (arrive) atthe =
airport We 17) . 0.0.6.6
ccc eee e eee . (sit) in the cafeteria. The
BRBOGITS) csinmenacnnmacnsacnomaprseni
enn tie (just’make)an
announcement. Our fight was delayed for eight hours. We
19) soccowewsien . (get up) very early and rushed to
the airport, all for nothing.

Fill in with Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous.

When | entered the house something smelt awful. Someone 1) ....had been cooking... (cook) and 2) .....
: (burn) the meal. 13) ...............06. . (visit) the house once before and 4) ...........
(meet) the family but | didn’t know what 5) .............0 65.0005 (happen) since then. The house was a mess.
The children 6)... 6.006 (play) in the living-room and 7) ........--.....5. (leave) their toys
all over the floor. Someone $B) sneer caren Soave (leave) all the windows open. It 9) ...... 6... .eceeees (rain)
for hours and all the curtains 10) ©... 2.0.6.6
e eee ee . (get) wet and dirty. | asked the children where
their parents were. They told me that their mother 11) . 6.6. .s cece eee e cee ees . (be) in hospital for the
past two weeks. Their father 12) ©... 0.00 c ccc ence ees (look after) them since then.
Obviously he 13) . ; ..... (do) his best, but he couldn't do any better since he worked all
morning and had to leave them alone most of the day. | had to do something to help them.
 2. Past Forms

Past Simple versus Present Perfect

Past Simple Present Perfect

complete action which happened at a complete action which happened at an unstated

stated time in the past time in the past
She left yesterday. Don has left for Madrid. (We don’t know when he left;
(When did she leave? Yesterday.) unstated time; he’s now there or on his way there.)

past action which is not connected with the past action which is connected with the present
present and happened at a definite past time and happened at a definite past time not
not mentioned mentioned
| met John Lennon. (I won't meet him again; he’s I’ve spoken to Richard Gere. (| may speak to him
dead.- period of time finished) again; he’s alive. - period of time not finished yet)

Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Present Perfect.

nd | 2)
Dear Tom, ‘arrived .. (arrive) ¥ zane (find) me a part
letter. It 1)
Thank you for ;your F e, my agent 3) rt sabe
ck immediately: You $¢ (speak) to Robe
i teoe ba ake se -
The film is a re-m
(decide) to wr eo Hollywood next wee kl | 4)
Im g o ! a g la rr iv e. wn’,
a new film and e pa rt an d I'm meeting him ag g00n 5, It st arred Marilyn
Monroe
ou t th (see) hundreds of time
on the phone ab OP) WV)
-
h 15) g gir packing. Well, | mus t rush.now:
1956 thriller whic (me
nwae ady/littleittle
et) ) whe|(al rea star®)
ea
)
as you know, 16
w clothes and | 8)
+

(buy) lots of ne Lové,

to do!
There's 50 much Sharon

Fill in with Past Simple or Present Perfect.

1.A:1..Have you been... (you/be) on holiday this year?

B: No, |... 6... .040.4045454 (Can/not) go, because | (break) my leg in August and
ieseuwewe ... (have) to stay in hospital.
2.A:.... . (you/visit) the National Museum yet?
B: Yes, | . (be) there three times, but | . sess (not/see) everything yet.
3. A: I'm ever so sorry, Jim, but! ........ . (burn) your dinner. Maria ..................... (phone)
and|.. : (forget) about the food.
B: That’s okay. | . (already/eat).
4.A:1.. aaaiats (buy) a new dress yesterday, but when | (arrive) home, |
. (find) a hole in the seam.
B: What -ssee+s. (you/do)? (you/take) it back to the shop?
A: No, |. _ ... (not/be) into town yet. I'll do it this afternoon.
5. A: Your hair 7 (grow) a lot since | last (see) you.
B: Yes. |... ..... (want) to get it cut yesterday but! .. .. (be) too busy.
6.A:1.. ... (never/fly) before and I’m very nervous about it.
BED awcieaes . (feel) like that the first time | . save ...+ (fly), but I thoroughly
roe . (enjoy) it.
TERE wecwreas (lose) my glasses. (you/see) them anywhere?
B: No. Where (you/put) them?
BE sey (put) them on the table a minute ago, but they’re not there now.
B. Al oon cove eee e neues ... (you/ever/meet) anyone famous?
B: Yes, | . (speak) to Paul McCartney and| .. . (see) John Lennon before he was killed.
2. Past Forms

OAL WhEle cisccesccsssesvecsesseevuvesnes (you/go) on holiday?

B: To Rhodes. ............60000005 (you/be) there?
A: Yes, |... 0.60. ...«. (go) there last year. We ......... . (swim) every day. It was great!
10. A: How’s your job, Mike?
Bi leicaiswccnwscnaessccwweweasaveaiele (just/start) a new one. | Sains saa HieIONKb
aS woe (leave) the old one
because they ..............6.0005. (not/pay) me enough money.
VAS WHER sciswiccestccecasacaesscaaunaees (you/leave) school?
Be linsasssscesesicasiis vos eeeseses (leave) in 1980, | sieyate (finish) university in 1984 and |
bb cee dae nbnaetsiawannceuwee sews (have) three jobs since then.
5 a. acre sae ee “Barabas” on TV last night?
a (0 - . (see) it so many times already that! ..............6.608, (not/want)
to watch it again.

Oral Activity 5 (The Alibi Game)

A murder happened at 11 o'clock last night. Two students are the main
suspects. They leave the classroom and must create an alibi to prove
their innocence (where they were, what they did, what they were wearing
etc). In the meantime the rest of the class take the role of detectives and
think of questions to ask them. Each “suspect” (student) enters the class
and is questioned separately. If their answers are not the same, then
they are accused of committing the murder. Students should use Past
Continuous and/or Past Simple in their questions.

Oral Activity 6

The teacher divides the class into two teams and asks students to look at the following situations, giving
reasons for each situation. Students should use Present Perfect, Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Cont.
Each correct reason gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner.
Team A S1: Jo's clothes are dirty because ... she has been playing in the garden. ..
Team B S1: Paul's head ached because ... he had been sitting in the Sun. .... 0. 0.6 . 6 cc eee eee eeeees
3. Mary is furious because ................ 10. Frank’s house needed tidying because ...........
4. Tom was not hungry because .................... ] 11. Terry felt sick because ..... 00.0... cee cee eens
5. Sue was hungry because ........... are 12. Tim had a black eye because ................6.5.
6. Mark is excited because, ................. ...... | 18. Peter is going to the police station because .....
7. David failed his maths test because ......... . | 14. Mike’s shirt was torn because ....... ; ;
8. Trevor had ketchup on his tie because .. 15. Joanne’s feet are sore because
9. He was out of breath because ................... | 16. Carol is crying because .....

Your house has been robbed. Using the notes from the list below, write a
report to the police.
go - return - get out - see men - carry - jump - run after - disappear - not
see - go into - realise - steal - clothes lie - take my wife’s necklace - my =
mother give- find glove- drop - call police =
Last night | went to the cinema. | returned home at 10.30. While| was “-"—
getting out of the car, | saw two men wearing masks coming out of
the house. One of them was carrying a big bag...
 2. Past Forms

Tense Review
Fill in the correct tense.

Sue Thomas is a fashion designer. She 1) has been making. (make) clothes ever since she 2) .....
(be) a young girl. She 3) es . (get) her first job in a clothes factory when she
was sixteen. She 4) : (sew) buttons onto a shirt one day when she 5) ...........-..55. (have) a
brilliant idea for a design. After she 6) ..... . (speak) to her bank manager, she got a loan
and she 7) : : .. (open) her own little workshop. Now she 8) .........-..5..6.0005.
(make) lots of money. Next year she 9) ee ne (open) a shop which will sell all her own designs.
She 10) . . (sell) clothes to a lot of famous people, including film stars and singers,
and she 11) (think) she will be very rich soon.

Fill in the correct tense.

Kevin Adams 1) .../oves.. trains. He first 2)

(see) one when he was four years old and he 3)
(think) it was great. He 4) (G0) toa different
railway station every week and 5) .............. (write
down) the engine number of every train he sees. He 6) .
coe ceee (do) this since he was eight. By the time he was fifteen
ROT). caccens enemas . (collect) over ten thousand different
engine numbers in various counties. Once, while he 8) .......
(stand) in a station in Cheshire he saw something '
very unusual. He 9) . .... (wait) for over an hour for a ae
train to go by when suddenly he 10) . . (see)
avery old steam train coming down the track. It 11) .
(not/stop) at the station and, as it passed, Kevin
noticed that all the passengers 12).. _
(wear) old-fashioned clothes. When he told the station guard a
about this, the poor man turned pale. He said that no steam train 13) mewesaen (pass) through that
station for years, and that the last one 14) . (crash), killing everyone on board.

In Other Words

It's a long time since he called us.

He hasn't called us for a long time. When did he get the job?
How long ago did he get the job?
The last time | saw him was a week ago. How long is it since he got the job?
| haven't seen him for a week.

Rephrase the following sentences using the word in bold type.

1. It's months since | saw Jane.

for | haven't seen Jane for months. secaaerero Fetiv Gerace aig SUNS Oa en Winraewra ewe
2. When did she come back?
since
3. | haven't spoken to him for a week.
last
4. How long is it since he found anew job?
when paren
5. It’s a month since saw Chris.
seen
6. The last time | went to the theatre was a month ago.
been
2. Past Forms

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

1. The government's new policies have brought

bring about: causeto happen .-Aabout ..... many changes over the past few
months.
bring out : publish
2. When Paul fainted, his friends sania him with
i ‘ P cold water to bring him ..... ;
ORIG FOUR <1) Caliee © Tegan Consciousness 3. As both her parents had died, she was brought
2 TS SS EEE by her grandparents.
4. Susan’s first novel will be brought ............. in
bring up : raise a child December.
5. After trying to persuade him for hours, | finally
brought him .............6.5. to my point of view.

Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1. Everybody congratulated him ...on.. passing his 9. The police questioned him in connection .........
exams. the robbery.
2. The police have charged him ........... murder. 10. If youcompare Jim .......... Harry, you'll realise
3. How much did they charge you ..... that haircut? they are very different, even though they are twins.
4. The nurse takes care ............... her patients. 11.Nothing cancompare ................. a nice hot
5, The con man was very clever ............ making bath after a hard day's work.
people believe his stories. 12. The man complained .................. the police
6. The journey was awful because the trainwasso —............ his noisy neighbour.
crowded ....... .... passengers. 13. This drink consists ............ orange and soda.
7. I've lost contact ........... Jim since he moved to 14.1 don’t like people who are cruel ........ animals.
America. 15. Can | change this black pen .......... a blue one,
8. Mr Gibbons is converting his basement ........ a please?
games room. 16. While he was driving, he crashed ..... . alamp-
post.

Fill in the correct idiom.

1.He ..gave her his word .... that he would never

lie to her again.
2. Did he buy you flowers again? | think he .........
a hiaaRCEG Re UAGRP FRONT RNAI TONER URN you.
Ue | Ce ae ee eae my colleagues
in my new job. | really like it there.
4. Nm sure | will 006 cece
lov ns at the party tonight.
get along with : be on friendly terms 5.1'm so tired. | think | will ......... saeres
Bil. ceveaenws 5... on my
get into a mess : get into a difficult situation honeymoon. We went to Venice.
get on sb’s nerves : irritate sb’ T.JOAN o evens treeteeseverears
« He
; never stops talking in1 class.
get rid of : remove or dispose of 8. He spent too much money and ..............065.
give sb one’s word: make a promise . with his credit card payments.
9. think you should ws acd Miate Ualws waN SID NSLAE One Tin‘e ate
those old jeans. They're full of holes.
 3. Future Forms

7 Future Forms

I'll have to tell you the bad news.

You've got rabies. You're going to die.
oS,

d a pen and paper. No, I’m going to make a list of all

In that case I'll nee
the people I'm going to bite.

Future Simple (Will) Be Going To Future Continuous Future Perfect

decisions taken at the actions intended to actions in progress at actions which will be
moment of speaking be performed in the a stated future time finished before a stated
(on-the-spot decisions) near future He'll be sunbathing in future time
Since it’s getting dark, She’s going to visit Hawaii this time next She will have come
ll turn on the light. her parents tomorrow. week. back by the end of July.
Note: by or not... untilAill
hopes, fears, threats, planned actions or actions which are the are used with Future
offers, promises, intentions result of a routine (in- Perfect. UntilAill are
warnings, predictions, Now that they’ve settled stead of Present Cont.) normally used with
requests, comments in their new house, I'll be seeing John Future Perfect only in
etc, esp.with: expect, they’re going to have tomorrow. (We work in negative sentences.
hope, believe, I’m sure, a party. the same office so we'll She will have finished
I'm afraid, probably etc. definitely meet.) by 8 o'clock. (Not: t#ntifti#)
I'm afraid I'll be a little late. She won't have finished
until 8 o'clock.

actions or predictions evidence that some- when we ask politely Future Perfect Cont.
which may (not) happen thing will definitely about people’s arrange-
in the future happen in the near ments to see if they can duration of an action
She'll probably buy future do sth for us or because up to a certain time in
the dress. (prediction) Ann is going to have we want to offer to do the future.
or actions which we a baby. sth for them By the end of this year she
cannot control and will Look at the dark clouds in Will you be going to the will have been working
inevitably happen the sky! It’s going to rain. supermarket? Can you here for two years.
He will be ten next year. buy me some tea?

things we are not sure things we are sure Present Simple Present Continuous
about or haven't about or we have (future meaning) (future meaning)
decided to do yet already decided to
She’ll probably be do in the near future timetables/programmes fixed arrangement in the
promoted. (not sure yet) He’s going to be The plane reaches near future
promoted. (The boss London at 9.45. Sally is seeing her dentist
has decided to do it.) this week. (Sally has fixed
an appointment).
3. Future Forms

Time expressions used with :

Will/Be Going To/ tomorrow, tonight, next week/month, in two/three etc days, the day after tomorrow,
Future Cont. soon, in a week/month etc

Future Perfect before, by, by then, by the time, until (is used only in negative sentences with this tense)
Fut. Perf. Cont. by ... for eg. By next year he will have been working here for two years.

Shall is used : Will is used : (Chall | call you a taxi? )

with /wein questions, _—_ to express offers, threats, promises, z
suggestions, offers or predictions, warnings, requests, hopes,
when asking for fears, on-the-spot decisions, comments
advice. (mainly with: think, expect, believe, I’m
Shall we play tennis? sure, hope, know, suppose and probably).
What shall | do? | hope he’ll be on time.

Fill in: will, won’t or shall.

Mum : Anna! 1) .. Will you please stop making so much noise? |
2) aay never finish this work if you don't.
Anna : But Mum, what 3) | do? If | don’t practise, |
re pass my violin exam tomorrow.
Mum : And | 5) be in trouble at work if | don’t finish
this. Then | 6) get promoted.
Anna : 7) | go upstairs then? Will you call me “madam”
Mum : Thanks, Anna. That 8) _. help. like everyone else?

1. ..gure rr 2. 3.

They ... are going to

play tennis.

Number 2
probably win the race. wash the dog. to the cinema if he finishes early.
 3. Future Forms

G1) Fill in: by or until.

1. What time will you have finished painting your room? | will have finished ......by 7 o'clock, | hope.
2. Are you seeing Julie tonight? No, | will have left the time she gets here.
3. Have they built their house yet? No, they won't have built it the end of May.
4. Will you have done your homework ...... tomorrow? No, | won't have done it . Friday.
5. She'll have saved enough money to buy a car renee . Christmas.
6. I'll have worked here for ten years apie . the end of this month.
7. We won't have built the shed Friday.
8. She'll have finished dressing the time the guests arrive.

©) Match the following sentences with the correct tense description.

1. Look out! That dog is going to bite you. a. fixed arrangement in the near future
2. I'll be flying to Morocco this time tomorrow. b. action which will be finished before a stated future time
3. She is worried that he'll be angry. c. timetable
4. By 11 o’clock she'll have been waiting d. fear about the future
for five hours. e. evidence that something will definitely happen in the
5. The London train arrives at 4.45. near future
6. I’m seeing my bank manager this morning. f. future intention
7. When I'm older, I’m going to learn to drive. " g. action in progress at a stated future time
8. | think I'll make some tea. Do you want some? h. duration of an action up to a certain time in the future
9. He'll have finished by tomorrow afternoon. i. action intended to be performed in the near future
10. Will you be going into town today? j. on-the-spot decision
11. I’m sure he'll pass the test. k. something we are not sure about yet
12. She'll probably come early. |. polite enquiry about people’s arrangements
13. I’m going to buy a new car tomorrow. m. prediction
1.@... 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. . te 8. 9. 10..... 11. 12. 13...

©) Fill in the correct future form, then identify the speech situations.

offer

Shall | post.
this letter for you?

; . ; ° 9 . 2 é te ‘- ‘ - J Z

Don't‘pull the cat’s tail. It We've decided. We aa (--1-)]

(scratch) you. (get) married soon. ‘io bank manager tomorrow.
3. Future Forms

(you/use) (finish) u) Don’t come at 6 o'clock this

your car tonight? Can | borrow 7 o'clock tonight. evening. | (do)
it, Dad? my homework.

Time words with no Future forms What’s your son going to be

after he passes his exams?
1. We never use future forms after : when (time
conjunction), while, before, until, by the time,
if (conditional), as soon as, after etc. However
we can use when or if + will if “when” is a
question word and “if” means “whether”.
She'll send us a letter when she has time.
BUT When will he meet us?
| don’t know if he will accept. (=whether)

2. With go and come we use Present

Continuous rather than “be going to”.
She’s going to London next week.
RATHER THAN She’s going to go to London
ewy Well, by the time he passes all
next week. Yp, hie exams, he'll be a pensioner.

Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Future.

“You 1) ..’Il meet.... (meet) Agent 205 under the clock at the railway station. When she 2)
(arrive), she 3) ...-.......06006. (give) you an envelope. | don’t know if you 4) . .. (recognise)
her in her disguise, but if she 5) .. ineuseyy the secret code word, you 6) .
(know) she is an enemy agent. You 7) ...... . (take) the envelope and head for the train to
Waterloo Station. When the train 8) . evemavinns . (come), you 9) . . (get
on) it and go to Waterloo. If you 10) ....... 6.6... (miss) the 9.15 train, you 41)
(have to) get the next one. As soon as it 12) . (reach) Waterloo, leave the train and take a
taxi to the Opera House. You 13) (meet) Jenny there, although I’m not sure exactly when she
| ee . (get) there. Give her the envelope. Wait until she 15) . (drive) off and then
go home. We 16) .. (call) you there. Are there any questions?”

@) Match the sentences and fill in the correct tense.

1. She'll call us AAMT cesvtwssosoycaatarssccsweccsce (stop) raining. 1.....D.....

2. | don’t know BASSOON AS! sisecrccdncaiasece
sae dier casas (CEN): Qiacsvewvaes
GS) WHEL ssssacsecusencs (OUD) OLIN YOU) dinsccsscccssecsseccsaces (come) home late. 3. ...... 6.445.
4. Turn the lights off D.as soon as she .... reaches ....(reach)London. 4.............
5. Don’t go out E. if you have an accident? Gucecs ers
BOD canagseeeaiens (WHE) 10° YOO “FF LWHEE wove ccnnnssereccversenne
scans .(you/buy)? = 6...
7. He will be angry G.whenhe ..... . (leave). = 7...
8. If | give you £5, H. before you ..... .(go)tobed. 8..
 3. Future Forms

Fill in : will or be going to.

1. A: I’ve lost my keys! 5. A: I'll park the car here.

B:| Il help you look for them. B: Be careful, you hit the wall!
2. A: Watch out! You . knock 6.A: you have a biscuit with your
the vase over. tea?
B: Oh! | didn’t see it. B: No, thank you. I’m on a diet.
3. A: This ice-cream is delicious! 7. A: Have you decided what to wear tonight?
B: Don't eat any more. You be sick. B: Yes, | wear my black velvet dress.
4. A: Here’s the waiter! Would you like a drink? 8. A: Have you seen John today?
B: Yes, please. | have a glass of water. B: No, but | visit him this afternoon.

@) Complete the following dialogue using Future Simple or Future Continuous.

Graham : Can | phone you tomorrow, Suzy?

Suzy : What time?
Graham : Well, I’m not working tomorrow so | 1) ‘ll phone
(phone) you at 9 o'clock in the morning.
Suzy : Oh no! | 2) (sleep) then.
Graham : OK. | 3) (call) you at noon.
Suzy : Well, | 4) (wash)
my hair.
Graham : Perhaps | 5) (come) and visit
you in the afternoon, then. What 6)
-o KJOUROY around 30 ‘clock? i,
Suzy :1 7). . (get) ready for ~
my aerobics class.
Graham : Well, if | phone you at 5, 8) . (you/be)
at home?
Suzy : No, I'm afraid not. | 9)
(visit) my aunt in hospital.
Graham : When can | see you, Suzy?
Suzy : Phone me tomorrow evening. | 10) .
(not/do) anything then.

Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple, Present Continuous or Future.

Bob :1) ... Will you be able . (you/be able) to go

skiing with us next weekend?
Peter :No,12) ...... (be) in London then.
Bob : Really? Why 3) (you/go) there?
Peter : There’s a very important meeting, and after | 4)
, . (attend) that | 5)
(visit) a friend ini Sussex.
Bob : Before you 6) (leave), 7)
. (you/give) me a ring? There are a few things I'd like you to buy while you 8)
(be) there.
Peter : Yes, of course. | 9) . (ring) you on Friday.

Put the verbs in brackets into Future Perfect or Future Perfect Continuous.

1. By 7.00 pm they will have been playing (play) cricket for eight hours.
2.1 (finish) painting your room by the time you get home.
3. By the end of next month | (live) in London for exactly three years.
4.Tom (write) his third novel by the end of this year.
5, By the time he arrives in London, John . (drive) for five hours.
6. This film . (probably/not/finish) until midnight.
7. How long (you/study) English by the end of this term?
3. Future Forms

8. Don’t worry! You (forget) all about it by this time next year.
9. By Friday | (work) on this project for two weeks.
10. Hopefully, he (cook) dinner for us by the time we get home.
11.1 (read) this book by tomorrow night.
12. He hopes he (make) a million pounds by the time he is thirty.
13. By 5 o'clock | (do) this crossword puzzle for three hours.

Complete the dialogue using the correct future form.

A: What 1) ..are you doing (do) tonight?

B: | 2) (try) to finish my homework
because | 3) (go) to my cousin’s wedding on
Saturday and | 4) (not/be able) to do it then.
A: What time 5) the wedding
(start) on Saturday?
B: The ceremony 6) ; (begin) at 2 o'clock, then |
7) . (go) to the party in the evening.
A: 8) any of your friends
(be) there?
B: Well, my cousin says | can bring a friend. 9)
(you/do) anything on Saturday night?
A: No, but | 10) (feel) shy if | don’t know
anyone.
B: Never mind. It 11) ... . (be) a big party and ¢
I’m sure you 12) , . (have) a great time.
A: OK, then. Thanks very much.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future form.

(do) next week, | though tld write

Dear Debbie, 'm doing
1 (go)
Since you want to know what | 1) busy week. On Monday | 3)
(be) avery for three day, and by Wean
esday
~ : |6 5)
= robably/be) there
and let you know. We",
to. York. 14) rtant artist in the town. If everything goes the
(meet)on
(meet) every impo | i
| re | 7)
nining. g. The |
stile on Thursday mor nal ie 5 easi
ly 5)
(go) to Ne Council. The n on Fri day and m i
we
;
hairman e +e Arts to see what their gal
in the are a
pines gmall towne d | imagine | 10) ae | r
— em *(natlcome) to your party on ; Sunday night. Sorry
Mike. f
it looks like | 11) (invite) me to the next one. Give my a i Lf
| hope you 12)
Susan Wy

Oral Activity 7

The teacher divides the class into two teams and chooses a leader. The teams in turn tell the leader what
they are going to do in order to explain why they can't go to the cinema with him/her. Each grammatically
correct answer gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner.
Leader: Shall we go to the cinema tomorrow, John?
Team A S1: I'm sorry, | can't. I'm going to visit my grandparents tomorrow.
Leader: Shall we go to the cinema tomorrow, Mary?
Team B S1: I'm sorry, | can’t. I'm going to paint the kitchen tomorrow. etc
 3. Future Forms

Oral Activity 8

The teacher divides the class into two teams and chooses a leader. The teams in turn tell the leader what
they will be doing and why he/she can’t call them at 6 o'clock today. Each correct sentence gets 1 point. The
team with the most points is the winner.
Leader: Can | phone you at 6 o'clock today, Peter?
Team A $1: Oh, no! I'll be doing my homework then.
Leader: Can | phone you at 6 o'clock today, Jill?
Team B S1: Oh, no! I'll be cleaning the house then. etc

Oral Activity 9

The students have decided to decorate a house they are going to live in. The teacher divides the class into
two teams. Team A suggests something but Team B finds a reason to disagree. Then Team A agrees and
adds on-the-spot decisions as a compromise for both sides. Students who produce a Correct sentence get 1
point. Play the game for some time and then change the roles of the teams.
Here are some ideas:
put paintings - buy carpet/furniture/fridge/TV - build a garage - repair the roof - plant trees - fix the
doors/windows - paint the walls pink - put up new curtains etc.

Team A S1: We are going to put paintings on the walls.

Team B S1: We can't put paintings on the walls. They're expensive.
Team A S2: Okay, we'll put posters on the walls then.
Team A S3: We're going to buy new furniture.
Team B S2: We can't buy new furniture. We haven't got enough money. etc

Oral Activity 10

Each student says two things that he/she will have done in 15 years’ time.
e.g. In 15 years’ time | will have bought my own house.

Look at Jim’s notes then produce a complete letter using will or be going to.
go California - summer holidays - by plane (quickest way) - not alone - friend come - probably brother
if decide - stay San Francisco a week - then somewhere else - hope - find - place - sleep - sunbathe a
lot - take swimsuit and sunglasses - think - need them - sure - be - good holiday - join us?
Dear Ted,
I'm going to California for the summer holidays ...

Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold type.

1. It's years since | spoke to Jenny.

for. | haven’t spoken to Jenny for years.
2. It's the first time I've flown to Mexico.
never
3. How tong is it since you moved here?
did
4. We’ve never been to this museum before.
first
3. Future Forms

5. When did you get your diploma?

how long ‘e PA OREO COT I ee ee eee
6. | haven’t seen such a 1 good film for ages.
since . eM AINLeieIets sce is ania emararelatyiesuireisen nest _ nacen way eave tettensbe
Mitty nash ena ne

©@) Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

a 1. The police held ......back ...... the fans who

carry on(with): continue
mie) were trying to get onto the football pitch.
carry out : do, complete sth 2. They carried .......... a survey to find out which
TV channel was the most popular.
hold back : control (oneself, crowds etc) 3. We arrived an hour late because we were held
Sea seaeerenaens in traffic.
hold on: wait (esp on the phone) 4. Could you hold ..................6. , please? Mrs
. Jones’ line is engaged at the moment.
hold up : 1) delay 5. Canty o.oo
ccc ec ec ec ee ee that job until | give you
; something else to do.
AOR SUED USING A Weapon 6. The gang held ...............00055 a security van
and got away with millions.

Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1. Her family couldn't decide ..on... the best place 6.The demand ........... new Cars is low because
to go for their summer holidays. they are so expensive.
2. The mountain-climbers died . extreme cold. 7.Lindacouldn’tdeal ............. all the typing, so
3. Sally dreams ...... . being a famous actress. she hired an assistant to help her.
4. What's the difference . _arabbit and ahare? 8. Now that he has a good job, Paul doesn't depend
5. Sam was so disappointed ........... his birthday boo coves sceccceceesss, hiS parents for money.
present that he burst into tears. 9. Can you explain this ............... me, please?

Fill in the correct idiom.

1. Always .. make sure.. the cooker is off when you
leave the house.
2. She asked Mark to 2.60.06
the children while she went to the shops.
SB PATE PIOMISOE 16! venasccuoevonscnsasssccwevesess
me after he moved away, but he hasn't written yet.
4. | don’t know if they'll give me the job but! ........
Neieisd Wie sbingeieeNeleare that they will.
5. When the fire started, David managed to .........
. and get everyone out of the room.
6. rl tell you what we're planning if you promise
to. sare Arman Geman 4ee a aeieate uaa elements
act and -feel as if one 7. You can watch TV, get yourself a juice or do
were in one’s own house whatever you like. Just . 2.0 .000 0. o ccna
SWE MUS sai ccwisadaceceacrcasanes everyone we
make room (for sth) : allow enough free space invited to the party and tell them it’s been cancelled.
make sure : check QO YOUCAN: enrccvaanencsssesavedeeness the new sofa
by moving that table.
 4. Infinitive / - ing form / Participles

a. Infinitive / - ing form / Participles

If you have bought three,

{ You can’t go in without buying a ticket! why don’t you go to see the film?
Don’t you know where to sit? A
, _ aft CO
bh

What’s the use of buying another

| ticket? I've already bought three. | haven't
got enough money to buy another. man there keeps tearing up my ticket!

Tenses of the Infinitive Tenses of the -ing form

Active Voice Passive Voice Active Voice Passive Voice
Present (to) offer (to) be offered offering being offered
Pres.Cont. (to) be offering --- --- ---
Perfect (to) have offered (to) have been offered having offered having been offered
Perf. Cont. (to) have been offering --- --- ---

The Present Infinitive refers to the present or future. /’d like to go for a walk.

The Present Continuous Infinitive is used with appear, claim, seem, pretend, must, can’t, happen,
should, would etc to describe an action happening now. He must be working in the garden now.

The Perfect Infinitive is used with appear, happen, pretend, seem etc to show that the action of the
infinitive happened before the action of the verb. He claims to have met the Queen. (First he met the
Queen, then he claimed he had met her.) It is also used with modal verbs should, would etc (see p. 46).

The Perfect Continuous Infinitive is used with appear, seem, pretend etc to put emphasis on the
duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the verb. She /ooks tired.
She seems to have been working all morning. It is also used with modal verbs (see p. 46).

The Present Gerund (-ing form) refers to the present or future. She enjoys dancing.

The Perfect Gerund (-ing form) shows that the action of the gerund has happened before the action of
the verb. We can use the Present Gerund instead of the Perfect Gerund without a difference in
meaning. He denied having stolen the money. OR He denied stealing the money.
4. Infinitive / - ing form / Participles

Fill in the correct tense of the infinitive or the -ing form.

1. We'd better not bother her — she seems to be studying (study).

2. The accused denied (do) anything wrong.
3. Paul pretended . (win) a lot of money but in fact he had won nothing at all.
4. She must (work) outdoors when we rang. She didn’t answer the phone.
5. Jane hoped (give) the prize, but someone else won it.
6.He seemed . (swim). He was all wet.
7.1 should (give) him some money before | went out, but | forgot.
8. She says she would love (come) to dinner with us tonight.
9.He must ...... (practise) that piece for hours — he plays it very well now.
10. The athlete seemed (be) out of breath — he must ; (run) for hours.
11. Peter claims (choose) as the best-dressed man of the year.
12. They could (prepare) a meal for us last night instead of making us go Out to eat.
13. John must = (be) very busy these days — | never see him.
14. The house looks so clean now. They must (clean) all day.
15. Jan should (give) us her new address before she left.
16. The two men appeared (try) to break into the building when the police arrived.
17. You should 5 - ~ (study) now instead of watching TV.

Fill in the -ing form or the infinitive in the appropriate tense.

Tom: Do you think Mary would like 1) ...to go. . (go) to the theatre with me tonight?
Jo: | don't think so. She seems 2) (study) very hard at the moment.
Tom: That's a shame! | would have liked 3) (go) out with her.
Jo: | wouldn’t mind 4) (come) with you.
Tom: OK. But | think you should 5) (talk) to Mary. The last time | saw her she
claimed 6) (work) till 2 o'clock every morning for the past month.
It's not good for her, you know.
Jo: | know. | must 7) (talk) to her about it. But you know how she hates
8) ' . (tell) what to do.

Subject of the Infinitive / -ing form

The subject of the infinitive or of the -ing form is omitted when it is the same as the subject of the verb.
They want to buy a new house. She left without saying goodbye.

When the subject of the infinitive or of the -ing form is different from the subject of the verb then an
object pronoun (me, you, him, her, us, you, them) or noun is placed before the infinitive or the -ing
form. The subject of the gerund can also be a possessive adjective (my, your etc), the possessive case
or a noun.
| want him to leave now. (= He should leave.) BUT 1! want to leave now. (=! should leave.)
! remember his/him/Tom’s/Tom complaining about the poor service in this hotel.

Rephrase the following as in the example:

1. | must go to the gym to keep fit. | want to go to the gym to keep fit.
2. He must eat less. | want
3. They must tell her the truth. | want
4. You must change your clothes. They're wet. | want
5. She must get up early. I want .
6. | must learn to type. He wants
7. She mustn't speak rudely. | don’t want .
8. She must stay in bed for a week. The doctor wants
9. They must leave early. They want
10. They must apologise. | want
 4. Infinitive / - ing form / Participles

The to-infinitive is used: The -ing form is used :

1. to express purpose -aS anoun

She went out to buy some milk. Eating vegetables is good for your health.

2. after certain verbs (advise, agree, appear, . after certain verbs (admit (to), avoid, consider,
decide, expect, hope, promise, refuse etc) continue, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse,
He promised to be back at 10 o’clock. fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, keep (=
continue),look forward to, mention, mind,
3. after certain adjectives (angry, happy, glad miss, object to, postpone, practise, prevent,
etc) She was glad to see him. report, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest,
understand etc)
4. after question words (where, how, what, who, He admitted (to) stealing the painting.
which, but not after “why”)
Has she told you where to meet them? . after love, like, dislike, hate, enjoy, prefer (to
but: / don’t know why he left so early. express general preference)
He likes cooking (in general).
5. after would like/would love/would prefer (to * Note: like + to - inf = it’s a good idea; it’s useful
express specific preference) | like to eat a healthy breakfast. (specific
I'd love to go for a walk. preference)

6. after nouns . after I’m busy, it’s no use, it’s (no) good, it’s
It’s a pleasure to work with you. (not) worth, what’s the use of, can’t help,
there’s no point (in), can’t stand, be/get used
7. after too/enough constructions to, be/get accustomed to, have difficulty (in)
He’s too short to reach the top shelf. It’s no use complaining.
He isn’t tall enough to reach the top.shelf.
5. after “go” for physical activities
8. with it + be + adjective (+ of + object) They go skiing every winter.
It was nice of him to remember my birthday.
6. after spend/waste time
9. with “only” to express unsatisfactory result He wasted his time playing video games.
He called me only to say that he would be late.
7. after prepositions
The infinitive without to is used: He entered without knocking at the door.

1. after modal verbs (must, can, will etc) 8. after see, hear, listen, watch to express an
You must be back at 12 o’clock. incomplete action, an action in progress or a
long action
2. after had better/would rather | saw Kate painting the kitchen. (I saw Kate in the
I'd rather have stayed in last night. middle of painting. | saw part of the action in
progress. | didn’t wait until she had finished.)
3. after make/let/see/hear/feel + object BUT: see, hear, listen, watch + infinitive without
Mum let me watch TV. | made him apologise. to to express a complete action, something that
one saw or heard from beginning to end
BUT: in the passive form: be made/be | watched Kate paint the kitchen. It took her two
heard/be seen + to -infinitive hours. (| saw the whole action from beginning to
He was made to apologise. end.)

Note: help is followed by a to-infinitive or an Note: If two infinitives are joined by “and”, the
infinitive without to. “to” of the second infinitive can be omitted.
She helped me (to) wash the dishes. | want to eat something and have a rest.
MUP SE WER=S SSS ae ae
4, Infinitive / - ing form / Participles

Write what each word is followed by: F.I. (full inf.,) B.I. (bare inf.) or -ing (form).

1. mind +.. ing 5. decide + 9.beseen + 13. can +

2. make + 6.suggest + 10. it'snouse + 14.be usedto +
3. what + 7. refuse + 11. would - 15.objectto +
4, used + 8. would love + 12. risk + 16.it's worth +

Complete the conversation between a travel agent and a woman,

using the infinitive or the -ing form.

A: Good morning, madam. Can | 1) .. help (help) you?

W: Yes. I'd like 2) (book) a holiday please.
A: Certainly. | must 3) (ask) you a few questions.
Now... where would you like 4) . (go)? How long are you
going 5) , (stay)? Would you prefer
6) ; (have) a relaxing beach holiday or 7) (go)
sightseeing? Which countries are you interested in 8)
(visit)? What means of transport do you prefer?
W: Well, young man. | don’t Know where 9) (go) or how
long 10) (stay). | hate 11) (go)
to the beach and | don't enjoy sightseeing. | don’t want 12)
(visit) any foreign countries because foreign food
makes me 13) (feel) ill. As for means of transport, I'm too frightened 14) (fly)
in an aeroplane. | hate 15) .... (go) on boats, | don't like 16) (travel) by train
and 17) (travel) on a coach makes me 18) (feel) sick.
A: Well madam, | don’t know what 19) (suggest). | don't want 20) (appear)
rude, but | really think you should 21) (stay) at home!!

@) Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive without “to”.

Last night | heard car breaks screeching (screech)

and people 2) . (shout) in the street. When |
looked out of the window | saw a crowd of about twenty
people 3) (stand) around a young boy
AD canon ..(lie) in the street. Next, | saw the driver of
the car 5) (approach) the crowd and 6)
: (kneel down) by the boy, he was 7)
(look) very anxious. 8) (watch) the drama from
my window, | began 9) (consider) the boy’s
family. Then a few minutes later, | saw a young woman 10)
(run) towards the scene and 11)
2. @> ; ae ; (push) her way through the crowd. Soon,
| heard an ambulance siren 12) : ; (scream) in the distance 13) (get) closer
and closer. Then | saw the ambulance stop in front of my house. | watched the ambulance men 14)
(get out) and 15) (run) to the injured boy. Minutes later | saw them 16) (run
back) to their ambulance with the boy on a stretcher followed by his mother.

@) Fill in infinitive with or without “to”, or the -ing form.

1. Charlie goes swimming (swim) every morning in summer.

2. Thompson admitted . , (murder) his wife.
3. He left England . cece e es (live) in another country.
4.1 think you'd better .......... ; (go) home.
5. It was kind of you ........ ; ; (lend) me your jacket.
6. He ran all the way home without . (stop).
 4. Infinitive / - ing form / Participles

7. The teacher made him (write) the composition again.

8. What's the use of (cry)?

Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form without a change in meaning

1. begin, start, continue + to-inf. or -ing form. She began dancing/to dance.
However, we never have two -ing forms But: /t’s beginning to get cold.
together. Not: /t's-beginning-getting-cold,

2. advise, allow, permit, recommend, He doesn’t allow us to smoke here.

encourage when followed by They aren’t allowed to smoke here.
an object or in passive form take a to-infinitive. They don’t allow smoking here.
They take the -ing form when not
followed by an object.

3. it needs/it requires/it wants + -ing form The house needs/requires/wants painting.

“It needs” can also be followed by The car needs repairing/to be repaired.
a passive infinitive.

Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning

1. forget + to-inf = not remember 6. try + to-inf = do one’s best, attempt

I’m sorry, | forgot to buy milk. The firemen are trying to put out the fire.
forget + ing form = forget a past event try + -ing form = do sth as an experiment
He’ll never forget flying over the Alps. Why don’t you try adding some sugar to the
sauce? It might taste better.
2. remember + to-inf = remember to do sth
Remember to turn off the cooker before leaving. 7. want + to-inf = wish
remember + -ing form = recall a past event ! want to spend my holidays in Spain.
| don’t remember staying in this hotel before. want + -ing form = need sth done
This room wants painting again.
3. go on + to-inf = finish doing sth and start doing
sth else; then 8. stop + to-inf = pause temporarily
After finishing the report, she went on to type She stopped to get some petro! before
some letters. continuing on her journey to Leeds.
go on + -ing form = continue stop + -ing form = finish; end
She went on talking for hours. Stop talking, please!

4. mean + to-inf = intend to 9. be sorry + to-inf = regret

He means to find a job abroad. I’m sorry to hear they fired him.
mean + -ing form = involve be sorry for + -ing form = apologise
Finding a job means attending many interviews. I’m sorry for being/having been unfair to you.

5. regret + to-inf = be sorry to 10. be afraid + to-inf (the subject is too frightened to
| regret to tell you that there is no money left in do sth)
your account. I’m afraid to climb up that tree. (I don’t want to
regret + -ing form = have second thoughts about do it.)
sth one has already done be afraid of + -ing form (the subject is afraid that
| regret buying/having bought this dress; it what is described by the -ing form may happen)
doesn't look nice on me. She won't climb up the tree; she is afraid of
falling. (She is afraid because she might fall.)
4. Infinitive / - ing form / Participles

@) Fill in the infinitive or -ing form.

The rules in my new school are very strict. The teachers don't allow 1) .. talking . (talk) in class at all. We are
only permitted 2) . ... +++» (Speak) if they ask us a question. On the first day, the headmaster advised us
all 3) . .. «+++. (work) very hard. In fact, he recommended 4) .... . (Study) for at least four
hours every evening! We are not allowed 5) ...........(leave) the school at lunchtime but we are encouraged
) (join) one of the school clubs. Next week I’m starting chess.

Fill in the infinitive or -ing form in the appropriate tense.

My uncle Ted likes 1) .. to tell/telling.. —

(tell) stories. He claims 2) ..............
ssscraranasteetecazecoimuslte (meet) lots of famous 4
YY,
people and 3) ..........eccsee eens (see)
many strange things in his life. Many ;
people believe him because he seems 5
B)): sevicgiewnnasenhcewesusadeacsexes (tell)
the truth. Even if they didn’t believe him,
nobody would risk 5) .........+++. (say)
so, because he’s a very big and frighte-
ning man. One day he pretended 6) ....
pater niarpiewwiete-aipiain (talk) to the President on
the phone while my brother and | were in
the room. “Hello, Mr President,” he said.
VOU SOG), cvicvsecescasnnvaen (have)
some problems running the country and
[WOUND IIKO'B) vvecccsveceseneveven (offer) :
you some advice.” My brother and | started 9) ....... 0.6.6.6 c cece ee, .+++ee+e. (laugh) and my uncle Ted
slammed down the receiver. “You must 10) ............6..005. ....» (hear) something amusing,”
he shouted. “What is it?” We were very frightened. We hated 11)... . 5.6.65... cece cece eee eee eee e ee eee eee ees
(think) what he would do to us if he thought we were laughing at him, so we pretended 12) ................65.
pRaiie aaea weiss (tell) jokes to each other.

5) Fill in the gaps with the verbs in brackets in the infinitive or the -ing form.

1, Remember ..... 266.666 ce eee TEE or yccconmmnsursceess »» (go) to the bank. You've got to pay the bills.
2. GON TTEMEMDER occ00 ccc ceieecieeee sinvienaiee en 4 siete Kw KATOIAIGIWo ere S ae INUNUETe REMERON Ss (see) this film before.
3. When he had writtenhis first book he Went ON... cece eee eee es (write) seven more.
AFSHEO WONTON cnsicsasesacascacusvaceseewaaccaeccens ...... (talk) even after her friend had fallen asleep.
MI2 MOTE CET RLSE CECT OET TUTTE OST vr Los
ssceeessuseess (l@ave) School at the age of 16.
MW < MERCTTOMUP ERECT ee CCC PCO CLE Se ...«» (tell) you that you have failed the test.
CeO MEANS 00:08 seo 08S SepcrersiinesebesieeSieees , eae heen (build) a boat and travel round the world.
8. Doing well on this course means .............. smecerpiicapsepreisipe-scieemeeintce ses .... (Study) very hard.
SVE DOB TVTAG acuneswnsensnieeKer
6:53:00 RESTRENAD MEANS TENAN TON NNER RCKODNNEAe . (Start) this car for hours.
AO. WHY GOATYVOUTY: cocncvevenecanseaenwronvsns sro arate6 a0 wao-aTeeo nibiniere e osarnrareie'e (put) some petrol in the tank?
11.1 don't want to drive a car; I’m afraid of ............... sia a alsia eialete are Rieieiateenieleia Weiereraramatas (have) an accident.
12 He'S'GHAlG . sssccccsanseecasasscasassaneas senses See eC CT TTT ...» (walk) alone at night.
1S: SHOINGOH cccssssncavcarparncsssncnenvenss ye cia pSleisiawiasise sesle ...... (invite) her best friend to the party.
14. I'll never forget ...... seal aielne Sa aeweseueess Love uusueuueuecucuceesueeesees ($0) SNOW for the first time.
15. On the way home he stopped .... 2.6... eee cece ne eeuuueescueeeseecceeceeeeeeee (Duy) Some chocolate.
16. The baby didn’t Stop ....... 6... eee e cece eee eee en ees ine ape nenna cere anaeewennselnene ees (cry) all night.
17. These windows are dirty. They need ............ YEetw aes aeresers Nea 2aH x ICANONENT Sh . (wash).
TSA WARE cscanawenassaanmwsmanamae
ane aemacinaaneinwaenia Sats iealeiafa(aleieacaeareralere%s . (speak) to Sally, please.
19. She’s really sorry for .............065. swiisensaenneaseea. saver wiseiaiete (shout) at you last night.
DO VIMSOIEY: eonacesivedssesuwases ree “id (tell) you your car has been stolen.
 4. Infinitive / - ing form / Participles

Too - Enough

You've been watching me for the past four hours. Why don’t you try and catch some fish yourself? )
P= ee = ‘\ 5 —
a ~ — ea aa WwW
§ » < = >

Saal = Vas
4 ' Oh, no! That would be too difficult. ¥
| haven't got enough patience. &

too + adjective/adverb She’s too tired to go out.

(negative meaning) (She is so tired that she can’t go out.)

adjective/adverb + enough He’s rich enough to afford a yacht.

(positive meaning) (He is so rich that he can afford a yacht.)

enough + noun He’s got enough patience to be a teacher.

Use “too” or “enough” and a word from the list below to complete the sentences.

small, big, fit. early, tall, frightening

1. She can put all her clothes inthe 2.He can't put all his clothes inthe 3. He can’t run fast. He isn't
case. Itis ... Big enough. case. It’s

4. She didn't like the film. It was 5. He missed the bus. He didn’t
leave home .
4. Infinitive / - ing form / Participles

7) Complete the text using “too” or “enough”.

Gary is leaving school this year but he doesn’t know what he wants to do. He isn’t motivated 1) . enough. ..to
go to university. He’d quite like to be an engineer but he thinks it would be 2) ............. difficult. His father
wants him to work in the family shop but that’s not exciting 3) «0.0... 666s eceseenee seen for Gary. He hasn't got
A)! .weopeatsesniness patience to sit in a shop all day. He wants to travel, so the navy seems to be a good idea,
although the rules are a Dit 5) ..... 6... ee cce cence strict. Someone suggested driving a taxi but the hours are
GB) caanaviaamntaaeerney long and he wouldn't earn 7) .........eeceee eee e ees money. There really is nothing that
interests him enough.

Participles
Present Participles (verb + ing) describe what something or somebody is.
Ted is an interesting person. (What kind of person? Interesting.)

Past Participles (verb + ed) describe how someone feels.

Mary is interested in English literature. (How does she feel about English literature? Interested.)

Fill in the correct participle.

Paul: You must be very 1) ....... PORE winaraieceesieis (excite). Paris is a

2): sacar ewrsieviccscivewees sais (fascinate) city. There are so many
8) vise cieuisretelswncsecwsieeeaenweeas (interest) things to do. You won't
DOB) cia ccsscdiveu nace sacerbayas (bore).
Jane: Well, I’m abit 5)... 0.0... ccc cece eee e eee (worry) because | can't
speak French very well.
Paul: You should buy a phrase book and then you won't be
BD icacareiesorimdmanmacueseys (embarrass) if someone speaks to you.
They won't be 7) .........065 (annoy) if you make a mistake, and
most people will be 8) ...............seeee (please) if you ask for
something in French.
Jane: I’m sure they'll find my accent very 9) .........6.6sssees (amuse).
Paul: Don't be silly. I’m sure you'll have a very 10) .. 6.6... cee ce ee evens
ee eee eee eee ees (stimulate) holiday.

Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive or -ing form.

t mind
Dear Ann, ing.... (decorate) the house. | don'
yea up) afterwards. We started
How are you? We are still busy 1) wthecoraving
(paint)
P le) but
the kitchen today. B)We veceeeess
| can't stand engin
were advised
a) Fk euswatsea(pay) professional
Dye Sree ee (buy)
Z) vvenereseses
Gouin (do) things myself. We need 7) «---5900**"
A) pccnsesarers .+ssereseee?
efer (,) ee which we have &)
decorators but | pr , and there
are still go many th in gs
Q) 9) cc cvavesecesve
s
some new furnit
ure, of course
d ye t. An yw ay , 16a wants me —
*** (go). rs
ge
oura a 0 | must y)
ine is (do ) -ce are (m
eee
discthe
t e)
noov sof mu st Tf) -- .- -+ eriee r"t
sen aea ey the cota so li
asee (do) PUL NE AO u goo n. I'm looking forwa
afe
fr om yo
ia {2) i cccese
k vensveneree® (hear) i
in our new house.
A : seosaseen (vigit) us

Underline the correct item.

1. The children were thrilled / thrilling with the clown’s tricks.

2. The adventure was excited / exciting.
 4. Infinitive / - ing form / Participles

3. She was interested / interesting in anything antique.

4, Her experience was terrified / terrifying.
5. The police were puzzled / puzzling by the clues.
6. What an amazing / amazed person he is!
7. He was very surprised / surprising by her sudden change of attitude.
8. She felt relaxed / relaxing in the hot sun.
9. He was disturbed / disturbing by the threatening phone calls.
10. He found the history lesson extremely bored / boring.

Oral Activity 11
The teacher divides the class into two teams and starts the story: Tony denied murdering the old woman.
The teams in turn say one sentence to continue the story using verbs from the list below. Each verb must be
used only once. Each correct sentence gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner.
Verb list: suggest, spend, would like, hope, can, advise, continue, keep, agree, delay, get used to,
stand, arrange, want, avoid, would rather, admit, be angry, refuse
Team A S1: He suggested contacting his brother Mark who could prove he was innocent.
Team B S1: He said they had spent the night listening to records. etc

Look at the theory on page 35, then write a story using at least 10 words taking an infinitive with or without to,
and another 10 words taking the -ing form.

In Other Words
Walking alone at night is dangerous. It took her an hour to do the crossword.
It is dangerous to walk alone at night. She took an hour to do the crossword.
Doing the crossword took her an hour.
She is too slow to win the race. She spent an hour doing the crossword.
She isn't fast enough to win the race.
The policeman made him confess.
Do/Would you mind answering the phone? He was made to confess.
Could you answer the phone?
The film was fascinating.
We were fascinated by the film.

Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold type.

1. Could you pass me the salt?

mind ....Do/Would you mind passing me the Salt? ..... 2... .ceceseeeeeneneeneeeeeeeeeneeeeenenneneees
2. It is dangerous to drive at high speed.
GHVING: ccccusninsoscwissccaweisea sews caus vase DunurawsbneUeaUaNeieaDe Es neMeEN eR ecb NSN a bere BUtweebaea
3. The water is too cold to swim in.
COUG vacscascceaveuare cesicciauaslsiesiaesoatdisaewcrwawpialsageeuweleeialenaaeis'gwmwe sw calesialaistaeeKunberelaenicenesis
4. He took only an hour to learn to play chess.
SSC CERT oe CREEPER OO ETLE RR ELCT ONC S Cee CROCE ECO re RT CaCMCr eer T Tr
5. Writing the composton took her all night.
spent . Pera eiata ola sco Sed etazaeislsw cco. tettnacwiee ecanittttss visser ace ureters emetale tei y ae een eee Eee eee eae
6. My mother made me apotogise for my behaviour.
was ..... oie seeesbarederteaeaeaans
4. infinitive / - ing form / Participles

7. | found the book boring.

bored .
8. Do you mind moving over a little?
could sewers
9. We were interested in the information.
found !
10. He isn’t old enough to get married.
too .. a a,

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

getaway: escape 1. Our son is getting .. on/along ... well at college.

2 NEL CAR GEE: ceavercensweweiaes ... all my homework,
get on: 1) make progress (also get along) I'll go to the cinema later.
2) enter a bus, train etc. (opp. get off) 3. The thief got ... by climbing
over the garden wall.
get on with: have a friendly relationship with sb; 4. | really get my brother. We
get along with sb never argue.
5. | can't get to Joe. I'll phone
get through: 1) reach sb by telephone again later.
2) manage to finish sth 6. Ann got ...., the train just as it was
about to leave and got ............... at Portland.

Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1, London is famous ...... for its museums. 7. The boss was generous ............... everyone
2.1 am fed . this cold weather. at Christmas.
3. My grandmother is very fond 8, It WAS Very GENEFOUS «0... cece ees e eee e eee you to
her grandchildren. let me use your car.
4. Don't be frightened ............... the big spider. 9. He’s good
5. The teacher was furious ................ the class 10. Grandfather is always good me.
because they were talking. 11. Sarah was grateful ................. .. her friend
6. She will never forgive me ............ lying to her. babysitting.

Fill in the correct idiom.

1.Bob .. was pulling my leg .. when he said there

was a snake on my bed. He just wanted to tease
me.
2. There’S NO NEEM tO... oe. cece cece e ee eu eee just
because | didn't wash up. I'll do it later.
QAP IDGES savingteaeyevestaustaseerenae while you're
drop sbaline: in Germany.
CO or: (as whether to buy a
pull sb’s leg : make
fun of sb by Porsche or a BMW.
pretending sth is true 5. AGr TANCE coc csuviecnvacaewseissin’ when he left her.
break a record : make a new record §: SON SPONCOl -osewiicescuscvscsaewussseveweswees in
(Olympic, World record etc) business and became a millionaire.
7. The old lady manages to... 6.6... e eee cess by
break sb’s heart : make sb very sad selling flowers.
8. The athlete . .. at the last Olympics.
 ee <a

Revision Exercises I

CG Revision Exercises I

@) Choose the correct item.

1. How long ..... Girenracs here? 15. “Have you ever been to China?”
A) you live B) do you live "NOS) leneresieceanaceesmweiceneanes there in 1990.”
C) have you lived D) are you living A) have gone B) went
C) have been going D) have been
Qicovsnapeanswensreneecits | help you with the cooking?
A) Will B) Am 16. “How long have you worked here?” “By the end of
C) Shall D) Have {S:INONH [iscsisiecwviecenwees here for three years.”
A) 'll work B) 'm going to work
3. He denied......... the money.
C)'ll have been working D) 'll be working
A) to take B) to have taken
C)take D) having taken 17. “We'll need some cola for the party.”
* | arersuinetaereeetestea atone’ some.”
ASG siiccascctauas for 12 hours before she finished
A) buy B) will have bought
everything.
C) 've already bought D) had bought
A) had been working B) has been working
C) is working D) has worked 18. “I need to give a message to Susan.”
"[accarensiewasereser her at the office this afternoon.”
5.When | wasachild| .......... running every day.
A) see B) have seen
A) have gone B) used to go
C)'ll have seen D) 'll be seeing
C)was going D) had gone
19. “Have you ever met a famous person?”
G WEE sic santeseastexct
noms at 10 o’clock last night?
"VES Wlcwsiccagrenauaacoenncaes Maria Callas once.”
A) have you done B) were you doing
A) have met B) met
C) have you been doing D) had you done
C)meet D) have been meeting
7. He hasn't left the office.......
20. “These shoes aren't at all comfortable.”
A) yet B) before
"YOU'SHOUIIAE visnssvevcsnwnsndcevswenienes them.”
C) just D) already
A) have bought B) to buy
8. They will have finished ................ 8 o'clock. C) bought D) buying
A) until B) by the time
21. “What's wrong with Lynda?”
C)since D) by
SSAO: sinesewsienwaeaaceer problems at work lately.”
9. I'm afraid |. 6.66...
ccc eee, to come to the party. A) has been having B) will have
A) don't go B) won't C) was having D) ‘Il be having
C) won't be able D) can't
22. “What's Pam doing?” “She seems .............. a
10. We went into town ............ some new clothes. A) to be working B) working
A) to buy B) for buying C)to have worked D) to work
C)to have bought D) buying
23. “How long have you been working here?”
11. We'd rather ............55. to bed early last night. SialWaislare aewaeeex soa 6 months.”
A) to have gone B) to go A) Since B) For
C) going D) have gone C)From D) Ago
12.Remember ............ the door when you leave. 24. “I can't stand this any longer!”
A) to lock B) lock “Calm down. There’s no point....... upset.”
C) locking D) have locked A) to get B) get
C)in getting D) to getting
13. “You look slimmer.” “Yes, | ...........4. 12 kilos.”
A) had lost B) lost 25. “How long does it take you to write a novel?”
C) have been losing D) have lost “By December |.......... on this one for 3 years.”
14. “I’m having trouble with this exercise.” A) will work B) will have been working
“Don't worry. | ..... 6.606, you.” C) will be working D) am going to work
A) have helped B) am going to help
C) helped D) ‘Il help
Revision Exercises !

Choose the correct item.

John Jones is a 45-1) ... year (years/years’/year) -old antique dealer. He studied History of Art 2)
(in/at/on) university and 3) , (has collected/has been collecting/collected) things since he was a
child. He loves 4) (buying/buy/have bought) antiques and 5) (found/had found/has
found) some good bargains so far. The only problem is that he finds it 6) (such/too/enough) hard
to sell the things he has bought 7) (iffoecause/while) he likes them all. One day last week he came
8) (into/across/at) the most beautiful antique wooden trunk he had 9)
(already/ever/never) seen. As he was 10) .. (in/on/at) a hurry he told his driver to 11)
(fetch/bring/take) the trunk to his shop. When the driver 12) (arrived/ reached/got) the shop, he
13) . (needn’t/couldn’t/mustn’t) find a place to put the trunk so he left it by the front door. 14) ...
(At/In/By) that moment an old man came 15) (into/at/by) the shop to 16)
(spot/look/search) around. When he saw the trunk, he asked for 17) . . (it's/each/ its) price. it was
just then 18) (before/that/when) the door opened and a furious lady 19)
(broke into/entered/got) the shop. “Don't touch that trunk!”, she screamed. “It belongs 20)
(in/to/at) me.”

Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold type.

1. I've never heard this group before.

first It’s the first time I've (ever) heard this group.
2. She hasn't written to me for a long time.
since
3. This is the worst food I've ever eaten.
never
4. | haven't been to the cinema for months.
last
5. When did you leave school?
how
6. They took only one day to paint the house.
it
7. It’s exciting to climb mountains.
climbing

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

1. When do schools break .... up... for Christmas? 6. Someone broke . the school and
2. The detective came ............ an important clue stole the computers.
quite by chance. 7. There was so much noise that | couldn't
3. War broke .. between Britain and concentrate ... my work.
Germany in 1939. 8. Can | borrow some money
4. She ignored the ringing telephone and carried you until tomorrow?
her work. 9. Although I’m bad crosswords,
5. After leaving London we headed ......... Oxford. | love doing them.
10. Have you heard . the earthquake in Italy?

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Sammy Milton 1) .../5 not.. (not/be) very clever. He 2) . (walk) along the beach one
day when he 3) (trip) over something and 4) (fall) on the sand.
He 5) . (not/look) where he was going. "What 6) . (be) this?"
he said, picking up the object he 7) SSPE SCOTT ER TE (trip) over. "I 8) (never/see)
anything like it before." It was, in fact, a very old oil lamp, and as he 9) ; (rub) it, a genie
GUBOBAIETG) wus eesnnsweemmwenennies (fly) out of it. "You 11) (just/release) me from the lamp!"
said the genie. "Now you may have three wishes." "Great" said Sammy who 12) . (feel)
very thirsty. "I 13) (want) a bottle of lemonade that never 14) . (run out)."
 Revision Exercises I!

"No problem," said the genie, and 15) (produce) one instantly. Sammy picked up the
bottle and 16) (drink) all the lemonade in one go. Magically, the bottle 17) (fill)
itself up again. Sammy drank all that, and exactly the same thing 18) (happen) again.
"That's amazing!" he said. "Thanks very much!" "You still 19) (have) two more wishes young man.”
"That's easy," said Sammy. "! 20) .... ’ (have) two more of these bottles of lemonade!"

Put the verbs in brackets into Past S., Past Perf., Past Cont. or Past Perf. Cont.

Sally Deedes 1) ...was walking... (walk) home late one night. She @:\==7eaee2
2) (be) to a dinner party at her friend’s house. e
The city streets 3) , (be) empty and it 4)
(rain) slightly. She 5) (look forward) to Ee
getting safely home to bed because at dinner her friends 6)
(talk) about a dangerous murderer who 7)
(escape) from prison the week before. Her friend Mark
8); cc ptieemensaces . (Offer) to walk home with her but, as she
9) .............. (live) only a mile away, she 10) .... (tell)
him that she would be OK. She was about halfway home when she
AAD) warns (hear) footsteps behind her. She 12)
(stop) and 13) . (turn) around, but she couldn't see
anyone and the footsteps 14) ...... (stop) as well. When she
continued on her way the footsteps 15) (start) again.
She 16) ....... (begin) to feel afraid. She started to run. The
footsteps 17) (get) closer. Suddenly she 18) .. «++ (feel) a hand on her shoulder
and she 19) . (scream) in terror. “Sally! Sally! It's me, Mark.” He tried to explain that he
20) . (be) worried about her and 21) . (decide) to follow her home, But
Sally 22) (can/not) hear a word because she 23) aranuareia ; (already/faint).

Read the numbered lines and correct the mistakes in the spaces provided.
Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick (A).

1. James Tibbs was travelling on a train x his way to a job .on

2. interview in the city centre when he realise with horror that
3. he was on the wrong train. He was knowing he would be late
4. for the interview and wouldn't get the job. He has thought how
5. silly he had been when suddenly the train screeched to a halt.
6. A lady which was sitting opposite him fell off her seat onto the
7. floor. James helped her get up and picked up her things which lie
8. on the carriage floor. The train set off again. The women
9. thanked him and they began talk. James was telling her about his
10. job interview after she suddenly burst into laughter. James
11. was very confusing. The lady explained that her husband was
12. the boss of the company where his interview is to have been.
13. James was relaxing at home the other day when the telephone
14. rang. It was the lady husband. He was calling to offer him the job.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

One day a little Indian boy 1) was sitting... (sit) outside his wigwam. He 2) . . (wonder)
how the Indians 3) (choose) their children’s names. He 4) ; (decide)
to go and ask the Indian Chief. “Well,” 5) (explain) the Chief, “we 6)
(love) nature and when a new baby 7) (be) born, we 8) . (look) around
and we 9) . (choose) a name from what we 10) sp wibversn wai’ (see), like Flowing
Waterfall, Bright Star, Running Bull and so on. 11) (you/understand)?” “Yes, chief,” the little
Indian boy said. “Why 12) (you/be) so interested in this, Two Dogs Fighting?”, the
Chief asked.
5. Modal Verbs

5; Modal Verbs

The modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall, should, have to, need.
They take no -s in the third person singular except for have to and need. They come before the subject
in questions and take “not” after them in negations. Except for ought to and have to, modal verbs are
followed by an infinitive without to. eg. Sorry, | can’t come. | have to meet Pam.

Modal verbs are used to express : ability, possibility, probability, logical assumptions, permission,
requests, offers, suggestions, advice, criticism, obligation, prohibition or necessity.

( Why should | throw them?

DN \\ SSS SG
Well, I'm a hopeless fisherman but I’m not a
liar, so now | can tell my wife | caught them.

Ability
Can/be able to (ability in the present/future) Ann can run fast.
“Can” is more usual and less formal than “be able / can pay you next week. (usual)
to” when talking about the present or future. | will be able to pay you next week. (less usual)

Was able to (= managed to - ability in the past) | was able to go on a trip round the city last
is used for either repeated or single actions. week. (single action)

Could (ability in the past). “Could” is more usual She could/was able to play the violin when she
than “was able to”; it is used in statements for was six. (repeated action)
repeated actions. However, with the verbs see, | could smell something burning. (single action)
hear, smell, understand etc, we normally use (not : Hwas-able-te-smelt-..)
“could” for single actions.

Could/was able to can both be used in negations She couldn’t/wasn’t able to pass her driving
and questions for either repeated or single test. (single action)
actions. Were you able to/Could you get to work
yesterday? (single action)

Can is the Present Simple and could is the Past Simple. Can borrows the rest of its tenses from be
able to. eg. He hasn’t been able to call them yet but he can call them tomorrow.

Fill in can or be able to in the appropriate tense and form.

1. I've been looking for your glasses but | haven't been able to find them yet.
2. By the time Phillis was ten, she speak three languages.
3. If you don't tell me what your problem is, | help you.
 5. Modal Verbs

4.1 got home early last night, so | watch my favourite programme on TV.
5:1 eat anything when | was younger, but now | have to be more careful.
6. He pass the exam because he had studied hard.

Possibility - Probability - Logical assumptions

=> *
( Yes, gir? } ( You can't be serious! You could get food poisoning!

I'd like some burnt potatoes, raw You must be new here. Don’t worry,
meat and rotten vegetables. that’s what they served me yesterday.

Possibility
may/might/could + present infinitive (perhaps; Sam may/might/could pass his test this time.
it’s possible that something will happen in the (It’s possible that he will pass his test.)
future or perhaps it is true at the moment) Where’s Jean? She could be at school.
may/might/could + perfect infinitive (perhaps She looks miserable. She may/might/could have
something happened in the past) lost her job. (Perhaps she has lost her job.)
Could + perfect infinitive is also used for Don’t drive so fast! You could have killed that
something which was possible but didn’t actually boy. (Luckily, you didn’t kill the boy.)
happen.

Probability

ought to/should + present infinitive show Tom ought to/should pass his exams. (He will
that something is probable now or in the future probably pass.)
ought to/should + perfect infinitive show Has Nancy phoned yet? She ought to/should have
that we expected something to happen but phoned an hour ago. (We don’t know whether
we don’t know if it happened or not she phoned or not.)

Logical assumptions

can't/couldn't + present infinitive (1 don’t She can’t be rich. Her house is too small.
think; it’s logically improbable) (| don’t think she’s rich.)
must + present infinitive (I think, I’m fairly sure; His face is red. He must be very angry.
it’s logically probable) (I think he’s very angry.)
can't is the opposite of must It can’t be true. [t must be a lie.
can't/couldn’t + perfect infinitive (It’s impossible She can’t/couldn’t have lost her way; she must
that something happened in the past.) have missed the train. (= | don’t think she’s lost her
must + perfect infinitive (It’s very probable that way; | think she has missed the train.)
something happened in the past.)

To express possibility in questions we don’t use may. We use : Can he? Could he? Is he likely to? Is it
likely that? Might he? Can he succeed? Could he succeed? Is he likely to succeed? Is it likely that he will
succeed? (= Is it possible that he will succeed?) Can/Could he have finished? (= Is it possible that he has
finished?) Might he succeed?
5. Modal Verbs

Fill in: can’t, might, must or could.

| wonder where Paul is. He 1) can't be at work because he never works on a Sunday. He
2) be at Sally’s, but | doubt it because they haven't been speaking lately. | wonder
if he 3) be at his cottage in the country. No, he 4) . be because
he told me they've rented it to someone else for the summer. He 5) have gone bowling, but
I’m almost sure he told me he'd got tired of it. | know! He 6) have gone swimming, because
| remember him asking me if | wanted to go with him.

How else can you express the following?

1) You may be wrong. 2) It's likely that she will lend you the money. 3) I’m sure they have invited her too.
4) | don't think he will forget your birthday. 5) They may have hurt her feelings.

Permission
( I'm afraid you can't, madam. You'll have to try \
Could | try on that dress in the window, please? ) it on in the changing room like everyone else.
‘ ) =
¥; ie
iD
a|
(!
2, io “Tyr {
s — om =
¢, i :
> =
¢
* iB
'

Asking for permission

can (informal) / could (more polite) ‘Can/Could| interrupt you for a second?
may (formal) / might (more formal) May/Might | speak to the bank manager, please?

Giving or refusing permission

can (informal; giving permission) Can | use your phone? Of course you can. (informal)
* could is not used in the present to give Could | use your phone? Of course you can.
permission (not : efeeurse-yeu-eould)
may (formal; giving permission - also used in May | use your phone? Certainly you may. (formal)
written notices or formal announcements) Luggage may be left here. (written notice)
mustn’t/can’t (informal - refusing permission) I'm afraid you can’t/mustn’t enter the room.
may not (formal - refusing permission) Rubbish may not be left here. (written notice)

Talking about permission

car/be allowed to (to talk about the future Pupils are allowed to/can use the school swimming
or present) pool free of charge.
could (to talk about the past - used for She was always allowed to/could always play
repeated actions) with her friends after school. (repeated action)
was/were allowed to (to talk about the past - The reporter was allowed to (not: eeutd) take a
used for repeated or single actions) photo of the pop singer. (single action)
couldn’t/wasn’t allowed to (in negations or The foreigner wasn’t allowed to/couldn’t enter the
questions for either repeated or single actions) country without a visa. (single action)
 5. Modal Verbs

Fill in: can, couldn’t, may, mustn't, can’t or (not) be allowed to.

David
: 1) ..Can... | go to the cinema tonight?
Mrs Stone : You know you 2) go out during the week.
David : But | 3) go out last Saturday either. | think Dad is too strict.
Mrs Stone : You 4) speak about your father like that. He’s doing what he thinks is
best.
David : 5) | have some friends over, then?
Mrs Stone : I'm afraid you 6) . We're having some friends to dinner.
David : 7) ; . Lat least watch TV for a while?
Mrs Stone : Yes, you 8) , but only after you've done your homework.
David : But | haven't got any homework!
Mrs Stone : Oh! Well, in that case, you 9) go out, but you 10) be home late.
David : I'll be home by 11, | promise.

Requests
- Offers - Suggestions

Oh, nol Let's leave them Bob. We're

just looking for shoes you can walk in.

Requests (asking someone to do something)

Can you? (informal request) Can you help me, please?

Will you? (familiar) Will you get me my glasses please?
Could you? (polite request) Could you make me some tea?
May |? (formal request) May I have a glass of water? (request)
compare : May I open the window? (asking for permission)
Would you/Would you mind? (more polite Would you post this letter for me?
and formal than “could you”) Would you mind typing these letters for me?

Offers (offering to do something)

I'll (I'm willing to do sth - informal) I'll do the shopping if you like.
Shall Vwe/Can we (Do you want me/us to...? — informal) Shall | help you with your luggage?
Would you like/Would you like me to ...? Would you like some more tea?

Suggestions (making suggestions)

Shall we? Shall we go to the theatre?
We can/could We can/could go to the pub if you like.
We also express suggestions with :
Let’s/How about/Why don’t we?/ Let’s go to the park. How about going to the park?
What about? Why don’t we go to the park? What about going to the park?
5. Modal Verbs

Fill in : would you, I'll, shall, could, why don’t you or how about.
Husband : I’ve got a splitting headache.
Wife : 1) ... Why don’t you.. go and lie down?
Husband : Yes, | think | will. 2) ...... — ....... you bring me some aspirin?
Wife : Yes, of course | will. 3) ........... .ssesees.. LCall the doctor?
Husband : No. 4) .. m8 wait and see how | feel later.
Wife : 5) ..... seats like a glass of water?
Husband : Yes, please. 6) .... Ls s cseeueeseses. yOu also telephone the office to say I’m ill?
Wife : Yes. 7) you tell me where to find the number?
Husband : 8) ier looking in the address book by the phone?
Wife : 9) | say you'll be in the office this afternoon?
Husband : Yes, you 10) . eee say I'll be in about 2 —| should be all right by then.

Advice - Criticism

(You look awfull You ought to go back to bed.) ( You should have counted sheep.

! did, but ! was a mistake and it

Yes, | think | should. i couldn’t sleep last night. took me all night to correct it.

Advice (saying what the best thing to do is)

should/ought to + present infinitive You should stop smoking. (general advice; | advise
(it is the best thing to do; | advise you to) you)
* (ought to is sometimes used for advice based You ought to treat animals kindly. (Most people
on laws, rules or generally accepted ideas) believe this.)
Shall !? (asking for advice) Shall | tell him the truth? (Is it the right thing to do?)
had better (it’s a good idea - advice for a You’d better call your parents or they'll worry.
specific situation) (It’s a good idea; specific situation)

Criticism (saying what the best thing to do in the past was)

should/ought to + perfect infinitive You shouldn’t have been rude to her yesterday. (but you were)
You should have locked the car before leaving. (but you didn’t)

Fill in: should, shouldn’t; ought to or had better.

David : You 1) ...should.. really do something about your car.
Sally : What do you mean?
David : It’s in terrible condition. You 2) ........ . get a new one before the police stop you.
Sally : But | can’t afford a new one!
David : Well; YOU'S) 2 oie. caeceesecs at least have the exhaust seen to. And you 4) . Oe have
the brakes repaired before you kill somebody.
Sally : | suppose 15) ............. . But you 6) . es lend me some money to pay for the repairs.
David : Sally, have you spent the money | lent you last week? You 7) .......... ..-++»» Nave spent it all!
 5. Modal Verbs

Fill in: should, had better or ought to.

ghould/
rr ib le to yo u. | think yo u 1)
being & o ho ll nasty
least. if she is oti
Dear Fete,
ar your ister ig tr y at
| am sorry to hé her. You 2) ster 4)
contin ue being plea gant to a t ha s be en happening. Your si
ought to
tell your parent
s wh “have
to you. You 5) «+++
to you, you 3) she has been doing yourselt.
be punish ed for what
ed ae termined to solve the problem
u ge em
told your parents straigh t away, but yo fp’
Good Luck,
Auntie Margé. y

(0) Fill in the correct modal verb and form of the infinitive.
He’s reporting
There was a bank robbery in town this morning and PC Jones was sent to investigate.
his findings to the Chief of Police. Complete what he says.

“Well sir, it 1) _must have been ... (be) a professional gang because it was a
very clever job. They 2) (know) exactly what they were
doing because they didn't leave even one clue behind them. It definitely 3) ..
(be) Freddy Fingers and his gang because they are in prison.
| thought it 4) (be) Harry but he was in hospital at the time of
the robbery, so it 5) . ...... (be) him either. 16) ........5: aes
(be) sure, but it 7) _.... (be) Sly Steve’s gang, because they are the
= only suspects who don't have an alibi; they 8)
(commit) the robbery. 9) _...... (V/ bring) them in for questioning, sir?”

How else can you express the following?

1. Shall we invite them?. How about inviting them? 5. You can't use the photocopier.
Let’s invite them. We could invite them.
2. May | go out for a minute? 6. He might move to Brazil.

3. !'ll baby-sit if you like. 7. Would you mind carrying my luggage?

4. Let's go for a swim. 8. | couldn't swim when | was five.

Write the functions of the modal verbs according to register.

informal polite formal more formal

1. May | borrow your car? permission

2. Can | borrow your car?

3. Could | borrow your car?
4. Might | borrow your car?
5. Shall | drive you home?
6. Would you like me to drive you home?
7. Would you bring me some water?
8. Can you bring me some water?
9. Could you bring me some water?
5. Modal Verbs

Necessity - Obligation - Prohibition

q Daddy, | must have another glass of water! ) But | have to - the playroom is on fire!

You've had ten already! You ought to calm

down. You don’t need to run around go much.

Obligation — Necessity

must/have to (it is necessary, I’m obliged to) | must lose some weight. (I say so.)
Must is used only in the present and future when | had to go to work early yesterday. (“Must” is not
the speaker decides. possible here as it is used only in the present.)
Have to is used when the necessity comes from | have to lose some weight. (The doctor says so;
outside the speaker or when others decide for him. the doctor decides for me.)
Have got to (more informal and usual than “have I’ve got to tidy my room; Mother is angry.
to”) is used for obligation on a single occasion. I’ve got to phone her; she will be worried.
Ought to (duty; it’s the right thing to do but We ought to respect the environment. (But we
people don’t always do it.) don’t always do it.)
Need (it’s necessary) is followed by a passive Your hair needs to be cut. or
full infinitive or an -ing form and takes -s Your hair needs cutting.
in the 3rd person singular in statements.

Must is used only for present and future situations. It borrows the rest of its tenses from have to. Have
to forms its questions and negations with do/does (Present Simple) and did (Past Simple).
Did you have to stay late at work yesterday? Yes, | had to type some urgent letters. (“Must” is not possible in
the past tense.)

Absence of Necessity

needn't + bare present infinitive / don’t have to/ You needn’t take a jacket. It’s rather warm.
don’t need to (it is not necessary in the present You don’t have to/don’t need to take a jacket.
or future) It’s rather warm.

didn’t need to/didn’t have to (It wasn’t He didn’t need/have to buy any milk. There was
necessary in the past and we may not know if a lot in the fridge. (I don’t know if he bought any.)
the action happened or not.)

needn’t + bare perfect infinitive (We know that She needn’t have bought any milk. There was a
something happened in the past although it was lot in the fridge. (I know she bought some milk but
not necessary.) there was no need.)

Prohibition

mustn’t (it’s forbidden) You mustn’t enter the room. (it’s forbidden)
can’t (you aren’t allowed to) You can’t wait here. (you are not allowed to)
 5. Modal Verbs

Fill in: must(n’t), (not) have to, ought to or need(n’t) in the correct form.

Yesterday when | was at the museum a fire broke out. We 1) . had to .... leave the building. We were told
that we:2)) sccssscvsecssss panic as it was a small fire, but that we should all go outside. In the end, they were
able to put out the fire and they 3) ................00055. call the fire brigade. Unfortunately, one of the rooms
| eee painting again as the smoke damaged it. The police said that the museum 5) laa
have better security and that all visitors 6) ................. make sure they know where the fire exits are.

State who decides, the speaker or others, then fill in: must or.have to.

(4.1.....must .... cut the grass. : , wear

a uniform at work. }

yto
a
4 Os
Ki

(108) Fill in: mustn’t, needn’t or can’t.

In this school students 1) ..can't/mustn’t... smoke. Students 2) ........... wear school uniforms, but they
8) oc ccceeccussueses. War dirty clothes. Students 4) ...... Satis eiaieiate ri leave school until 3 pm. They
5) . ...sse+++. forget to do their homework. They 6) bring a doctor's note if they are sick.
Older students 7) . .......... park their cars in the teachers’ car park. Students 8) walk or
ride their bikes across the grass. Students 9) .. . be late for class or talk loudly in lessons. Students
VO) hocncesecesenerearae forget these rules, but teachers 11) ........ . obey them as they have a separate set
of rules to follow.

(408) Fill in: can’t, must(n’t), need(n’t), ought to, have (got) to or don’t have to.

Jo : Hello, Mum. Are you still awake? You 1) ...needn’t.. have waited up for me.
Mum : Do you know what time it is? It's after midnight and you 2) .............5. go to school in the morning.
Jo : I’m sorry, but | missed the last bus.
Mum : Well, you 3) ............--.56- ... have phoned me then. You 4) ................265. .. come in at any
time you want. | was worried.
Jo: Oh Mum, you 5) ........ ... worry about me. Anyway, you 6) ........ 6.6.6. seees walk miles
to find a telephone that works.
Mum : Then next time you 7) .............0005. be sure to catch the bus. You 8) ...............5. walk in the
dark alone.
Jo : Yes, Mum. I’m going to bed nOW-19) .... 6... cece cece e eee e es to get some sleep. And by the way, |
10) . . . sss gO to school in the morning — tomorrow’s Saturday.
5. Modal Verbs

fa.
Fill in the correct modal verb.
_ hold these )
ti. S ciaucgialinaieiatlate books
for me?

CT
\=
= ite) | AS
Certainly you may.
:

a
| ’

First write a synonym, then write the meaning of the verbs in bold type.

ability (present/future) - ability (past) - possibility - deduction - permission - request - offer - suggestion -
advice - criticism - absence of obligation/necessity - prohibition

1.Hecan’tspeakGerman, keen He is not able to (ability - present) ...

2:Henmvdhtbeinhisofiice: -$$§= += = === = = _auisennedwceedsrerennennneceedoedenbeessediencecion’
3:Youmaygohomenow. = __-=§«-—«_—=———:— avvncncetinscerdesecreneveversevevseeeseostvecetens
4:Couldyoulendme£S? === == _—=«-_—«_—=«=————_— anenceregovennrronerersensceperssenseageresseeeees
5.Shallwedance? «§«_—-_ nnn nee e eee u eee eH eeu Ep eee OOOH EEE e ORE E ESOS
6. You ought to take more exercise, hence een be eee eee beeen beeen ede Ee eee see ween eres
ZFESHSOGCROUIGIERAVGIOMIVOUINGE: tat sew acccsersaunemnvescnsnvnsvensacsnesacesens
S:VYou‘don'thaveto'anciogis0: § «Cit Wb swdidiniarwreen ec esac wdternswe denied SUe DH UW SHesereris
O:tcouldn'tfind MySOCkKS: -_ «§«.-_—=«< sha aaiadie sia Saeed aes sciceceaneieeeeeceeaneewaricneroees
10.She must have lefther bag onthe train, wen eee ence ee eee beer ener eee e eee e eee w ewes
11.Youhad betterask yourmother, vnc cence eee e eben eee e eee ee eee sent nese ee eeee eens
12:FilcanyyourbagHyoulke:. $= _=-_—« = aannecenesiconasereamecensenerenerecereerneacesess
138:Youmustn'tmakeany noise: = = =§«.-_—« is nacnncceevenencoccceeoeresescenceseeeeneerens anos
14:Hiscarneedswaehiig, -$=—= = = =§«-_—«— Cs ktainnitannivivnne neve niente rererenecienesesiviannenevene
15.Wecanigotothebeachifyou like, §«._— hath ttt veceneraeeenecaccererersceeserneeneceees

In Other Words
Rephrase the following situations using an appropriate modal verb as in the example :

1. It's not possible that he’s finished already. He ...... can't have finished already. .......+660.sevececeees
2. It wasn't necessary for you to give him a present. YOU ..... 6... ccc c eee eee e eee e eee tenet teen ues
3.. advise you to:stopieating: chocolate, YOU ......crccrecreccccnrcesesecceseensrsesectesessessencerseeseesees
4. Vinisist that you. do YOUur NOMEWOFK,. YOU... cccsvuscvesverserccererecseeseseescrreererervensevervengecensses
5. WaS WONG OF HIN 10 KICK That COG, HO: ccscecccvancecnssenenseewsnseenwerenasaenaeeeeesomenoeesiswoneneese
 5. Modal Verbs

6. It's possible that she’s already phoned him. She ss

7. I'll take the dog out if you like. Would a = » lew leraeguewiaesen
8. Will you let me speak to George, please? May oo See
9. Let's go to a disco. What
10. It’s possible that he is lying. He
11. He wasn't able to write until he was eight. He ..
12. Talking is not permitted during the test. You .......
13. It would be a good idea for me to give up smoking. | had
14, I'm sure that he has gone home. He .................: icaaWORRRURTEs heaRiTRE TaN
15. It isn't right to speak to your mother like that. YOU . 2... 6.66. ccc cece eee e eden ene es —
16. It isn’t possible for me to come to the party tonight. |. 26... 6. cece cece eee e eee n eee e een nes
17. He is obliged to go to the police station twice a week. He «2... 6... cece cece eee eee ee eee ees

Oral Activity 12
The teacher divides the class into two teams. The teams in turn make comments and speculations about each
picture using modals. Each correct answer gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner.

Picture 1: Team A S1: He may have stolen some money. or He may have murdered someone.
Team B S1: He shouldn't have stolen it. or He shouldn't have murdered him.
Team A S2: He could stay in prison for a long time. or He may regret it. etc

Your friend has lost his job and is very upset. Write a letter to him using the appropriate modal verbs.
Include : should, shouldn't, could, couldn’t, may, might, mustn’t, can’t etc
Dear Stewart,
Thank you for your letter. Well, what can | say? | can’t believe you've lost your job. ...

Tense Review
Fill in Past Simple, Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Perfect or will.

My cat, Thomas, 1) ..... loves... (love) playing in the garden. 12) ..............060005 (sit) in the kitchen one
day when! 3) ................ (hear) him scratching at the back door. When | 4) ..... 0.66... 6 eee ee ees (open)
5. Modal Verbs

the door | was horrified to see him sitting there with a live bird in his mouth. The bird 5) dre elbielaibroraleterwrerere (try) to
escape but Thomas 6) ...............-. (hold) it by its neck. What 7) ...........0..00005, (can) | do? Thomas
8) pe antes wien aaaones (never/do) anything like this before. “The poor bird 9) ................ . (die) if | don't
act fast,” | thought, so! 10) ............. (run) into the kitchen, 11) .............. (fill) a bucket with water and
42) waseeseomnees (throw) it over my naughty cat. He 13) a (drop) the bird and it 14)
(fly) off into the trees. Thomas 15) ..............0005 (not/bring) any more birds to my doorstep since that day.

4111) Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

1) reveal sth/betray sb 1. This chemical gives ....off...... a strange smell.

2. Can | borrow that book? I'll give it ......... to you
2) give sth free of charge tomorrow.
give back : return 3. After the operation David had to give ... smoking.
4. Their food supplies gave ............ sooner than
give off : emit (a smell etc) they had planned, so they had to return home.
5. The hijackers finally gave themselves ............
give out : come to an end to the police.
6. You'd better not give ..............eee. this secret
give up: abandon a habit; quit
to anyone, or I'll be very angry with you.
give oneself up: surrender; give in 7. They are GiVING «2.6... cee e ee ee ee eee free glasses
with every box of washing powder they sell.

(eq Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1. Have you heard ..about ...... what happened at 6. The escaped prisoners headed .............6655
school yesterday? the woods.
2. Have you heard ....... 66.66 ese e ees Phyllis lately? 7. He introduced ME ..........ceeeeeees his parents.
She hasn't written to me for ages. 8. Although | can’t play an instrument, I'm very
3. Who is this writer? I've never heard watierawretetere her. interested ©... 0.6.6.cece cee ee music.
4. Tom is jealous 9. Our teacher insists ..........eeeeeeeeee everyone
because he has a much better job. doing their compositions on time.
5. | know I've made some mistakes, but there’s no 10. | have no problem with Biology, but I'm hopeless
need to be impatient saa eSusenesessens Physics.

(® Fill in the correct idiom.

1. If you go out, be sure you take your umbrella
because it 's raining cats and dogs. ...........
2. She never forgets a name or adate—she........

3. It's Sharon's birthday onn Friday. Why don’t we .

aiadiaeareleWauins edleyeews for her?
4. My brother and sister CRORE HEHEHE HEHEHE
= = cts di a oe a Oar dies they never agree about anything.
eth bray
Pe oa

Cah a lol eialy short tosh 5. There’s no point going into the details. To ........
cog ummirerwieimunaeien she simply isn’t right for the job.
6. You'd better prepare some extra food for Bob — you
have a memory
RAOWG isccisrivaisiuaaiiseenwe oie eicwieees
like an elephant: never forget
7. Paula, who spent her childhood by the sea, can
eat like a horse : eat a lot of food
GS) MY TANG WI isssescnaccbancwreencnercdes . when
he finds out I've crashed the car.
 6. Passive Voice

G6. Passive Voice

You were highly recommended for this job. |

have been given some good reports about you. You will be paid £600 to start with
I'm pleased to say you've got the job. and £900 after a year.
mS RS a

———-—~/ Oh, great! How much will | 7 Well, in that case, I'll come
be paid each month? back in a year.

The Passive is formed by using the appropriate tense of the verb to be + past participle.
Active Voice Passive Voice

Present Simple They repair cars. Cars are repaired.

Present Continuous They are repairing the car. The car is being repaired.
Past Simple They repaired the car. The car was repaired.
Past Continuous They were repairing the car. The car was being repaired.
Future Simple They will repair the car. The car will be repaired.
Present Perfect They have repaired the car. The car has been repaired.
Past Perfect They had repaired the car. The car had been repaired.
Future Perfect They will have repaired the car. The car will have been repaired.
Present Infinitive They will have to repair the car. The car will have to be repaired.
Perfect Infinitive She ought to have repaired the car. The car ought to have been repaired.
Gerund He likes people admiring hisnew car. _—_ He likes his new car being admired.
Perfect Gerund Having repaired the car, ... The car, having been repaired, ...
Modals + be + p.p. You must repair this car. This car must be repaired.

The passive is used :

1. when the agent (the person who does 3. when the action is more important than the
the action) is unknown, unimportant or agent - as in news reports, formal notices,
obvious from the context. instructions, processes, headlines,
My car was stolen yesterday. (unknown advertisements etc.
agent) Taking pictures is not allowed. (written notice)
The road repairs were completed last week. The local bank was robbed this morning. (news
(unimportant agent) report)
The kidnappers have been arrested. Bread is baked in an oven for about 45
(by the police - obvious agent) minutes. (process)

2. to make statements more polite or formal. 4. to put emphasis on the agent.

My new suit has been burnt. (It’s more polite The Tower of London was built by
than saying “You’ve burnt my new suit”.) William the Conqueror.
6. Passive Voice

Note: Weuse the Passive only with transitive verbs (verbs which take an object).
They built that castle in 1600. That castle was built in 1600.

In colloquial English get can be used instead of be to express something happening by

accident. She got sunburnt last week. (more usual than “She was sunburnt last week.”)

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form.

There is an old castle in Norwich which 1) ...is Believed.......

(believe) to 2) ........ ccc 08. (haunt). It 3) 0...
(call) North Castle and it 4) ..............005. (say) that ghosts
CAND) \c:sisisienactesaraswinciwnsueeive (see) there at night. The castle
O) ies sawsiscewaaaciens (build) 400 years ago and 7) .............5.
(own) by two old ladies who 8) ..............45. (believe) to be
witches. One day, long ago, they both disappeared and they
GO) ssccsnepcacesaueaesea
cbuseess (never/see) again. In 1985 the +2
castle 10) ..............05. eneeea (buy) by a businessman and
0) (convert) into a luxurious hotel. The
CASO! 12) wiesceccivaissievieeicioes (visit) by quite a few quests every
year and special groups 13) . Lob eeeeeeseessseeeeeeeeseeeseeeeesees (Organise) to watch for ghosts. It has
been a long time since any ghosts 14) 5 siisteiereiai sretaie wee Wieiaie serewle sola eee . (see), but one night a trick
NS) ecnwsis<eateawsseresan
eee ease eliuan wn (play) on some visitors by a local couple, who dressed up as the two
“witches”. They 16).. sialoe aiaia's\iaigiviemts . (see) by a guest, who said she17) .
(frighten) almost to death. The couple apologised the next day, and 18) .............. (tell) never to visit the
castle again, certainly not in the middle of the night dressed up as witches.

5) Rewrite the newspaper headlines as complete sentences.

1. RARE BIRD FOUND IN 2. QUEEN WELCOMED TO 3. NEW JERSEY TO BE HIT BY

REMOTE COUNTRYSIDE AUSTRALIA YESTERDAY BAD WEATHER TOMORROW

4. FIVE PEOPLE INJURED 5. EXPERIMENTS BEING CARRIED 6. POP CONCERT CALLED OFF
IN CAR ACCIDENT OUT ON MOON ROCKS YESTERDAY BECAUSE OF RAIN |

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form.

Professor Higgins, who 1) ..was awarded... (award) a major science prize last month, 2) ............066065
(invite) to take part in a conference which 3) .............. (hold) in London last week. He 4) ...........055.
(meet) at the airport by a driver who, unfortunately, 5) .........-......0005 (give) the name of the wrong hotel
to take the professor to. A large reception 6) .............6cc00e (organise) for the professor, and at least 200
eminent scientists 7) ... 2.6.6.6 ccc cece eee eees (invite) to meet him that evening. The poor professor, however,
B) saceareieseamanesieioeaiveneae'scica (leave) at a small hotel in a rather bad area, and when he asked to speak to the
Head of the Conference Committee he 9) ... 2.2.6.6. coc (tell) to try somewhere else because he
10) scavcoravexcsawsess (not/hear of) there. Luckily, later that evening, the driver 11) ................... (send)
to the hotel where the reception 12) ..............0000. . (hold), and when he 13)... 6. cece cence
eens (ask)
what he had done with the professor, everyone realised that a mistake 14) ........... 0.0.00. ec cee (make).
The professor says that if he 15) ...............08. (ever/send) another invitation to a conference, he hopes it
16 bose ecu eeeuesceueeeceeses (Organise) more efficiently.
 6. Passive Voice

«@ Fill in the Passive in the appropriate tense, then justify its use.

unknown agent, unimportant/obvious agent, polite statement, emphasis on the agent, action more
important than the agent, process, news report

(animals/shouldn 't/feed) (just/tell/the bad news)

. Animals shouldn't be fed..

Ti oe. ee.
(dinner/serve) (the building/destroy/fire) (juice/make/from orange)

Fill in the correct passive form.

Anew wing 1) .is being built.. (build). The walls 2) .............

5 eeaioes (paint). Some trees 3)... 2.0.2 c cece eee6.
e esses (plant).
The roof 4) 0.0. ccc cece..
eee e eee (repair). The school 5) ........
and eaeRENaIes (change) from a primary school to a secondary school.
ATA 6): cosscassonccevecuasascecnmmaressesiet (open) next week.
COMPULGIS:7) su<sswessanwascorseecersouiewwsees (deliver) at the
moment. New desks 8) .......50000 ....56ce eee e nuns (already/buy).
6. Passive Voice

Changing from Active into Passive

hee = papleans _ Subject Verb Object Agent

omes the subject in the new
sentence. The active verb chan- Active Bell invented the telephone.
ges into a passive form andthe Passive Thetelephone was invented by Bell.
subject of the active verb
becomes the agent. The agent (= person who does the action) is introduced with “by” or it is omitted.

We use by + agent to say who or what did the action. We use with + instrument or material to say what
instrument or material the agent used.
He was knocked down by a lorry. (The lorry did the action.)
The door was locked by a man with a key. (The key is the instrument the agent used.)
The cake was made with flour, sugar and eggs. (Flour, sugar and eggs are the materials the agent used.)

We put the agent (=person who performs the action) into the passive only if it adds information.
When the agent is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context, it is omitted. Agents such as:
someone, people, |, you etc are omitted.
Macbeth was written by Shakespeare. (The agent is not omitted; it adds information.)
Somebody took my pen. = My pen was taken (by somebody). (unknown agent; it is omitted.)

After modal verbs (will, can, may etc) we use be + past participle or have been + past participle.
They may close down the supermarket. => The supermarket may be closed down.
They may have reported the bank robbery. a= The bank robbery may have been reported.

With verbs that take two objects it is more usual to begin the passive sentence with the person.
They sent a letter to him. <= He was sent a letter. (more usual) / A letter was sent to him. (less usual)

Make, hear, see, help are followed by a to-infinitive in the passive.

They made me apologise. ==> | was made to apologise.

The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think etc can be used in the following passive
patterns:
People say she is rich.
a) It + passive + that - clause (impersonal construction) It is said that she is rich.
b) subject (person) + passive + to-infinitive (personal construction) She is said to be rich.

Turn from Active into Passive.

1. An expert is restoring the antique car. ... The re igcar is veing restored“ an a.
2. Steven Spielberg has directed a lot of successful films. . — ; Karaudiere aaineaarteamenesaees
3. The judge has fined him £300. . ea sisislk'e (GGT DIEU FES e Sew Oe OVENS
4. A number of reporters will meet the professor at the airport.
5. A famous designer is going to redecorate the President’s house. ..
6. The Romans founded Bath in the first pemuly A.D.
7. A nightmare woke Mary up.. _—
8. Muslims celebrate Ramadan. atnene
9. Van Gogh painted “Sunflowers”. ........
10. Astronauts are exploring space. ....

Turn from Active into Passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.

1. They kill elephants for ivory. sedi ieneare killed for ivory. feasted) =
2. Homer wrote the “Iliad”. ' _ bone bocce ees
3. People chop down a lot of trees every year. oni e wraisieie aiaininie.giaie:eiipiaie'e wih.aierows.einreracecaeievininieiers
 6. Passive Voice

4. The government will introduce new measures against crime. ....

5. Someone has burgled Ann's house.
6. She offered me a cup of tea.
7. They check passports at Passport Control. .
8. A million people visit the cathedral every year.
9. Someone has stolen Mike's bicycle.

Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.

Somebody gave me a goat for my birthday last year. They had bought it
from a farm down the road. We keep it tied to a tree in our garden. My
father normally looks after it, but last week his company sent him
abroad on business. A few days later, our neighbour called me to the
window. | hadn't tied the goat up properly. The goat was eating her
washing!

Fill in “by” or “with”.

1. The window was broken . . with a hammer. 6. The city was attacked ............... the enemy.
2. He was knocked down a car. 7. The pudding was made fruit and chocolate.
3. The lion was shot vow AUIAG: | BAO WASDIE ..crcsceervecssemssieeeein a handbag.
4. That novel was written D. H. Lawrence. 9. The picture was painted ....... Jackson Pollack.
5. The garden was dug aspade. 10.The house was built ...... ..... wood and bricks.

Fill in the correct form of the verbs.

A florist is taking a telephone order from a customer.

Customer : Hello, I'd like to order some flowers, please.
Florist : Certainly, sir. When would you like
them 1) .to be delivered... (deliver)?
Customer : Can they 2) . , ——
(deliver) on Monday?
Florist : Oh, I'm sorry, sir. No flowers can
3) ; . (send) on Monday
because it’s a bank holiday. The shop
will be closed.
Customer : Oh, can they 4)
(send) on Friday then?
Florist : Certainly, sir. Where should they 5)
(take) to?
Customer : 47, Hanson Road, Croydon.
Florist : Okay, and who should they 6) (address) to?

Turn the following sentences into the Passive.

1. Scientists might discover a cure for cancer. ...A cure for cancer might be discovered.
2. Someone should help the old woman across the street. ,
3. They might have arrested the escaped prisoner.
4, They should have provided more food at the reception.
5. They ought to warn the public about him.
6. Passive Voice

6. They should build more bus lanes.

7. They could have written the answers more clearly.

5) Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.

Our apartment-block is starting a new scheme. We will collect all

the old newspapers and tin cans. We will put them in a special
container. When the container is full, the council will collect it. They
will take it to a factory. The factory will recycle the newspapers and
cans into something new.

Turn the following into the Passive in two ways.

1. They gave him a watch when he retired. 5. Someone gave her a book.
He ...was given a watch when he retired. She
Awatch ..was given to him when he retired. A book
2. They have offered him the job. 6. They give the students extra lessons.
He . The students
The job Extra lessons
3. She will send you a fax. 7. They have shown her the plans for the house.
You She
A fax The plans for the house
4. They are going to show me a new technique. 8. They should have sent you a receipt.
I seers ; You
A new technique A receipt

«) Turn the following into the Passive as in the example:

1. People expect him to win.

He ....is expected to win./\t is expected that he will win.
2. Journalists have reported that the President is ill.
The President sa b vuale .
It... :
3. Everyone knows that the statement was untrue.
The statement ......

4. Many people believe that the climate is changing.

The climate .... area
It sss ; ;
5. Everyone knows that he has been in prison.
He
It
6. Many people say that the new prices are too high.
The new prices
It 5 a
7. They claim that this diamond is the largest in the world.
This diamond
It
 6. Passive Voice

Turn the following into the Passive.

1. | don't like people shouting at me. | don’t like being shouted at.
2. | hate people staring at me.
3. | don't like people talking about me.
4.| hate people asking me questions.

Fill in the Past Continuous Passive or the Past Perfect Passive.

1. They didn't leave the restaurant until the bill had been paid. (pay).
2. | couldn't go to my favourite café for a drink. It (redecorate).
3. He (take) to the hospital when the ambulance crashed.
4. The search was called off. The escaped criminal (find).
5. When | looked for my television set | couldn't find it. | had forgotten it (repair).
6. By the time | returned from work, my new washing machine (deliver).
7.1 didn't go to her party because | ; . (not/invite).

Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.

Somebody left a box on the No. 53 bus last night. A woman found it
under her seat. She gave it to the bus driver. No one knows where it
came from. The police are making enquiries now. The police are
searching for the owner of the box because they have found a bomb in
it. They hope they will arrest the person soon.

)) Turn from Active into Passive.

1. The ancient Greeks built the Acropolis. .... The Acropolis was built by the ancient Greeks.
2. Martin is writing the company report this year.
3. Somebody will clean the room tomorrow.
4. They put fresh flowers in the hotel rooms every day.
5. Bad weather may delay your flight.
6. They gave Sandy a present.
7. They think the President is dying.
8. They made her cry.
9. The mechanic has repaired the car.
10. The bomb destroyed the building.

Turn from Passive into Active.

1. He was hit by a falling brick. A falling brick hit him.

2. She was employed by an international company.
3. This essay was written by Sandra.
4. The burglar might have been arrested.
5. He has been sent a parcel.
6. Roger was seen to leave.
7. The kidnappers are known to have left the country.
8. The exhibition will be opened by the mayor.
9. It is hoped that the economy will improve.
6. Passive Voice

Oral Activity 13
The teacher sets the situation first : Sarah Ford, the well-known millionaire’s daughter, was kidnapped
yesterday. Then he/she asks the students to look at the cues below and, working in groups of three, to
prepare the story in 2 minutes using the passive. Each group then reports its story to the class. Students
decide which group’s story is the best and has the fewest mistakes.
Cues : Sarah Ford kidnapped/yesterday. threatening calls made/before. Sarah seen/last/park. same
day/letter sent. Sarah released/as soon as/kidnappers given £300,000. police informed/
immediately. all areas searched/since yesterday. nothing found/so far.

Look at the notes and write a news report using the Passive.
Lives - lose - in a major sea tragedy in the Pacific Ocean. The disaster
happened when the ship - hit - something unknown. Women and children -
put - into lifeboats first while the men - tell - to stay on the ship. A nearby
ship - bring - into action as a rescue vessel. The men who - leave - on the
ship - rescue. Unfortunately some of the men - frighten - and jump into the “=
water. It - believe - they are now dead. Survivors - take - to hospital - by
helicopter and maximum effort now - make - to find the missing men.
Ocean. ... =
Many lives have been lost in a major sea tragedy in the Pacific

Tense Review
Fill in the correct tense. Use Passive or Active according to the context.

1. When she heard that her dog had been killed (kill), she burst into tears.
2. We hope that the missing money (find) soon.
3. A new bridge . Sie : (build) at the moment.
4. When she discovered that Tom . (eat) all the biscuits she got very angry.
5. It's no use trying — you (waste) your time.
6. A lot of money (spend) on weapons nowadays.
7. Too many offices jvieweee . (build) in London over the last ten years.
8. The President a _ (give) a speech next Monday.
9. The driver .... (go) too fast when he hit the child.

In Other Words

He is expected to come tonight. Our lawyer will contact you.

It is expected that he will come tonight. You will be contacted by our lawyer.

Rephrase the following sentences.

1. People say that the company is having problems. The company ...i/¢ gaid to be having problems.
2. Everyone thought that he was lying. It ..
3. People believe that a spy revealed the secret. A spy
4. Journalists report that the war is over. The war
5. People expect that she will win an Oscar. It
6. Someone should clean up this mess. This mess
7. The crew had not checked the plane before we boarded. The plane
 6. Passive Voice

8. Everyone expects that it will rain this weekend. It ......... 6-6. e cece cece ener erences rece eects seen nen rerenes
9. They will execute the prisoner tomorrow. The prisoner
10. They sold the car factory to a German company. The Car factOry .... 6... .eeeeeeeeeee e ween eens
eeeee
cere eee
11. People believe he is the richest man in the world. He ........ cece eee
..60cccc e ener ene n eee
nee e cee eeees

(5) Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

leave 1. Ben went . in for. the competition and won first prize.
2. Ssh! There's a meeting going ........... next door.
go in for : enter a competition, exam etc 3. The teacher Went ........060.0c0eees my homework
to check for mistakes.
goon: 1) continue, 2) happen 4, Will YOU gO ..........0008 working after the baby’s
born?
go round : be enough for everyone ee eee eeeeees on holiday tomorrow
5. We're QOINg ..-...
to have a share morning.
. i 6. | don't think there’s enough coffee to go .......... ;
Sa ere Does anyone want tea?
call for : require; demand 7. When | got stuck in the lift! called ........ for help.
8. The football match was called ............ because
callin: visit briefly it was snowing.
9. The fire brigade was called .............5605. when
call off : cancel a bomb exploded in the city centre.
10. Call sessvescstaesevasss to see Ted on my way to
call out : 1) shout, 2) send for sb work. He isn't feeling well.
in an emergency 11. Looking after very small children calls ........... a
lot of patience.

Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1. Tim is not particularly keen ..on... golf, but he 6.1 don’t Know much .......... Peter, but he seems
loves tennis. to be a nice person.
2. My grandmother has been married .........+-+++: 7. \ looked .......... the picture for a while, trying to
my grandfather for nearly sixty years. understand it.
3. It must be very difficult to live ..........-..eeeeeee 8. Lois is very nice ......... her elderly neighbours -
the amount of money he makes. she always takes them meals.
4. There is a great need .............5 extra waterin 9. Everyone laughed ............... his new haircut.
countries where there is very little rain. 10. Don is often mean ................ his little sister.
5. It never occurred ..........- me to look underthe 11.Itwasmean.......... you not to help your friend.
bed for my lost watch. 12. You should always be kind ............. animals.

(& Fill in the correct idiom.

1. During the war, most of the fighting ... took......
james lace...... inthe mountains.
2. If you can’t come to my house tonight, can you at
IBASE cvcevaenss so we can decide about tomorrow?
3. When you buy a house, you should always take the
LOCATION iis sisisissseaincercsawesassecsecs :
BISUGAN: cvecssensesenennsssssegeesse in the garden,
so | didn't have to do it all myself after all.
5. IF YOU WANTO .....cccevvcreecees the competition,
you have to sign up at least three weeks in advance.
BLCAN YOU. cccasecsvseceaveswossie at my composition
and see if there are any mistakes?
7. Conditionals - Wishes

i g Conditionals - Wishes

lf you hadn't failed your exams, lf you save money, you cari retire.
you would have got a good job. Then you won't have to work.

lf you had a good job, you But I'm not working now, 0 \
could save some money. what’s the difference?

If - clause Main clause Use

Type1 if+anypresentform Future/imperative real - likely to happen in

real (Present S., Present can/may/might/must/should + bare inf. the present or future
present Cont. or Present Perf.) Present Simple (for general truths)

If he leaves early, he’ll be on time for the meeting. If you’re tired, go to bed!
If you have finished your work, we can go for a walk. If you heat water, it boils.

Type2 if + Past Simple would/could/might unreal-unlikely to happen

unreal or Past Continuous + bare infinitive in the present or future;
present also used to give advice

If | saw a ghost, | would run away. (not likely to happen)

lf | were you, | wouldn’t go out with him. (advice)

Type3 if+Past Perfect or Past would/could/might + have unreal situation in the

unreal Perfect Continuous + past participle past; also used to express
past ° regrets and criticism

If | had locked the car, it wouldn’t have been stolen. (regret; It’s a pity | didn’t lock it.)
If he had behaved well, the teacher wouldn’t have punished him. (criticism)

When the if-clause is before the main clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma.
If you come early, we can go for a walk. But : We can go for a walk if you come early.

We do not normally use wil!, would or should in an if-clause.

If you hurry, you will catch the train. (not : #-yeu-wit-hurry-you-wilt-)
However, we can use will/would in Type 1 Conditionals to make a request or to express insistence or
annoyance, and should when we are less sure about a possibility. (slight possibility)
If you will give me a hand with the dishes, we cango out together. (Please, give me a hand with the dishes.)
If you would give me a hand with the dishes, we could go out together. (Please, give me a hand with ...)
If you will continue to go out every night, you'll fail your exams. (insistence; if you insist on going out)
If | meet her, |’ll ask her. (I may meet her.) If | should meet her, I'll ask her. ( may meet her, but | doubt it.)

After if, we can use were instead of was in all persons. /f/ was / were you, | would try harder.
 —— * a

7. Conditionals - Wishes

Unless means if not.

Unless she studies, she won’t pass her test. (If she doesn’t study, she won’t pass her test.)

As long as, providing/provided that, can be used instead of if.

As long as he’s on time, we won't be late for the meeting. (If he’s on time, we won’t be late for the meeting.)
We'll come by car provided/providing that Father lends us his. (We’ll come by car if Father lends us his.)

Write real present, unreal present or unreal past conditionals.

Then state the types of conditionals as in the example:

1. (play in the garden/get dirty) 2. (not take his umbrella/get wet) 3. (win £1,000,000/buy a yacht)
colt ERC RURIOE Rewvas, §—nenemenseeermesesweesenneennnes
GEST RATEBEER SONNE eDeNEeeeenes
EE TOME Es . cxncememeneReKEETRNENEOENS «SURES NTR TARRINES
ARE QUE TTT cecnvvvcuse = waaaamewernerclecenmnoaneemaunen
«aa I welacoaeN ENO NeNeRECeNEETs
««(Srd type, UNreAl PASE). ——sevevecveiscccsecsoeseieceree
eda venue deasvecnsenseneunseanen

Y , !
Vg AW:
Vi i}

Yi; |
 _— a ee

7. Conditionals - Wishes

Fill in the correct form of the verbs adding will, would or should if necessary.

TEC: caivsanewsae’ GhHOUIA SCE... 6 sees eevees (see) Ann, will you give her this message? (slight possibility)
2. We'll go skiing in the mountains if it .... 6.0.6... cece eee ence eee eee eee ee eee eeeeenes (snow). (possibility)
QSEAG) sew nuswwiasaeessasaniienscsuiseaianeammawweeancs (keep) talking, he'll never learn anything! (insistence)
4. Perhaps | could sit there too if YOU ... 2.0.6... 6c cece cece cece eee eee e es (move) over a little. (polite request)
SilEVOU ccsssespsccenvuenealacs sbsislavcvinseesnineseeucen'tis (lend) me your car, I'll get to work on time. (request)
6; What Will YOU dO Hh YOU svc sasewinccsccvecveeneeceascseenecssanesseses (lose) your ticket? (slight possibility)
WAGCYOU cur sindasieesingeesinene
raken ees seOuleeete (eat) so many sweets, you will get stomach-ache. (insistence)
BEET wonveosevewexecaneeammnermewesenmnseiane (arrive) earlier than planned, I'll phone you. (slight possibility)

Match the parts of the sentences.

1. You can see the boss A. unless it rains. [ne Pe

2. | would have bought it B. provided that he is not too busy. DENTE Sen Tien REC EROTORTOCTEN
3. We'll go to the beach tomorrow _C.. if I’d had enough money with me. Siltnceneve sedans wacabessnans
4. He would go by plane D. she wouldn't have missed the train. Bicsevavecaie's sieescereivian’s
5. If she hadn't slept late, E. if it was cheaper. BS ciecas oseccassu saves deuce ees

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Neil isn’t happy with his life. If he 1) had listened..... (listen)

to his mother’s advice, he 2)...........66..05- (stay) at school
and gone on to university. He 3) ............0eeee0s (can/find)
a good job if he had got a degree. Neil hates the job he is
doing now. He thinks he 4) ............000e00s (go) crazy if he
5) vietaieniacwiaraterenrnreiersreieieraarersceieiave (stay) there much longer. If he
GB): sereeterawraranoniaarecias omens (be) offered another job, he would
take it immediately. In fact, he 7) ........ccceceueceeees (leave)
EROS): cisccivancsoacssicovexensss (can) afford to, but he can't.
ile 9) vspcsascsaceunsecccsisazsetacseeansess (be) easier if he
:(t) ae (not/have) two children to support.

1. He'll be furious if he ever ...........eeeeeeees SIG CUE ees xn ts cgcag noses eanumnescas (find out) about this.
2. The animals at the ZOO... 66.6. cee cc cece ce eee cece eee e eee eee ee sense eueeeeenenees (die) unless they're fed.
SP wsisisresanes sine envieemaninionaee
eae pineareeneineweiecerereniy (run) home if I'd known the football match was on TV.
A TROIGACHOD: ccsscordsssnsercsvessnssisssenswneseaesaneseawases (not/shout) at her if she did her homework.
i a MOTTE COR CCLE TENCE TCC CERT eT Re Te TT (buy) a car provided that he passes his driving test.
i: MP RCOCEE CE OACRCCACT CCC ETE RC LTT STEP TT CTE YE CTY TS TTT (miss) the lecture unless we hurry.
7: Wehe'd paseod her OXains:; CHO sicssssiecc ieee sewicivawesscacceccecienedicceevesswesseese (go) to university.
SEU vineted Seaecgusiewia tacagceuessecusnssaccssemasnes (understand) the question, | might be able to answer it!
Fl vacaauseesisueipesiewanesesasameaseeemecioragiecscesGesealneNnen stent temeltes (tell) you if | should hear from him.
FOLENS cies see eewesaisiecesie e900 Reeeveviesieesmepmiseneesinesemaes (forget) his ticket, they wouldn't have let him in.

Fill in : if, unless, provided or as long.

1. You will not be allowed into the building ............ UMEGG vee 5 sasisciiewcesesees you have a security pass.
Oi . waeeningeneettininek ceed Ghe ERR R SEN Oe RSS SAR ACERT UR TE SONG that you book your flight early, you will get a seat.
OD, atezo;pon niniecaco ve eiorein sreraiavonn eipiettaareiavein wacy'a\e/e.=y as you follow the instructions exactly, you won't have any difficulty.
4G. anorsinmneiniecesieininiese:sa.e.ne19.9:0. sien 9 sieinvisienigieie'e ssieisieiernien emen.clesinee sess you meet Darren, give him my regards.
5. You can hire a car in France .........seeecceeeeeeeeeeeee as you have a driving licence and you're over 23.
6. YOU CANTSNEF INES COUNILY, vicisriisercecsascwceeasewessedasemenaswecemasieneewaeenen you have a passport.
7. The kidnappers won't release the Child ....... 0.6.00 cece cece eee ee eee eee eee eeeeenenes the ransom is paid.
 7. Conditionals - Wishes

Complete the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause.

1. If | found a gun in the street, ....... | would take it to the police. ........sceeceeeeceseeeeneeeeeeeeeeees
2. You wouldn't have been punished ...... 6.6. cece ce cece cence eee eee e eee eee ee tee eueueeunes nomen ,
Sal WOMCGTINC QUOT CG | oo ores erain:siserecaceteraroiase:a:aielereeienwlareseroretea lecernsera aremrareretenereersea Wocenieratnarasetier ean
A VOU GIVE SOTA: - ccs nncicacecsiaaie waa wiereiiarein aie sia anis'ein wats wie Qelslelals salons baw inte Nestea siatewaiawaereelesoe eee ea’
§: if: you should See Mam this 'QVENING): ciciiiscernsssccscacecevaeweawaavinaasecaenenseseasaaeesiad'soes seen
6. TF YOU Tad TAkOn MY QOVICE Saisie ccuscis sewers sienesseeesjecsisealdbicWerepevdar ewer rescsadennesnece
TATMOSS tHE WEAINEL IMOFOVESs \eicivies siaisiacisis sieissa's:cis cc's wisicisiarsivcicisiesa care deal SweeecisWieeiegels woaeserecaesnr
8. My father would have bought me a bicycle ......... ccc cnecceceeeeereeeeeneeeeeeeeeeuneeeuneeeunes
9. He would have been Very ANGrY ...... ccc cece cceneceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeneseenesseneeueeees
10. If you aren't enjoying the film, «2.0... 00. cc cece cece cence ee eee eee eeneeeeeeeeeeeeeuereweeeeeeusebeeuesuuns

Mixed Conditionals

All types of conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible if the context permits it.
If - clause Main clause

Type 2 If nobody phoned him, _ hewon’t come to the meeting. Type 1

Type 2 If he knew her, he would have spoken to her. Type 3

Type 3 If he had found a job, he wouldn’t be searching for one now. Type 2

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Yesterday the famous bank robber, Fingers Smith, robbed an-

other bank in the centre of town. As usual, he only stole £10. If
ee had left... ccc cece eee eees (leave) any clues, he
2)! viaimrermuse:eninrorererace:eternie
ey ereacerenieneieiaoncvie;e (be) in prison now, but
he’s much too clever. He disconnected the security cameras; if
FIGS), sicwaniswivteactsnoanecrenanairaicwavies (not/do) that, the police
A) can snasanccedcaeeeuesierer sexes (have) him on film now. The
strange thing is, Fingers doesn’t seem to be interested in the
money; if he 5) «0.0... cece eee ee eee (be), he 6) .
(can/steal) thousands of pounds by now. The police are deter-
mined to catch him, and the Chief is confident that they will. He
0 vinleseia:eiw ore.9inisroie'e e103 sin ai niarareNereceinieceenenieceeies (think) they weren't going to arrest Fingers eventually,
NBS) sessviicasecsseswscisaeasseeeeneweansaewawa's (leave) the police force long ago.

Oral Activity 14
The students in two teams read the text and in turn make Conditio- }
nals. Each correct sentence gets 1 point. |
One night Paul was bored so he decided to go to the cinema.
But the cinema was full because the film was very popular.
Paul’s friend lives near the cinema so he went to visit him. When
he arrived, he heard his friend shouting for help. The door was
open so Paul was able to get into the house. His friend had been
painting and had fallen off the step-ladder. His leg was broken
so he couldn’t move. It was lucky that the cinema was full and
Paul called round on him.
Teacher: If Paul hadn't been bored, he wouldn't have decided to go to the cinema. .
Team A S1: If the film hadn't been popular, the cinema wouldn't have been full. etc
7. Conditionals ~- Wishes

Wishes

| wish you would stop crying. / | 608. You wish you hadn't given it away
What's the matter? — for an ice-cream and you want to get your
4 gumaet little puppy ba ck now. .

Mes.
)
, &
Sy! ;
ie

| swapped my little PUPPY for an ice- * Nol | wish | could buy ome more ice-cream but \
cream. Now | wish | hadn't done It. | can’t because | don’t have another puppy._/

Form Use
| wish (if only) (regret + Past Simple regret about a present situation
about the present) which we want to be different

| wish | were/was more patient. (It’s a pity I’m not patient enough.)

| wish (if only) (wish/ + subject + could + bare inf. wish or regret in the present
regret about the present) concerning lack of ability

| wish | could ride a bicycle. (But | can’t.)

| wish (if only) + subject + would +-bare inf. wish for a future change
(impossible wish for (a. “wish” and “would” should have unlikely to happen or wish to
a future change) different subjects. We never say: express dissatisfaction;
+wish--weuld-He-wishes-he-weuld etc. polite request implying
b. wish + inanimate subject + would dissatisfaction
or lack of hope
is used to express the speaker’s
lack of hope or disappointment.)

| wish he would study for his exams. (But | don’t think he will. — wish for a future change unlikely to happen)
| wish Jane would go to university. (Jane has refused to do so and I’m unhappy about it. — dissatisfaction)
| wish you would be quiet. (Please be quiet; but | don't expect you will. — request implying lack of hope)
| wish it would stop snowing. (But I'm afraid it won’t stop snowing. — wish implying disappointment)

| wish (if only) + Past Perfect regret that something happened

(regret about the past) or didn’t happen in the past

| wish | had gone to Ann’s party last night. (But | didn’t. — It’s a pity | didn’t go.)

In wishes, we go one tense back. This means that we use Past Simple in the present and Past Perfect
in the past. /’m poor. | wish | were rich. (present)// Jost my watch yesterday. | wish | hadn’t lost it. (past)
After | wish we can use were instead of was in all persons. / wish | was/were taller.
if only means the same as | wish but it is more dramatic. /f only | was/were taller.
 7. Conditionals - Wishes

Fill in : wish about the present, regret about the past, wish or polite request implying
dissatisfaction or lack of hope — then write what the people wish.

1...regret about the past....

( ..l wigh | hadn't opened..... (
VE) eee

She wants him to stop talking. Ann cut Kate’s hair very short.

She lost her earring. He is very shy. He spends a lot of money.

Using the bold type in the sentences, write wishes as in the example:

1. You are leaving for the airport. You can’t find your passport.
You say: ...... Lwieh | Could Ti My PROOPONE.” on. s.0corssrsaerecenearesnnsnaeanssanenepanetanennemny
2. You live in the suburbs. You prefer the city centre.
VOUGAY Ses: a w:mareiviarene'e:a:e:a'neeisieiesereaiareisie/areaisrare!eveleisla/0’s
oie ts erase wl6'ale’a'ase/a Geis (ova'ietb\ecaa ive ein6lWevelaleipiaveiaslataTeib erbieveinre a atele
3. You argued with your mother yesterday. Today she is upset.
A(OTE RS Ae DIEM Oe RTS ee MTT CET TT TT ROT EET TESTE TTC
4. You didn’t clean your bedroom and your mother is angry.
bfo.) e eT OPT REET TICE TTT POON ESLER CENT LEER TTT REPT PPT TORT PEE er POeeere
5. You want to go on holiday but you can’t afford it.
VORSAV a reece eee ante ore areas aaieremsarnio mts rerniat asian steeeeacee meena taaen eitere tina att senenraenscoivacetttcen

Write sentences as in the example:

1. You want to visit your friend but you've got too much work to do.
| wish | didn’t have s0 much work to do. If | didn’t have 0 much work to do, | could visit my friend.
2. You went to bed late and didn't wake up in time for work.
7. Conditionals - Wishes

4. You would like to write a letter to Fred but you don't have his address.

OOOO EEE RR OORT TREE EERE EEE EEE H HEHEHE HEE H THEE EHH EHH EHH HHH EHH ESE THEE EHH EH HEHEHE EHH EHH HH EE

Ree ROHR HEHEHE HERE EE EEE EEE EHET HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE OEE EE EEE EEE HEHEHE ESTE EHEE SHEESH EHEEEEE EES

RRR Ree RRO RH EEE EEE EEE ERE E EEE EEEEEEEEH HEHE EEE EEE ESE EEEEEHEETESESEHH EE EHEEEEHEHEHEH HEHE EEE RES

Read what Andy says and write what he wishes as in the example:

| had an argument with my wife. | was driving my car too fast. | had that accident. | can’t control my
temper. My wife won’t come and visit me. My leg hurts. The man in the next bed won't stop talking. |
can’t get out of bed.

1...l wish | hadn't had an.....

..argument with my wife. ...

Oral Activity 15
Students in teams take turns to give their reactions to the following picture situations. The teams should be
able to invent at least 2 situations per picture using conditionals. Each correct answer gets 1 point.
Team A S1: If a wasp stung me, | would cry. Team A S2: If a wasp stung me, | would see a
Team B S1: If a wasp stung me, it would hurt. doctor. etc
 7. Conditionals - Wishes

Oral Activity 16

Students in teams take turns inventing wishes and conditionals by using the following pictures as stimuli. The
teams should be able to invent at least 2 situations per picture. Each correct sentence gets 1 point.
Team A S1:1 wish the police would catch the thieves. If they catch them, I'll get my car back.
Team B S1:1 wish | had locked my car. If | had locked it, they wouldn’t have stolen it. etc

454.A°%g >

Use Ann’s thoughts to write wishes and conditionals as in the example:

1. | didn’t know the professor's time- 5. I'm hungry but | can’t find any food.
machine worked, $0 | pressed that JE IV , {)

2
‘é —

Wl Le :
button.

2. | must find somewhere to hide, ae e

or the dinosaurs will eat me. « j /
®
6. | didn’t look for water. | might
ce have found some to drink.
oo Wve ‘O55 3

—— oy rm
BOY =
i =
3. There are no people here.
Nobody can fe 7. I'll try to make the machine work. \
- om! might get back home.
.
| he = 7, fi A. |
=
zi
4. | don't have a gun, so! ~~ 8.1 hope | will get back. | will never
can’t defend myself. . touch this machine again.
1. ..l wish | had known that the professor's time-machine worked. If | had known, | wouldn't have ..
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DB casaiare renee bala Rie aa Wi sine aes aWUISTS NIE SIRT MIN Wa SARIS TW RWS a Tore IRT brat RNB Okara 5 STAIN ii fiero wilt Wibhncwtaein 616 atalaceeielae'aia'S!aibTolSiaCSt6tbl bret
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Yue ovetdns sdb seer edege hepensbees ee ens dacs eee Mus chanshpent cal ecednn hace en SUG RC RUE eREERE ET CET ee Ten Russsineees
7. Conditionals - Wishes

Read the following letter, then rewrite it using wishes and COnMIONS.

t
" here for a week. | los
' oh wo rs t
set wag the
e eccnapan on ship
he lifeboat when the ich |
e n a - O
h in th ser
my wa tc nmap n't know wh
thing I've ever a the island, but | do
e h onal stereo 50
gank. I've thought
abo | fee l $0 lon ely ! | haven't got a pers
Ne here. bring
y to go. Th er e ig no fe ig fis h an d | do n’ t like figh! | didn’t
wa ‘as
c. =e é nly
can’t listen to musi build a shelte r. | hope someon
with meé 90 | ca n 'r
a knife

Tense Review
‘G) Fill in the correct tense.

When Paul 1)..got... (get) to work yesterday his boss 2) 0... 6.6.6 eee eee (wait) for him. “I wish you
S) PSST PEEPS EER TEETER? (try) to get here on time,” his boss said. “If you 4) .....-.....6...6055 (be) late again, |
D ceqrarectigesauenssess (dismiss):you:? “But 6) is. cisecesvacnsencnvecsss (be) on time!” Paul exclaimed. “If |
Pilicecegenanmeseneeneeneresess (leave) the house late, 18)... . 6... cece eee cee cee e eee u es (phone), but in fact |
Oi xeasseeeeies coe bene eeu eees (leave) on time.” His DOSS 10)... 6... ccc cee cece e eee nee (look) at his watch,
and then at the clock on the wall. “Oh dear,” he said, “111) ... 0.6.6. c cece cece cree e ween ete eee e eee ees (forget)
to put my watch back to winter time. | do wish someone 12) ©. 2... 66 eee eee ene (remind) me!"

In Other Words

If you don't study, you'll fail the test. Eat your soup, otherwise/or else/or you can't
Unless you study, you'll fail the test. have any dessert.
If you don't eat your soup, you can't have any
You'd better go home. _ dessert.
If | were you, I'd go home.
If you come home early, we'll go to the cinema.
| stayed at home because | had a cold. We'll go to the cinema as long as/provided that you
If | hadn't had a cold, | wouldn't have stayed at home. come home early.

(2) Rephrase the following sentences using the beginnings given.

1. You’d better see a doctor.

FF AE MEF BOE BANCO isi os csnccesees aiwordazencerccdsvarprexseicaceysxeuassmamnaeseenenaens
2. He won't help you if you don’t ask him.
OSS vrai vce. Sos gern necro cele ineug pose Sines a nieDSW eb Sp WE Anse OSSNS EELS PESOS aNSeuevashuasensicssneteeeNees

Se racee tae acm ene canner ocuint temmate anion Tele patie x samenanieaen eee ee

Of ccuuupaanceuae seasaune sep eubaeencusncewernciabina NaN NUcsseSeN DU SOeTE OM LERURV ERE EbaeENoNNTeMERUNNE,

DGS saecsisisancicssaciresiew'cnew eae ecee seme eninawea sis edie sie sib wa baiaSlo Gels weisaic intern arr darcia Nae ereebuiowe aiven OubW eases

| eRe Caer Ayal PS Rg tse me ay Or SR A a RS APSR REE TET TC

7. She went home early because she was exhausted.
 7. Conditionals - Wishes

8. You won't understand the story unless you finish the book.
Piocsuvecmnsancae sade sea csecesnsisinsseccewwewaeiciee siedseeaeeceae Wawel biee UE salewe saw MaeaN eR iaNeREMRR EE

UNIO so cecccdsveriene
10. The bee won't sting you as long as you stay still.
PHOVINGE) Scsiveceenvescccccoscevenessenpesssneeusisizescgeanngpapascinvecisegesee.peas.ee
seis

(3) Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

take care of sb/sth 1. They had been looking ... for ... a house for over
a week before they found one.
look for : search for 2. My neighbour looks .........6.6sseeeeeees my cat
; : when I’m away.
look forward to: anticipate with pleasure B.VIOOK ccc cc ceeucueueuens her telephone number
: ‘ in the directory.
oe: ve 4, The police are looking ............e.000. the case
look out (for) : watch for of the missing diamonds.
BAOOK: cose deisiusncvecsvieets pickpockets when you're
look through : examine quickly in the market; they’re everywhere.
6. He’s really looking ...........6..ceee ees the party.
look up : look for an address, name, He can't stop talking about it.
word etc in a book TZ. LOOK 20. cccccceceuceuees this letter to see if there
are any mistakes.

Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1. You need to show your passport as proof ...of... 6. My grandmother is really proud ..............
your identity. me for going to university.
2. If you are unpleasant ................ . people, of 7. The technicians wore gloves to protect themselves
course they won't like you. TET TR TTT ORS the dangerous chemicals.
3. We were prevented ......
0... cece cece eeeee going 8. The hotel receptionist was polite ..............
Sailing by the stormy weather. everybody.
4. If he doesn't understand at first, be patient ....... 9. We were provided ...........60 000005 pencils and
ds erem wreceeeraceTe ner siete him and explain it again. paper to write the exam.
5. It was very impolite ...............04. Liztoleave 10. Sharon was really pleased .......... her birthday
without saying goodbye. present since it was exactly what she wanted.

(55) Fill in the correct idiom.

1, Don't try to ... put the blame on ... your sister. |

know the accident was your fault.
2. “I’m top of my class this term.”
© saiiareis'alsis ...?’m glad you're doing so well.”
3. Don't talk about Me... 6... cece cree eee eee eee If
there’s a problem, tell me to my face.
4. The government is trying tO ........ 6. eeeceeeeees
crime by putting more policemen on the streets.
SP VOUSHOUN cisiesssccaceeseoeseiesess the fact that
used to express surprise or irony she has just learnt to drive.
6. You should never spend all the money you earn,
(do sth) behind DULGIWAVS ci viccisiieninscccacimeninisdeaginnevpistecewxss
someone’s back : act without sb else’s knowledge
&. Clauses

There was a man who, 26 soon as he got on his horse,

slipped underneath. After he had ridden backwards on the
horse’s head he caught hold of the horse’s taill "ll
ee

a
{ That’s nothing! | did that when | firet got on a horse!
Time Clauses

Time clauses are introduced with : after, as, as long as, as soon as, just as, since, before, by the time,
when, while, untilAill, the moment (that), whenever etc.
|As soon as he (had) finished studying jhe turned on the TV. |
(Time clause) (Main clause)

Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of tenses. This means that when the verb of the main
sentence is in a present or future form, the verb of the time clause is in a present form. When the verb
of the main sentence is in a past form, the verb of the time clause is in a past form too.
She’ll come when she is ready. (not: whern-she-wil+-be-ready) You can wait here until she comes. (not: wntit-
-she-will-eeme) She did the cleaning after she had done the washing-up. (not: after-she-does)

We never use will/would (future forms) in time clauses; we normally use a present form.
He’ll go out after he has finished his job. (not:-after-he-wil-finish-er-wit-have-finished)
He'll be a lawyer when he grows up. (not: when-he-will-grew-up)

Note: when (time conjunction) + present I'll take you out to dinner when | get paid.
when (question word) + future or present Do you know when she will arrive/is arriving?

Match the parts of the sentences and put the verbs into the correct tense.

1. She'll phone her mother AL WHHE SIO ccccccsccsvesscoevessesss (have) a bath.

2. He bought a car BiGNOI NO: cccsssicsscnsecsemevs (do) his homework.
3. We'll leave CSS i s ccscsecsssscvesnesaceass (sleep) peacefully.
4. The doorbell rang D. AS SOON AS WE... sec ceeeseeneeseeeeeee (be paid).
5. The phone had stopped ringing E.when she ....gébS .......+.000s (get) to London.
6. She was watching the baby FI DV ABO THTIO!) Scdeecensecscnncencenesend (reach) it.
7. We'll do our Christmas shopping GE SHEE NE 0 rvsecevacenescens (pass) his driving test.
8. He'll watch TV H. as soon as the baby-sitter ............... (arrive).
 8. Clauses

(=) Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Future.

1.1..'l/ tell... (tell) you all about my holiday when | ..get... (get) home.
2: DG YOU KHOW WANTS voconevcrerecrccccienesneneemecneee (leave)?
SIWHENRAGE ci ccvswcccccseroamavwwners (S66) HEL, NO. scawinccwssssaowaorcaawaewes (be) very surprised.
MEWNOR sivssicwacvereessersaeress. (you/learn) that it’s wrong to tell lies?

!f is used for things which may possibly happen. /'!/ help you if | have time.
When Is used for things which are sure to happen. /'// phone you when | get to my hotel.
By the time means before, not later than. She had finished cooking by the time her guests arrived.
Until means up to the time when. It is also used with a negative verb.
They waited until the building had been evacuated. They didn’t take off until the weather improved.

Fill in: when or if.

1. | might have a party. .../f...... | do, I'll invite you. 4. You will catch cold ........ you go out in the rain.
2. He promised to callus ....... he reached Rome. Oi enaaenenes he finishes school he'll go to university.
3. She'll be very happy .......... she wins the race. Ss cormeemesexienmanes anyone Calls, tell them I’m busy.

Fill in: by the time or until.

1....By the time .... he is thirty, he will have been 4. You mustn't leave the office ............4. you’ve
playing in that team for twelve years. typed those letters.
2. He didn’t travel abroad ........-....00665 he was Oi wasesmereseavercas we get there it will be midnight.
an old man. 6. No one can leave the room ..... 66. eee eee cence
3. He had left the gallery ............. we got there. the examiner has collected the papers.

Underline the correct item.

1. We'll leave as/as soon as we're ready. 6. Until/By the time we got to the party, nearly every-
2. Don't forget to lock up until/before you go to bed. one had left.
3. We can buy tickets when/until we get on the boat. 7. You mustn't talk while/until you are sitting an exam.
4, While/After | was watching TV, the programme was 8. We went into the lecture hall just as/while the pro-
interrupted. fessor began speaking.
5. As/After | was cooking, the oven exploded. 9. He didn’t get home until/after 12 o'clock.

Fill in: until, while, before, as, when, as soon as, by the time or as long as.

T) sv-eaies By the time....... King Henry VIII of England was 18 years old, he was
already the ruler of his country. He is probably remembered by so many people
because he married six times 2) ..........60..ccee eee he was King. His first wife,
Catherine of Aragon, gave him a daughter but no sons to take the throne after him.
It seemed that 3) .... 6.6... e cece es .... She was his wife, he would not have a son.
Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, but 4) ........... PLP Ery he could marry
her he had to divorce Catherine. Anne gave Henry another daughter but no sons,
and for this reason he had her beheaded. 5) .......... ieee uneetins she was dead
he found a new wife. She did have a son but she died just 6) ..... 2.0.6... cece cece cence ee nes the baby was born.
Henry remained King 7) .....-...csseeesceeeeeeeees NG GSE 10154728) esscaueceaeenceersenenennae's he died his
only son, Edward, came to the throne, but 9) ..........

Join the following sentences using the correct time conjunction.

1. He received the telegram. He left immediately. ....He left as soon as he received the telegram. ......
2. She left the house: She locked the WINGOWS.., 0... .ccccsccecscccccrccescvvecceccrsnseserccnseveseuconeceees
8. Clauses

3. They finished their meal. She made some Coffee. .... 6... een eee e ene e eee ween nee n ees
4. She was working in the garden. He was painting the garage. ............ TPCT TCI YT OER TerreTTT
5. She heard the bad news. She began to Cry. ...... 6... cece cere eee eee eee eee e eee

Clauses. of Purpose Why don’t you bring your dog in

50 that we can measure it? /
I'd like some wool to
Ss knit my dog a Jacket.
—

Pel
YK ms
Certainly, madam. How Eon, | can’t do that in case he finds
much do you need? a out. It's meant to be a surprise.

Purpose is expressed with :

to-infinitive (informal - we use the infinitive He phoned to invite her to dinner. (less formal)
of purpose only when the subject of the verb He phoned in order to invite her to dinner. (formal)
and the subject of the infinitive are the same)
in order not /so as not + to-infinitive are used in They hurried so as not to/in order not to miss
negative sentences the train. (not: Fhey-hurried-nette-miss-the-train:)

so that + will/can/may (present or future She’ll save money so that she can buy a fiat.
reference) She saved money so that she could buy a fiat.
so that + would/could/might (past reference) | moved that vase so that the dog wouldn't break it.

in case + present (present/future reference) I'll buy some cake in case they come.
in case + past (past reference) | bought some cake in case they came.
“in case” is never followed by “will/would” (not: Hi-buy-seme-eake-in-ease-they wilt eome:)

for + noun or -ing form A pen is used for writing. He went out for a walk.

Clauses of purpose follow the rule of the sequence of tenses (see p. 76).
I'll leave early so that | can catch the train. He locked the door in case someone broke in.

Compare: in case - if
She'll buy some cola if they come. (She'll buy some cola after they come.)
She'll buy some cola in case they come. (She'll buy some cola before they come, because they might come.)

Underline the correct item.

1. He arrived at the office before the others so that / in case he could start work early.
2. These tools are for / to mending my car.
3. She went shopping not to / so as not to be short of food.
4. He took a sandwich so that / in case he got hungry.
5. I'll give you my phone number in order that / in case you need any information.
 i ee te lg ee ae,

8. Clauses

6. He speaks French so that/ in case they can understand him.

7. She worked hard so that / for she could go to university.
8. She is saving money to / so that she can go on holiday.
9. Shall we book a table if / in case the restaurant is busy?
10. My mother gives me piano lessons so that / in case | can become a musician.
11. I'll take my gloves so that / in case my hands get cold.
12. My father works hard not to/ in order not to lose his job.
13. They caught a taxi to / so that go to the station.
14. I'll give you my address in case/ so that you want to write to me.

Oral Activity 17
Looking at the pictures below, students in teams choose an object to take with them on holiday, and produce a
sentence giving the reason for their choice. Each correct sentence gets 1 point.

Team A S1: I'll take an umbrella in case it rains. OR I'll take an umbrella so as not to get wet if it rains.
Team B S1: I'll take a ball so that we can play football. OR I'll take a ball with me to play football.

Martin is leaving home to go to university. His father wants to know why he is taking
certain things with him. Write Martin’s answers using the words in brackets.

1. Martin, why are you taking three blankets? (in case) .../’m taking them in case it gets very cold. ......
2; What'do you need these pans for? (60 Wiel) so.icicssssscdacconsvccsecccerunecesssasevveseventeveosrccesac
3. Why are you taking these cookery DOOKS? (SO AS NOL tO) ..... ccc ceeecceeeeeneeseeeeeeeeeenerenersenetens
4: What's this Rammer tor? (Or): owen ssenesinenviense sn. ouieeraremecsiaveenpesenneaaneeveceeneneemenaneios.seaneaaie
SHANGIWNAES HS TACO LOE? (EOIAGN) severe pneeorenemearecmnceasoarnene eviee:sie meinieiein ae sem eravereiea eee Nisieieinmeeieininseis
6. And why do you need a camera? (to + infinitive) 00... ccc cece cece cece eee nee eeeeeeneeeeenetaneeseneerens

Fill in the correct tense.

1. She opened the letter immediately in case it ............ Re ASSSS ORC ECBCER TOC RCOOICL (be) important.
2. Don't leave those matches there in case the Children ..........cceeeeeeeeeeeeeenerereeees (play) with them.
3. He turned the TV on so that he ...... 6.6 cece cece cece cece ewes en eeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees (can) watch the news.
4. The police surrounded the area so that the robbers ......... cece ce eee ee ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees (not/escape).
5: He taGk SOmis OKA THONGS MCASORG saiscccasssewenasnncasewmeenswawanwecneowsrwermineeneemns (need) it.
6:She learnt Spanish SOat SHE i cesississiaicasiewaisiereecien'ewiccaie:e
steisivieistorlale biaieiemvanerevns (can) get a job in Spain.

Join the sentences using the words in brackets.

1. I'll leave you my address. You can send me a postcard. (so that)
....1'll leave you my address $0 that yOu CAN SENA ME A POSTCAIA. «1.0 +. seeeeeceneeceneeeeneeneenes
&. Ciauses

2. We bought some more coffee. We didn’t want to run out. (so that)

SRNR ORO H HEHEHE OEE EE EEH EEE EH EE HEHEHE EH EH HEHEHE EH EH EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE

Although we've cured you of your ) (age you be unhappy If you'd been Napoleon
madness, you still seem very unhappy. all your life and now you were a nob
™

Yes, doctor. In spite of 3

being cured, | am unhappy. by

Clauses of Concession express contrast and they are introduced with : although, even though, though,
despite, in spite of, despite
the fact that, in spite of the fact that, while, but or whereas.

Although/Even though + clause despite/in spite of + noun/-ing form

Even though/Although he has lived in Spain She came to work despite her cold.
for five years, he can’t speak Spanish. She came to work in spite of having a cold.
in spite of the fact/despite the fact that + clause
Though + clause is informal. We can use “though” In spite of the fact/Despite the fact that she had a
at the beginning or the end of the sentence. cold, she came to work.
Though she has been warned, she wants to
take the risk. while/whereas/but + clause
She’s been warned. She wants to take the She did well in the test while/whereas/but Tom didn't.
risk, though.

Fill in the blanks with : despite, in spite of, while, whereas, although or though.
a
EE

| We
Dear John, .. de sp it e/ in sp it e of. _ the bad weather!
t time in Engl and,
1)
lam having a grea hours ! late. 3)
rer ere een ses rer s® the train was two for home,
ndon , 2) sss sss my frie nd is leaving
arrived safely in Lo ‘ n a . | 'm o t i l enjoyin myself. Tomorrow ingh am Palace,
ss Am erica, I'm otill enjoying days here. mn going t0 Vi sit Buck
the fact that | mi three mo re rward to going home
.
sanonehnes | still have before. I'm looking fo
n th ere
ecenvcnsennsensensree! the fact that I've bee
assvars
:B) r eeeererrens
and a little, G) ve Love,
| think I'll mise Engl Sarah
 8. Clauses

Underline the correct item.

1. Despite / Although it was snowing, the road was clear.

2. Although / Despite the traffic, we made it to school on time.
3. In spite of / Although the fact that | didn't study, | passed the exam.
4. | can't stand classical music, whereas / in spite of my mother loves it.
5. Tom loves playing football, while / despite Paul prefers basketball.
6. Although / Despite Johnny eats fish, his brother won't touch it.

Rephrase the following sentences using the beginnings given.

1. Even though he’s a millionaire, he hates spending money.

In spite of ....being a millionaire, he hates SPENAING MONEY. ...0+.seeeeveererereeeeeeeeneeneenenenses
2. She attended the meeting in spite of her illness.
AINOUGN .......0ccceccecsccceecscececsseetesseeessaeeeneseesseesanaueeneasenessenenneeeesssenseuaneesees
3. They managed to arrive on time, despite the heavy snowstorm.
Even though ..........-cccceceecereereeeeeeneeeretesnenneeeeesenausseanseeasseeseeeaeserensenaneeeeeenes
4. She's a managing director although she's only 25.
Despite the fact ..........cscccecsseccsecereeteeeseeereeeeereueenseueraeesssesneuarseeseeseneeeseneneens
5. Although he has been told to stop, he still smokes.
In Spite Of .......ccerscceccsncvesereccseesersaceesssesecceessseeesecseesreesesseeeereesegeeeneeneeneeens
6. In spite of losing thirty kilos, she’s still overweight.
AINOUGH ........ccccccceccsceeeseeeeneeeeseeeeesseenenesesnsssusnaeseenssenenseneneseenessenseaseeneess

Rephrase the following sentences in all possible ways as in the example:

1. Even though the music was quiet, the neighbours complained.

Although the music was quiet, the neighbours complained.
Despite the fact that the music was quiet, the neighbours complained.
In spite of the music being quiet, the neighbours complained.
Despite the music being quiet, the neighbours complained.
In spite of the fact that the music was quiet, the neighbours complained. etc
2. Geoff has lots of friends but he doesn't go out very often.
3. Although the weather was bad, they enjoyed their day out.
4. This car is very old. However, it still runs well.
5. He looked everywhere for a job, but he didn't find anything.
6. It was raining hard. The aeroplane took off.
7. Richard is very rich, but he isn't happy.

Oral Activity 18
Students in teams invent contrasting ideas. Each correct answer gets 1 point.

1. ..Although she’s fifty ...., she looks younger. | 11. .......sseeseeeeeeeeees , she can’t speak French.
cepa epesennsveneannonse , she isn't wearing ACOat. | 12. ......eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees , he doesn’t have a car.
SB csscansnievatsasonns , he is mean with his money. | 13. ...-.ceeceeeeeeceeeeeeeeeenees , he felt homesick.
Gs) cawescaveusceisschewaqnsuienne he failed the test. | 14. .....cceceeeeeewenee , she didn't get any presents.
Bi aciervndsasisesaonessiens , she put on seven kilos. | 15. ......cceceeeeeeeeeeeee , he saves a lot of money.
Gace ctcav cteneseaaptewandscadans ,he went to work. | 16. .....cccceeeeeeeeeneeeees , he was sent to prison.
Tivcanacdeaseecnsestesavcausssase ,My car got stolen. | 17. ....ccccecssececceceeensseesens , he’s very clever.
EPO ry COROT LT ET Se he. , Lwas still hungry. | 18. ...ccceeeeereeeee , he refuses to give up smoking.
Oh Sects nbranlvdecesanuewaatne , we went swimming. VG) cssccavensavecusscevacwcs , she still got sunburnt.
4 sano nsesuingwensianencneen , he plays with toy trains. | 20. .........cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeenees , he’s quite strong.
8. Clauses

Clauses of Result - Clauses of Reason

ih are you crying? They asked me to \

take my mask off. /

VA

Because | had such an awful time

at the fancy dress party. | felt so (Why is that 60 awful? | wasn’t wearing
embarrassed that | nearly died. a mask.

Clauses of Result

Clauses of Result are introduced with: such/so...that, (and) as a result or therefore.

such a(n) + adjective + singular countable so + adjective/adverb. So is also used before

noun. “Such” is also used before “a lot of”. much, many, few or little.
She's such a good teacher that all her The suitcase was so heavy that she couldn't carry it.
students like her. He drove so carelessly that he crashed into a tree.
She bought such a lot of presents that He ate so much last night that he had stomach-ache.
she couldn't carry them. How can you sleep so little and not look tired?

such + adjective + uncountable/plural noun as a result/therefore + clause

It was such nice weather that we went to He didn’t do well in the test and as a
the beach. So and such can be used without “that”. result/therefore he had to take it again.
She’s such a clever lady everybody admires her.

Clauses of Reason

Clauses of Reason are introduced with: as, since, because. (because usually answers a why-question.)
“Why do you have to move to another house?” “Because this one is too far from the tube station.”

As and since are normally used at the beginning of the sentence.

Since/As it's your birthday, I'll let you borrow my best suit.

@) Join the sentences using the word in brackets.

1. Brian can't play football on Saturday. He has broken his leg. (because)
..Brian can't play football on Saturday because he has broken his l€g. ......1+serereeseeeseenes
2. Darren hates flying. He can't go to Australia. (since)
 8. Clauses

6. It’s the end of term. We'll play some games. (as)

(@ Fill in : so, such or such a(n).

1.1 am ...ceeees ee tired of the long journey to work every day that | wish | could just stay at home.
DEN PAA ssrv:einieviacre:aie:e eierenieiainrereininwieieneisieswis
tioecainreisceloinaiore’a eraiaeranineienets awful headache that | spent the day in bed.
SUIS! cise otaisiereinsarsie:e'aisvasa:atbin
wine evesaia:o'ais'a'e'watoradal'ala'ate aiw:oiasaia1O55 5's W niWreraleie'eie be ne lovely day! We should go for a picnic.
GNOW SS csc cascicnecoorseasesenieessesaeiede rude to all my friends that none of them want to see you.
ETRE BOOEWAR cisrincensrescsysecdsadodisdsinscriaceVaesswerTsNess exciting that he couldn't put it down.
che oH). ROLE TE OCE CORTE CCE ECORI er CL ee eeT pretty eyes that everyone admires them.
VCWAS prscecr tester cet epaverscdeeasseessearwaseanes big party that | couldn't speak to half the people there.
GU VOUIANC: seiipcneateeneincsesteeeenssnetete
nts semsntaexAnine senate seine fast that | can’t understand you.
9. HE CATS occ cece cece ee eee ee ee eben eben bees ee eeeueneeeneeees lot of food, I’m not surprised he’s fat.
10: YOUSHOULGNTSHEN,: acivscecriconeecasenasecaceeeniecesene much. You'll end up without any money one day.

‘@) Fill in: so, such or such a.

Yesterday Peter put his dinner in the oven to cook. It

WEG) 15: SUCND vecscessiesiiesavioas nice day that
|
wn
he decided to mow the lawn while he was waiting. It . ‘ i
WAS 2)! <tacsuescactestiessseess hard work and took fr
) long time that his dinner ; 3 Ss
began to burn, but he was 4) ...... 66. cceeeeeeeeees ss
busy in the garden that he didn’t notice the smell. As
he was working, he heard a fire engine arrive, and he
went to the front of his house. His neighbour said,
“Peter, there WaS 5) 20.0... 66. c cece cee e eens bad
Smell and 6) vicccscescccsevevcecsevyes much smoke
that we thought your house was on fire. We were
LD. wsslerasesn-e nniaiessieie.s00i9
sie esa eiae worried that we called
the fire brigade.” Peter had 8) .........-...0- shock!
He ran into the kitchen, but the oven was 9).........
aaetaiwiereteterstaaawletawetviocstes hot that he couldn't touch it. The fireman had spray WHO) cis aviswennscscawmercine
much water that the kitchen was wet all over. Finally, everybody went home. Peter was left with a kitchen that
was 11) .......5. ieaaaaresis mess and a dinner that WaS 12) ...... 66.66 cccce eee ee ee eeneees burnt that he decided
never to cook and mow the lawn at the same time again.

Rewrite the following sentences adding so or such and a result clause.

1.1 was happy. | cried. 6. The house was dirty. It smelled awful.
cel ONO CORAM CRAG L CNOA. wo .ccecxsuvevnve | cnecesensannencceseaysemeperernrercrennensenmession
2. It was a nice day. We went swimming.
8. Clauses

11. It was a difficult book.| couldn't understand it. 13. Her house is big. She only uses half of it.
Tee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee

eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee Pee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee

Ah! Watéonl You're wearing your Elementary, my dear Watson. You

green boxer shorts today. forgot to put your trousers onl
4 = A\\\S Te = ~i

TAX aS7 ae >)

Lad if

we y

is \ ~—

How amazingl
What a detective,
you are, my dear
Holmes! How did
you guess?

Exclamations are words and phrases used to express surprise, shock etc. They take an exclamation
mark (!). Some exclamations are : Good heavens! Goodness! Oh dear! Ah! Really! Good grief! etc.
Good heavens! You've cut yourself!
We also use what (a/an), how, such, so or a negative question to make a comment or exclamation.
Whata fast runner! How fast he runs!He is such a fast runner!
He runs so fast! Doesn’t
he run fast!
Wouldn’t it be fantastic!
Exclamations are introduced by what or how as follows :
what a(n) + (adjective) + singular countable noun What a boring
film!
what + (adjective) + uncountable/plural noun What horrible weather! What beautiful roses!
how + adjective/adverb How clever he is! How quickly he speaks!

5) Fill in: “What ...”, “What a(n) ...” or “How ...”.

LiecHOWs ssccsvearas elegant you look this evening! 12y: ssiascieenenmsmeevssneavnenneneenet expensive meal!
OD) cevistblgaCedimne Ua ecwer Valse noisy children they are! PSvcscuxonmmnonenn sscowmevoanewe tired you look today!
Si isiserinswarsneeans amazing sight the Pyramids are! 14: caragowiaucnsaquwreusnaganannas delicious food!
A. ep carassinwsevapareesanececeaseGuewanns great idea! |S PEEREOCET COTTE OOO IN kind he is to everyone!
BF. cvensnbkyestUbstaatelbe cans strange his story was! 1G: sccessaresncessgptaeeieeks seaseases terrible news!
Bo noveopsmecemacneeesiexeyiece interesting life he’s led! WZ. asceccessnibeskiasnapeeeenents boring book this is!
Te etwaceiscseie gineeiu sie. einieie'sicieinieiaiarei
9.084 beautiful garden! 1D ennaxetapenceeereateres eet exciting it all sounds!
8) nsawrwgavorswavesewes moony saer thoughtful of you! 19s. wesaneisiewesnsaeanmevseewsnererumenneies brave man!
OF svigeccescavvawemessins stupid questions he asks! 2D} sswiswcinomwrmneveeniees enormous house you live in!
10: cisisncicices'nacrsudcasionewediaes nice of you to come! Disawaawewevewesaanesweas cawaweces careless of you!
sf BCR TICE CCP ROTC TST OTTO awful sweater! 22; srsReswws eNAULCRIN ITN RRRR ES interesting story!
 8. Clauses

Rephrase the following sentences in all possible ways as in the example:

What a cold day it is today! How cold it is today!

Isn't it cold today! It’s so cold today! It’s such a cold day today!
1. What a happy girl! 5. How rude he is! 9. What a strong man!
2. How thin she is! 6. How slowly he walks! 10. How beautiful she is!
3. What a delicious cake! 7. What a stupid woman! 11. What an exciting story!
4. What naughty children! 8. Aren't they clever! 12. You're so silly!

Oral Activity 19
Students in teams produce an exclamation and a result clause. Each correct item gets 1 point.
eg. Team A S1:What a big meal she’s had! She’s had such a big meal that she has stomach-ache.

@ Read the story and fill in the gaps using “what (a/an)” or “how”.

There was once a lion who thought he was the king of the jungle. 1) “.. What a brave lion | am!” he said to
HIME L2) iiss veesasccwanesannes frightened everyone is of me!” To prove his point he went up to a monkey
BNd'SAIG|. 9)" wcscwerssspweapesessesces foolish you look! Tell me, who’s the king of the jungle?” 4) “..........
OO OTE CORO OTT silly question!” replied the monkey. “Why, you are, of course.”
The lion then went up to a giraffe and said, 5)“ ...........005. long neck you have! Tell me, who's the king
of the jungle?” 6)“ ........c cece eeee cece ee eee kind of you to ask!” said the giraffe. “Why, you are, of course.”
The lion then went up to a hippopotamus and Said, 7)“ .....-....ceceeeeeeeeeees fat you are! Tell me, who’s
the king of the jungle?” 8)" ...........ccceeseeeeeeees good manners you have!” said the hippopotamus. “Why,
you are, of course.”
The lion then went up to a parrot and Said, 9)“ ...... 2... cee eee essen. talkative you are! Tell me, who’s the
king of the jungle?” 10)“ 0.2.0... cece eee cece eee e ee easy question!” said the parrot. “Why, you are, of course.”
Finally the lion went up to an elephant and said, 11) “.............ceee sees eeeee big ears you have! Tell me,
who's the king of the jungle?” 12) “2.2.6... cece eeee cece ee eee rude animal you are!” replied the elephant, lifting
the lion with its trunk, swinging him in the air and throwing him on the ground.
The lion, picking himself up, exclaimed, 13) * ..........ccceeeeeeeceeeeeees bad-tempered elephant you are!
There's no need to be so rude just because you don't know the answer!”
8. Clauses

Relative Clauses

Mummy, are the people who live

across the road very poor?

Do you remember the day when their baby

| don’t think 0 Tommy. Why? PN swallowed a 1Op coin? They made such a fusel

Relative clauses are introduced with a) relative pronouns i.e. who, whom, whose, which or that and
b) relative adverbs i.e. when, where or why as follows :

Relative Pronouns

Subject of the verb of the relative Object of the verb of the Possession
clause (cannot be omitted) relative clause (can be omitted) (cannot be omitted)

who/that who/whonvthat whose

used for
people There’s the boy who/ Here’s the woman (who/that) This is Mrs Smith, whose
that started the fight. | told you about last week. daughter works in my office.

which/that whichAthat whose/of which

used for
things/ | saw a film which/ This is the book (which/ This is the house whose
animals that was very good. that) | read last week. roof/the roof of which
was destroyed.

Who, whom, which or that can be omitted when there is a noun or personal pronoun between the
relative pronoun and the verb, that is, when they are the objects of the relative clause. When who,
which etc are subjects of the relative clause, they cannot be omitted.
The dress (which/that) you bought yesterday is very nice. (“Which/that” is the object and can be omitted.)
The man who called just now is my dentist. (“Who” is the subject and cannot be omitted.)

What can be used as subject or object or to emphasize a word or phrase. He didn’t do what ! told him.
That can be used instead-of who, whom or which but is never used after commas or prepositions.
He’s the man who/that gave me your address. That hotel, which (not: that) is by the sea, is where we stayed.
That usually follows superlatives and words such as: something, nothing, anything, all, none, many
and few. There’s nothing that he can’t do.

Relative Adverbs

Time when (= in/on/at which) August is the month when a lot of tourists visit the place.
Place where (=in/at/on/to which) _— That’s the hote/ where the President is staying.
Reason — why (= for which) Lack of money is the reason (why) we are not going on holiday.
 8. Clauses

Prepositions in Relative Clauses

We normally avoid putting prepositions before relative pronouns.

That's the boy with whom | shared the room. (formal — not usual)
That's the boy who/that | shared the room with. (less formal)
That's the boy | shared the room with. (more usual)

Fill in: which or whose.

Broadstairs, 1) ..... WHICH .....000eees is a town on the south coast of England, is famous for its Dickens Festival,
2) a iuseasssmeseiwarviawes is held every June. Dickens, 3) ........66. .cceeeeee cece es first name was Charles, was a
famous English writer 4) ..........cccceeeeeenuues most famous books are “A Christmas Carol” and “Oliver Twist”.
A CORSINES CAIOT 5): corescemasseeueeeusene is about A MeAN MAN 6) «0... cc cece cen eeeeeeeees life is changed
by the visits of three ghosts, has been made into several films 7) ...............0005 are often shown at Christmas
on television. Another one of his novels is called “Bleak House”, 8) ......... 6.6 cccce cece cence ee eeee eens is actually
the name of the house in 9) ..................600. Dickens lived in Broadstairs. The people of Broadstairs all love
ING festival 10) snncssapescscceweNswNouesriccspvesteares brings a lot of money to the town and is fun for everyone.
['imiStire' DICKENS: TI) sicccossssscassrenncaevarpossweceseks life and books are celebrated, would have loved it too.

Read the letter and add the sentences in brackets using relative clauses.

iday.... | met him on

j (who/that) | met on waa(| was (gtaying there
4 Dear Donna,
4 holiday). | met him in SP ena te Porat 3) aiasucesnenteeR UNAS OCA zip

The guide, 4) i Someone shouted, Doctor !” and aman aceae

. .

overnig ss Rome's ancient sites)day), .sudde

* te. 2) pceveesveerereert

up +0 help. He
walking ’

vehing
i ht zs I was

(its one ' | nly fainte a:

ti " et (it wag cooler there),
nnnei
Ce was eae ingae
Te stand nearby),sunee
cami
‘la i nnra
aeon m suntn inssanennsnsnnsn (he y) " ign!
eee en uaenea ensupnan anvenernenee (it wasn nearb
oe guide into the shade, SY7) Se vse”
t en
to a telephone,
ne it prove d to be nothing seriou s ue guess wha ¢! This man, 9) «+++»
pintien sere ch at ti ng ,
). Anyway, We got ne am,"
oc ud te
is d
his ona i
me ), er
co mes from Birmingh
ens ne te
jan er (D av id
seonnoveaseessr Oe ok
sanocavaaaagusonsonen aav esd ste ett sl” On
onn ann ane nen
ecidaopannvanne g to 9e¢ him agal
, an d I'm go in
a a lot in common
Kim

Correct the mistakes.

Mrs Jones, 1) wpe lives in Wales, is a farmer. The farmhouse 2) which she lives has been in her family for
generations. She has made many changes to the buildings 3) so as to life will be easier for everyone. 4) But in
the old days everything was done by hand, now there are a lot of machines 5) who do the hardest jobs, and
only Mrs Jones knows 6) how a difference this has made. The surrounding countryside, 7) that she has loved
8) from she was a girl, is 9) such green that it still amazes her. 10) Where she has free time she loves walking
in the hills, but this happens 11) such rarely that sometimes she forgets 12) how it is like. 13) While her
children have grown up she plans to move to a smaller house, but she will never leave the countryside
because she knows 14) what unhappy she would be 15) when she did.
Ou SR RCEIOCE As sclcceaseenaieess Ei) SagEsawnrersns 1G: seccowsanknecere 1S: psiacienasoueees
 i.) eee ee ere Pet. eo ee ee er a ee ee

8. Clauses

Defining / Non- Defining Relative Clauses

A defining relative clause gives necessary information and is essential to the meaning of the main
sentence. The clause is not put in commas. Who, which or that can be omitted when they are the
object of the relative clause.
He’s the actor who was killed in a car crash. (“Who” as subject is not omitted.)
That's the letter (which/that) Sally sent me. (“Which/that” as object can be omitted.)

A non-defining relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main
sentence. In non-defining relative clauses the relative pronouns cannot be omitted. That cannot
replace who or which. The relative clause is put in commas.
John, who is very lazy, failed his test again. (not: John, that-is very lazy, failed his test again.)

Fill in the appropriate relative, say whether the relative clauses are essential or not
to the meaning of the main sentence, then add commas where necessary.

1. My wallet, .. WHICH ..........cceeeeeeee was in my handbag, has disappeared. ... Mot essential....
SsBHAN sccascruaessigncoaneswenes is still at school is the captain of our local teaM. sk eee cee cece e eee ees
Si LONGON ' <sisisisviciececsess is the capital of England attracts many foreign Visitors. ks eee cece eee eeeeees
A THEMAN asivnksdaccesnyscokesssssnevesiauarans wife is seriously ill is very SAG. see ee cece eee e eee eeeees
SO THIS PaM1rOl:....ccrsccescevenseavancenessceen comes from Africa is aclever MIMIC. we eee eee eee eee eeeees
GB. THECHIIMFEN ...c0cccccecccceusaees play with my son are coming round for tea, wee eee eee cece eevee eens
TEBAGHION: scisevrccceraswcacencsacasonnes my boyfriend lives has afamous pier. —w-. -se eee ee eee eee ee ees
8. English weather ............ is often bad is the subject of many conversations. «ss eee eee e eee e ee eees
9. The WOMAN .....-.
eee ee eee eee car was stolen last night has called the police. eee eee cece eee e eee e es
10. Kate's jobD «2..... ccc cece eee involves working long hours makes her very tired. «oe hee cece eee e eee e eens
11. GOOG: ssissicowaaincssizsveasicaens is American is the best student in our claSS. we. ee cece eee e eee e ness
12. The soldier ...........0005 fought the most bravely is being awarded a medal. whee eee ee eee eeeuneeees
13. The HOUSE ......- see eeee eee ees my grandparents lived is being demolished. —... eee eee e eee eeeeeees
14. Their argument .......... continued throughout the night was finally resolved. ss eee e cece eee e ee eenee
15. The Sussex coast .........6..seeee is in the south of England is very beautiful. oe. eee cece cere e eee e es
16. Not everybody .............05. is coming to my party is bringing me apresent. se eee eee eee ee neon es
17: CalfOmMla: siiccisccesesss aus is on the west coast of America attracts actresses,
surfersandmusicians,§ eneee eee
TG. THISCAKG scivssnpecctensnccsseiesesseastes | bought yesterday tastes delicioUS. «eee
ee eee eee ee eens

Fill in the correct relative pronoun. Then write (S) for subject and (O) for object.
Finally, state if the relatives can be omitted or not in the box provided.

1. This is the window ....... wWhich/that ....s5sjscexissstcees | repaired last week. .O. ..can be omitted..
2. He isthe MAN .....ccccceeeccceeeeeceseeneteseeeee interviewed me for the job. .... 0... ..eeeceeeeeeeeeees
SNOMED sionsinecceassiesesweneneecsinsinesinnecvsie lam cooking smells delicious. .... -..seeeceeeeeeeeeeees
A SHEIS THE WOMAN isisnccsscsccacosenaewcevasssowenes I'm going on holiday With. .... 0 ..sseeeeseeeeeeeeeees
5, TREGOCHOR cessiisevavasvaceccaves examined me on Friday was well-qualified. ©... 0.66. .ceeceeeeeseeeees
GC. THEIM suscssessseasscanss you have just seen was directed by Orson Welles. .... 0... .cccseeeeeeeeeeees
7. This is the shop .........-. Lied oUaweiseebieeeewsceaanlnass sells the best fruit. 2.0.0... ccc ee ceee ec eeeeeee
8. Isn't he the MAN ..........sceeee reer reer eens plays the violin in the orchestra? .... 0 ..ccceeeeeeeeeeeeeees
9. Those are the ShEIVES ........ ccc cceeeeceeeeceeeeeeeeseneseenrees JONNEMNAGG:. svicc: apevessonsanessssescs
10. The NOUSE 20... cece cece eee e eee eee eeeeeeeeeeennees lwas born inis that one. ...- 0 ..ccccceceeeeeeeeeeee
41). LOOKOUT! That's the: dOd: accccevicecienriesseendiiescetescenvcieneioe ATACKOUUONN! teas Uecceceeeccacennesmees
12. He is married to €AWOMAN ...... 6. eee eee eeee is much better looking than he is. 6... 0 ccc cecee seen eeeeen ees
13. There were some parts of the DOOK ...........see eee ee eee LIGUAG TEENY DOTING:. 606; swicccoesewecnaeceires
14. Anne Hathaway was the woman ........ William Shakespeare was married to. 2... 0 ccc cece cece ee eee eees
15. “Tom Sawyer’ is the Story ..........cceseeeeeeeeeeee l enjoyed most aS AChiId. 2... 0 ccc cece eceeereeeeees
16. She is the womaN ........
66 ccc ence eee e seer eens helped me with my homework. .... 0... .ccecseeeeeeeeeee
 8. Clauses

Fill in the relative pronoun and put commas where necessary. Write (D) for defining,
(ND) for non-defining and if the relative clause can be omitted or not.

1 MY SISIOY cc WHOisenscisanesecaaensscee’ works as a scientist, lives in America. ND ....... omitted.....

2: THISICOCTAAM |p:eseccncacssenseanetaseeseesedsans comes from Italy is delicious. ©... 0.6 ..ceceeeeeeeeeeeees
B. THE TOWN oo. cece csc eceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeueneeeennnneees I grew up Was Very Small. .... 0 ...cceeceeeeeeeeeeeee
A. JSAMNOS vcasswvecieumerenaaesnevesiesdee hobby is rock climbing has broken his leg. .... 0 ...sseeeeeeeeeeeeeees
5 THE GWOME! iicciiicaccssnsaccsseewaswessansensws Jenny bought me is too Dig. .... 0 .cccceeceeeeeeeeeeeee
Gi THO SUDIGHS siscawiwiercaverss esas woewweweae | am studying are very difficult. .... 0 ..eceecseeeereeeeeeee
Te UNO-SCHOO sesisisssscuvwnvervsaeversienaece sews | first went has closed GOWN. .... 0 ceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
B. TRG COMY. sissies erecciarasicnerwisinasiomsineiawacieen’s | want to visit most of all is China. 00.0... secs cece eee eee e eee
9. Angela ......sseeeees best friend lives in Madrid has gone on holiday to Spain. .... 0 ..sseeeeeeeeeeeeeeees
10: Te: DOUNque covenencsatineemessweniewesanss is by my house is having ASale. .... 0 cecseeeeeeeeeeeneeeee
TT THE DOOK cs rcnerrcrsnownneremeermymeenseneseliigee I’m reading is very exciting. .... 0 ...seeeseeeeeeeeeeeee
12: MISS FANE ca cecconeanaseneenemagaaene works at the bank has been promoted. .... cssceceeeeveeeeeeenes
13: TORY: siswsavnrweaeccsasnns father is also a mechanic has just repaired Our Car. .... 0 ce csee eee eseeeeereee

Oral Activity 20
Students in teams give definitions of the persons, things or places below using who, which, where, or that.
Each correct definition gets 1 point.
Team A S1:A knife is an object which is used for cutting bread or meat.

2. That’s the beach. | used to go swimming there. ...... cece cceeecneeeeree seen eeeeeeeeneseeeteeneseeereuees
3. Steven lives in Bradford. It is a city in the north of England. ............eceeccee cece ee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeenes
4. July was the month. My sister was DOIN then. ...... 00 cece cece eee c nee ees eeeeeeeeseeeneeeeseueeeeereenees
5. This is my new coat. | bought it in yesterday's Sale. «0.2... . cece cece cence een eeeeeeneen neon eeeeeeeeeentees
6. This is the factory. My father used to Work here. 2... 6.66 cece cece eee e ee eee eee ceeeeeeeeseereeeeeeuunees
7. That's the man. His wife is a fAMOUS ACIFESS. 06... c cece eee eee eee en ene e eee en es seen seen essen een eeeeees
8. America is the country. The best hamburgers are made there. .....--..-.-ccecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeweeeeeeeeens
9. Jo is an actress. She has just finished making her first filM. ........2000eeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeneeens
10. That's the dog. It always barks when yOu Approach it. ..... 66. c ccc eee cere eter eee eeeeseeeeeeeeeteenereretene
11. 1666 was the year. A great fire destroyed much Of LONGON. ........ccecceee cece eeeee eee eeeneeteeeeeeneeees
12. Christmas is the time. People buy each other presents. ..... 2.06. cece cece eee eee eeeeeeneeeeneeeeeeereneees
8. Clauses

13. Sheena is a pop star. She had a hit record last year. . 1... 66. cece eee eee ene eee e eee e nee e eens
14. Smoking is a bad habit. It causes many deaths every year. 6.66. cece rece renee enn eee e ene e eee eneneens
15. These are the children. Their mother is & POlICEWOMAN. .. 1.66. e cece eee eee eee eee eee e eee en nuns saioveiniais
16. That's the hospital. | had an operation there. .... 6.6... cece cece eee enter eee eee eee e eee e Ene e EERE EEE eee eee

Tense Review

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form.

Jane 1) ..had always wanted... (always want) to be a nurse ever since She 2) ..........eeeees (be) a child
but her father 3) .........0.ceeeee
ees (tell) her that nursing 4) ...... 0... .6cecceee
eee eee es (is) not a suitable
profession for her to follow 5) ........... (leave) school, She 6) .... 0.6...
cee eee eens (offer) a job working as a
doctor's receptionist. She didn't want to take the job, SO She 7) .... 6... cee ece eens (decide) to talk to her friend,
Anne, about what she should do. Jane and Anne 8) .... 2.6... .66 cece eee eee ees (be) friends for a long time and
9D) snsise sie (live) in the same street. When Jane 10) ......-.....6..60055 (arrive) at Anne’s house, Anne 11)
oh beeewatnemn (sit) in the garden 12) ............(read). She 13) ...............+.+... (look up) and smiledas
Jane 14) ..........6.. (approach) “Hello, Jane. How are you? Why are you looking so miserable?” Jane 15)
smigmarenemmeeis (explain) the situation and her friend16) ....................(listen) sympathetically. As Jane
finished speaking, Anne’s mother 17) ..........++.0seeee: (come out) of the house and 18) ........... (shout)
to the two girls to come over. “I’m dreadfully sorry Jane, but I'm afraid your father had an accident this
morning in work and is in hospital. They weren't able to give me many details, but they 19) ............. (tell)
me he’s going to be all right. I'll drive you over there now.” When they 20) ..........0.sse0e00 (arrive) at the
hospital Jane was amazed to see her father sitting up in bed and smiling broadly as they walked into his
hospital room. “Father, 121) .......... (be) so worried, | thought something dreadful 22) .......... (happen).”
“Oh, there’s no need to worry. I've broken my arm but the nurses here have taken such good care of me,
they’ve been wonderful. And Jane, I've been thinking... ." Jane smiled at her friend, and knew that everything
was going to be all right!

In Other Words
| didn’t phone him because | didn’t want to disturb him. That’s the village where | was born.
| didn’t phone him so as not to disturb him. That's the village | was born in.
| didn’t phone him in case | disturbed him. That's the village in which | was born.

It was such a nice vase that | bought it. Although it was raining, we went out.
The vase was so nice that | bought it. Despite the rain, we went out.

He was so busy that he couldn't phone us. What a nice day!

He was too busy to phone us. It's such a nice day!

It was such a warm day that we went fishing. How quickly he walks!
The day was very warm so we went fishing. He walks so quickly!

Rephrase the following sentences.

1. We spoke quietly because we didn't want to wake the baby.

....We spoke quietly so as not to wake the baby./We spoke quietly in case we woke the baby. ....
2. He was such a naughty boy that his father punished Wim. ..... 5. cece eee e eee e eee eeee nee e anes ee seeeenes
3. It was so hot that | didn’t leave the MOUSE. «2.6... cece eee e eee eee eee ee eee e seen eee eeenneeeeueeeunes
4. That's the church where | got married. ............scocccscssccevesereesevesceececseerescesenreesesonseeees
5. Although he was ill he still went to WOrK. - 0.6... e eee n ene e eee e ene ee eee e en enee ener e renee
GB. WHALE IOVEL) ROUSE! ccssisssussswsrssdsnnirncassnneneawamrerenssedaswnmeaseleareceecines eee scissaleciecnweeees
7: HOW RADPY YOU IOOK! s.ccscisisessasuducienrccsensavesnccsecedeecsenssadraseaeseeessebeneneereamensiasescies
8 He is too Weak to lift that: SUILCASO: siccisesisissicisis sin ainicaiers\en'sisisinie,cisisin's sin wine'sieiasiare'elelbie sainiesleasald'selgieigiaieeaessei
9. The room was so crowded that we couldn't go inside. .... 6... 6c cee c cece cece ee eee e eee eee eee e ee eeee eens
10. Despite being over 60, she was very beautiful. 0... 2.6... c cece eee e eee eee eee e ee eee ee eee eee eee ene eens
 8. Clauses

14... Youtalk So:quidtly! sca sanatescyyenckenaneassomaonens caso neces dececawlon sabes vemeecnsece cases cea simuenees
12. She‘has such lovely eyes! .......ccccssccccvccsncnscucesccsscccsssccssusessecsesnseutseeeueseseuvercueeees
13. She was too tired to go on with Her WOrK. .....c ccc cse reese ee ee ners ener eee eeeeeeeesteereeeeeeeteeettegennes
14 THISTS THOLUAIVENSIEY | WEN TO:: ccicsscnenesinneee ccemecesesonenuneiseneeeauine seen enene siegneeeeveseeieseeweseesen
15: Whidtal DealitifulGleSS! |. ciswsisiscowanansaawcmnsuscee
na aenaaineiswiaeiaN hase eeNanes eee Rare Rccaieeneeeepmneen mene
16. Although she was tired she still watched the late film. .......-.. 50. cece cece cece ee eee eee eee eee ee eeeenneees
17. She went to bed early. She didn’t want to be tired the next MOFNING. ...... 6.6.6. e eee eee eee cence eee ees
18. | didn't tell you because | thought you'd be UPSet. ...... 26. c ccc cceceee teen eee ee eee sees eset eeeeeeeneeeeeeees

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

1) distinguish/see 1. He made ...up.. his face to look like a clown’s for

the party.
ripen DO PCAN INAKO sccacsowariscesscicseiwews
airs whether
4 to buy the dress or not.
makeup: —1) invent 3. His handwriting is so bad | can’t make ...........
2) put cosmetics on what he has written.
3) end a quarrel 4. They FINALY TAGE! scccsreccenesiensioanen nner after
their argument.
5. I've read this poem twice but | still can’t make.....
WOU "EGS ansas aT ERNRTEWRRTeTHS what it is about.
one’s mind : decide 6. Everything he has said is a lie. He made..........
Se ee er the whole story.

Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1.1 can't think of any reason ..for .. your not getting 6. She married him because he reminded her ......
the job. Sylvester Stallone.
2. You shouldn't have to rely oo... 6. sce cece eee e ees a 7. Why didn’t you remind me ............ceeeeeee ees
calculator to do your Maths homework. the party last night? | really wanted to go.
3. I’m sorry it’s taken me so long to reply ............ 8.1 think there is arelationship ............ his poor
your letter. performance at school and his unhappy home life.
4. What was your boss’s reaction ..........-. 66.665. 9. It’s important to develop a good relationship ......
your request fora week off work? cnet tenn reece eens your colleagues at work.
5. There has been a dramatic rise ..........-..0005. 10. Do you know who was responsible ..........++++.
unemployment in the past ten years. breaking this computer?

i Fill in the correct idiom.

1.He ..was... completely ...worn out....... after

working for twelve hours without a break.
2. If there is a fire in the building, it is important to stay
GaIM'ANG'NGEO acsccowcaecwennceawsionenwaaens
3. | know some lines from the “Iliad”, but | wouldn't like
to HAVE tO is. scescveevees ital scscsssesseesccens
4, When Kelly agreed to marry him, he was so happy
Ne Wanted to .. 2... eee ccc eee teen een ewes
5. You'll never be rich because you .............0065

: decide to do sth different 6. | was going to go out last night, but then! ........
ce ES TRWT SWEEP Meee sicaaloaal and stayed at home.
tell the world : tell everybody P-DOAY ciciccncansapconsenses just because you failed
. . your driving test - I’m sure you'll pass eventually.
Spend money Eke: spendmoney quickly 8. When Billy didn’t stop talking, the teacher ........
or in large amounts
Fe pontecw en iertee and threw him out of the classroom.
Revision Exercises II

me i Revision Exercises II

(9) Choose the correct item.

1. This factory ..... ee more cars this year than 13. “Have they found out who stole the money?”
ever before. “Yes, aclerk pretended ........ it when in fact he
A) produces B) produced was hiding it.”
C) has produced D) producing A) to have lost B) having lost
C) losing D) have lost
Os ceinscidecicdulsaa'sneseneelees
cesta helpful man he is!
A) How B) What a 14. “Everything in this room is wet from the rain.”
C)What D) Such TU ceraeesiaaseisteels the windows!”
A) mustn't have shut B) must have shut
GEWG. saesvacasee be going to France this summer,
C) would have shut D) should have shut
but we’re not sure yet.
A) can B) must 15. “Why aren't you writing the test?”
C) would D) might “| can’t remember what the teacher said. | wish |
jesgaates more attention.”
4. This car ........ to use less petro! than any other.
A) had paid B) am paying
A) designs B) was designed
C) would pay D) pay
C)has designed D) was designing
16. “Can you lend me some money?”
§: That DOY,).:s0seceeeess father is a footballer, is very
“I'll give you some ......... | get paid.”
good at sports.
A) while B) as soon as
A) that B) who's
C)whenever D) until
C) whose D) which
17. Take some money in case you ............5 to do
Cl WASH sccssvascaswiescecaveneceseuaws the answer.
some shopping.
A) was knowing B) know
A) will want B) had wanted
C) knew D) would know
C) wanted D) want
7. \'m glad you remembered .............. some tea
18. “Why didn't you ring me?”
because | haven't got any.
“| would have rung you if | a ee the time.”
A) to bring B) bringing
A) have had B) had had
C)to have brought D) bring
C) have D) had
8. By the end of the month the estate agent
19. He ......... the best pianist alive.
twenty houses.
A) thinks to be B) is thought being
A) will sell B) will have sold
C)is thought be D) is thought to be
C) will be selling D) is going to sell
20. Do you know ...... that man standing near Tom is?
9. Swansea, .......006005 my father was brought up,
A) who B) whom
is a beautiful town.
C) whose D) who's
A) who B) where
C) that D) which 21. “Did you play football yesterday?”
“Yes we did, .........000e the snow.”
10. “Why hasn't your company moved yet?”
A) although B) despite
PINGYcnccssnetees to find new offices for months.”
C)in spite D) even though
A) have tried B) had tried
C) have been trying D) were trying a ore big ears he's got!
A) What B) What a
11.Sh@ Was .... eee eeeeee tired that she fell asleep.
C) How D) Such
A)so B) such
C)enough D) too 23) IF 1 averse her before, | would have recognised her.
A) saw B) would see
12. You mustn't leave the office ........... the
C)see D) had seen
manager returns.
A) while B) until 24. Will you taste this milk? It ......... have gone off.
C)by the time D) during A) will B) can
C)may D) would
 Revision Exercises Il

(G) Choose the correct item.

Johnny Starrstruck is one of the 1) ... most .......... (most/more/much) famous actors in Hollywood today.
Recently, Johnny 2) ..........cseeeeeeee (wins/has worvhad won) 7 Oscars and he now earns over 6 million
Dollars 3)... ccevevsccccseces (perAthe/for) film. However, Johnny hasn't always been 4) ........0.cceeeeeeees
(so/such/such a) rich. He was born 5) ..........+. (in/on/at) Siberia where his father worked as a carpenter.
Johnny's family 6) .........eeeeeeeeeeee (moved/had moved/was moving) to America when Johnny was five
“\\——e (year/years/years’) old. He went 8) ............ (in/at/to) school in America and 9) ............5.
(until/when/ before) he left school he worked as an insurance salesman. A Hollywood director saw Johnny
1(1) Se (in/at/on) a beach in California and asked 11) ...........0.6065 (him/he/his) to star in a film about
12) sssucaeanwxceuwes (surt/surfing/to surf). Since then Johnny 13) ..........6eeeeeees (has made/made/will
have made) 15 films. He 14) .......... (has bought/bought/will buy) a house in Beverly Hills and he has a
yacht in Hawaii. Next week he 15) ..............06+ (gets/shall/is getting) married 16) ..............seeeeee
(with/to/for) Sylvia Sunshine, the Australian singer. They won't be able to have a honeymoon 17) ........+++.
= S@iacn anne id INS aTG hie ie ES (because/for/in order) Johnny 18) ...........+.+.+++ (is starting/ started/will start)
work on a new film the day after the wedding. 19) ..........cceeseeeeeenenneees (On/n/At) Christmas they will
fly to Australia to Visit 20) .........ceceeeeeees (Sylvia’s/Syivia/Sylvias’) family.

Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.

People from the village of Puddle held a meeting last night after
somebody discovered a large object in the local park. Nobody has
identified it yet. The villagers have called in experts. They'll examine
the object on Sunday. People believe that it could be a spaceship from
another planet!
CORREO REE HERE HEHEHE HEEH EEE H EH EHEH EH EH EEE HEHEEH EEE ES

CORRE EOE EERE O EEE EE R EER HEHEHE HEHEHE THEE EEE HEE EEE HEHEHE

Ree EOE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHE HEHEHE ES

OOOO RRR EEE EEE EERE E EE EERE EERE TEETH EH EEE HEHEHE HEED

Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold type.

1. They stayed up all night because they wanted to see the comet.
order ... They stayed up all night in order to S€E THE COMEL.....++01eceeeerererererereeeneneneaneens
2. Could you explain this to me?
Tilt: EPPNSCMC CEM CC CEILS ONL OTE EER eI Ce Veer err rrrc rrr Kerr errs ere rer eer eco
3. It's possible that she won't ring after all.
WAY wevssvassnescesesnerepesenesenenseseceseeascccdssestecesseseceesevetnsvseseususeseaeeeseesinsssedy eves
4. People say that he was treated unfairly.
BONE: cas cxeenaneneeionaneR Nemes Kee Ke vee.wCUNde eM aeee se EaMemenenemaeneemenassienne
ce deen Reeedenguneelearase
5. It wasn’t necessary for you to send us a cheque.
rie dereeteRDemerneseeveeieune
NOGGIN ss scscsiscarr cc cainssdapeerswreverswenseanesemsaesdseawecwuNNenmmeone

UOTUN NG 5a cia ciainscio apn sccinie ar ereie Ss jeln wei eibiete www ain’ s Wiiai ale elutale e's GlalW Gln e ate eiele'alsialdig\ ee la Ce Wisse AC sineead sald MNS NW Sememnnin

BUEN o v.:sivic vncawornieviaicavies anes vieveceeesrepey-ec cat oe cns.cnd.9060d se deee seens Veseeweses er aeetasuNeceueNouewione

WOT: oa civscyacewreepraaiorn ence cace we elke ieee evernn siey wear Otey Nin wie-s ew ue NIE SIV. wieiNTA OMe SWAMI RIS. tif: 2 SLRS STRAT OOS US

COIN Tea scnanweMnTsATeTENNEN ees emnNeRTaRoNECens Teale SROs eaeNNee

icisiccenersecwaeispaneesomueerenne

CBSO cecrccccccccrcccccccccceesesreceees
sess eee se eee sees ress seer sees sseeeeesseeressaseseserseessesaesese
Revision Exercises Il

12. How gracefully that horse jumps!

so

since

cool

been told
16. John’s father made him pay for the damage.
was made

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

“Good evening ladies and gentlemen. 11) ..aim...... (be) Charles x

THUMP; 12) scawiericrarassiairsaren (report) from BBC news headquarters. (
Earlier this evening, at 6.24 pm, an earthquake 3) ................ A A
(hit) Cairo, Egypt. Many people 4) 2.0.6...
e eens (kill);
MANY MOH)! ccicicdscccvessseavesescuse (injure) and much of the
Cts) (destroy). Emergency teams
TD! wemmeieninisicenimesesee nes (already/set up) all over the city. They
B)) aiscnioracereieiaieaia's ateresecaine (help) the injured. Firemen and local people
9) hiisiasieawaisaniamesaacanaee (dig) in the wreckage as many people
10)! ciseacaameracciamaaaarsents (stillArap). A BBC special news team
TT): sesswaascczescoyenconess (leave) for Cairo immediately after we
TZ) wiscumcomomanaxenceseasas (receive) news of the earthquake. We
AG) ssisinnigtnay piocasasssaneepeaeeeene (expect) a special, in-depth NG?
report from them at any moment. As SOON AS WE 14) 2.0... 6 cece cece ene eee eee eeeee (hear) from them we will
release another news bulletin. Anyone WhO 15) ...... 6... c ese ee eee e eee e een ees (wish) to enquire about family or
friends should ring the following emergency numbers - 010 367 - 38291/2/3/4 for information. We'll be back with
the special bulletin.”
Fill in: can, would, could, or will.

Library asst: 1) ...Can.. | help you?

Student: Yes, I’d like some books on World War |. 2) ...... 0.000 ceeeeneee you show me where to look?
Library asst: Yes of course. What exactly 3) ..........-66 6 see ees you like?
Student: Well, I’m doing a project at school.
Library asst: Come with me. 1 4) .........6 666 cc cc euee show you where the books are.
SHUGONTES) ccisccccassceescenese you help me choose some too?
Library asst: Well, 16) ......0....00cecceees for a few minutes, but I'll have to get back to the desk soon.
SMO 7) siisisinswssweciceiccic need to take some home with me, too. 8) ........ 66.6... eee that be alright?
Library asst: Yes, of course, but you'll need to bring them back by next week.

First identify the meaning of the modal verb, then rephrase the sentences as in the example:

1. The scissors must be in this drawer. probability - | think the scissors are in this drawer. ..
2. This can’t be the right way!
3. Shall | help you with your homework?
4. He should try to give up smoking.
5. You can’t come in without a membership card. Tee ee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee ee

6. You’d better cut the grass soon.

7. You may leave now.
8. Could | see the manager?
9. You ought to drive more carefully.
10. There might be some shops open on Sunday.
11. We’ve got to escape or else we'll die.
12. Would you like me to fetch it for you?
13. It can’t be 2 o'clock!
 Revision Exercises Il

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

1. There wasn't enough cake to go ..round......... 7. The ice on the roads called ....... careful driving.
at the wedding. 8. There has recently been an increase .............
2. My father has given .....-...seeeeeeeees smoking. the price of petrol.
. | PRefOrited o.2.cccsencseersecesscenesvesen coffee. 9. The police are lOOKINg .........ccecveeeeeenes the
4. Most people hope ............ a white Christmas. matter of the missing painting.
5. No one laughed ........... the comedian’s jokes. 10. Don’t be mean ..........6ceeee eee ees your sister.
6. He made ....... 6.05005. an excuse to avoid her. Give her the book back, please!

Read the numbered lines and correct the mistakes in the spaces provided.
Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick ( /).

1. In the last twenty years, the Rancine Corporation broght you... has brought...
2. over a hundred wonderful new products. Today, I’m feeling TTR ree
3. proud to announce another. We haven't known what we are cs es eee ence ence ee eeeee
4. going to call it yet, but at the moment we are referring to it wee cece eee ee eee eee e ees
5. like “Minus 10”. This is because this product will make any sce eee eee eee eee eens
6. woman to look ten years younger. These photographs SHOW x. ee ee eee cece eee eee es
7. a sixty-years-old woman before and after she had tried the eke eee ce eee eeeeeeneees
8. cream. The active ingredient is arare plant who one Of OUT wee cence cece ence eee ees
9. scientists discovered while he has done research inthe = erence eeeeeeeeeeeeeees
10. Amazon. In our initial experiments, we observed WOMEN — eevee rece ee eeueeneeene
11. who use “Minus 10” over periods of one month, tWO hese eee eee ee eee eeees
12. months and six months. Since then we improved iteven sees eeeeeeeeueeeeuenes
13. more and by nextsummer we will perfectit, §- «heen eee eee e eeu ees

Use Gavin’s thoughts to write conditionals, then identify the type.

SIE ai i
< l~ Zh
(1. | was curious. | came to iat Gone a Marae. -°! 7 4. | didn't bring my camera.
one ebranee tals IX aNe ; | can't take any pictures.

(2. These aliens speak strangely = ~ 5, lhoope they have some food,
| can’t understand them. ml or Ill starve to death.
ve e , F 7
a. Ba. { i | Pj Z Be piv Ake Te

~ © , , . - Aa A
a, .
/ 3. | may get home one day. 6. There’s no telephone here.
\__ No one will believe this story. | can’t phone home.

1. ./f | hadn’t been curious, | wouldn't have come to investigate this strange spaceship. (3rd type)
9. Reported speech

9: Reported speech

Direct speech is the exact words someone said. “ll go to London,” she said.
We use quotation marks in Direct speech.
Reported speech is the exact meaning of what
someone said but not the exact words. We do She said she would go to London.
not use quotation marks in Reported speech.

Don’t worry, Ben. Mum, you told me not to worry.

The dentist will be painless. / 4 A You said the dentist would be painless. |
————

No - but he wasn’t a6
Oh dear. Did he painless a6 you said, because he
hurt you? screamed when | bit his fingers!

Say - Tell
We can use say and tell both in Direct and Reported speech. Teil is always followed by a personal
object (told me). Say is used with or without a personal object. When it is used with a personal
object say
is always followed by to (said to me).
Direct speech Reported speech
She said, “I can’t drive.” She said (that) she couldn’t drive.
She said to me, “I can’t drive.” She said to me (that) she couldn't drive.
She told me, “I can’t drive.” She told me (that) she couldn’t drive.

Expressions with say say good morning/evening etc, say something, say one’s prayers, say a few
words, say so etc
Expressions with tell tell the truth, tell a lie, tell sb the time, tell sb one’s name, tell a story, tell a secret,
tell sb the way, tell one from another etc

00) Fill in “say” or “tell” in the correct form.

1. Can you ...tell.. me what time the film starts?

PSIG ciscawvgere vecanscense she would never speak to him again.
3.1 promise to ...... cee cece ee eeues the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.
4. She always ......ccccccceneeeees “good morning” to her neighbours.
BS RU co uevamnneieiicnecee her prayers and went to bed.
6. Sometimes it’s hard to ........cceceeeeeeeeens one twin from another.
To WO ves vo ncvomenememeeseaen you | was married?
8. | couldn’t believe what he ..........5.seeeeeeees to me.
9. Would you Mind ........ceeceeeeeee me what you’re doing?
10. “Go and tidy your room,” he .......-eeeeeeeeeeeees to his son.
 9. Reported speech

Wecanreport: A. statements B. questions C. commands, requests, suggestions

Reported Statements

1. To report statements we use a reporting verb (say, tell, explain etc) followed by a that-clause. In
spoken English that can be omitted. He said, “/ feel sick.” He said (that) he felt sick.

2. Pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the context. ,

Direct speech: He said, “I'll lend you my car.” Reported speech: He said he would lend me his car.

3. Time words and tenses can change as follows depending on the time reference:

Direct speech Reported speech

tonight, today, this week/month/year that night, that day, that week/month/year
now then, at that time, at once, immediately
now that since
yesterday, last night(week/month/year the day before, the previous night/week/month/year
tomorrow, next week/month/year the following day/ the day after, the following/
next week / month/year
two days/months/years etc ago two days/months/years etc before

“Tom is leaving tomorrow,” she said. She said Tom was leaving the next day. (Speech reported after Tom had left.)
“Bob is leaving tomorrow,” she said. She said Bob is leaving tomorrow. (Speech reported before Bob has left.)

4. When the reporting verb is in the past, the verb tenses change as follows:

Direct speech t Reported speech

Present Simple Past Simple/Present Simple

“He likes walking,” she said. She said he liked/likes walking.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

“He is watching TV,” she said. She said he was watching TV.

Present Perfect Past Perfect

“He has just left,” she said. She said he had just left.

Past Simple Past Perfect

“He left an hour ago,” she said. She said he had left an hour before.

Future Conditional
“He'll be back in an hour,” she said. She said he would be back in an hour.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

“I’ve been typing since morning,” she said. She said she had been typing since morning.

5. If the direct verb is already in the Past S., in Reported speech it can change into the Past Perfect or
remain the same. “/ was late for work,” she said. | She said she was/had been late for work.

6. If the direct verb is in the Past Perfect, it remains the same in Reported speech. “/ had already written
to him,” he said. He said he had already written to him.
Past Continuous usually remains the same in Reported speech.
Direct speech: “| was reading while my parents were watching TV,” she said.
Reported speech: She said she was reading while her parents were watching TV.
9. Reported speech

7. Certain words change as follows depending on the context.

Direct speech: this/these here come (in his office) He said, “I'll be here again on Monday.”
Reported speech: that/those there go (outside the office) He said he’d be there again on Monday.

8. There are no changes in the verb tenses in Reported speech when the direct sentence expresses a
general truth, is Conditional Type 2 or Type 3 or a wish.
“The earth is a planet,” he said. He said the earth is a planet. (general truth)
“If you studied more, you’d pass your test,"he said. He said that if | studied more,|’d pass my test.
“| wish | were/was rich,” he said. He said he wished he were/was rich.

9. When the introductory verb is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect, there are no changes in the
verb tenses.
“Nina can read,” she says. She says that Nina can read.

10. The verb tenses can change or remain the same in Reported speech when a sentence expresses
something which is up to date or still true. However, the verb tenses usually change when
something is not true or out of date.
“| like ice-cream,” he said. He said he likes/liked ice-cream. (still true)
“! am rich,” he said. He said he was rich. (but we know he isn’t; not true)

Report what the Jones family said when they came home from their holiday.

| 6. I've never had 50 much fun

a (2.1 didn't like the food, ) in my life i:
=a - 1 hada ethane 7.1 fell in love with a =
i . | had a brilliant time.
| : | 1 3. The waiters were \! fi F J , Spanish girt J At
Y
very ne: : Vy > Uy, &. | hope we'll go to the
’ 3 ey"; A same place next year.
me A fn,
“4 hi 2 ax t
——— a , x a .:
| Wf) as : Ss
(* I'm not looking forward to a i
(*in back to school. . 5 34 9. I'm going to get my photos
+ ir a developed tomorrow.
5.|was getting bored of Z Saas
lying on the beach. 10. I'm exhausted.
: ur
7%

1.Mr Jones ..gaid that he had had a brilliant time.

2. Jimmy
3. Grandmother
4. Judy
5. Mrs Jones
6. Paul
7. Patrick
8. Tracy
9. Danny
10. Tina
 9. Reported speech

Reported Questions

In Reported questions we use affirmative word order and the question mark is omitted. To report a
question we use: a) ask + wh-word (who, what etc) when the direct question begins with such a word,
b) ask + if / whether when the direct question begins with an auxiliary verb (do, has, can etc).
Pronouns, possessive adjectives, tenses, time expressions etc change as in statements.
Direct speech: He said, “Where did he stay?” He said, “Did you have a nice time?”
Reported speech: He asked where he had stayed. He asked if/whether | had had a nice time.

Indirect questions are different from Reported questions. We use Indirect questions when we ask for
information, whereas we use Reported questions to report someone else’s questions. Indirect
questions are introduced with Could you tell me ...?, Do you know ...?, | wonder ..., | want to know ...
etc and their verb is in the affirmative. There are no changes in the verb tenses as in Reported
questions. If the Indirect question starts with | wonder ... or | want to know ..., then the question mark
is omitted.

Direct questions Reported questions Indirect questions

He asked me, “How old is he?” He asked me how old he was. Do you know how old he is?
He asked me, “Where has he gone?” He asked me where he had gone. _/ wonder where he has gone.

Report the tourists’ questions to the tour guide.

: \
}
Gy =
5

a Pa 6. Who made the sculpture in

3. How long have you Oe = the square?
worked here? cN “7 5. What time do we leave ST-V SOP.
“ "> V Sm tomorrow? 7. What time do the \
1. Where's the malin Nae Ip a shops open? Ne
tourist office? i ower —
&. When is breakfast
of served in the hotel?

Wi 2. Did you find my CAS

9. I there a shopping
Va al
7 suitcase?
10. Do you know where the centre near here?
nearest bank is? ' NENT

1. The boy with the cap asked the tour guide where the main tourist office was.
2. The old man
3. The woman with the hat
4. The woman with the glasses
5. The tall man
6. The Chinese boy
7. The man with the moustache
8. The boy with the camera
9. The old woman
10. The bald man
9. Reported speech

Reported Commands / Requests / Suggestions

To report commands, requests, suggestions etc we use a reporting verb (advise, ask, suggest, beg,
offer, order, tell etc) followed by a to-infinitive, a not to-infinitive or an -ing form according to the
construction of the introductory verb. (see page 102)

Direct speech Reported speech

He said to me, “Come with me.” He told me to go with him.

He said to me, “Don’t lie to me.” He told me not to lie to him.
He said, “Let’s go out.” He suggested going out.

Mrs Baxton is giving her cleaner instructions about what to do for the day.
x 6. Don't leave the rubbish inthe
1. Clean the bathroom ——_ [J kitchen.
a [/ ——— J

2. Make the beds. A)

3. Don't forget to tidy the
bedroom.

4. Feed the dogs.

A)
5. Sweep the kitchen floor.
T T ye oe
She told her to clean the bathroom
Ph oONn>
OC2ONOA
_

First state whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F), then turn them from
Direct speech into Reported speech.

1.“Ostriches can fly,” he said. ... He said (that) ostriches could fly.
2."The Amazon is the widest river in the world,” she said.

3. “The Earth is the largest planet in the universe,” he said.

4. “Penguins live in the desert,” she said.

5. “It's hot at the South Pole,” he said.

6. “Luxembourg has the best football team in the world,” he said.

7. “Dolphins are mammals,” he said.

8. “The Sahara desert is the largest desert in the world,” he said.

 9. Reported speech

9. “British weather is always wonderful,” she said.

10. “The Mediterranean is the deepest sea,” he said.

Turn from Direct speech into Reported speech.

1. “I've finished all my work,” she said. She said (that) she had finished all her work.
2. “Why are you looking at me like that?” she asked him.
3. “Don't play with matches,” his mother said.
4. “I've forgotten to bring my lunch with me,” he said.
5. “Will you be home soon?” she asked her husband.
6. “Go to bed!” Father said to the children.
7. “I'll clean the car tomorrow,” Tim said to his father.
8. “Where have you been?” Gary asked his wife.
9. “I've been working for the same company since 1960,” he said to me.
10. “Do you know Garfield?” she asked me.

Modals in Reported speech

There are changes in the verb tenses of some modal verbs in Reported speech:
will/shall «=» would, can = could (present)/ would be able to (future), may «= might, shall a=»
should (asking for advice) or would (asking for information), must 2» must/had to (obligation) (* must
remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction)

Would, could, used to, mustn't, should, might, ought to and had better remain the same.

Direct speech Reported speech

She said, “I’ll do it later.” She said (that) she would do it later.
She said, “] can speak German.” She said (that) she could speak German.
She said, “! can come next Monday.” She said (that) she would be able to go next Monday.
She said, “| may speak to Ann.” She said (that) she might speak to Ann.
She said, “How shall | do this?” She asked how she should do that. (advice)
She said, “When shall we reach York?” She asked when they would reach York. (information)
She said, “You must be back at 10.00.” She said (that) | must/had to be back at 10.00. (obligation)
She said, “He must be a liar.” She said (that) he must be a liar. (deduction)
She said, “You should try harder.” She said (that) | should try harder.
She said, “You had better phone him.” She said that | had better phone him.

Turn the following sentences into Reported speech.

1. “How shall | tell Tom the bad news?” she said. She asked how she should tell Tom the bad news.
2. “You must try my home-made pie,” he said.
3. “Can | go home now?" he asked.
4. “May | call you by your first name?” he asked her.
5. “You can come in, but you mustn't make any noise,” she said to him.
6. “What time shall we arrive in London?” he asked.
7. “She must try harder if she wants to succeed,” he said.
8. “My father will be angry with me if he finds out,” she said.
9. “You ought not to drive so fast,” he said to her.
10. “They don't have to come if they don't feel like it,” he said.
11. “You had better speak to the manager,” she said to him.
12. “| may not be able to meet you at the airport,” he said to her.
9. Reported speech

Introductory Verbs

Introductory verbs Direct speech Reported speech

agree + to-inf “Yes, I'll help you.” He agreed to help me.

offer “Shall | open the door?” He offered to open the door.
promise “Of course I'll pay you.” He promised to pay me.
refuse “No, | won’t go with you.” He refused to go with us.
threaten “Stop crying or I'll punish you.” He threatened to punish me if | didn’t stop crying.

advise + sb + to -inf “You should see a lawyer.” He advised me to see a lawyer.

ask “Could you help me?” He asked me to help him.
beg “Please, please don’t hurt her!” He begged me not to hurt her.
command “Stand to attention!” He commanded the soldiers to stand to attention.
invite “Will you have dinner with me?” He invited me to (have) dinner with him.
order “Leave the cat alone!” She ordered me to leave the cat alone.
remind “Don't forget to ring Ann.” She reminded me to ring Ann.
warn “Don't go near the rocks.” He warned me not to go near the rocks.

admit + gerund “Yes, | told her the secret.” He admitted (to) telling/having told her the secret.
accuse sb of “You took the money.” He accused me of taking/having taken the money.
apologise for “I'm sorry | arrived so late.” He apologised for arriving/having arrived so late.
boast of/about “I'm the fastest of all.” He boasted of/about being the fastest of all.
complain to sb of “| have a toothache.” He complained to me of having a toothache.
deny “| didn’t take the book.” He denied taking/having taken the book.
insist on “You must come with us.” He insisted on me/my going with them.
(say one) prefers “I'd rather do it myself.” He said he preferred doing/to do it himself.
suggest “Let's have a party.” He suggested having a party.

agree + that-clause “Yes, it’s a big house.” He agreed that it was a big house.
complain “You're always lying to me.” He complained that | was always lying to him.
deny “| didn’t take that book.” He denied that he had taken the book.
explain “That's why | didn't take it.” He explained to me why/that he hadn't taken it.
exclaim/remark “What a sunny day it is!” He exclaimed/remarked that it was a sunny day.
promise “Of course I'll help you. He promised that he would help me.
suggest “You'd better see a doctor.” He suggested that | (should) see a doctor.

Note: admit, advise, boast, insist, threaten, warn, remind can also be followed by a that-clause in
Reported speech.

First write the appropriate introductory verb then report the following situations.

1. “You should go to bed.” advise He advised me to go to bed.

2. “Please, please don't leave me.”
3. “Do it now!”
4. “No, | did not kill him.”
5. “Oh, alright. I'll do the washing-up.”
6. “Don't forget to take the dog out.”
7. “Everybody, stand up now!”
8. “No, | will not give you my money.”
9. “Could | use your phone?”
10. “I'm sorry | shouted at you.”
11. “I'll punish you if you don’t behave.”
12. “It was me who stole the book.”
13. “It only works if you press the green button.”
14. “You're right. It was a brilliant film.”
 9. Reported speech

15. “I've been feeling dizzy all day.”

16. “Of course !'ll write to you.”
17. “I'll give you a lift home, if you like.”
18. “Let's go for a swim.”
19. “It was you who broke the TV.”
20. “If | were you, | would tell them the truth.”

Use an appropriate introductory verb to report the following.

1. “It wasn’t me who stole the car,” said Henry. Henry denied stealing / having stolen the car.
2. “May | have a piece of cake please?” she said.
3. “Yes, okay. I'll tell him about the accident,” he said.
4. “| must have the report by tomorrow,” the boss said.
5. “Please, please let me go to the party,” Sue asked her mother.
6. “I'll never be naughty again,” Ted said to his father.
7. “Stand up straight!” said the sergeant to the soldier.
8. “Yes, it was me who robbed the bank,” he said.
9. “| didn’t come to work because | was ill,” she said to her boss.
10. “Let's play chess,” he said.
11. “I'm sorry | forgot to phone you,” he said to her.
12. “Don't forget to go to the bank,” she said to him.
13. “You should relax more,” the doctor said to him.
14. “Mark is always shouting at me,” she said.
15. “Yes, itis a nice dress,” he said.
16. “Shall | carry your bag, Tracy?” he said.
17. “No, | certainly won't do your homework Graham,” said Bill.
18. “You scratched my record,” he said to her.
19. “Leave now or I'll phone the police,” she said to the salesman,
20. “Oh alright, I'll lend you my car, Tom,” she said.
21. “It’s true, | broke the window,” he said.
22. “I'll phone you as soon as | arrive,” she said to me.
23. “You're right, she is beautiful,” she said.
24. “No, | won't marry you, John,” she said.
25. “If you try to escape, I'll shoot you,” he said to the prisoner.
26. “Why don't we have chicken for dinner?” he said.
27. “You must sign the contract, Mr Harrison,” she said.
28. “I'll punish you if you do that again!” he said to the boy.
29. “Would you like me to show you how to use this computer?” she said to me.
30. “Yes, it is a good idea,” he said.

Reporting a dialogue or conversation

In conversations we use a mixture of statements, commands and questions. When we turn them into
Reported speech we use and, as, adding that, and he/she added that, explaining that, because, but,
since, and then he/she went on to say, while, then, etc. or the introductory verb in present participle
form. Words or expressions such as Oh, Oh dear, Well etc are omitted in Reported speech.

Direct speech Reported speech

“Oh, this is a very nice dress,” she She remarked/exclaimed that that was a very nice dress and she
said. “How much does it cost?” asked how much it cost. (“Oh” is omitted)
“I can’t buy it,” she said. “I can’t She said she couldn't buy it, explaining
afford it.”\ that she couldn't afford it.
“Shall | help you?” he said. “We can work He offered to help me, suggesting that we could work on it
on it together.” together.
Oy SRE Ee OT LS eee ee eee ee ee

9. Reported speech

Report the following using an appropriate introductory verb from the list below:

complain advise refuse warn beg suggest agree exclaim

deny offer insist apologise threaten accuse prefer

1.“You should take more exercise,” the doctor said. The doctor advised me to take more exercise.
2. “This film is so boring,” he said to his mother.
3. “Please, please let me go out to play, Mum,” she said.
4. “Shall | carry your shopping for you?” he said to her.
5. “Don't get dirty in the garden,” she said to Jane.
6. “I'm not going to tidy Helen's bedroom,” Tim said.
7. “| didn’t eat the cake,” he said to her.
8. “What a silly thing to say!” she said.
9. “You really must get your hair cut,” she said to him.
10. “You broke my record player,” she said to him.
11. “I'm sorry | didn’t write to you,” she said to him.
12. “Let's go to Jamaica for our holiday,” he said to her.
13. “Yes, that is a nice colour,” the sales assistant said to her.
14. “I'd rather watch a film than the news,” she said to her.
15. “How rude he is!” she said to me.
16. “I think you should go on a diet,” she said to him.
17. “I didn't take your dress,” she said to her sister.
18. “What a nice gift!” he said.
19. “I'll hit you if you don't stop talking,” the boy said to his brother.
20. “I'm sorry | spoke to you like that,” he said to his mother.

Rewrite the following sentences in Reported speech.

1. “What time does the next bus leave?” he said. “I need to get to the station.”
He asked what time the next bus left because he needed to get to the station.
2. “Don't go swimming in the lake,” she said. “The water is filthy.”

3. “Let's go shopping tomorrow,” she said. “The sales have started.”

4. “Stand up,” the teacher said to the pupils. “The headmaster is coming.”

5. “Please don’t take my ring,” she said to him. “It was a present.”

6. “It’s very late, Martin,” his mother said. “Where have you been?”

7. “Shall | cook the dinner?” he said to her. “You look very tired.”

8. “Please stop making that noise!” she said to him. “I can't concentrate.”

9. “Yes, | dropped your vase,” she said. “| was cleaning the shelf.”

10. “Can | use the car, please?” she said. “| need to run some errands.”

11. “I’m sorry I’m late,” he said. “The car wouldn't start.”

12. “Why are you teasing your sister?” she asked him. “You know it makes her unhappy.”

13. “Why won't you come to the party?” he said to her. “Everyone would love to see you.”

14. “It was Rob who broke the window,” he said to her. “He was kicking the football.”
 ek,
tl Ae Bae ideS ee ee oe of

9. Reported speech

eS) Turn the following passage into Indirect speech.

“How do you like your course, Sarah?” Jane asked.

“| didn't like it at first,” Sarah replied. “I'm really enjoying it now.”
“Why did you have doubts about it?” Jane asked.
“Well, there was too much reading, and none of the other students seemed very friendly,” Sarah said. “But
now I've got used to it and | like it a lot. Do you like your course?”
“Well, the course is all right, though I’m not as interested in History as | thought | was,” Jane said.
“Why don't you study something else, then? What about studying English?” Sarah said.
“That is a really good idea, Sarah. Then we could help each other with our work,” Jane said.
..Jane asked Sarah how ghe liked her course. ...........+.

2 Turn the following dialogue into Reported speech.

A: Mum, please, will you let me stay at Sally's house Ann begged her mother to let her stay at
tonight? Sally's house that night but her mother
M: No, | won't. refused.
A: Why? .
M: The last time you stayed there, you stayed up late
and you were too tired to go to school the next day.
: That's true. But we won't do that again.
=>rsp

: And you were both smoking cigarettes.

: That's not true! I've never smoked in my life.
: Well, all right then, you can go, but only if you
promise to behave.

G3 Turn the following into = speech.

~~

els Nes ie Y 4. You should VY

have been 8. Can you move
your leg?
F 2.No, (haven't driving more
been speeding. { carefully.

y y WN,

Ws yr

3. It's rue thet wae Vw =! we 9. Don's try to

driving
a bit fast. # . CS ZS : stand up.

1. The policeman ..asked the driver if he had been speeding.

2. The driver
3. Then the driver
4. Mr Thompson
5. Mr Brown
6. Mr Jones
7. Tim ¢
8. Mr Smith
9. Dr Baker
9. Reported speech

Write the exact words Judge Pickles said to Fletcher.

He asked him why he did it. Then he told him he was obviously guilty. He told him to look at him when he was
speaking to him. He asked him if he was sorry for what he had done. He told him that the bank manager was
still in hospital. He said he would go to prison for a long time for that crime. He asked him if he had anything to
say in his defence. Then he told the policeman to take him away.

Why did you do it?

Oral Activity 21
The teacher finds a recorded dialogue with short exchanges and plays it in class. Students in turn report what
the speakers said or asked.

Oral Activity 22
Students in teams take turns to ask a question for each picture, then report the exchanges. Each correct item
gets 1 point. eg. Why haven't you tidied your room? She asked him why he hadn't tidied the room and he
answered he had been too busy. etc

Why haven't you

tidied your room?
 9. Reported speech

Tense Review
@5) Fill in the correct tense forms.

Yesterday 11) . received... (receive) a phone call from an old friend who | 2) ' (not/hear)
from for months. | asked him what he 3) ......... (do), and he told me that he 4) (spend)
the past three months sailing around the world on an old-fashioned sailing ship. | 5) (always/
love) everything to do with the sea, so | was very excited to hear that he 6) ..... (manage)
to do something so thrilling. | asked him if we 7) ...............- (can) get together soon, and made him
promise that he 8) . a= ...«.» (bring) all the photos he 9) ...............555. (take). When
O10). osiccresvesivs (come) next week, I'll expect him to tell me exactly what the trip 11) ....... (be) like.

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

1. They've put ...off..... the meeting until tomorrow.

2. Put gloves and a scarf before going out.
propose 3. The receptionist put me .... to the manager’s
secretary.
put off : postpone 4, Put everyone's name on a piece of
paper and I'll see them later.
put on : 1) dress oneself in 5. When he gave up smoking, he put ........ nearly
2) increase in weight ten kilos.
6. Some friends putme .......... when | visited
put out : extinguish (fire, cigarette etc) York so | didn’t have to pay for a hotel.
7. At the staff meeting Ann put the idea of
put through: connect by phone using recycled paper and everybody agreed it was
; a good idea.
provide a place to stay 8. The firemen put ..... _ the fire in less than 10
minutes.

@? Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1. She felt very sorry ..for.. the injured boy. 6. | always cry when someone shouts me.
2. The student was satisfied his exam 7. My brother telephoned to say he was sorry
results. my accident.
3. The young hooligans were sentenced 8. He said he was sorry breaking
four months in prison. the windows.
4. Fiona takes after her mother; they look very 9. The doctor informed her that, fortunately, she
similar each other. wasn't suffering a serious illness.
5. My friends shouted me from across 10. She became suspicious the strange
the road. man who was following her.

Fill in the correct idiom.

1. She went to the best dressmaker to ensure that
‘sk Be her wedding dress . . fitted her like a glove
4 ae MUM ML Re ire aba Gla bo 2. She couldn't quite remember the man’s name but
have
sth on the tip (be) on the point of she i
of one’s ee remembering and saying sth = 3. You'i| have to speak clearly because he’s rather

=e ali si AN ovine last night in spite of the storm.

be hard of hearing : be rather deaf 5. We couldn't play tennis as it was
10. Nouns - Articles

10. Nouns - Articles

There are four kinds of nouns : abstract (love, beauty etc), common (chair, table etc), collective (class,
audience, family, government, staff, team etc), proper (Ann, Ted, Spain etc).

Gender

Masculine = men, boys, animals when we know their sex (he)

Feminine = women, girls, ships, animals when we know their sex (she)
Neuter = things, babies/animals when we don’t know their sex (it)

Most personal nouns have the same form whether male or female (doctor, teacher etc). Some nouns
have different forms, though. Some of these are:

actor - actress emperor - empress king - queen prince - princess

barman - barmaid father - mother landlord - landlady son - daughter
boy - girl gentleman - lady lord - lady steward - stewardess
(bride)groom - bride grandfather - grandmother = monk - nun uncle - aunt
brother - sister hero - heroine nephew - niece waiter - waitress
duke - duchess husband - wife policeman - policewoman widower - widow

Put (M) for male, (F) for female or (M/F) for both in the spaces.

1. doctor M/F. 7. pilot 13. child 19. landlord

2. nurse 8. waiter 14. lord 20. stewardess
3. teacher 9. wife 15. queen 21. grandfather
4. typist 10. driver 16. lady 22. policeman
5. student 11. barman 17. scientist 23. engineer
6. bride 12. king 18. prince 24. musician

Write the masculine or feminine of the following if there is a difference.

1. husband wife 6. nephew 11. doctor

2. politician 7. policeman 12. monk
3. brother 8. lawyer 13. duke
4. uncle 9. waiter 14. clerk
5. student 10. actor 15. shop assistant
 el a ls tt, A oe a pelt he

10. Nouns - Articles

The Plural of Nouns

Nouns are made plural by adding:

-s to the noun. (pen - pens etc) -es to nouns ending in -o (tomato - tomatoes)

-es to nouns ending in -s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh. -s to nouns ending in: vowel +0 (radio - radios), double o
(bus - buses, glass - glasses, box - boxes, (zoo - zoos), abbreviations (ohotograph/photo - photos),
torch - torches, bush - bushes etc) musical instruments (piano - pianos) and proper nouns
(Eskimo - Eskimos). Some nouns ending in -o can
-ies to nouns ending in consonant + y. take either -es or -s. These are : buffalo, mosquito,
(baby - babies, lady - ladies etc) volcano etc.

-s to nouns ending in vowel + y. -ves to some nouns ending in -f/-fe. (leaf - leaves)
(boy - boys, day - days etc) (but: chiefs, roofs, cliffs, handkerchiefs, safes etc)

Compound nouns form their plural by adding -s/-es:

to the second noun if the compound to the first noun if the compound consists of two
consists of two nouns. gir/friend - girlfriends nouns connected with a preposition.
sister-in-law — sisters-in-law

to the noun if the compound consists of an at the end of the compound if this is not made up
adjective and a noun. frying pan - frying pans _ of any nouns. breakdown - breakdowns

Irregular Plurals

man - men, woman - women, foot - feet, tooth - teeth, louse - lice, mouse - mice, child - children,
goose - geese, sheep - sheep, deer - deer, fish - fish, trout - trout

Write the plural of the following nouns:

1. city cities 8. dish 15. knife

2. brother-in-law 9. tray 16. potato
3. headline 10. roof 17. sleeping pill
4. photo 11. sit-in 18. calf
5. bank robbery . 12. hold-up . 19. water-bottle
6. stepfather 13. mouse 20. sunshade
7. couch 14. tooth 21. trout

Some nouns take only a plural verb. These are objects which consist of two parts: garments (trousers,
pyjamas etc), tools (scissors,compasses etc), instruments (binoculars,spectacles etc) or nouns which have
a plural meaning such as : belongings, cattle, clothes, congratulations, earnings, goods, greens,
(good) looks, outskirts, people, police, riches, stairs etc.

Some nouns take only a singular verb. These are: mass nouns (bread, tea, sugar etc), abstract nouns
(advice, love, death etc), words ending in -ics (athletics, mathematics etc), games/diseases ending in -s
(billiards, mumps etc), nouns such as: weather, luggage, furniture, money, news etc.

Group nouns refer to a group of people. These nouns can take either a singular or a plural verb
depending on whether we see the group as a whole or as individuals.
Such group nouns are : army, audience, class, club, committee, company, council, crew, family,
government, press, public, staff, team etc.
The team was the best in the country. (the team as a group)
The team were all given medals. (each member separately as individuals.)
10. Nouns - Articles

Some nouns have a different meaning in plural

Singular Plural

The needle of a compass always points north. You can draw a perfect circle with compasses.
It is an English custom to celebrate the Queen’s When he got off the plane his bag was searched at
birthday. Customs.
She has a lot of experience working with children. We had lots of exciting experiences on our journey
through Africa.
Would you like a glass of milk? He can’t see very well without his glasses.
She has got long, blonde hair. There are two hairs in this soup!
They were shocked at the scale of the disaster. She weighed herself on the scales.
This door is made of wood. The boy got lost in the woods.
He goes to work every day except Sunday. Picasso’s works are really fascinating.

@ Fill in: is or are.

1. Where ...are your trousers? 10. My luggage too heavy to carry.
2. Could you tell me where the scissors ? 11. My advice to you to stay in bed.
3. Tonight, there athletics on TV. 12. Physics my favourite subject.
4. Money easy to spend and difficult to save. 13. Measles a common illness.
5. Gloves worn in cold weather. 14. The glasses in the cupboard.
6. This student’s knowledge amazing. 15. My mum’s hair really long.
7. Love the reason for much happiness in 16. Our bathroom scales quite accurate.
the world. 17. Darts a popular game in England.
8. This bread stale. 18. This work too hard for me.
9. Your pyjamas on the bed. 19. People unhappy with the new tax system.

Countable - Uncountable Nouns

Nouns can be countable (those that can be counted, eg. 7 bag, 2 bags etc) or uncountable (those that
can’t be counted eg. sugar). Uncountable nouns take a singular verb. They are not used with a/ an.
Some, any, no, much etc can be used with them. eg. / need some help. (not: a-hefp) There isn't much
sugar left.

The most common uncountable nouns are: accommodation, advice, anger, baggage, behaviour, blood,
bread, business, chess, coal, countryside, courage, damage, dirt, education, evidence, food, fruit,
furniture, gold, hair, happiness, help, homework, housework, information, jewellery, knowledge,
laughter, luck, luggage, meat, money, music, news, rubbish, seaside, shopping, soap, spaghetti, traffic,
trouble, water, weather, work, writing etc.
Note that the nouns for types of meat are also uncountable: beef, mutton, venison etc

Many uncountable nouns can be made countable by means of partitives.

a piece of cake/information/advice/furniture; a glass/bottle of water; a jar of jam; a tin of beans; a pint of
milk; a box of chocolates; a packet of biscuits/tea; a slice/loaf of bread; a pot of yoghurt; a pot/cup of tea; a
kilo/pound of meat; a bottle of vinegar; a tube of toothpaste; a bar of chocolate/soap; a bit/piece of chalk; an
ice cube; a lump of sugar; a sheet of paper; a bag of flour; a pair of trousers; a game of soccer; a(n)
item/piece of news; a drop/can of oil; a can of cola; a carton of milk; a block of wood etc.

@) Write (C) countable or (U) uncountable.

1. sugar U 6. ball 11. house 16. food

2. bird 7. soap 12. luggage 17. dog
3. pen 8. bridge 13. boy 18. furniture
4. transport 9. water 14. fruit 19. weather
5. housework 10. news 15. chess 20. sausage
 “ne 7 —_——=<_ «= wr eto.*™ _—- 2” =I” =.=, =—— * |ded ee oe BA 2 ow Oo “eee i

10. Nouns - Articles

Make the following uncountable nouns plural as in the example:

1.ice two ice cubes 8. advice two 15. paper two

2. toast three 9. sugar two 16. hockey two
3. soap two 10. yoghurt two 17. chocolate three
4. tea two 11. wood three 18. spectacles two
5. lamb three 12. news two 19. toothpaste three
6. ink two 13. jam three _ 20. information two
7. cola two 14. beef three 21. spaghetti three

A/An - The
A/An is used only with singular countable nouns to talk about things in general. We don’t use a/an with
uncountable or plural nouns. We can use some instead. A/An is often used after the verbs be and have.
A cat is a domestic animal. (Which cat? Cats in general.) Bring me some milk, please!

We can use 2/an or the before a singular countable noun to refer to a class of people, animals or
things. However, we omit a/an or the before a noun in the plural when it represents a class.
A/The dolphin is a mammal. Also: Dolphins are mammals. Exception: Man is a mammal too. (not: The-man)

The is used with singular and plural nouns, countable and uncountable ones, to talk about something
specific, or when the noun is mentioned for a second time.
Whose is the van parked in front of our house? (Which van? The one parked in front of our house.)
He found a cat in the park. He took the cat home. (The word “cat” is mentioned for a second time.)

The is also used with the words beach, cinema, country(side), ground, jungle, radio, sea, seaside,
theatre, world etc. eg. He likes going to the theatre. We usually say “television” without “the”. We often
watch television. but: Turn on the television (set). We also say : He lives near the sea. but: They are at sea
(= they are sailing.) We normally omit “the” before the words last and next when we talk about a period
of time immediately before or after the moment of speaking. He graduated last year. |’ll meet you next
week. | went to work on Monday but the next day | stayed at home.

Fill in: a, an or the.

1) .. The tiger is 2) large carnivorous animal
which belongs to 3) cat family. 4)
males are about three feet high and can be as long as twelve
feet, including 5) tail. There are about eight
varieties of tiger found around 6) world.
7) tiger is 8) wild
animal, which lives in 9) jungle where water
and prey are plentiful. 10) tiger will only
attack 11) person if it is starving or if it is
threatened. 12) tiger is 13)
easily recognized animal as it has 14)
thick yellow or white coat with distinctive black stripes.

Fill in: a, an or the where necessary.

Last summer we went to 1) .. the seaside for two weeks. Unfortunately, we hadn't booked 2)
accommodation before we went, and we had 3) awful time finding 4) room to stay in.
5) only room we could find was very small, but it had 6) lovely view of 7) sea
and was only two minutes from 8) beach. 9) weather was very hot, and on 10)
first day | stayed out so long, | got 11) terrible sunburn and had to stay in bed 12) next
day. After that, however, everything went well and we had 13) wonderful holiday.
10. Nouns - Articles

The is used before: The is omitted before:

nouns which are unique. the Earth, the Eiffel Tower proper nouns. Jim comes from New York.

names of cinemas (the Rex), hotels (the Sheraton), names of sports, games, activities, days, months,
theatres (the Apollo), museums (the Prado), holidays, colours, drinks, meals and languages
newspapers/magazines (The Guardian, but: (not followed by the word “language”.
Newsweek), ships (the Marie Celeste), institutions She plays squash well. She likes red. We speak
(the RSPCA), galleries (the Tate Gallery). English. but: The English language is spoken all
over the world.

names of rivers (the Seine), seas (the Black Sea), names of countries (/ta/y), cities (Rome),
groups of islands/states (the Bahamas, the USA), streets (Oxford Street, but: the High Street),
mountain ranges (the Alps), deserts (the Sahara squares (Trafalgar Square), bridges (Tower Bridge
desert), oceans (the Atlantic), canals (the Suez but: the Golden Gate Bridge, the Severn Bridge),
Canal) and names or nouns with “of” (the Tower parks (Hyde Park), stations (Victoria Station),
of London, the Statue of Liberty). individual mountains (Everest), islands (Cyprus),
Note: the equator, the North/South Pole, the north lakes (Lake Michigan), continents (Europe)
of England, the South/West/North/East but: the Argentine, the Netherlands, (the) Sudan, the
Hague, the Vatican.

musical instruments, dances. the piano, the tango possessive adjectives. This isn’t your bag.

names of families (the Browns), nationalities two-word names whose first word is the name of
ending in -sh, -ch or -ese (the English, the Dutch, a person or place. Kennedy Airport, Westminster
the Japanese). Other plural nationalities are used Abbey but: the White House, (because the first
with or without the (the Greeks, the Italians etc). word “White” is not the name of a person or place.)

titles (the Queen, the Prince). “The” is omitted pubs, restaurants, shops, banks and hotels
before titles with proper names (Queen Victoria). which have the name of their founder and end
in-s or -’s. Harrods, Lloyds Bank, Emma’s pub but:
adjectives used as plural nouns (the poor, the rich, the White Horse (pub) (because “White” is not a name)
the young, the blind etc) and the superlative
degree of adjectives/adverbs (the worst). bed, church, college, court, hospital, prison,
She’s the most beautiful girl in her class. school, university, when we refer to the purpose
Note: “most” used as a determiner followed by a for which they exist.
noun, does not take “the”. Tom was sent to prison. (He is a prisoner.) but: His
Most people believe he’s a liar. mother went to the prison to see him last week. (She
went to the prison as a visitor.)
the words station, shop, cinema, pub, library, city, Work (place of work) never takes “the”.
village etc. She's at work.
She went to the station to see Jim off.
the words home, father/mother when we talk
morning, afternoon, evening, night. about our own home/parents.
I'll be at home in the evening. but: at night, at noon, Mother is at home.
at midnight, by day/night, at 4 o’clock etc.
means of transport: by bus/by car/by train/by
historical references/events. the Renaissance, the plane etc but: in the car, on the bus/train etc.
Middle Ages, the First World War (but: World War |) She travelled by plane. but: She left on the 6 o’clock
plane yesterday.
only, last, first (used as adjectives).
He was the last person to come. illnesses. He’s got malaria. But we say: flu/the flu,
measles/the measles, mumps/the mumps
 10. Nouns - Articles

@? Fill in “the” where necessary.

ing 2) time of my life.

Sue, I'm hav
idWell 've been here inin 1)ee«Xs. friends, cee 90nes ta rl'm
3) for V2Brongons.
New York h. | noticed this 7)4)
not missing see al
moment
I'm staying with my can are very afferent from 6) ae were very friendly. I've done 2 e
all. 5) American rt, where 2) most per ae sights. 11) ones | like:
Ke nnedy Airport k I've geen all 10)
arrived av 8) - n ‘ve going to 14)
e | arrived. | thi President's home, 17)
of sightseeing inc y an 13) »-..- Times Square 7
St atue of Libe; rt w n a forward to isiting
visiting 16) auge he hao 18)
best were 12) - come with us aS panied NN aad Well l
Washington 15) next week. | ise
n't haunt
White House. Mr Bro ae por us there but now were al edb Athen we're going for 21)
flu. He was going te going to 20) ..... cinema tonig v Mother and
; ao Wi éf
have to 9ign off anes restaurant. for 27) Christmas.

een s ene and 25) family. I'l be 26) sail

24) cs Love,
Write S0". Jessica

Underline the correct item.

1. All of his belongings was / were in one small suitcase.

2. Soccer is / are a popular game in England.
3. Aerobics do / does you a lot of good.
4. Chocolate makes / make you put on weight.
5. Most people enjoy / enjoys Christmas.
6. The money he makes is / are enough to live on.
7. The police is looking / are looking for the murderer.
8. Her good looks always gets / get her what she wants.
9. The young couple is getting / are getting married next year.
10. My advice is / are to stop smoking immediately.
11. Measles, which is / are a children’s disease, is / are dangerous for adults.
12. The audience was / were given free tickets to the next show.
13. The economics | learnt at school is / are out of date now.
14. Her grandparents’ death in a car accident was / were a great shock.
15. Fish is / are easy to look after as pets.
16. Television news gives / give you more information than radio news.
17. The stairs to the first floor is / are over there.
18. The information | got was / were very helpful.

Fill in “the” where necessary.

1) .. The Larkins are a very interesting family. 2) Mr Larkin is a travel-writer who has been all over
3) world and written books about 4) China and 5) . Chinese. He has also published
articles in newspapers such as 6) Times and 7) . Observer. 8) ......... His wife, Sylvia, is a
journalist who has interviewed people like 9) Prince of Wales and 10) ....... President Reagan. At the
moment, she is writing an article about 11) homeless. Their son, 12) ......... Jack, is a professional
footballer who plays in 13) USA. He has been playing 14) football since he was a child. Jack
met his wife, Sally, at 15) Chicago Airport 16) morning after he had left 17) home
to live in 18) States. She is a musician who plays 19) drums in a rock band. In 20)
summer the whole family meet at 21) Maxim's in 22) Paris, then travel by 23) .
car around 24) . Europe for a month. 25) Last year they spent 26) whole month of
27) July in Portugal before going back to 28) work.
10. Nouns - Articles

) Fill in “the” where necessary.

1) .._X. Last summer we went to stay in 2) village where my grandmother was born. | had never been
there before, so when we arrived at 3) station | was surprised to see how small it was. As in 4)
many villages in 5) north of 6) England, all 7) houses are built of 8) same
stone. Running through the village is 9) River Tyne. The village has a church which was built in tO)
Middle Ages. Although 11) population is only about 500 people, this village has 12) best
cricket team in 13) .... county, and many people play 14) rugby as well. Apart from 15)
sport, though, so little happens there that many of 16) people still remember 17) time 18)
Queen visited their village in 19) 1955.

(3) Fill in: a, an or the where necessary.

Last week | had 1) ..an... accident in 2) Italy. | was skiing in

3) . Alps. One day | was going too fast down a mountain, when
| crashed into 4) tree. | broke both my legs and cut my arm.
There was so much 5) blood, | had to be rushed to 6)
hospital in 7) ambulance. When | got there, 8) doctor
told me that | would have to stay there for at least two weeks. | was
very depressed. All | wanted to do was go 9) home.

Oral Activity 23

The teacher divides the class into two teams and says countable or uncountable nouns. The teams in turn
add “a/an” or “some”. Each correct answer gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner.
Teacher : bread Teacher: book
Team A S1: some bread Team B S1: a book etc.

Oral Activity 24

The teacher divides the class into two teams and says nouns. The teams in turn add “the” where necessary.
Each correct answer gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner.
Teacher: Taj Mahal Teacher: Buckingham Palace
Team A S1: the Taj Mahal Team B $1: Buckingham Palace etc.

Tense Review

() Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense forms.

Yesterday evening a fire badly 1) ..damaged (damage) the

Grand Hotel in Bournemouth. The police 2) (believe)
that the fire was started deliberately. They 3)
(find) an empty petrol can and a box of matches in one of the hotel
lifts. Broken glass 4) (injure) a number of the
guests who 5) (enjoy) a New Year’s Eve party
at the hotel. Ten people 6) (take) to hospital
where they 7) (treat) for shock. Police 8)
(interview) guests and hotel staff since this morning
to discover what 9) (happen). One guest
Dy 10) (tell) our reporter that he 11)
(see) two men enter the lift carrying a petrol can just before the time the fire 12) (think) to
have started. He 13) (give) their descriptions to the police. So far the hotel
management 14) (refuse) to comment on the situation.
 10. Nouns - Articles

@&) Fill in : a, an or the where necessary.

1....The.. Grand Canyon is in Arizona.

2. He visited Pyramids while he was in Egypt.
3. Morpeth is town in . north of England.
4. She lives in castle near . River Rhine.
5. | went shopping at . Macy's and bought .. expensive overcoat.
6. They are going for walk near . London Zoo in .. Regent's Park.
7. There is . . cinemain . Bridge Street called . Odeon.
8. Anna comes from Netherlands but she lives in . USA now.
Qhrawscaarcwes Malta is in Mediterranean.
1S icwesscaeosesxc Victoria Coach Station is near Apollo theatre.
11. When we went to . Paris we saw Eiffel Tower and . Louvre.
12.2 . Smith’s book shop is in High Street opposite Barclays Bank.

, an impression,
sth for a living, miracles (for), research, a mess, a mistake, money, a noise, an offer,
right/wrong,
a service, the shopping, peace, preparations, progress, a success of sth,
a translation, the washing-up, work etc sure, a translation, trouble, war etc

Fill in “make” or “do” in the correct form.

1. Afterhe ...had done.. the washing-up he went 12. They've decided to .

out .. to do... the shopping. improvements before moving into the Office.
2. Although | ; my best, I’m 13. After | my Maths homework, | had
afraid | . several mistakes. my mother ... sure it was all right.
3. When you your homework, 14. She is used to business with
could you please the beds? foreigners.
4. You have to a decision soon. 15. She .... some research when she
5. A few days in the country would me good. the discovery.
6. You will more progress if you 16. To a success of this business
the exercises carefully. we will have to some changes.
7. John a fortune on the Stock Exchange. 17. Would you . _ an effort to .... . this
8. Those children so much noise! translation by next week?
9. Soldiers must always their duty. 18. She her excuses for not attending
10. She such good work that she the meeting.
always a good impression. 19. Someone . an offer for the house.
11. To see the dentist, you'll have to an 20. Eating too many sweets can
appointment. harm to your health.

() Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1. Somebody threw a snowball at me as | was 5. Throw the ball me so | can shoot a basket.
walking along the road. 6. The manager would like to talk . you
2. I'm bored! Can't you think something your work.
we can do? 7. | will think the matter and give you
3. Can you translate this French? my decision tomorrow.
4.1 wonder why Pam is so terrified dogs. 8. The children teased Sally being fat.
11. Causative Form (Having something done)

TT. Causative Form (Having something done)

| hardly recognised youl You have ( On! You've had your name changed too, haven't you? )
had your hair dyed blonde, Sue. .

You should have your eyes tested.

My name’s Kristi not Sue.

We use have + object + past participle to say that we arrange for someone else to do something for us.
Jim arranged for the plumber to fix the tap. Jim had the tap fixed. (He didn't do it himself - the plumber did it.)

Present Simple She cleans her house. She has her house cleaned.
Present Continuous She is cleaning her house. She is having her house cleaned.
Past Simple She cleaned her house. She had her house cleaned.
Past Continuous She was cleaning her house. She was having her house cleaned.
Future Simple She will clean her house. She will have her house cleaned.
Future Continuous She will be cleaning her house. She will be having her house cleaned.
Present Perfect She has cleaned her house. She has had her house cleaned.
Present Perfect Cont. She has been cleaning her house. She has been having her house cleaned.
Past Perfect She had cleaned her house. She had had her house cleaned.
Past Perfect Cont. She had been cleaning her house. She had been having her house cleaned.
Infinitive She must clean her house. She must have her house cleaned.
Gerund She likes cleaning her house. She likes having her house cleaned.

The verb to have used in the Causative forms its negations and questions with do/does (Present
Simple) and did (Past Simple). Don’t have this letter posted yet! Did you have your hair cut?

Get can be used instead of have in spoken English. Have + object + past participle can be used instead
of passive forms to express an accident or misfortune.
You should get your skirt washed. (= You should have your skirt washed.)
She had her bag stolen. (Her bag was stolen.)

Read the situations, then write sentences using the Causative form.

1. Mary took her blouse to the cleaner’s. What did she do? .. She had her blouse cleaned. ........
2. My watch is broken. What should | do? ee
3. Michael is at the hairdresser’s because he needs a haircut. What is he doing?

4. Aman is cleaning our swimming pool. What are we doing?

5. A dressmaker has made a dress for Sue. What has Sue done?
6. His milk is delivered every morning. What does he do?
7. Tom's tooth needs filling. He’s going to the dentist's tomorrow. What's he going to do?
 11. Causative Form (Having something done}

8. Sarah’s car needed petrol so she took it to the garage. What did she do?

9. We don't have a garage. A builder is going to build one for us next week. What are we going to do?

10. An architect designed a house for him. What did he do? | |

Bill Smith does everything himself. Lord Hornby pays other people to do it. Write what
Lord Hornby says.

Bill Smith Lord Hornby

if hil KX Se
1. | painted my house last week. 1 | had my house painted last week.
2. I’m mending my car. 2
3. I've put in new windows. 3
4. I'll build a swimming pool next year. 4.
5. | clean my shoes every day. 5:
6. | wash my car once a week. 6
7. |'m installing a new shower next month. 7
8. | made a rocking chair for my wife. 8.
9. | check my son’s homework every night. /) \ 2
yy,
Jane and Naomi are models. Jane does everything herself but Naomi is lazy and has
everything done for her. Put the verbs in brackets into the Causative form.

Jane: | like doing my own hair. | usually wash it every two days.
Naomi: | don’t.11) .. have mine washed. (wash) every day by my hairdresser.
Jane: | dyed my hair yesterday.
Naomi: Oh! | 2) (dye) last week.
Jane: | enjoy doing my own make-up too, don’t you?
Naomi: Oh no. | 3) (do) by a beautician.
Jane: | make my own clothes. | like things you can’t buy in shops.
Naomi: | 4) (make) by my dressmaker.
She's very good.
Jane: Sometimes | even repair my own car. I’m quite a good mechanic.
Naomi: How horrible! | 5) (repair) at the garage. It’s
cheap and | don't get my clothes dirty.
Jane: But it’s easy to wash your clothes, isn't it?
Naomi: | prefer 6) (wash) at the cleaner’s.
Jane: | like to relax by tidying the garden.
Naomi: Well | relax while | 7) (tidy) by the
gardener.
Jane: I've got to go now. I’m going to polish my nails.
Naomi: You should do what | do. | 8) (polish) by a manicurist.
11. Causative Form (Having something done)

G9) Write about these people’s misfortunes using the Causative form.

1. Ted's car was damaged.

Ted had his car damaged.

4, Rick’s house was broken into 5. Gary's windows were smashed 6. The police have taken away
by a burglar. by hooligans. Todd's driving licence.

Write sentences in the Causative form as in the example:

1. Mike is going to ask a carpenter to put the doors up. . . Mike is going to have the doors put up.
2. Tony asked a mechanic to fix the car.
3. You should ask a plumber to unblock the toilet.
4. Ask the maid to tidy your room.
5. Simon is going to ask a tailor to make a suit for him.
6. Did he ask the optician to test his eyes?
7. Tommy asks his brother to do his homework.
8. The girl asked her mother to read the story to her.
9. They will ask a chef to cook the meal.
10. The report is being typed by his secretary.
11. She will ask a decorator to decorate the lounge.
12. You should ask someone to fix your car brakes.
13. When will your new shower be installed?
14, Bruce may ask a builder to repair his roof.
15. Are you going to ask someone to service your motorbike?
16. I've asked the secretary to rewrite the whole report.
17. Her children are being taught computer science.
18. James asked the messenger to send the flowers round to his girlfriend's house.
19. Can't you ask someone to repair the washing machine?
20. You should ask them to install a telephone.
21. Mary’s lawn was mowed yesterday.
22. Jane wants someone to make her a dress.
23. Bob’s hair has just been cut.
24. Sharon might ask someone to dye her hair red tomorrow.
25. Debbie has asked someone to fit new carpets in her house.
26. Someone is massaging Sue’s feet at the moment.
27. | used to ask the dentist to polish my teeth every six months.
28. Our house needs to be painted.
 11. Causative Form (Having something done)

In Other Words

Rephrase the following using the words in brackets.

1. My sister is in hospital where they are taking her appendix out. (having)
My sister is in hospital having her appendix taken out.
2. A tailor made his new suit. (had)
3. A naughty boy broke Jim’s shop window. (had)
4. My friend will ask someone to organise his party. (organised)
5. She asked a caterer to prepare the food for the reception. (had)
6. ls your friend feeding the dog while you're away? (fed)
7. He’s going to ask an accountant to check his receipts. (checked)
8. A plumber repaired Mrs Smith's sink. (got) ae ae
9. Her dad will shorten her jeans. (Shortened) . 0. eee ee ee eee ee ee ene nee
10. His finger was shot off in the war. (had) a
11. His car is in the garage where they are changing its wheels. (having)
12. Tommy's bicycle was stolen. (had)
13. She will ask someone to build a shed for her. (built)
14. Did you get your brother to fix your motorbike? (have)

Tense Review

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense forms.

Last month Gertrude 1) received... (receive) an invitation to her best friend's wedding. Her friend's name is
Susan and they 2) (know) each other for years. Susan 3) (be) very
rich and 4) (invitations/print) in gold letters on expensive card. Gertrude was
worried because she 5) (not/have) anything nice to wear to the wedding. “I can't afford
to 6) (dress/make), so | 7) (have to) make one myself,” she
8) (say) to herself. Then she 9) (look) in the mirror. “Oh dear,”
she said, “Il 10) (hair/not do) for months. | 11) (go)
to the hairdresser’s tomorrow.” She also 12) (think) that it would be a good
idea to 13) (nails/manicure) by a professional. “] must look my best
because I’m sure everyone 14) (be) so well dressed,” she thought anxiously. But she needn't
have worried because on the day of the wedding she 15) (look) very nice indeed.

Oral Activity 25

Lord Mountebank has just bought an old castle in Scotland. It’s a birthday present for his new wife. Students
look at the picture and the word cues, and say sentences in the Causative.
new windows/put in/at the moment
$1: He’s having new windows put in at the moment.
hole in wall/repairfast week
$2: He had the hole in the wall repaired last week.
swimming poolV/build/next month
trees/plant/yesterday
living room/decorate/at the moment
statue of himself/erect/next week
solar panels/install/already
walls/clean/last week
stables/build/at the moment
horses/not deliver/yet
the whole castle/wrap in ribbon/for his wife’s
birthday
11. Causative Form (Having something done)

Look at Oral Activity 25 and write the letter that Lord Mountebank wrote to his wife telling her all about the
castle. Use the causative form.
Dear Patricia,
| have just bought a wonderful old Scottish castle for your birthday. At the moment I’m having new
windows put in...

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

run across : find by chance 1.lran ....acrogs...... an interesting article about

ar fashion while | was reading the newspaper.
ron 2 2. We've run .......... flour and sugar — how
run away : escape; get away by running can | make a cake?
, u 3. The bank guard ran ..... the thief.
we : M4 leper es about 4. You mustn't run your teachers.
Y ng 5. David lost control of the carandran............a
run into sb/sth: 1) meet unexpectedly tree.
2) collide with 6. When the dog barked, the children ran —_
, 7.1 ran an old friend of mine yesterday.
run out of : reach the end (of a supply) 8. Our neighbour was run by a taxi and
was very badly injured.

Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1. This offer is only valid ... for children under —_ 5. | don’t know what Laura is so upset ‘
twelve. 6. His parents warned him misbehaving
2. She’s good at Maths, but she’s a bit weak in school.
Physics. 7. Dorothy is worried . her daughter as
3. We've been waiting . you for an hour! she hasn't heard from her for weeks.
4. Buying badly made clothes is a waste . 8. What's the use complaining when
money. nobody listens?

Fill in the correct idiom.

1.1'm flat out - | think I'd better go to bed.
2. He’s a nice boy, but he a bit
when it comes to schoolwork.
3. You mustn't your daughter —
she's doing the best she can.
4. George for nearly a year
before he found a job.
5. If | , I'd try to
find a better place to live.
6.1 money this week —
can | pay you next week?
7. By the end of the film my friend
on the sofa.
8. I'd like to play tennis, but | am completely
be in sb’s shoes: be in sb’s position en lin gure" inane:
 12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

42, Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

How are you and your naw Great! He's extremely polite. a on Ee.
horse getting along?

bi
What exactly do you ey
Well, every time we come to aom
he always lets me go over firstl
\

Adjectives Adverbs

Adjectives describe nouns. They have Adverbs normally describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
the same form in both the singular and She drives carefully. (How does she drive? Carefully.)
the plural. They normally go before They say how (adverbs of manner), where (adverbs of place),
nouns. They also go alone (without when (adverbs of time), how much/to what extent (adverbs of
nouns) after the verbs: appear, be, degree) or how often (adverbs of frequency) something
become, feel, seem, smell, taste etc. happens. There are also sentence adverbs (certainly, surely,
She had a bad dream. (What kind of probably, possibly etc) and relative adverbs (where, why, when).
dream?A bad one.) The egg smells awful.

Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives

Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective eg. quick a= quickly. Adjectives ending in -ic
add -ally to form their adverbs eg. dramatic «= dramatically. Adjectives ending in -le drop -le and
add -ly to form their adverbs eg. terrible m=» terribly. Adjectives ending in consonant + y drop -y and
add -ily to form their adverbs eg. happy «= happily. Adjectives ending in -ly (friendly, lonely, lovely,
fatherly, motherly, silly, lively, ugly etc) form their adverbs with in a ... way eg. in a friendly way.
Adjectives ending in -e form their adverbs adding -ly without dropping -e eg. rare =p rarely.
Exceptions: whole a> wholly, true a=» truly.

The adverb of good is well. Some adverbs are the same as their adjectives (daily, early, fast, hard, late,
monthly, best, easy, low etc) eg. He works hard. This is a hard job. In spoken English the adverbs loud,
quick, slow, cheap are the same as their adjectives. In formal English we use: loudly, quickly, slowly,
cheaply. eg. He speaks loud. (spoken English) He speaks loudly. (formal English)

a) Write the correct adverbs.

+-ly -ic + -ally -le ap -ly consonant+y amp -ily

quick ... quickly tragic horrible cosy
safe comic sensible sleepy
stupid dramatic impossible witty

Fill in the correct adjective or adverb using the words in brackets.

1. Gillian behaved very badly at the party last night. (bad)

2. You are quite at playing the piano, aren't you? (good)
12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

3. Think about it before you make a decision. (careful)

4. | like my bedroom because it’s so . (cosy)
5. It makes me feel to think of you living alone. (sad)
6. If you can’t talk , don’t talk at all. (sensible)
7. Her whole family died ina accident. (tragic)
8.1 was not convinced by her reasoning. (whole)
9. , | can't help you. (unfortunate)
10. You look in your new dress. (lovely)
11. The ability to think is an important skill. (logical)
12.1 believe this to be the finest novel ever written. (true)
13. You'd better work if you want to keep your job. (hard)
14. Please don’t drive so . (fast)
15. Linda washes her hair . (daily)
16. That chicken tastes . (delicious)
17. You're bound to make mistakes if you write so . (careless)
18. Your perfume smells . (beautiful)
19. Charles and Camilla have been living together for years. (happy)
20. Although | had only met him once, he greeted me . (friendly)

Put the adverbs from the list below into the correct column.

why where away today far usually possibly drastically

here well hard only fast perhaps always in the park
badly off up never there probably suspiciously tomorrow
hardly near now then slowly foolishly immediately
once at once wholly twice upstairs definitely absolutely
clearly quite still when lately carefully frequently
soon almost often certainly honestly obviously occasionally

How Where When How much _ How often

Sentence Relative
manner place time degree frequency Adverbs Adverbs

fast here g00n almost often certainly when

Some pairs of adverbs have different meanings

e@ deep =a long way down (He dug deep into the ground.) deeply= greatly (The scientist was deeply respected.)
efree =without payment (Children travel free on buses.) freely = willingly (He spoke freely about his past.)
ehard =with a lot of effort (He works hard.) hardly = scarcely (/ hardly see him.)
e@high =to/at a high level (The pilot flew high above the clouds.) highly = very much (She is highly
regarded by her employers.)
e last = after all others (He got here last.) lastly = finally (Lastly, read the instructions then do the test.)
e late = after the arranged or proper time (They arrived late.) lately = recently (/ haven't seen him lately.)
e@near =close (/ live near the school.) nearly = almost (/ have nearly finished.)
@ pretty = fairly (/ thought the film was pretty awful.) prettily = in an attractive way (She smiled prettily.)
@ short = suddenly (The driver stopped short.) shortly = soon, not long (He will be arriving shortly.)
ewide = far away from the right point (He threw the ball wide.) widely = to a large extent (It's widely
believed that the Prime Minister will resign soon.)
 12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

Underline the correct item.

1. The arrow flew wide/widely of the target.

2. Computers are wide/widely used in schools nowadays.
3. Students can enter the museum free/freely on Saturdays.
4. He free/freely admitted to being a liar.
5. | like sitting near/nearly the fire.
6. Be careful! You near/nearly crashed into that cyclist.
7. She left too late/lately to catch the train.
8. Have you seen any good films late/lately?
9. The death of his friend affected him deep/deeply.
10. To find water, they had to dig deep/deeply into the ground.
11.1 think he’s a pretty/prettily good singer, actually.
12. The little girl laughed pretty/prettily at the sight of the puppy.
13. He tries very hard/hardly to make her happy.
14. She used to be a great musician, but she hard/hardly plays at all now.
15. Tommy came last/lastly in the 100m sprint.
16. Last/Lastly, | would like to thank the caterers for providing such delicious food.
17. Mr Tibbs isn’t in at the moment, but he'll be here short/shortly.
18. The policeman stopped short/shortly when he saw the robber had a gun.
19. The eagle was flying high/highly above the mountains.
20. My father is a high/highly respected surgeon.

Order of Adjectives

@ Adjectives normally go before nouns. She bought an expensive house. Adjectives can also be used
without a noun after certain verbs (appear, be, feel etc). He felt nervous.
@ The adjectives afraid, alone, alive, awake, asleep, glad etc are never followed by a noun. The baby was
asleep. (not : an-esteep-baby) -
@ Nouns can be used as adjectives if they go before another noun. They have no plural form in this case.
Could you repair the garden gate? a morning class, a two-week holiday (not : a-twe-weeks-holiday)
@ Certain adjectives can be used as plural nouns referring to a group of people in general.
These are: the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the disabled, the hungry, the strong, the
deaf, the living, the dead, the sick, the elderly etc.
We should have more respect for the elderly. (elderly people in general)
The rich should help the poor. But in the singular : The rich man helped the poor woman.
@ Opinion adjectives (wonderful, awful etc) go before fact adjectives (large, old etc).
She lives in a lovely big flat. She bought a beautiful leather bag.
@ When there are two or more fact adjectives, they normally go in the following order :

Fact Adjectives
ed for/
opinion size age shape colour origin material ranger noun

That’sa wonderful large old rectangular black Chinese wooden linen chest.

Put the adjectives in the correct order.

1. a Chinese/ittle/pretty girl. a pretty little Chinese girl

2. a(n) wedding/expensive/satin/white/dress
3. a detective/new/brilliant/French/film
4. a(n) Greek/ancient/fascinating/monument
5. a(n) pair ofleather/black/walking/old/shoes
6. a(n) German/brown/enormous/beef/sausage
7.ared and white/lovely/marble/Turkish/chess set
12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

8. a round/gold/big/medallion
9. a grey/smart/cotton/new/suit
10. a(n) motorcycling/old/black/dirty/jacket

Order of adverbs

Adverbs can go in front, mid or end position in a sentence. Front position is at the beginning of the
sentence. Mid position is before the main verb or after the auxiliary. End position is at the end of the
sentence.
Front Mid End
Finally, he will probably start working here next week.

Adverbs of frequency (often, usually, never, ever, regularly, barely, seldom, scarcely, rarely, sometimes
etc) normally go before main verbs but after auxiliary verbs (mid position). However, in short answers
they go before the auxiliary verb. He often brings me flowers. He is always coming late. “He is always
telling lies, isn’t he?” “Yes, he always is.”
Used to and have to take the adverb of frequency before them. You always have to remind him to take
his pills. Frequency adverbs can also go at the beginning or the end of the sentence for reasons of
emphasis. Sometimes | get up late. | go to that park occasionally.

Adverbs of time usually go at the end of the sentence (She /eft Madrid yesterday.) or at the beginning of
the sentence if we want to put emphasis on the time (Yesterday she left Madrid.).
Short time adverbs such as: soon, now, still, then etc. can go in mid position.
She is now having a lesson.

The adverbs: already, no longer, normally, hardly, nearly, almost usually go in mid position.
He nearly missed the train. They are no longer working here. There’s hardly any cake left.

Sentence adverbs (probably, certainly, possibly, clearly, fortunately, luckily, maybe, perhaps, of course
etc) go in any position, front, mid or end; the front position is the most usual though. Probably he
believed you. He probably believed you. He believed you probably. In negations certainly, possibly and
probably go before the auxiliary. He probably didn’t believe you.

Adverbs do not normally go between the object and the verb. She likes sweets very much. (not: She-+tikes-
very
muet-sweets)

Adverbs of degree (absolutely, just, totally, completely, extremely, very, a lot, really, terribly, much,
awfully, rather, quite, fairly, pretty, a little, a bit, slightly, enough, too etc) can go before the adjective
or the adverb they modify. She’s quite good at Maths. Most of these adverbs can also go before a main
verb or after an auxiliary verb. / rather like this film. | can’t quite understand it. The adverbs : a lot, much,
a little, a bit, awfully, terribly, absolutely, completely and totally go in mid or end position. The train was
delayed a little. or The train was a little delayed. The earthquake completely destroyed the area. or The
earthquake destroyed the area completely.

Adverbs of manner (beautifully, badly, eagerly etc) and piace (here, there etc) go after the verb or the
object of the verb if there is one (end position). She looked at me angrily. Adverbs of manner can also
go in mid position. She looked angrily at me. When there is more than one adverb in a sentence, their
order is manner - place - time. However when there is a verb of movement (go, run, leave etc), the
place adverb goes next to the verb of movement.

manner place time place manner time

He spoke well atthemeeting yesterday. Shegoes towork onfoot every day.
 12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

Rewrite the sentences using the adverbs in brackets.

1. The dentist checks my teeth. The dentist checks my teeth twice a year. (twice a year)
2.1 like spicy food. (very much)
3. The weather is warm in Portugal. (quite)
4. He won't be late. (probably)
5. Andrew drives. (carelessly)
6. He’s so rude! (always)
7. There isn’t any food left. (hardly)
8. We caught our flight to Paris. (barely)
9. She carried the vase. (carefully)
10. He helps in the house. (rarely)

@ Rewrite the letter putting the adverbs from the list in the best position.
last week/there/soon/always/well/unfortunately/usually/possibly/really/next week

gays he had a
Dear Sam, sh e W. aS in Londo n ..last week. . _, She ri be able to vieit
er whilei ds, but
ing after myot daught self. We have go t along. | ‘ work» at weeken
Thank ; you for stlookcome Ou
and vigit you my’ 5 ou again. ll phone y .
great time. | mumer h olidays. I'm looking forward to seeing you 4g Love, -—>
you in the sum aa ae"

@) Rewrite the text putting the following adverbs from the list in the best position.

always/late/quickly/nearlyAuckily/strangely/that
morning/suddenly/still

Alf Roberts is ... always... doing stupid things. One morning &
he woke up for work. He got up and ran out of the house
without having breakfast. He missed the 9 0’ clock bus, but
the bus driver waited for him. The other passengers were all
looking at him and he didn’t know why. Then he realised that
he was wearing his pyjamas.

(3) Rewrite the text making corrections where necessary.

Cyril Morton had appeared always to most of the people in the town very mean. He lived an alone person in a
Victorian old huge house on the side of the hill. Nobody saw ever him, and children were afraid persons to play
near the house. Some people wondered if he was still an alive man. One day the local home for disabled
received an anonymous note and a cheque for £5,000. The note read : “This is to pay for a two-weeks holiday in
Brighton for all of you.” Nobody knew where the cheque had come from but, obviously, they were to accept it
glad. A year later, Cyril died at the age of 92. The whole town was surprised to find out that the old man had left
all his money to disabled, including his house. This shows that we should judge never elderly just because they
want often to be left alone people.

Cyril Morton had always appeared

Rewrite the sentences putting the words in the correct order.

1.on Fridays/in the café/eats breakfast/always/he ...He always eats breakfast in the café on Fridays.
2. safely/they/arrived/this morning/home
3. drinks coffee/in the evening/never/Sam
12. Adjectives ~ Adverbs - Comparisons

4.0n a yacht/she sails/every summer/round the islands

5. quietly/in his bed/slept/the baby/all night
6. often/nome/she/goes/on Fridays/early
7. rarely/you/see/cricket/these days/on TV
8. in the garden/the nightingales/last night/loudly/were singing

Regular Comparative and Superlative Forms

£<.Cavity Ive ever seen It would be less cruel of

Open wide, please. Ah, ¥ 4+. CAVITY Ie ever seen
you got the biggest you if you didn’t keep
eee le ever see,
repeating it. /
es. CVer seen

| didn’t - that
\ was an echo!

Adjectives Positive Comparative Superlative

of one syllable add -(e)r/-(e)st short shorter (than) the shortest (of/in)
to form their comparative big bigger (than) the biggest (of/in)
and superlative forms large larger (than) the largest (offin)

of two syllables ending in -er, heavy heavier (than) the heaviest (of/in)
-ly, -y, -w also add -er/-est shallow shallower (than) the shallowest (offin)

of two or more syllables special more special (than) the most special (of/in)
take more/most attractive more attractive (than) the most attractive (of/in)

Certain adjectives form their comparative and superlative in both ways, either by adding -er/-est to the
positive form or taking more/most. Some of these are : clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, narrow,
pleasant, polite, quiet, simple, stupid etc.
clever - cleverer - cleverest ALSO clever - more clever - the most clever

Adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative

adverbs having the same forms as adjectives fast faster the fastest
add -er/-est

“early” drops -y and adds -ier/-iest early earlier the earliest

two syllable or compound adverbs often more often the most often
take more/most (compound adverbs are safely more safely the most safely
adjectives + -ly. eg. careful - carefully) easily more easily the most easily

We normally use than after a comparative. /’m taller than you. We normally use the before a superlative.
We often use of or in after a superlative. We normally use in with places. /’m the tallest of all. I'm the
tallest in my school.
 12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and superlative forms.

1. slow Slower (the) slowest 5. lonely

2. happy 6. hard
3. carefully 7. fantastic
4. often 8. early

irregular Forms

Positive Comparative Superlative a) further/farther (adv) = longer (in distance)

He lives further/farther away than me.
good/well better best further (adj) = more
bad/badly worse worst For further details, consult your lawyer.
much ~ more most
many/a lot of more most b) very + positive degree. /t’s a very nice day.
little less least even/much/far/a bit + comparative degree.
far farther farthest This house is even bigger than the other. She’s
far further furthest much older than my mother.

Types of Comparisons

as ...(positive degree)... as Ted is as tall as Jim.

not so/as ...(positive degree)... as Kate isn’t as/so clever as her sister (is).
not such a(n/so ... as Dave isn’t such a good footballer as he used to be.

less ...(positive degree)... than The red car is less expensive than the blue one,
the least ...(positive degree)... of/in but the black one is the least expensive of all.

the + comparative..., the + comparative The earlier you leave, the earlier you’l] be back.
The more reliable, the more expensive a car is.

comparative + and + comparative The story is becoming more and more interesting.
He walked faster and faster.

prefer + -ing form or noun + to + -ing form | prefer drinking tea to drinking coffee.
or noun (general preference) | prefer spaghetti to pizza.

would prefer + to -inf + rather than + inf | would prefer to go on foot rather than take a taxi.
without to (specific preference) | would prefer to stay at home rather than go to the party.

ey) Using fat, interesting, big, boring or small, fill in the blanks as in the example:

Tom is fatter than Sam.Sam_ Karen's book is interesting A horse is a dog and
isn't Tom. Joe is Kim's. Kim's book is an elephant. A dog
all and Sam is Karen's. Jane’s book is isn't a horse. An
fat all. all. elephant is all
and a dog is . all.
12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

Like - As
You must have a really
clean kitchen. | bet no one’s
kitchen is as clean as yours.

7 : .

i) |

That’s very kind of you, sirl

But how can you tell?

Like is used: As is used :

to say what sb or sth looks like. to say what sb or sth is really or to talk about
She looks like Madonna. (She isn’t Madonna.) one’s job or role. He works as a clerk. (He’s a clerk.)

after feel, look, smell, sound + noun. in certain expressions: as usual, as...as, as much,
It smells like fish. such as, the same as. He plays the piano as well as | do.

with nouns/pronouns/-ing. after the verbs : accept, be known, class, describe,

She works like a robot. (She isn’t a robot.) refer to, regard, use. He is regarded as the best
It was like flying in the air. student in his class.

Fill in: like or as.

1. Charles Nichols is known ..a3 “Chuck” to his friends.
2. Her perfume smelt roses.
3. People say she looks Kim Basinger.
4. His father worked an accountant in the city.
5. usual, Terry was late for work.
6. Diving into the sea was diving into an icy pool.
7. This is nice material - it feels silk.
8. She doesn’t sing well her mother.
9. | don’t think you could describe Andy an intelligent person.
10. Some politicians, such John Major, are always in the news.
11. Ann looks an angel.

Sam Sanderson works 1) aS.. a pianist in a restaurant in Chicago. No

one in town plays the piano 2) well 3) he does.
He looks a bit 4) Stevie Wonder, which is why he is
known to his friends 5) “Stevie”. One night he was
playing in the restaurant 6) usual, when he was approached by
the leader of the biggest jazz band in America. He offered Sam a job
7) lead pianist in his band. This made him so happy he felt
8) dancing on his piano. So he did!
 12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

260) C omplete the sentences as in the example:

ons ao TE: ut
1. She gets ... mor € and moreb. P
AYLSe be ermaase Oe SNe e

ks
MSU PA NE
; yak isgetting ....... — . painful
ee: _..as the years go by.y. 3. bad
4. The meteor was coming ine awa rataiWinraigrednn Sie Sielove 3 the Earth. 4. near
Cc omplete each sentence as in the example:

1. (It is dangerous.)s
.
r you drive, ... .....e...
faste
dangerouscdmait i6...es
The

3,2. i (You
mn teeta
;
yc The harder St nae
U cia deena
weaaseecacees

Weak exercise, ... ere

LIGETI CONC E

item
G9 Choose the correct
(a lot/
Dear Clare, | hav en' t wri tte n earl ier. I've been 2) - ;
ry
1) ..r eal ly: . (co mpl ete ly/really/slightly) sor holiday at the moment and 60 I'm 3) «+ ool!
I'm are on k to sch
tre mel y) bus y recen tly. The children ssee s (to o/j ust /aw tul ly) glad when they go bac
ool holidays are 6)
enough /ex I'l be A) necs
nough ) exhausted during t he day! The sch and | get 8) --
(abeolutely/much/e y/ a lot /ra the r) fre e
(completel (terribly/much/ enou gh)
bored
Then I'll be 5) esc
g.
(enough/just/too) lon oon with your news.
tly /to tal ly/ a lot) ex haus ted! Well, write 9 Take care,
(sligh
Joe

Put the adjectives in the correct order.

suitcase on the
Dear Sir, (leather/large/bro wn)
left. a 1) .large brown leather.. cpnanaeqensgseneseeeerers (plastic/digital/little)
lam writing to you because In the suitcase there is a 2) pyjamas. There is algo
a
to London yesterday. (silk/black/expensive)
7.45 train sannesannestaeet™ nen wife, and a 5)
alarm clock and a pai
r of 3
/lo ng) dre ss, whi ch wag a preése nt for my
( lovely/sa tin re is a 6)
4) d) cha in whi ch | wo ul d hate to lose. Finally, the it is very important
iful/gol al government papers
, 90
seeeees (Chinese/beaut der containing confidenti pos sible.
.
( bl ac k/ la rg e/ pl as ti c) fol
e ad dr es s as 90 0N 46
reoe e at the ab ov
und and returned to me Yours faithfully,
that my suitcase is fo
Paul Daniels

Fill in the blanks as in the example:

cause t)«
Dear Wendy, 30 | tho ugh t Id wri te straight back be
what to study at uni
versity, a place. You
me for adv ice on iie (go on) you 'll be able to apply for
You asked seae very well,
. (g0 0n) you mak e a decision, 2) enc es as you aré in the Arts. That's all
the soon er in the Sci getting
B) sssr rvnr eees (interested) tha n the Sci enc es when it comes to s to
_ (difficult) for graduate
say you are not ren hve (little/usef ul)
s are muc h 4) oc 5) v e e r
but the Fin e Art
course. AS you know it's getting s (paint/study) Physics but, let me tell
a job at the end of the may pre fer 6) -.- vvrssvrecsstrn rvbesnnen ts you could do. Of course, the final
Find work these days.
You seful) all the subjec
seneeenennnvensesses® (little/u
-
aex ee that would
you, Art is 7) «+. spw law
2) C R (see) you get a egr all.
but | would prefer a job at
ble to find
decision is up to you, rr (leave) university una
rather than 9)
lead to a good job With love,
Aunty Audrey
12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

() Fill in: very or much.

William has just bought a 1) .. very... nice new car. It is 2) faster than his old one and 3)
more comfortable. He is 4) proud of it as it is 5) more stylish than any of his friends’
cars. And so it should be, because it was 6) expensive indeed. He spent 7) more
money on it than he could afford and his friends think he was 8) foolish to buy it.

Fill in the blanks with the correct forms. Add “the”, “than "or “of” where necessary.

Last night | saw 1) ... the worst (bad) film I've ever seen. It was
even 2) (bad) Rocky IV. It lasted 3)
(long) .. three hours and, believe me, it was 4)
(boring) three hours . my life. The acting was dull,
and the story even 5) (dull). | was very disappointed,
as I'd left work 6) (early) usual especially
to see it. My friend had recommended it, saying it was 7)
(good) film he had seen for months. | won't listen to him again. He has
Sy is (strange) taste anyone | know.

@) Fill in the blanks as in the example :

e ever
the best (good) holiday I'v
Dear Carmen, , in
ag
last month. It was af1) anigh
le
people a
are 3) : sot
illa in Spain
'
year’s in France. | think the Sp (easily) in Spanish,
Thanks for letting me aor ray fun thar aot
nch, and | could communicate . German. The weather was much
had; it wa 2) at
(difficult) than (bad) summer in over ten
(friendly) than the Frencn,
(happy) =
although | still four tun in England, where we've haa)
live there ©)
a much that | think | could Love
years. | loved Spain ¢ the world:
than anywhere else '" Larry

Oral Activity 26

In teams, find the differences between picture A and picture B using comparisons. Each correct sentence gets 1
point. The team with the most points is the winner.

Team A S1:There are more pictures on the walls. | Team B S1: There are fewer pictures on the walls.
 12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

Fill in: more, most, less, least or much.

A: Max, our new dog, is 1)... much smaller than Sam, so he eats __am,,
2) food.
B: He sounds lovely. What does he look like?
A: He’s the 3) beautiful dog I’ve ever seen. He's
also the 4) aggressive dog I've ever owned.
He’s even 5) gentle than Sam.

Complete the sentences as in the example:

1. Walk a bit ... more quickly (quickly). We're going to be late.

2.1 went to bed much (late) than normal last night.
3. She is (well-qualified) than anyone else in the office.
4. Is your new car any (good) than your old one?
5. She's a far (experienced) player than her opponent.

Oral Activity 27
Students in teams make comparisons looking at the pictures and the list of adjectives. Each correct answer gets
1 point. The team with the most points is the winner.

pretty, happy, faithful, friendly, safe, enjoyable, expensive, fast, healthy, juicy,
big, long, big, useful, long, comfortable, old, modern, big, sweet, big
small, slim dangerous fast, expensive small, economical

Team A S1: Betty is prettier than Sue. | Team B S2: Ann is the prettiest of all.

Your friend has asked you to help him find a place to buy in Brighton. You have found a flat, a small house and
a big house. Write him a letter comparing the three, using the information in the boxes.
=

£140,000, near town centre, £255,000, on the edge of town, £380,000, 3 miles from town,
quite small, noisy area, very small, not too noisy area, 50 quite big, very quiet, beautiful
modern, 2 years old years old area, 20 years old
Dear Simon,
| have found three places which you may be interested in : a flat, a small house and a big house. The flat
is the cheapest...
 ——— se! =~ oe

12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

Complete Betty’s letter using the adjectives from the list in the correct degree.

long, warm, nice, old, small, good, happy, easy, slow, old, fast, enjoyable.

than | expected.
= le 4s had. It's 2) ‘re staying in
. We're
Dear Faul, st. train ride I've ever
rm now in London, after the De ennai and the buildings are 4) gervice. John J
6) to get around than | atten hie
The city is 3) hotel I've ever seen Dut it eS one. ’
ime. It'S
been for a long time. 2 it's the 9) rain
the
7)
5) than he's Northern Line on the tube because ! England. We're going to travel by tral
Ye d idea to avoid the gchool in Eng e for now.
but it’s a goo veit Eton College, the 10) way to get there. By
we're going v0 ¥! and the 12) ive
it’s the 11
becauge it's t ) Betty

@)) Fill in the correct verb forms.

|. remember.... (remember) the first flight of Concorde,

the aeroplane which 2) sav (build) with
the co-operation of the British and French Governments. |
3) (stay) at my grandparents’ house ~
in Bristol. My grandad 4) (be) retired :
by that time, but he 5) (work) at the
factory that built Concorde. That morning we 6)
.. (have) breakfast early, as grandad 7) .... (promise) that he 8) ....
(take) us to the factory 9)....... . (watch) Concorde take off. As we 10) —
(walk) towards the factory, we 11) ..... (join) by many other people. Finally, we 12) .
(arrive) at a bridge near the factory where hundreds of people 13) . (stand).
Some 14) OOTY ie . (wait) there for over two hours. Minutes later we 15) (get)
our first sight of Concorde. It 16) ........ (be) beautiful. It was the longest and thinnest plane | 17) .
(ever/see). I'll never forget 18) (watch) it take off and disappear into the clouds.

In Other Words

I've never seen such a nice ‘dress. A Porsche is much more expensive than a Fiat.
It’s the nicest dress I’ve ever seen. A Fiat is much/far less expensive than a Porsche.

She gave me a sad look. If you leave early, you'll reach the office early.
She looked at me sadly. The earlier you leave, the earlier you'll reach the office.

He is taller than John. Ann is the best typist of all.

John isn't as tall as him/he is. No other typist is as good as Ann (is).

That car is like this one. Jenny has the same number of pencils as George.
That car is similar to this one. George has as many pencils as Jenny (has).

@ Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold type.

1. Their flat is similar to ours. (LIKE) . Their flat is like ours.

2. Paul is the best singer of all. (OTHER) ........
3. That's the silliest thing I've ever heard! (NEVER)
 Se ie it ne A te i ih a i me ek mn
i el ee a A

12. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons

4. He gave me an angry look. (LOOKED) «2.0.0.0 0.6... cece cece ee sibigsths ,

5. Sam makes the same amount of money as Joe. (MUCH) ............6 666s c cece Ups @aneaawevieswae
6. | run faster than Laura. (DOESN'T) «20.0660 o ccc ccc eee eee eee e ne ees a6 Shain REOS ORES
7. This book is much more interesting than that one. (LESS) 0.0... 0.6.6.6 eeeceeneees tnemenere sss GEER ASS
8. If you get up late, you'll have less time to get ready. (LATER) ...........6
6660 cece cess ee ee nes L Gaueeees

@) Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

start a journey; set out 1. If you want the day off, you'll have to find someone
to stand ..in for... you.
set out: 1) begin a journey 2. Everyone stood .......... 660.005 when the judge
2) (+ full inf.) begin a job, task etc. entered the court.
ect up: 1) start a busi | 2) erect SWE
HERG 1O SOL. ccccesecescwsesaws at 6 am to get to
the village by 2 pm.
stand by sb: support sb, esp in a difficult 4. She loves travelling, so she’s decided to set
situation a travel agency.
5. When she was accused of the crime, all her friends
stand for : represent stood .................-. her.
6. He was too shy to stand ..... 6.6.6... cece his
stand infor: replace sb temporarily
boss when she accused him of being lazy.
stand up : rise to one’s feet 7. They set ......... their tent in the middle of a field.
8.Heset........ .sssueessee to become a
standupto: defend oneself against sb successful lawyer but never made it.
9. The letters CD stand .......... “compact disc”.

@) Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1. When she was ill she stayed .....at.... home for 5. On his voyage round the world, he was
two weeks. sea for six months.
2.| met an old friend ...... . chance while | was 6. She didn’t mean to do that — she did it
out shopping. accident.
3.1 like to spend a month weet . the seaside 7. | called her Mary instead of Martha
every summer. mistake.
4. We went into the centre of London veiees DUS: 8. They met while they were . university.

@) Fill in the correct idiom.

1. You should .....keep an eye on..... your bag or
somebody might steal it.
2. After robbing the bank, he spent five years

3. I'm going next door, but I'll be back ;

4. That child is so , that it’s
tiring to be with him.
don't be worried
or excited 5. Everything will be alright. Just !
6. There are a few problems, but ...
in a flash : very quickly it’s a good plan.
7. We were discussing politics when, ;
keep an eye on sth : guard sth she started talking about her daughter’s boyfriend.
8. | don’t know if they’ll win the Cup, but I’m
keep one’s fingers crossed : wish for good luck . that they will.
ee eee eS ee. ee er

Revision Exercises Ill

CG Revision Exercises Ill

@s) Choose the correct item.

1. JAN i Dicccses Spanish for five years now. 13. He'll have sent in his application ..............
A) teaches B) is teaching the end of May.
C) taught D) has been teaching A) by B) when
C) until D) yet
2. “Did you speak to John?” “Yes, he ..
his homework when | phoned him.” 14. This is the village ......... . | was born.
A) did B) has done A) that B) which
C) was doing D) does C) where D) who

3. “Are you coming out with us?” “I can't, | . 15. This room really ought .... acerca wssereisioare SOON:
. late tonight.” A) to paint B) be painted
A) will work B) am working C) to be painted D) to have been painted
C) have worked D) had worked
16. If only | them my secret!
4. She is the smartest model ............ the world. A) wouldn't tell B) shouldn't tell
A) in B) of C) don’t tell D) hadn't told
C) than D) from
17. Despite ........ alot of money, she’s always broke.
5. | ought ... . her this morning — now A) she earns B) of earning
it’s too late. C) earn D) earning
A) to have phoned B) phone
C) phoning D) to be phoning 18. That boy,....... father is a violinist, is very musical.
A) who B) whose
6. Would you mind ................... the TV down? C) which D) who's
A) to turn B) turn
C) have turned D) turning 19. “What did you think of her new novel?” “I think it is
the book she’s ever written.”
7. “Did you grow up in the city?” “No. When we were A) most interested B) most interesting
children we in the country.” C) more interesting D) interested
A) would live B) have lived
C) had lived D) used to live
20. The money not enough to pay the bill.
A) are B) were
8. | think that Dave . a new car this year. C) has D) was
A) had bought B) will buy
C) buys D) have bought 21. That is the . incredible news I’ve ever heard.
A) most B) more
9. She’s looking everywhere — she seems C) very D) far
something.
A) to have lost B) to lose 22. He works . than anyone else in the company.
C) to be losing D) to have been lost A) slower B) slowest
C) slowly D) more slow
10. She said that she the actor several times
before. 23. “Can | help you?” “I'd like a . of milk, please.”
A) met B) was meeting A) box B) carton
C) meets D) had met C) pot D) rasher

11. My boss dislikes people late. 24. Paul asked Sally when go out with him.
A) be B) to have been A) would she B) will she
C) being D) having been C) she would D) she will

12. After we , we Can go to the cinema. 25. David to be the best player on the team.
A) eat B) will eat A) says B) is said
C) ate D) had eaten C) said D) is saying
 Revision Exercises Illi

@ Rewrite the text correcting it where necessary.

The first night | spent alone in the castle was

most terrifying night of my life. My grandmother

i,WW
recently died and had left me the place in her
)
will. It was an old rather Scottish castle with a

Y
]
Uon
long and mysterious history. | didn’t feel afraid

weve
strangely when | arrived in the evening there,
but as night fell | began to feel coldly and a |
lonely. | decided to go upstairs to bed at 11 2)
o'clock, and fell soon into a deep sleep. | was A
awakened few hours later with a strange noise
in the room. | turned on quickly the lamp and,
to my horror, saw that there was an old ugly
woman Standing at the foot of my bed. She
was wearing a black dress and her face totally
was white. Her eyes were red and she was
staring straight at me with a terrified evil smile
on her face. | wanted to scream and to run out
from the room, but | was very afraid to move. Suddenly, she floated up on the air and flew at me, screaming
horrible. | leapt out from bed, ran downstairs, out the castle door, jumped into my car and drove off at top speed.
| never have been back to the castle from that day. At the moment, | try to sell it.

Choose the correct item.

After Laura had been living in Rome 1) ... for (since, before, for) several months, she realised that there
were many things she hadn't seen. 2) (Even though, Despite, In spite of) she had plenty
of free time, she hadn't even been to 3) (a, the, —-) Vatican or the Coliseum, and she wished
she 4) (sees, would see, had seen) more. People had told her that the Villa Borghese was
worth 5) (see, to see, seeing), so she got up early one Saturday so that she 6)
(could spend, spent, will spend) the day there. She considered taking her umbrella in case it
7) (would rain, rained, could rain). The morning was 8) (such, such
a, So) lovely though, she decided it probably wouldn't, so she left it behind. When she got there she had her
picture taken 9) (with, by, from) a man who told her he 10) (will send,
sent, would send) her copies of it 11) (if, when, by) she gave him her address. In fact he kept
12) (ask, to ask, asking) her questions about herself 13) (by the time,
if, until) she became suspicious. She knew she 14) (shouldn’t, couldn’t, mustn’t) have
given him her address at all, but it was 15) (much, such, too) late. An hour or so later it
started to rain so she decided to go home at once. When she got there, she 16) (found,
had found, finds) the door open; her house 17) (was burgled, had
been burgled, had been stolen). The “photographer” had told her he would send her the pictures, but he
hadn't 18) (said, asked, told) her that he would ring his friends and have them rob her
house 19) (while, as soon as, until) she was out. If only she 20)
(were, had been, would be) more careful, none of this would have happened.

Fill in “the” where necessary.

1) ...The.. Brown family invited 2) Smiths round to 3) their house last week to show them the
video they had made while they were on 4) holiday in 5) Bahamas. They had travelled
by 6) plane to the islands and begun recording as soon as they landed. The video showed 7)
Mr Brown buying a newspaper, 8) Independent, at the airport. They stayed at 9) Holiday Inn
and the video showed the family settling into 10) their rooms. They were shown playing 11)
volleyball on 12) beach, dancing in 13) disco, having 14) dinner in 15) hotel
and riding around 16) islands on 17) bicycles. The video lasted for three hours, and by the
time it had finished, 18) entire Smith family were asleep in front of 19) TV.
Revision Exercises Ill

Complete the sentences keeping the meaning the same.

1. This is the best holiday I’ve ever had. I've never had such a good holiday before.
2. She's never been skiing before. It’s the skiing.
3. When did you move to this house? How long is it .... this house?
4. The last time | saw Sally was a year ago. It’s saw Sally.
5. Despite his youth he can speak three languages. ance languages.
6. It’s months since | saw a good film. | haven't ..... months.
7. They arrived too late to meet the princess. They didn’t the princess.
8. Do you mind checking this for me? Could . for me?
9. It wasn’t necessary for you to buy a ticket. You needn't . a ticket.
10. It’s not possible that he’s Italian! He Italian!
11. It was wrong of her to tell lies. She lies.
12. She is expected to win the competition. It the competition.
13. People say that he is very talented. He talented.
14. If you don’t book a table, we won't be able to eat there. We won't a table.
15. Ring him now, otherwise it will be too late. If you too late.
16. Vandals destroyed Jack’s car. Jack had vandals.
17. A famous artist has painted her portrait. She has artist.
18. I've never seen such a tall man. He’s seen.
19. Everyone thinks he’s a dishonest businessman. He is regarded businessman.
20. “Don’t tease the dog!” he said to me. He warned dog.

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

1. Two teams were organised to search . for the 6. They couldn't make which the right
missing boys. house was in the fog.
2. He made an excuse to explain 7.We've run sugar again! Go and buy
why he was late to work. some!
3. 1’m worried . Julie-sheseems 8.He made his face to look like a vampire’s.
very unhappy lately. 9. He was saved the burning house
4. This bus pass is valid one month. by the fire brigade.
5. Do you know what UFO stands ? 10. Be sure to put your camp-fire before
you leave the campsite.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Before Lucy 1) .. started (start) her new job last month, she 2) (tell) by the manager that
she 3) (have to) dress very smartly. Although she 4) (nothave)
much money, she decided 5) (suit/make) by a tailor. She 6)
(choose) the finest silk, which the tailor 7) (just/deliver) from China. Lucy knew it
8) (probably/cost) a lot but she 9) (think) she would
be able to afford it. When the suit 10) (finish), she 11) (shock) to find
out that it cost £1000. She wished she 12) (ask) the price beforehand! If she had,
she 13) (not/have to) sell her car to pay for it. Now she 14)
(feel) silly in her silk suit when she 15) (ride) to work on a bicycle.

Turn the following into Reported speech, using an appropriate introductory verb.

1. “Yes, OK. I'll buy some more cakes,” he said. He agreed to buy some more cakes.
2. “Don't forget to feed the cat,” she said to him.
3. “I'm sorry | forgot your birthday,” | said to her.
4. “It was you who broke my tape recorder,” he said to me.
5. “| feel tired and sick,” she said to him.
 Revision Exercises Ifill

6. “Don't drive so fast or you'll be killed,” he said to me.

7. “You're right. It’s very expensive,” she said.
8. “No, | didn't shoot the President,” he said.
9. “Would you like to come to Paris with me?” he said to her.
10. “No, | certainly will not lend you my leather jacket,” he said to me.

() Change from Active to Passive.

They sent John to boarding school at the age of ten. Before he

left they gave him some spending money and his father told
him to obey his teachers. They had never sent him away on his
own before, so he felt a bit nervous on the train, although he
knew that somebody would pick him up at the station. When he
arrived at the school they showed him to his room and he
realised that he would have to share it with twenty other boys!
But after some older boys had taken him round the school and
invited him to play football, he knew he would be happy there.

Turn into Reported speech using the appropriate introductory verbs.

James: | don’t feel at all well.

Sue: What a shame! You should see a doctor.
James: Yes, | suppose | should. But don’t forget that we are going to the theatre tonight.
Sue: Why don't we stay at home?
James: But we simply must go! We promised we'd be there.
Sue: | certainly didn't promise.
James: Oh Sue, you're always forgetting what you've said!

Fill in : whose, who, why, where, which or whom.

Last year my best friend, 1) . whose name is Annie, invited me to stay with her during the summer holiday.
Annie lives in Nancy, 2) is a beautiful town in the east of France. She has a big apartment
3) overlooks the river. The school 4) she works is very close to her apartment.
Annie studied French at university, 5) is the reason 6) she decided to live in France.
Annie teaches English to students, most of 7) are hoping to study in England or America and
need to be able to speak English. | met some of Annie’s students when | got to Nancy. | also met Annie’s boss,
8) struck me as being a very nice man. He offered me a job in his school as soon as he found out
that | was a teacher too. | decided to accept his offer, 9) is 10) I'm still here in Nancy.
Revision Exercises Ill

Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive or -ing form.

(tell) yout this,

Dear Faul, | forgot 1) ;

to writé (write) yesterdayay. I'm gorry 2) hash srerday, rang this
(arrive) yeorerdty (come),
lt on re David Richter, who was Suppose4 3)
$e $8 ha reven
ted frecover).
him from 5)(regret 7) ion AA
put the trip is 0 (gay) that ab ackh6 injury had preéve
a ea ore - (you/come) for a vis!
morning only 4)
ld have to spend at least : ry nce of O) slacet seat venturous, 2utr ,
and that he wou if dain (do) anything “ very ad
Ut

wonder
'

about it now. | j

(get) 90 excited h enthugiao

)
hae
anyway?
- | haven ; t got enoug
it would be great 10) Greg Pf

Fill in the correct modal verb.

Mr Lewis, there are a few things you 1) . will have to _ do for me while I'm away. First of all, you 2)
forget to ring Mr Jones about the contract. If you 3) get him on the
phone, you 4) send him a fax about it. You 5) worry about
the Baker account as | 6) take care of that when | get back. Also, you 7)
remind Mrs Anderson about the meeting on Friday. She 8) forget if
you don’t remind her.

Match the sentences with the correct tense description.

1. There was nobody in the school because a. past actions which happened one after the other
lessons had finished. b. prediction
2. Someone's been playing my tapes! c. action expressing irritation
3. What were you doing at midnight on the 29th? ~d. background description to events in a story
4. He opened the cabinet, took out a box and e. past action which occurred before another action
put the money in it. f. action started in the past and continuing up to the
5. Be careful! You’re going to hit that car! present
6. She’s been working since 7 o'clock this g. past action in progress interrupted by another past action
morning. h. personal experience/change
7. They'll probably be a bit late. i. past action which is not connected with the present
8. Will you be going to the shops today? and happened at a definite past time not mentioned
9. Music was playing, people were dancing j. action in the middle of happening at a stated past
and talking... time
10. He was killed in an accident. k. evidence that sth will happen
11. Bobby’s grown a lot since last year. |. polite enquiry about people’s arrangements
12. She was running when she twisted her ankle.

Fave@e. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ih 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Rephrase the following using the appropriate modal verb.

1. It's possible that the plane will be late... The plane might be late.
2. It would have been better if you had told them the truth.
3. It's not possible that he said that.
4. You aren't allowed to smoke in the house.
5. Do you think you could type this for me?
6. Why don't we go swimming?
7. Do you mind if | shut the window?
8. There was no reason for her to come that early.
9. You nearly caused an accident. Be careful!
10. Is it possible for her to win?
 13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

43. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

You can't carry those cups, Bob. ia

Why don’t you take this tray?

cups. | don’t want to carry that tray, too.

Demonstratives

This/These are used : That/Those are used :

for people or things near us. for people or things not near us.
These shoes over here are mine. That chair over there is broken.

for present or future situations. for past situations.

I'm going to Disneyland this month. We had a wonderful Christmas that year.

when the speaker is in the place he/she to refer back to something mentioned before.
is referring to. This room is very untidy. “She failed her exams”. “That's too bad”.
(The speaker is now in the untidy room.)

to introduce people or when we introduce when speaking on the phone to ask who the other
ourselves on the phone. person is.
“John, this is Ann and this is Tom.” “Hello? This is Jo Ryan. Who’s that speaking?/Who’'s
“Hello? This is Pam Jones speaking.” that, please?”

ThisAhese - that/those are not always followed by nouns.

This is the best | can do for you. “I’ve won the lottery.” “That's too good to be true.”

Fill in: this, that, these or those.

is David. | 2.Whose are books? 3....isPam.Who’s ..., please?

isn't my coat. 5, ismycar. 6. are my slippers.

>
13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

Fill in with : this, that, these or those.

1. “Can you pass me that book, please?” “Yes, of course. Here you are.”
2. “Have you seen film before?” “No. | hope it'll be good.”
3. “Look at people swimming in the canal! They must be crazy!”
4. “Could you come here and hold wires for me, please?”
5. “Did you see Ken and Liz when they came?” “No, we were away weekend.”

Pronouns Well, I've just taken my medicine »

but | forgot to shake it.
Why are you jumping up
and down? You'll exhaust
yourselfl

Personal pronouns Possessive Possessive Reflexive-Emphatic

adjectives pronouns pronouns

before verbs after verbs followed by nouns _ not followed

as subjects as objects by nouns

| me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its _ itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

Personal Pronouns

@ We use personal pronouns to refer to people, things or animals. I’ve bought some milk. It’s on the table.
We don’t use a noun and a personal pronoun together. My umbrella is in the car. (not: My-umbretla-it’s-
in-the-ear,) My aunt took me out to dinner. (not: My-aunt-she-teek-me-out-te-dinner)
@ We use |, you, he, she etc before verbs as subjects and me, you, him, her etc after verbs as objects.
He gave her an expensive diamond ring but she didn’t like it.
@ There + be is used for something mentioned for the first time or to say that something or someone
exists. There are some people in the waiting room. They want to see you.
@ it + be is used to give more details about something or someone already talked about. There's
someone at the door. It’s the postman.
@ It + be with to-infinitive or that-clause is used to begin a sentence. It’s hard to believe her. It’s bad luck
that she failed. It is also used for weather, distance, temperature, time expressions and in the
following : It seems that, It appears that, It looks like, It is said that etc. It’s cold today, isn’t it? It
seems that it’s going to snow. But we say : There seems to be a problem.
 713. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

@ Fill in the correct personal pronouns.

Ben: Have you seen Martin today?

Sue: Yes. 1) ./. saw him this morning. 2) was coming out of the travel agent's.
Ben: Did 3) ask 4) where 5) was going?
Sue: Yes. He said 6) was going to Italy with Mary for two weeks. 7)
was at the travel agent’s as well. 8) both looked very excited and happy.
: Shall 9) go on holiday together somewhere this year?
: Mary told 10) that 11) had a great time in Italy last year.
Shall 12) ask 13) how much 14) cost?

© Fill in : there or it.

m: Look, Tom! 1) ... There ‘s a woman leaning against the wall.

2). ‘s Mrs Bentley, isn’t it?
Tom: | think so. 3) ‘s something wrong with her. 4)
looks like she’s going to faint! Quick!
Sam: 5) "s somebody else with her now. | don’t know
who 6) is. Let’s see if she is okay. 7)
may be something we can do for her. 8) ’s all right just
to go and check, isn't it?
Tom: Yes, you're right. Although 9) does look as if she’s a little
better now. Let’s go and see anyway.

Possessive adjectives/pronouns - Possessive case

@ Possessive adjectives/pronouns express possession. Possessive adjectives go before nouns,

whereas possessive pronouns do not go before nouns. This is her jacket. It’s hers. Sometimes
possessive pronouns go at the beginning of a sentence. Yours is in the bedroom.
@ We use the rather than a possessive
verb + person + preposition
adjective with this pattern:
She hit Peter in the face. _ (not: in-his-faee)

@ Own is used with possessive adjectives to emphasise the fact that something belongs to someone
and no one else. We’ve got our own car. or We’ve got a car of our own.

Possessive case with ’s or s’ for people or animals Possessive case with “of” for inanimate things

singular nouns (person or animal) +’s for inanimate things or abstract nouns
the child’s trumpet, the cat’s tail, the waitress’s apron the leaves of a tree, the cost of living

regular plural nouns +’ the girls’ bedroom of + possessive case/possessive pronoun when
there is a determiner, (this, some etc) before the
irregular plural nouns not ending in s +’s noun That’s a poem of Ken’s. (one of Ken’s poems)
the men’s suits, the women’s bags some books of mine (some of my books)

compound nouns +’s my brother-in-law’s car Note : phrases of place +’s at the butcher’s, the
company’s headquarters
*s after the last of two or more names to show time or distance expressions + ’s /’
common possession Sunday’s paper, two days’ leave, one mile’s walk
Ted and Mary’s house (They live in the same house.) We can use either “’s” or “of” when we talk
about places or organisations
’s after each name to show individual possession Rome’s churches or the churches of Rome
Tom’s and Kim’s houses (They live in different and “of” with people in longer phrases
houses.) That’s the car of one of my friends at work.
Ty ee ee a aS eae

13. Demonstratives ~ Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

Fill in the correct possessive adjectives, pronouns or personal pronouns.

Ralph: Have you seen1) ...my. .. keys, Amy? | can’t find them.
Amy: Well, 2) are on the kitchen table. | haven't seen 3) anywhere.
Perhaps they are in 4) coat pocket.
Ralph: No. I've looked. 5) may have left 6) at 7) mother's house.
Amy: | remember seeing some keys on the table but | thought they were 8) mother's.
I'll go over there and have a look for 9) . Can you get dinner for yourself and Bill? And
make sure he does 10) homework before he eats.
Ralph: I’m supposed to be meeting Mark and Barry at 8 o'clock.
Amy: Well, if you're a bit late, 11) will wait for 12) . Don't worry, 13) won't be long. Bye!

Rewrite the following sentences using the possessive.

1. I'll see you at the hotel — the entrance later. I'll ee you at the entrance of the hotel later.
2. We saw Mrs — dog
Jones in the park.
3. They spoke to Tim and Mary — daughter yesterday.
— my.
4.1 would like you to meet a friend
two
5. Here are compositi ons
— Tina.
6. We will leave on tonight — the flight.
7. This is childr
the en
— the classroom.
8. Have you seen John — Sally — houses?
9. | stayed at my mother-in-l aw last night.
— house
— living is rising rapidly nowadays.
10. The cost

Write a phrase with “own” as in the example:

1. They would like a house that is theirs and no one else’s. They would like a house of their own.
2. | will give you some of my books.
3. They've got private
a car to drive to work.
4, Jane would like a dog just for her.
5. We would like an island all to ourselves.

Here are the titles of some films. Write them using a possessive form or of.

1. The Sword .of Death 6.The Dog Life

2. The Russian . Plane 7. The Spies sen Plan
3. The Middle .............. the Day _—_8. The Day the Funeral
4. The Price ei . Fame 9. The People the Island
5. The Smiths House 10. The Lights the City

Fill in the correct pronoun.

spent t a al
h seem very nice. 2) a
My.. flatmates bot 3)
y Po UP 4 as ¢ teach ers came to vigil
wi i th ou t an me of the other ear’ vas ‘
Wels, ne aiid
in Taip ei
at an d ti ay ng Salad "One of the té achers, Due,
cleaning the fl think B b might Know
ds esterday br ou gh t ca ke g and sweets with 5) ks familiar. 8) timetables
ant 4) pone tay 12) “ale th 14)
iversity, like 6) ; ment a9 11) '
5 very nap
here because
witn
ia anyway! Some people Are not very hap . n't matter
. game depart e
Newcastle Univers!
because 10) was in the
are quite good. Well a . finigh late. Anyway we em
leo because are al Okay:
hope that 17) Write oon,
poo ig open until late. |
Jo
 lee fi Mee hes Yi et eee ee ebee

13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

Reflexive / Emphatic Pronouns - myself, yourself etc

Reflexive pronouns are used after certain verbs (behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, kill, look, laugh at,
introduce, dry, teach etc) when the subject and the object of the verb are the same. Did you hurt yourself?
They look after themselves.

Reflexive pronouns can be used after be, feel, look, seem to describe emotions or states. She doesn’t
look herself these days. They are also used after prepositions but not after prepositions of place. You
should take care of yourself. but: He is sitting in front of me. (not : in-front-ef-mysel)

Certain verbs do not normally take a reflexive pronoun. These are: wash, shave, (un)dress, afford,
complain, meet, rest, relax, stand up, get up, sit down, wake up etc. She washed and (got) dressed. We
don’t say: She-washed-herse/f-and-dressed-herself- However we can use a reflexive pronoun with wash
or dress when we talk about young children or animals. A/though Eliza is only 3 years old, she can dress
herself. That elephant is washing itself!

Emphatic pronouns have the same form as reflexive pronouns but a different meaning. They emphasise
the noun or the fact that one person, and not another, performs an action. / myself found the murderer.
or | found the murderer myself. They also mean without help. He painted the house himself. (without help)
They go after nouns, pronouns, at the end of a sentence, or after “but” and “than”. You should count on
no one but yourself.

Note these idioms : Enjoy yourself! (= Have a good time!) Behave yourself! (= Be good!) | like being by
myself. (= I like being alone.) She lives by herself. (= She lives on her own.) Help yourself to coffee. (=
You're welcome to take some coffee if you want some.) Do it yourself. (= Do it without being helped.)
Make yourself at home! (= Feel comfortable.) Make yourself heard. (= Speak loudly enough to be heard
by others.)

Each other means one another. Compare the examples below:

They have hurt each other. They have hurt themselves.

Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns.

1. Take care of .. . yourself .»+++s.» When you go canoeing, Bob.

2. I've cut ....... 0) 0 (01 (- (10 8
3. Did you enjoy . last night, you two?
4. Ben's ashamed of ..sceeseesse. for stealing your bike.
5. The boys behaved ..... ; . when they were at Auntie Mabel’s.
6. | don't like Sheila. She thinks far too much of REE betes &
7. We can do it if we truly believe in

Fill in “each other” or an appropriate reflexive or emphatic pronoun.

1. Billy and his penfriend wrote to each other for five years before they actually met.
2. The children were playing by . in the garden when it started snowing.
3. Paul and Ted haven't spoken to ; ...... for days. What's wrong with them?
4.We blame .. 85 TPE RENT EAN for leaving the house unlocked.
13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

5. They bumpedinto .............. ; last weekend.

6. We can manage by ; ; , thank you very much.
7. They looked at .... ; , , in the mirror and laughed.
8.We saw ... ay err sane Ks on television last week.
9. Tom made these chairs bones sees eSerlsiatlaeis
10.We gave ......... : , . .. presents for Christmas.
11. Don’t worry about us.u ;. We'r re old enough to look after Fa giSZe STS TUL .
12. The kettle will switch ......... a sat batabaele nanan off when it has boiled.

Fill in the correct pronouns then identify them : reflexive or emphatic?

1..emphatic pronoun.. 2. . es 3. 4,

They're painting the This man has cut ... Oh no! I've burnt
house . themselves . rare

We make our clothes The cat is washing

3) Complete the sentences using one of the words in the list below and a -self pronoun.
enjoy, built, wrap, blames, seem, upset, behave, lives by

1. Is Bill okay? He doesn’t ...... 5eem himself .... 6. e ee ees vce vceseeuveeeess at the moment.
2.Mary ....... sea NErrerNnrinwawnnacereranecieur : waeiaeee "for the car crash.
BS coviaenedscveuioweat ee eT eee Ter sa sat erateiarbit - inthis blanket to keep warm, Tim.”
seein
4; THO JONES HAVE ccicrasacecasscvssocresaerenisseiee Liveriesrervessecssaeocae SWINGpool:
5. She shouldn't ..... Leip seals sal . like that. He’s not worth it.
GUN. saeane cry nce ndee.nqRhe Tenis neh Oe NORM OALenNe seeks children,” the mother said to her naughty boys.
7. She feels lonely. She .... 25... 5.6. eee e e e ns 5 oi dg sdk aRSAR EAS Sem TSR eWaeNis
6 DID VOU | siccnienencisvinecevees a — ; joannnisans ‘at the party?

Fill in: my, your, their or the.

1.1 wish you wouldn't keep biting ...... SO starsiaula waste . Nails; you're making me nervous.
2. | WES'SONGIVOUS: csccecececcecssinasesccees’s sGiieie alowibe(Geleadea se se¥aueeiasearasee NANG WOO Shaling,
3. Peter was seriously injured when he was hiton ........... ; - .....s+... head with a baseball bat.
4. In many European countries people kiss each otheron ...... 3 .....s.... Cheek when they meet.
5. All the football supporters had red and white scarves around ... eneekks : cesses NECKS.
 13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

Some - Any ~ No - Not Any - Every That's great! There are very few
honest people around these days.
If you found some money,
would you keep it?

wouldn’t keep ) | gaid | wala t keep any of it. |

* of it. \ didn't say | wouldn't spend all of it.
la
Adjectives Pronouns Adverbs

people things places

Positive some someone/somebody something somewhere

any anyone/anybody anything anywhere

Interrogative any anyone/anybody anything anywhere

Negative no/not any no one/not anyone nothing nowhere

nobody/not anybody not anything not anywhere

Positive/Interro- every everybody (all the people) everything everywhere

gative/Negative everyone (all the things) (in all the places)

@ Some is normally used in a positive sentence before uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns.
There’s some cheese left. Some is also used in questions when we want to make an offer, a request
or when we expect a positive answer. Would you like some hot chocolate? Could | have some cake,
please? Did you buy some oranges? (I expect you bought some oranges.)
@ Any is normally used before uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns in questions. Are there
any more apples? Any and its compounds can be used after if in a positive sentence. / doubt if
anyone can help her. Any can also be used in positive sentences meaning it doesn’t matter
when/which/who/where. You can come any day you want. You can go anywhere you want.
@ No/not any are used before plural countable nouns or uncountable nouns in negations. There’s no
cheese left. or There isn’t any cheese left. Any is always used after negative words (hardly, never,
without, seldom, rarely). There’s hardly any food left. (not: Fhere"s-hardly-ne-feed-left:)
@ Every is used before singular countable nouns. Every and its compounds take a verb in the singular.
Every student has to obey school regulations. (= all the students) Everything is ready for the wedding. (=
all the things)
@ The above rules apply to the compounds of some — any — no — every. There’s someone in the office.

Underline the correct item.

1. There’s someone/anyone in my room. 6. He’s given me anything/everything | asked for.
2. There’s any/some chicken in the fridge. 7. No one/Anyone came to visit Julie at the hospital.
3. There’s anything/nothing in the freezer. 8. Nobody/Anyone can help me with my project.
4. Can | tell you something/nothing? 9. Can | visit you some/no time?
5. |'ve got hardly any/no money left. 10. 1 walk Debbie’s dog some/every Sunday.
13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

11.1 doubt if anyone/someone knows about it. 18. He’s never got nothing/anything interesting to say.
12. Anybody/Somebody knocked on the door. 19. I've looked somewhere/everywhere for my keys.
13. Would you mind lending me some/any money? 20. Anybody/Somebody has been playing my records!
14. Someone/Anyone took Bob's wallet. 21. “Would you like some/any coffee?” “Yes, please.”
15. Did you go anywhere/nowhere for the weekend? 22. Everything/Anything is clear now.
16. You can’t go on holiday without any/no money. 23. She hasn't spoken to someone/anyone for ages.
17. I've got anywhere/nowhere to sleep tonight. 24. Sally has got any/no friends.

Much - Many - A lot of

countables uncountables

Positive a lot (of)/ots of/ a lot (of)/ots of/ There are a lot of trees in the park.
many (formal) much (formal) There is a lot of cheese in the fridge.

Interrogative many much Are there many shops in York? Did you
have much time to do any shopping?

Negative many much There aren’t many oranges. | haven’t

got much money so | can’t buy any.

Positive a few (= some)/ a little (= some)/ There were a few boys in the class.
(very) few (= not many, (very) little (= not much, Very few students attended the /ecture.
not enough) not enough) Very little progress has been made.

A lot (of)/Lots (of) are used with countable or un- A few is used with countables and a little with
countable nouns and are normally used in positive uncountables. They both have a positive meaning.
sentences. He’s got a lot of work to do. A lot of A few means some, a small number. A little means
students work on this project. A lot of can be used in some, a small amount. There are a few oranges
questions or negative sentences in informal and a little sugar on the table.
English. Were there a lot of casualties in that road
accident? (informal) Few/Little both have a negative meaning. Few
means not many, almost none. Little means not
Many is used with countables and much with un- much, almost none. Few and little are rather
countables. They are normally used in questions formal English.
or negative sentences. Has he got many friends? Very few/very little are more usual in everyday
We haven’t got much money. Many or much are speech. It is also common to use : only a little,
often used in positive sentences after too, so, how only a few. She has a few good friends (some friends)
or in formal English. He spends too much money. so she’s happy. He has very few friends (almost no
He’s got so many problems. Much effort had been friends) so he’s unhappy. I've got a little time (some
made before the peace treaty was signed. (formal) time) so | can help you. I’ve got very little time (almost
no time) so | can’t help you.

Fill in : a lot of, many, few, much and little.

Darren isn't very happy in his new job. He doesn't earn 1) .much.
money even though he has 2) responsibilities. Very 3)
companies he has worked for in the past have paid him so
4) money for so 5) hard work. He has sent
ee ... applications to other companies, but there are very
7) jobs and too 8) people looking for work
these days. In the current economic climate he has 9) . . hope
of finding anything better, but when things improve he'll probably find a
job which pays him 10) . more money.
 13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

All - Both - Whole - Either - Neither - None - Every - Each - One - Ones
YY. ZB
Neither of us was copying Miss.
One of you has been We both went to the same park.
copying. You both wrote
exactly the same essay
_ on “A Day in the Park”.

SU as

All refers to more than two people or things. It has None refers to more than two people or things. It
a positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural. has a negative meaning and isn’t followed by a
It is the opposite of none. noun. None of can be used with nouns, his, them
All the students passed the test. All of them were etc followed by a verb either in the singular or
very happy. They were all very happy. plural. It is the opposite of all.
All + that clause means “everything” and takes a Sally, Helen and Sue haven’t been to Madrid. None
singular verb. All that he said was lies. of the girls/them has/have been to Madrid.
“Are there any more tickets?” “No, none.”
Both refers to two people or things. It has a No can be followed by a noun.
positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural. There’s no news about the accident.
It is the opposite of neither/not either.
Ann and Kate are eighteen. Both Ann and Kate are Every is used with singular countables. It refers
eighteen. They are both eighteen. Both of them are to a group of people or things and means “all”,
eighteen. Both girls are eighteen. “everyone”, “everything” etc.
Students get a report card every term.
Whole (= complete) is used with singular
countables. We always use a, the, this, my etc + Each is used with singular countables. It means
whole + countable. one by one, considered individually.
the whole week = all the week/all week Each trainee should attend a three-month course.
but: all the sugar (not: the-whele-sugar (all trainees considered individually)

Either (anyone of two)/Neither (not one and not the One — ones are used to avoid repetition of a
other) are used before singular countables. They countable noun or a pronoun.
refer to two people or things. Neither of/Either of Which shirt do you want? This one. (this shirt)
take a verb either in the singular or plural. Which shoes did you buy? The black ones. (the
Neither of them is/are poor. Neither man is poor. black shoes)
Paul and David promised to help me. I'd like either of
them to help me.

Use both, neither, none or all and write sentences as in the example:

1. Tracy and Sarah haven't seen the film. Neither of them have/has seen the film.
2. Lions, tigers and elephants are mammals.
3. Julie, Pam and Nick don't like rainy weather.
4. Maria and Marina are good students.
5. Jim, Peter and John can't speak German.
 ee a oe eee ee ee een ns eee See, Sl ee tal

13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

6. Mark, Paula and Kristi failed the exam.

7. Phil and Georgina are very friendly. ......
8. Jean and Deborah have fair hair and blue eyes. .
9. Tim, Ted and Jim went to the zoo.

Fill in: all, both, whole, none or neither.

Joe, Nick and Alan 1) ...all..... live in Summerville. Nick has spent his 2) life there but
| Peer ... of them were born there. 4) Joe and Nick work in an office, but 5)
of them enjoys it very much. 6) .............. three of them play in a band but 7) . of them can
play their instruments very well! On Saturdays they spend 8) ....... .....+. day fixing their motorbikes. Alan
and Joe 9) ... like sailing. Sometimes they go down to the nearby river. Although 10)
three boys love Summerville, 11) ........ ... of them want to stay there forever.

Fill in: every or each (sometimes both are possible).

The Miltons are all going on holiday this year. They have looked at 1)
..every..... brochure in the travel agent's and they've decided to go to
Portugal. They went to an island last year but 2) . : beach they
went to was filthy. Tom was sick 3) ............ day and Jane was bitten
by insects on 4) leg. 5) time the twins went swimming
they nearly drowned and 6) .......+. Of the others had to take
turns at swimming out to save them. Mary got an infection in
7) ear when she wore the cheap earrings she bought in
the market. 8) time they go on holiday, they 9) ;
take their own first-aid kit, because a minor disaster seems to happen to
one of them 10) - ...... time.

M: What colour shoes do you want, Ted?

T: Can | have the green 1) ...ones... please?
M: The green 2) .............. ? Why? They're a horrible
colour. Don't you like these brown 3) ?
T: No. The green 4) ..... 00-6... will match my shirt.
M: Which shirt?
T: My new 5) . sia
M: Green shoes with a red shirt? Ugh! | think the brown
6) = are better.
T: If | get the brown 7) .......... .. , I'll have to buy
that jacket too.
M: Which 8) . 2 You've got jackets at home!
T: But that 9) s0i8 ....... We Saw earlier will look great with
the brown shoes.
M: | don’t know which 10) Saiareiaie' i you are talking about. We'll buy the
brown shoes, but you're not having a new jacket.

¢)) Substitute the underlined words with : some, any, every or their compounds.

a
“I've been looking 1) all over for my friend, Jim. Have you seen 2) man waiting around here?” “Yes, | saw 3) a
man here about ten minutes ago, asking 4) all the
people that passed by how to get to Covent Garden. Finally,
5) awoman gave him 6) afew directions.” “Oh well, I'll see him another time, but it's a pity because [had 7)a
to
book to give him. — Oh, | know! I’ve got to go 8) schoo! this afternoon, but then | may go to Jim's tonight to
have 9) abitof dinner, so | can give it to him then.”
1...everywhere.. 2. wevavenus, 2
oOo,

6) coavesiws sina: Gi Baise 8.

 13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

G2 Fill in : a few, few, a little or little.

it as very 2)
urant. I'm a bit worried about it food - just
Dear Daa, out my new resta ed very 4)
a few.. words to tell you a? pate in last night, but they ae meople can afford to eet tak
Just 1)
people are © na to eat here. 3) oeeS ms that very 7) ; il be very 90 a)
o naniches and 6) contee. 8 ties to spare. | dont think ci ie while?
5) days becau ae they've got very 8) O money to keep me gong Yo
ace : years. Perhaps you could lend me 10) Love,
oo
Pg
Patricia

EE) Fill in : a lot (of), much, few or (a) little.

These days more people are learning how to use computers. 1) A lot of... them have to because of their
work, some just want to play games, 2) are actually interested in computing. These days you don't
need 3) money to buy a computer and 4) knowledge of computing is required to
use one. There are 5) of different uses for them, such as letter writing and keeping accounts.

Oral Activity 28

Students in teams read the text and spot the mistakes. The more mistakes they can find and correct, the more
points they get.
Graham is in love with a girl called Patricia. He wants ba to marry he, and
he has asked her few times, but she has always refused. He gave her a
diamond ring which he had made herself and cost much money to make. But
this wasn’t good enough for her. She said there weren't much diamonds in it.
Then he offered to buy her a big house where they could live by ourselves for
the rest of theirs lives. This idea didn’t have many success either. She said
a glia that she couldn't imagine itself living with him for so lots of years. “This would
Sere = be too boring,” she said. Finally, Graham told her that all he had were hers if
only she would marry his. “This is not enough for me,” she said. “You haven't really got very many”.
1. her 2: « & 4. 5. 6. re 8. 9.
10... 5Ee 12. 13. . 14, 15: 16. 17. 18.

Oral Activity 29
Students in teams look at the pictures and the list of words to make up as many sentences as possible using
both - neither - all - none. Each correct answer gets 1 point. List of words : short/long/straight/curly/
dark/fair hair/hats/glasses/suits/dresses/thin/fat/poor/rich/happy/unhappy /young/middle-aged

Team A S1: Both men are middle-aged. Neither of them is young.

Team B S1: All the women are young. None of them is middle-aged.
Team A S2: Both men wear hats. Neither of them wear glasses.
Team B S2: Neither man is thin. Both of them are fat.
13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

Look at the following notes then write the statement a witness gave to the police. Use both - neither - all - none.
look out of window - see two men - stand outside - tall - dark
hair - no beard or moustache - old man come out of building -
men get behind him - force him ground - he try defend himself-
not able to stop them - people in street - not stop for help -
walk quickly past - time old man scream - they kick him again -
two men run away - police arrive
When | looked out of the window at about 9 o’clock I saw two
men standing outside. They were both tall and had dark hair ...

Tense Review

Fill in a suitable word or phrase to complete the sentences.

1.1 wish | hadn't spoken to her like that yesterday - now she’s upset.
2. Sally housework before she left for work.
3. If you keep arriving late, job.
4. | don't believe that story! He lying.
5. OK. | the last piece of cake.
6. Stop being horrible to me. | don’t like like that.
7. When | first went to England | had driving on the left.
8.1 met him before, but I'm not certain.
9. By next month she this novel for four months.
10. | didn’t realise | had got on the wrong train it reached its destination.
11.1 the road when | tripped and fell over.
12. He was exhausted because night.
13. Don't forget . the meeting this afternoon.
14. Don't phone me at 7 o'clock because | homework then.
15. My teeth are so bad that | three times already this year.
16. You you were ill. I'd have brought you some medicine.
17. All that he said . Don't believe him.
18. My family five members.

In Other Words

Mary didn’t go out. Sally didn’t go out either. Nothing can stop him.
Neither of them went out. There isn’t anything that can stop him.

Ann is tall. Pam is tall, too. Ted, John and Jim don't like peanuts.
Both of them are tall. None of them like/likes peanuts.

There isn't anybody in the office. Sue, Helen and Marge have cars.
There’s nobody in the office. All of them have cars.

G5 Rewrite the following sentences keeping the meaning the same.

1. Paul, George and Chris are all football players. All of them are football players.
2. Sam has the flu. Jim has the flu too.
3. Jude, Peter and Sally did not pass their exams.
4. Kate didn’t eat dessert. Simone didn't eat dessert either.
5. There wasn’t anybody on the sinking ship.
6. Nothing can make him happy.
 13. Demonstratives - Pronouns - Possessives - Quantifiers

Fill in the gaps using some, any, no and their compounds.

The schoo! trip is tomorrow and | want to remind everyone of a few things. | don't want 1) . anyone... to miss
the bus. Last year 2) students were left behind because they arrived late. There are hardly
3) seats left on the coach, so remember to put your bags and coats in the boot before you get on.
4) will be allowed to smoke on the coach. | hope you will all bring 5) warm clothes.
The castle is 6) to the north of the town. It’s a 15-minute walk, so wear 7)
comfortable on your feet. Once inside, | don’t want to hear 8) shouting or swearing. If there is
9) you want to know about the castle and its history, there will be 10) .. at the
castle gates to show us around and answer 11) questions. There will be 12)
talking on the museum tour afterwards. The town is small, and so there is 13) large enough
to accommodate us all for lunch. | suggest we stop for fish and chips on the journey home - | doubt if
14) will object! Does 15) have 16) questions? Good. If you
remember what I've said, there will be 17) problems.

G1? Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

take after sb : look or act like a relative 1. That company has recently been taken over
2. The boss asked his secretary to take
take away : remove
some notes.
take down : write down 3. My boyfriend is taking me . tonight
to celebrate St Valentine’s Day.
take off : 1) remove clothes (opp: put on) 4. Jack is going to take squash to get
2) (of aeroplanes) leave the some exercise.
ground 5. Sandra really takes her mother,
take sb out: take sb to a restaurant etc doesn’t she?
6. The plane will be taking in a few minutes.
take over : take control of sth 7. The patient had to take his shirt for
the doctor to examine him.
take up: begin a hobby, sport, job etc.
8. The waiter took the plates at the
end of the meal.

Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1.I'm hungry. Let’s go out. for. lunch. 6. You must be back home by 11.00 pm
2. | found this ring quite chance. the latest.
3. Can | pay cheque, please? 7. I'm going to the shops bicycle.
4. We went to the USA plane. 8. What shall we have dinner?
5. | met him quite accident. 9. That car is sale. It’s very cheap.

Fill in the correct idiom.

1. Against all odds, he managed to
win the race.
2. | want everything
before | sign anything.
sound familiar 3. The decorators when
work
a miracle : make sth that seems they transformed our attic into a luxury bedroom.
impossible happen 4. The murderer killed his victim F
5. Her name , but | couldn't
in black and white : in writing remember where I'd heard it.
6. My brother when he
against all odds : despite the difficulties told me he had crashed my car.
14. Prepositions

14. Prepositions

Prepositions of Place/Movement
No, it’s in the river. ))
S94 Can you come outside and look at my ==
car? | think the engine ’6 flooded. , >

Certainly, gir. Is it in = at eid /'\ itt

t W/ iy.
the car park? S \ : 4.0 1 \

Match the words with the pictures :

off, between, down, on top of, over, in/inside, above, in front of, past, up, among, next to/by/beside,
from ... to, on, through, under, below, behind, along, opposite, at, round/around, near, outside, against,
onto, out of, across, to/towards/in the direction of, into &

Mx & ; y y

1. ..in/ingide 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
 14. Prepositions

Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

This is Sunnyside Farm. Farmer Smith is standing 1)

among.... his sheep. His children are playing 2)
the haystack. One of them is jumping 3) .
it, 4) . some more hay 5)
. There’s a ladder leaning 6)
the farmhouse and a man is climbing 7)
it. Mrs Smith is standing 8)
farmhouse with a shawl 9) ......... her shoulders.
Her son Jim is standing 10) . her.
There's another man walking 11) ... the =a
haystack 12) Farmer Smith.

@ Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

This is the Sheriff's Office in Mexico City. The Sheriff is sitting

_at..... his desk. There are lots of papers and books
his desk. There are some photographs of
“wanted” men all 3) the office 4) . the
walls. 5) .. the Sheriff's head there is a clock. A
prisoner is looking 6) the bars of the cell. A bunch
of keys is hanging 7) the cell 8)
the wall. 9) . the Sheriff's desk there is a filing
cabinet with a coat stand 10) . a it.

() Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

This is Burger House. 1) ... Behind.. the counter is a |

waitress. 2) the counter there are some ‘&

people. A young woman is standing 3)
her children. The boy 4) her is waiting
to be served. The young lady 5) her is
listening to her personal stereo. The waitress is
putting a burger and a cup of cola 6) a
tray. A man has just come 7) the
door and he’s walking 8) the queue.

Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

This is Newton High Street. There are people walking

1) up and 2) the street. An
old man is walking 3) the road at
the zebra crossing. A young couple are walking 4)
the pavement 5) the
post office. A boy is walking 6) “Thompson's
Sports” shop. He’s holding a bag 7) his
arms. 8) the bus-stop there is a bus.
Some people are getting 9) . it while
some others are getting 10) it. The bus
goes 11) the centre of town 12)
the outskirts.
14. Prepositions

in + Cities/towns/the streets/the suburbs/an armchair/danger/the middle of/a queue/prison/hospital/a book/

a newspaper/the country/the sky/a line/a row/a hotel/the centre of/the park
idioms with in: cash, pen, ink, pencil, writing, one’s opinion, a way (=in a manner), the end
at + house number (at 23 Oxford St)/home/school/university/work/the bus stop/the door/the crossroads/
the match/the station/the airport/the seaside/the bottom of/a hotel/table/desk/the top of (but: on top of)
on + the floor/the outskirts/a platform/foot/holiday/the River Seine/the border/this street/a farm/the screen/
an island/a beach/the coast/the right/the left/the pavement/a trip/the way/the streets
Idioms with on: holiday, business, a journey, a trip, TV, the radio, the phone, the market (= available
to the public), purpose, the way (= as | was going)
by + bus/taxi/car/helicopter/plane/train/coach/ship/boat/air/sea BUT we say: on a/the bus/plane/train/coach/
ship/boat - in a taxi/car/helicopter/plane
idioms with by: mistake, accident, chance

Compare : Tom is sitting in the café. (He’s inside the place). He’s at the café. (He’s drinking something-event)

@) Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

Last year my family went 1) ...on. holiday to Thailand. We went

2) air; it was a very long journey but we were very
well looked after 3) the plane by all the stewardesses.
When we arrived 4) the airport we went directly to
our hotel 5) taxi. There was a lot of traffic 6)
the streets of the city and there were many people walking 7) .
the pavements. We stayed 8) a
large hotel 9) the outskirts of Bangkok. We were
given a wonderful suite 10) the top floor of the hotel.
The most enjoyable day | had was when we went 11)
a trip 12) boat, down the river to the crocodile
farm. We had a wonderful holiday.

Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

Last year | went 1) ...on... a trip which was an absolute disaster. | was
going to Berlin 2) business when, 3) accident,
| got 4) the wrong train. We were 5) the
way to Brussels before | realised my mistake. When | got to Brussels |
had more problems because all my money was 6) German
Marks and | didn't have my credit card with me. 7) chance,
| found a helpful policeman, who was soon 8) the phone
to my company. Thanks to his help | was able to arrange for some
money to be sent to a nearby bank. | spent that night in a hotel and paid
my bill 9) cash before leaving. 10) the end
| got to Berlin twenty-four hours later than | had expected. Everyone
thought my trip was a big joke, especially when | told them | had seen
Brussels 11) the way.

Oral Activity 30
The teacher reads nouns from the table at the top of the page. Students in teams take turns to give the
appropriate preposition and then make up a sentence. Students may have their books open to begin with,
then play the game again with books closed. Each correct answer gets 1 point.
Teacher: suburbs Teacher: the 8 o'clock plane
Team A S1: in the suburbs. He bought a small Team B S1: on the 8 o'clock plane. He’s
house in the suburbs. arriving on the 8 o'clock plane.
 14. Prepositions

Prepositions of Time
AT _ IN ON
at 10.30 in the morning/evening/afternoon/night on Monday
at Christmas/Easter in the Easter/Christmas holiday(s) on Easter Sunday etc
at noon/night/midnight in January (months) on Christmas Day
at lunch/dinner/breakfast (time) in (the) winter (seasons) on Friday night
at that time in 1992 (years) on July 30th
at the moment in the 19th century on a summer afternoon
at the weekend (on the in two hours (two hours from now) on that day
weekend: Am. English)

We never use at, in or on before yesterday, tomorrow, next, this, last, every. He’s leaving next Sunday.

@ Fill in: in, on or at.

A footballer’s life starts 1) ..at.. the weekend. Most

people go out 2) . Friday night, but | have to be in ~
bed 3) ... 10 o’clock. 4) ... Saturday | get up 5)
8 o'clock 6) the morning and drive to the stadium
7) . noon. 8) lunchtime our manager talks
about the team we are playing. We play most of our
games 9) . . . the winter and sometimes it can be hard to play 10) . a cold Saturday afternoon, especially
11) . January. It isn’t much fun 12) Christmas either. We play a lot of games 13) the Christmas
holiday. Although we don't play 14) Christmas Day, we do play 15) December 26th, so | can’t eat
or drink too much! It would be nice to spend more time with my family 16) that day, but | can’t.

Fill in: at, in or on.

| go to school every day 1) ..at.. 9 o'clock. Lessons start 2) 9.15 am 3) Mondays and Tuesdays.
4) Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays they start 5) 9.30 6) the morning. School finishes
7) ««00e« 3.30 8) the afternoon. 9) Saturdays and Sundays | don’t go to school. We have a month
off 10) . the summer, two weeks’ holiday 11) Christmas, and two weeks off 12) ....... Easter.

Oral Activity 31

The teacher says words from the box at the top of the page without their prepositions. The students in teams
give sentences using the appropriate preposition. Each correct answer gets 1 point.
Teacher: January Teacher: 1993
Team A S1: He goes skiing in January. Team B S1: He left school in 1993. etc

Time Words
for : is used to express a period of time. She has been here for two weeks.
since : is used with Present Perfect to express a starting point. He has been here since Monday.

Fill in : for or since.

John Barnes has been in the police force 1) ..since.. 1980. Before that he worked in
a supermarket 2) two years, but he found it very boring. He has had lots of
adventures 3) he became a policeman. He was a constable 4)
three years, then he was promoted to sergeant. He has had to work a lot harder
5) . then, but he loves his job.
— es re

14. Prepositions

ago: back in time from now (used with Past Simple). She met Steve a week ago. (@ week back in time from now)
before: back in time from then. She sent me a letter last week. | had written to her a month before. (not
a month
back in time from now but a month before last week when she sent me her letter.)

@) Fill in : ago or before.

| met my penfriend, Bill, four days 1) ...ago.... | had never met him 2) . The day 3) .. .... |saw
him | was a bit nervous because | didn’t know what he would be like. He comes from America and, although |
went there two years 4) ......... , we didn't meet then. When | met him, | discovered that his grandparents
used to live near my village 100 years 5) .... . , $0 he might even be a distant relation.

yet: by this time (normally used with Present Perfect in questions and negations in end position).
Have you seen Ann yet? | haven’t seen her yet.
already : before now (used in mid position or at the end with Present Perfect in statements or questions).
I've already posted the invitations to the wedding. Have you already finished your homework?
I’ve cooked dinner already. (used to put emphasis on the completion of an action)
still: emphasises continuity (used with present forms to show duration; placed before the main verb or
after an auxiliary). He’s still typing those letters you gave him. | still care about him, even though he left me.

¢i) Fillin : yet, still or already.

Gerry : Have you been to the bank 1) ..yet...?

June : No. I’ve 2) told you, I’m 3) waiting for that cheque from my
accountant.
Gerry : Hasn't he sent you it 4) ? Why don’t you phone him?
June : I've 5) phoned him. He says he hasn't finished working out my tax 6)

during (prep) + noun : throughout. / stayed in Paris during the Christmas holiday.
while (conj) + clause : when, during the time that. While she was on holiday, she wrote me a letter.

@?) Fill in : during or while.

We went to a few tropical islands 1) ...during..... the

summer holiday last year. My parents spent most of their
time in the hotel 2) | was sunbathing on the
beach. 3) a boat journey from one island to
another there was a terrible storm. My mother was seasick
4) ... the trip, 5) ; . my father and | were

y|
p trying to help her.

dh” hh “ddl!
on time : at the right time. The train left on time. (not earlier or later than the stated time)
in time : early enough, not late. He was in time for the 5 o'clock train. (some time before 5.00)

@) Fill in : on time or in time.

Mr Savage was driving very fast last night because he wanted to be

home 1) .../n time.. for the late film. He knew it probably wouldn't start
/. . but he didn’t want to take any chances. Suddenly, a boy
on a bicycle appeared in front of his car and Mr Savage just managed to
stop 3) to avoid hitting him. He was so frightened by this
that he drove the rest of the way home very slowly. Unfortunately, the
film had started 4) and he missed the first half hour of it.
 14. Prepositions

by (prep) : any time before and not later than. You must be back by 12.00. (not later than 12.00)
by the time : before. They had finished packing by the time the taxi came. (before the taxi came)
untiV/till (conj) : up to the time when. She was at work until/till 3.30. (up to 3.30, not later than 3.30)
TilV/until can be used in the negative with verbs that show a point in time (eg. /eave, finish, start ...).
Compare: He won't start working until Friday. (on Friday, not before that). He won't have started working by
Friday. (He won’t begin till after Friday.)
at : exactly at a stated time. She'll be back at 9.00. (9.00 sharp)

Fill in with : by, by the time, untiltill or at.

When | went out last Saturday | told my father I'd be back 1) . by
1 o'clock at the latest. However, | was having such a good time that |
didn't even look at my watch 2) ........... 2:30! 3) .......... | found
a taxi to take me home it had gone 3 o'clock, and | finally arrived
home 4) ...... 3:30. My father was furious and told me I’d have
to be home 5) ... .ssssseeee 7 O'Clock every night of the week
(>) pees ......., the end of the month!

within (prep) : before the end of. You must finish this project within a week. (in a week’s time)
after (prep/conj) : following sth in time. You can watch TV after you’ve tidied your room.
afterwards (adv) : then, after that. He went for a walk afterwards.
from ... to/till/until : The restaurant serves customers from 12.00 to 8.00 pm.

@) Fill in with: within, after, afterwards or from ... to/until/till.

I'm in trouble with my history teacher. He gave us a project to finish

1) ..within.... a week, and | haven't even started it yet. | was going to
do it 2) ........ dinner on Thursday, but my friend phoned and
invited me out to the cinema. He didn't tell me we were going to a party
8) svecntcneencers ! We stayed at the party 4) .. -sssee+. 11 o'clock
5) Saecuiens 3.00 in the morning. Now it’s Friday and the History
class starts at 2 pm. If | don’t finish the project 6) the next two
hours, my teacher will probably make me stay behind 7) school.

at the beginning (of) : at the point/time sth starts. There's usually a preface at the beginning of a book.
in the beginning : at first, originally. / found computer programming difficult in the beginning.
at the end (of) : at the point/time sth finishes. There’s usually an index at the end of a book.
in the end : at last, finally. In the end | got used to programming computers.

@*) Fill in with : at the beginning, at the end, in the beginning or in the end.

| started a new job as a telephone operator 1) ...at the beginning. . of this year. | found the job rather
complicated 2) ngnawnts , but | got used to it 3) Le . I'm quite good at it now,
and I'm getting a pay-rise 4) nee ee of this month. I’ve got a month's holiday soon, starting
§) sa .... Of July and finishing 6) . ; . of September. | couldn’t decide
where to go at first, but | decided on Malta 7) ... saris

Fill in with: after, afterwards, from ... to, before, by the time, within, or in the end.

| began English six months 1) ..ago.... | had studied English 2) ..... . at school, but 3)
leaving, | began to forget a lot of the English | had learnt. Initially | attended classes several times a week and
would sometimes study in the library 4) vviere BD) sc sinies a few weeks of beginning classes my
English improved considerably, so | decided 6) . four months to attend fewer classes and now attend
one class a week. 7) | think | made the right decision; my English is continuing to improve and |
have more time to spend with my family. 8) _ now 9) the end of June | will be revising for
my exams.
 15. Questions and Short Answers

45. Questions and Short Answers

Do you want Why do you need
something Jones? some time off?
ra
Aa +\2°
= i ia cs pa

- om ae Because | want
Eas to get married a
S

Yes, | do, sir. I'd " Oh, you do, do you?

like to have some What stupid woman
time off next week. wants to marry you?

Yes/No Questions Wh-questions

To form questions we put the auxiliary or modal Wh- questions begin with a question word (who,
(can, be, will, have etc) before the subject. We use what, where, why, when, whose, which, how etc).
do/does to form questions in Present Simple and Whose cat is this? It’s Ted’s. Where did you
did to form questions in Past Simple. He is ready. stay? At the Park Hotel. When there is a preposition,
m= Is he ready? She likes reading. @= Does she _ it usually goes at the end of the question, though
like reading? (not: Dees-she-tikes-reading?) Ann in formal English it can be put before the question
went out yesterday. a Did Ann go out yesterday? word. Who does this car belong to? To whom does
(not : Did-Ann-went-out-yesterday?) this car belong? (formal)

We use questions to ask for information or permission. We also use questions to make suggestions,
requests, offers or invitations.
Asking for information: Where did you meet her? At a party.
Asking for permission: Could! borrow your pen? Yes, you can.
Making suggestions: Shall we go out? Yes, alright.
Making requests: Could you help me, please? Yes, of course.
Making offers: Would you like some cake? No, thanks.
Making invitations: Would you like to come to my wedding? Yes, I'd love to.

Write the speech situation for each question: asking for information/ permission, or
making suggestions/requests/offers/invitations.

1. May | borrow your shampoo? * asking for permission

2. What time does the match start?
3. Could you help me with this, please?
4. Would you like to come to Barbados with me?
5. Shall we go for a walk?
6. Can | do anything for you?
7. Can | leave early today?
8. Would you take this back to the library for me?
9. Would you like something to eat?
10. Can you visit Australia without a visa?
11. Could you carry this box for me, please?
12. Shall we have a party this weekend?
13. Where did you stay while in Madrid?
 15. Questions and Short Answers

We normally use the following question words to ask about :

people things/animals/ place time quantity manner reason

actions

Who What Where When How much How Why

Whose Which How long How many
Which What time
What How often

@ Who is used without a noun to ask about people. Who told you the truth?
@ Whose is used to express possession. Whose pen is this? It’s his.
@ Which is used for people, animals or things before nouns, one/ones, of or alone. Which car is yours?
There are two newspapers here. Which one would you like to read? Which of the students will come on the
school trip? Which is your bag?
Which is normally used when there is a limited choice. Which is your favourite writer - Charles Dickens
or Mark Twain? (there are only two writers to choose from - limited choice)
Which can also be used with the comparative and superlative. Which is faster, a Porsche ora Fiat?
Which is the best composition of all?
@ What is used before a noun or alone to ask about things. What day is it today? What did he say? What's
this? What is also used for people, animals and things when there is an unlimited choice. What books
do you prefer reading? (there are many books to choose from - unlimited choice) What can also be used in
these patterns: What ... like?, What ... for?, What colour?, What size?, What time?, What is he like?,
What is it used for? etc. What's the weather like today?
@ What and which are sometimes both possible. What/Which day did he leave?

Fill in: who, whose, what, which, where, when, how long, how often, what time, why,
how much or how many.

1. . How much does this book cost? £5. — 8. ~~ is that? It’s Peter.
2. does your mother goto work? 9am. = 9. .. .... have you been married? One year.
3. is your school? Near my house. 10. . are you crying? Because | am sad.
4, do you go to the beach? Rarely. 11. .. did you start school? In September.
5. is this coat? It’s Jack’s. 12. ' country is bigger, England or Spain?
6. . is your bag? The big blue one. 13. pence are there in a pound? 100.
%. did you get for Christmas? A shirt. 14. colour is a kiwi fruit? It's green.

Fil | in: which or what.

Tom: 1) ...What.... did you do on holiday, Julie?

Julie: | went to Egypt.
Tom: Oh really? 2) places did you see?
Julie: Cairo, the Pyramids, Aswan and some others.
Tom: 3) one did you like the best?
Julie: I’m not sure. They were all fascinating.
Tom: 4) .............. did you think of Cairo?
Julie: It’s very big, and there are a lot of tourists.
Tom: ) hotel did you stay in?
Julie: | don't remember its name. It was lovely, though.
Tom: 6) ... ..... did you buy there?
Julie: | bought some nice rugs. Actually, | bought one for
you. Look! 7) . one would you like?
Tom: They're all beautiful. 8) of them do you prefer?
Julie: | don't mind. And look at these! 9) .............. of these vases do you think your mother would like?
Tom: She'd be happy with either of them. 10) are you going to do with the other one?
15. Questions and Short Answers

Subject/Object Questions
If who, which or what are the subject of the question, the word order is the same as in statements.
If they are the object of the question, the verb is in question form.

subject object subject object

Ted called Ann. Ann called ="

Who called Ann? (not: Whe-did-eat-Ann?) Who did Ann call?

Write questions to which the bold type words are the answers.

1. Tom lives in Paris. .Who lives in Paris? 9. Steven had dinner with Mary. x5
2. Chris saved Mark. . a veces 10. Jackie loves Michael. .......... 0.666. .00 0000s
3. Clare likes John. ..... _ 11. James hit Trevor. - 7
4. Jenny likes fish. . 12. Tom went out with June.
5. Jim shouted at Pam. ‘eet 13. Terry drove an old car.
6. Jane saw Kitty. core 14. Steve hates Janet.
7. He wrote a book. sane ii 15. Walter stole a wallet. ..
8. Susan likes James. ien eine 16. Colin met Pam.

Write questions to which the bold type words are the answers.

Somebody stole a frozen chicken. It was stolen from

Astra Supermarket. This happened yesterday. A
man did it. He was wearing a large hat. He fainted
when he was walking home. He was taken to hospital.
When he got there the doctors found the chicken. It
was under his hat. He had fainted from the cold.
The police came to the hospital. They took him to the
police station.

1....What did somebody steal ys ?

2: - ? 8. ?
3. ? 9. ?
Boob ccc bce b eee veueueueuues ? 10 ?
5. ? 19% ef
Gi sowaecvtn van neaeiecorRssiseaana eee eemusar 2 | £2; ?

Indirect Questions

@ Indirect questions are used when we ask for information politely. They are introduced with Do you
know...?, Can/Could you tell me ...?, Have you any idea ...? + question word/ if or whether. Do you
know where Peter is? Could you tell me how much these trousers cost? Have you any idea what time
Sue will be back? Do you know if/whether she’s coming to the party?
@ The word order of Indirect questions is the same as in statements (subject + verb). Can you tell me
where you bought it? (not: Gan-yew-tel-me-where-did-yeu-buy it?) Can you tell me what time it is?
(not: Gan-yeu-tel-me what-time sit?)
@ The auxiliary verb do is not used in Indirect questions : How long does the journey take? a> Do you
know how long the journey takes? What time did he leave? am Can you tell me what time he left?
 15. Questions and Short Answers

Turn the following into Indirect questions.

1. Who wrote this book? Can ...... you tell me who wrote this book?..
2. Where's the post office? Do ceeuieen sacaieie
3. How much is a ticket for the football match? Have
4. Did it rain last week? Do .
5. What's the date today? Could .
6. Why is the train late? Could
7. Are the buses on strike tomorrow? Have
8. Did he leave his last job? Could
9. How can he afford such an expensive car? Hav

Question Tags
@ Question tags are short questions which we add at the end of a statement. We use them to ask for
confirmation of, or agreement with, our statement. /t’s hot today, isn’t it?
@ Question tags are formed with an auxiliary verb and an appropriate pronoun. They take the same
auxiliary verb as in the statement if there is one, otherwise they take do/does (Present Simple) or
did (Past Simple). She was at home, wasn’t she? He left late, didn’t he?
@ A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag, whereas a negative statement is
followed by a positive question tag. She plays tennis well, doesn’t she? He hasn’t come yet, has he?
He’s always late, isn’t he? She is never late, is she?
@ Everyone/someone/anyone/no one form their question tags with an auxiliary verb + they. Somebody
should help her, shouldn’t they?
@ Question tags can be said with a rising intonation (when we are not sure and we expect an answer)
or a falling intonation (when we don’t expect an answer).
He works in a bank, doesn’t he? A (not sure) He looks horrible, doesn’t he? (sure)

Study the following question tags.

1. “lam” “aren't I?” ! am older than you, aren’t 1?

2. “l used to” “didn’t |?” They used to work here, didn’t they?
3. Imperative “will you/won’t you/ Please help me, will you/won’t you/
can you/could you?” can you/could you?
4. “Let’s” “shall we?” Let’s play tennis, shall we?
5. “Let me/him” etc “will/won’t you?” Let him buy it, will you/won’t you?
6. “Don’t” “will you?” Don’t do that again, will you?
7. “I have” (= possess) “haven't 1?” She has your book, hasn’t she?
8. “I have” (used idiomatically) “don’t 1?” She had an operation yesterday, didn’t she?
9. “There is/are” “isn’t/aren’t there?” There are some seats left, aren’t there?
10. “This/That is” “isn’t it?” That pen is Mary’s, isn’t it?

Belinda’s mum is angry with Belinda. Fill in the question tags.

You know why I’m angry, 1) ...don’t you...?

Peweereeneeenenet

You didn’t say you'd clean it,

rienrervenmanan ? And you're late,

“Uy,
Yule “ (Bee
Let’s talk about it tomorrow,
15. Questions and Short Answers

() Add the question tags then read them with a rising or falling intonation.

sure not sure

v 1. She’s late today, .. isn ’t ghe

YN
2. He’s an actor,

SSN
3. You stayed in last night,

YN
4. You don’t enjoy opera,

VN
5. I'm a bit clumsy,
Ss

NN
SS 6. You know where the supermarket is,
7. Let's go for a walk,

VN
8. The boys went out with you,
SSS

9. Paul should apologise,

YVNVNNVNNVNMNYN
10. You will help me,
11. Everyone remembers her,
Ss

12. This is your wife,

“SN

13. Let me go out,

14. He won't tell anyone,
SS

15. There's a later flight,

Oral Activity 32
The students in teams look at the picture and make statements with question tags. Each correct sentence
gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner.
Team A S1: Mark says to Mary, “Let's
dance, shall we?”
Team B S1: Mary doesn't want to dance,
does she?
Team A S2: Mark will be disappointed,
won't he?
Team B S2: Mary has got blonde hair,
hasn't she? etc
a
\ \ the bride’s
Mary Mark Pam_ Tim parents

Short Answers

Short answers are used to avoid repetition of the question asked before. Positive short answers are
formed with Yes + personal pronoun + auxiliary verb (do, can, will, have, may etc). Will she call us? Yes,
she will. Negative short answers are formed with No + personal pronoun + auxiliary verb (in negative).
Did he give you anything? No, he didn’t.

Complete the dialogue using short answers.

A: Have you seen Peter's new play? B: 6) Yes,

B: 1) Yes, ./ have... . | saw it last week. A: Were they bored as well?
A: Did you like it? B: 7) No, .. They found it
B: 2) No, . | was really interesting.
disappointed. A: I'd like to see it. Can you get me a ticket?
A: Was the acting all right? B: 8) Yes, . . Do you want more than
B: 3) Yes, .. .. , but the dialogue was boring. one?
A: Are you going to tell Peter what you thought? A:9) No, . . | prefer seeing plays
B: 4) No, ... .. . | don't want to offend him. alone.
A: Did you go alone? B: Fine. Will you be at home tomorrow evening?
B:5) No, «<0: .. . Lou and Pam came with me. A: 10) Yes, , after 7 o'clock.
A: Had they seen Peter's other play? B: Okay. I'll bring you the ticket then.
 15. Questions and Short Answers

So-Not

So and not can be used after: think, hope, expect, suppose, I’m afraid, guess, it seems, say, tell sb, it
appears, believe or imagine in short answers.

| think so — | don’t think so/I think not It seems so — It doesn’t seem so/It seems not
| hope so — | hope not He said so — He didn't say so
| expect so — | don’t expect so/I expect not He told me so — He didn’t tell me so
| suppose so — | don’t suppose so/I suppose not | guess so —| guess not
I'm afraid so — I’m afraid not | believe so — | don’t believe so/| believe not
It appears so — It doesn’t appear so/It appears not | imagine so — | don’t imagine so/| imagine not

Will he come? | think so. Can you do the crossword? I’m afraid not.

Fill in the blanks with phrases using the verbs given and so or not.

1. A: Did you pass the exam? (hope) 7. A: How do you know he moved house? (tell me)
B: Well, . ! hope so. . | studied very hard. Bi. when | spoke to him yesterday.
2. A: Is the bank open? (think) 8.A: Is Sarah upset about something? (say)
B: 8 . It's 6 o'clock. B: ae : , but she does look unhappy.
3. A: Can you ‘lend me £10? (afraid) 9. A: Is it going to rain? (appear)
B: . + ». . 1 don't have any money. B: . It's very cloudy.
4.A: Shall we watch TV? (guess) 10. A: Will he come to the party? (seem)
B: , . There’s nothing else to do. B: . He’s too busy.
5.A: Are they twins? (imagine) 11. A: Is Irene going to lose her job? (believe)
B: . .... . They look alike. Biwnixexesares . She'll find another one, though.
6.A: Is John at work? feupnoee) 12.A: Is everyone coming? (expect)
B: . He’s not at home. B: ' . We were all told to come.

So-Neither/Nor-But

So + auxiliary verb + personal pronoun or noun She lives in Venice. So do I. (I live in Venice too.)
(agreement with a positive sentence) Tim saw that film. So did Ann. (Ann saw it too.)

Neither/Nor + auxiliary verb + personal pronoun He doesn’t enjoy horror films. Neither/Nor do I. (I
or noun (agreement with a negative sentence) don’t enjoy horror films either.) not: So-dorrtt.

But + noun/pronoun + positive auxiliary verb Ann hasn’t got a car, but | have.
(positive addition to negative statement) Sue doesn’t play tennis well, but Bill does.

But + noun/pronoun + negative auxiliary verb Jim drives carefully, but his brother doesn’t.
(negative addition to positive statement) She works hard, but I don’t.

Look at the table and write sentences as in the example:

Eve Jo Bill Sue

1. Eve lives in London. So does Bill, but Jo and Sue don’t
liveinLondon wv Vv 2. Jo doesn’t play the violin.
3. Eve can’t speak Italian.
speak Italian ¥ ev 4. Eve can’t drive a car.
5. Jo speaks Italian.
drive a car v Vv 6. Sue doesn't live in London.
7. Eve can play the violin.
play the violin wv Vv 8. Jo drives a car.
15. Questions and Short Answers

Asking for permission / Making requests Giving permission / Answering requests

Can | / Could | stay here? Yes, you can. / Yes, of course (you can). / No, you can’t.
May | / Might | use your car? Yes, you may. / Yes, of course (you may). / No, you may
not. / I'd rather you didn’t. / I’m afraid not. etc

Making suggestions / invitations Answering suggestions / invitations

Will you / Would you / Would you like to I'd like to. / I'd love to. / Yes, all right. / I’m
have dinner with me? afraid | can’t. / I'd love to but I can’t. / I’m
Shall we have dinner together? sorry | can’t.

Making offers Answering offers

Shall | / we, Can 1/ we, Would you Yes, please. / No, thank you. / No, thanks.
like me to do the washing-up?

Answer the questions.

1. A: Shall | help you with the washing-up? 6. A: May | use your book for a minute?
B: ..No, thank you... . I'll do it myself. B: .. , but don’t write in it.
2. A: Can | help you with your homework? 7.A: Would you like me to make you a cup of tea?
B: , I'm finding it very difficult. B: aie ....+., Lonly drink coffee.
3. A: Would you like to go fishing with me? 8.A: Shall we go to see the new film?
Bovccciaascnacsmmneannners . I've made other plans. B: . ... |'m visiting my parents.
4.A: Could | borrow some money from you? 9. A: Shall | buy you a ‘cola?
Br vasinsspeea taieaneese nus. . 'm broke. B:. ......|'m thirsty.
5. A: Shall | telephone the doctor? 10.A: Would you like to come out with me?
Bre kiieissskc pees , the pain’s getting worse. B: Yes, Savas et vevetnes

() Write questions and short answers.

.Would you like... some coffee? )

(. .. Yes, please. . #2)
"
YD vveeavsscadtivavss have some eggs please?” “ .
Bo ies s:eeueieceeeeienyes have the jam please?”".............. .
Bh: carsmnemcarnurnoaerons pass me the butter please?” " ... 0. eee 5
BS Lousaenecemeanenes me to pass you the bread?”“................. I've had
enough.”
Co i asinsieacseveseaeys help me in the garden after breakfast?”
re Srisavadicasixesesa LAM tale 10h WOK,
f, SER ES aPaNSATO RS TOR go to the cinema tonight?”* .... but | have
to work late.”

() Add question tags and short answers to the statements below.

1. “You're not afraid of flying, .......... MO YOR iisiccicsianscne ?" “Yes, lam..... ff
2. “You haven't been abroad before, .............-.60055 wwevsaraes f eS ai
3. “You went to Paris by train last year, .......... 66.0005. peaicewaenes: bos '
4. “You prefer travelling by Car, «0.0.6. ..
cece cece ee renee ee ees sane f NOS, jeaat
5. “You don't really want to go to New York, ..... 5.66666. eee e eee ees vossiegesies fo ING: cenivcns Gui -
6. “You're going to stay in New York for a while, «0.0.6.6... eee ceece es e 2” “No, . pI
7. “You're staying in the same hotel as last year, 0... .... 6666 c cece PUVES, cee
 15. Questions and Short Answers

Write the questions the interviewer asked Rosie Down.

|: 1) .. How do you feel now that you've won an R: | found life in Hollywood very exciting.
Oscar?... LEG): iceremare avievvernween your new film?
R: | feel wonderful. R: _ I’m going to make my new film very soon.
a) secveasee WETOTO? ED ccvewere VebaeenewensKe
R: No, | started acting in 1983. R: Samantha Moore stars with me in it.
1 sicpuawenavnaatuaworesectacusweeieeaues (28) sdcsinssassesneessscaas
R: Yes, I've made a lot of money from aati. R: I'm making my new film in South America.
I: 4) . Sa $29). cegrerniecenconsece eppisiviernomielsoyiete'ess
R: I'm not telling you howe ane iaearn. R: | chose the cinema rather than the theatre
1:5) . cee sas -sssses.. Hollywood? because it pays more money.

Fill in the blanks with responses using so or neither.

©

Hi, I'm Dave. | arrived yesterday.

So did | . . The university looks like a nice place. | like it very much.
. [don’t know many people here though.
SOBYBHARON=
ee ee

. Actually, | haven’t spoken to many people.

. What are you studying? I’m going to study History.
! | loved it at school.
. | wouldn't like to teach it, though.
. | want to be an archaeologist.
. | think it’s a fascinating subject.
. |[can’t imagine spending three years studying Computer Science.
. We seem to agree about everything, don’t we?
—

Oral Activity 33
The students in teams read the following text then ask
questions and answer them in turn.
There is a fish pond in Radcliffe Park. Fishing is not
allowed there. Two students were arrested last week and
charged with stealing fish. They entered the park at 2
o’clock in the moming, carrying nets. They caught two
Japanese fish worth over £100 each. A policeman
stopped them as they were walking home. He was
suspicious because he saw fish tails sticking out of the
students’ shirts. The students, both aged 20, were fined
£70 each.
Team A S1: What is there in Radcliffe Park? | Team B S2: Who was arrested?
Team B S1:A fish pond. Team A S2: Two students. etc

@) Use the prepositions in brackets and write questions to match the statements.

1. Jim is very angry. Who ...........IG HE ANGLY WIEN. .....ccccccecsccseccseerssecevecccssseceeeveees 2 (With)

ATINAAS ANMOVEROS WAU ss vesiecisG aa srasieurennerewea se Near Wi eianceNeueeesdecspWeeuesicseneenes ... ? (about)
3. Shirley got engaged. Who 7 ‘gas 5 Sraie,o gee wih sinlegie
wae came Malet vaesone: P-(tO)
4. Bob is furious. What . ‘i S du saveh Seber ela aueae ssa TERE COE ? (about)
5. A prisoner escaped last night. Where . Palalecgstaldsaetpreia Sa ST noe Aunt oS es SSR UNIDOS EET eGTEE ? (from)
6. The children are laughing. What ..........scecreeesservereererens L Fee ace «teen aca ereiste eames AL)
ToL THINK YOU: SHOULD ADOlOGISG | WHALE a0 isinsaseeecretsivicia sie aeiiaiviseieeinsineinoisieie ce cia siaiaenvieieeeniaeibities aeceieiene ? (for)
8. My parrot died last week. What caliea AW aE ide Walelneta Te saeaareamaweEUAUNE vewsansaaas 2 (Of)
15. Questions and Short Answers

9: He’e juct taken 'a photograph. WhO)... crcscersenececseneerensesonssreseenresseterrenesseresensivesiens ? (of)

10.1] forgot to remind YOU. What .......cccerecceeceeccscccsseserevees cove better ee eeseeevecceeeeesesss? (about)

Tense Review

@) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. Martha usually ........VIGIES ©. 66. e eee eee eens ...+s+s++» (visit) her grandfather every weekend.
2. His eyes are hurting because he .........-.......0065. eee (forget) to put on his sunglasses.
3. I'm exhausted; I think] .............6..05, Se W NW TeN eal ON sia elnDATeON We meWE Rian welneeeaeveess (go) to bed.
4. It was kind of YOU 2.2... ceceeee saeeaWiewse bocce ve seeeesvesssses..(invite) me to dinner.
5. She's really looking forward to si sy (meet) you.
6. I've been looking for Sue for hours, but | SsGseies ’ (not/be able to) find her yet.
7. When | was in Africa, | mevis edins ceE Tee meee wana hrem ane epee s ..+ss+.+.» (bite) by a poisonous spider.
8. If you s . (remember) to bring your ‘cheque book, you would have been able to pay for your meal.
9. She ; wae ‘net . (play) that computer game since 7 o'clock this morning!
10.1 (talk) to my mother on the phone when | heard the scream.
11. Do you think you se. save . (finish) that book by tomorrow?
12. Tom suggested , ‘ . (go) for a picnic, but | didn't feel like it.
13. He allowed me , Si . (borrow) his motorbike.
14. She had to cycle to work while her car , ; , (repair).
15. Your father will be disappointed with you if you . oe (not/pass) the test.

() Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

turn sb down: refuse

an offer 1. | wish you’d turn the radio ... down... ; it’s too loud!
: 2. That factory turns . . 150 typewriters a day.
turn sth down : reduce the volume, heat, noise ete 3. We offered them £260,000 for the house, but they
turn on: switch on (lights, radio etc) tumed us ......-.-.
4. You can always turn -sce ees. Me if you’re in
(opp: turn off)
trouble.
turn to sb: go to sb for help 5. John said he was coming at 6.00, but he didn’t turn
Se nT until 8.00.
turn up : 1) (ofan opportunity) arise 6. If you've finished, please turn the light ............
2) arrive 7.1 can't hear the TV. Could you turn it ............. ?
turn sth up: _ increase the volume 8. Hite getting dark so | turned ........-......5. the

turn sth out: produce sth 9. When a better job turned ............ , he decided
to accept it.

©? Look at Appendix 1 and fill in the correct preposition.

1. He explained his plans to us . .in. .. detail. 10. The post office is shut because the workers are ...
2. Call the fire brigade! The house is . fire! . strike.
3. This office is a mess! We need to tidy itup. 11. : my opinion, that was an excellent film.
4. He dislikes using credit cards, so he always pays 12. My parents took me a tour of Italy.
cash. 13. Mr Jones can't speak to you - he’s ..... the phone.
5. I've been touch the manager 14. She loves the countryside because she was
about the problem. brought up . a farm.
6. Do you believe . ghosts? 15. She'll never forgive you ... . . lying to her.
7. Colin congratulated me . winning the 16. Tom is really fed up ... ..... his job.
competition. 17. The robber was sentenced two years in prison.
8. What's the difference . butter and margarine? 18. Why are you so anxious? There’s nothing to worry
9. I'll discuss this matter . my lawyer. ‘
 Revision Exercises IV

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

fail to keep up with 1. Because I've been ill and away from school, I've
fallen ...behind..... with my work.
fall for : 1) be cheated 2. He was such a handsome and interesting man that
2) become suddenly attracted to she fell him at once.
3. She fell with her flatmate about
fallinwith: agree whose turn it was to clean the bathroom.
4. Not having eaten for days, the dogs fell
the meat greedily.
fall on : attack eagerly
5. The old couple fell the man's lies
and lost £2,000.
fall out (with) : 6. After discussing it for hours, Jim eventually fell
the idea of moving to the country.

CG Revision Exercises IV

Choose the correct answer.

1. | need a break. | think I'll go to the seaside ..C 9, I've been working ...... . all day and I’m
Easter. exhausted.
A) in B) on C) at D) from A) hardly B) the hardest
oe : C) harder D) hard
2. She performed brilliantly that evening, ?
A) hasn't she B) didn’t she 10. Paul is experienced he'll get the job.
C) hadn't she D) did she A) such B) so
C) much D) too
3. “Why are you upset?”
: time Pete rings me he asks for money!” 11. “Someone's taken my cassette recorder.”
A) Every B) Both “| don’t know would do a thing like that.”
C) All D) Some A) who B) that
C) what D) which
4. “Where’s Judy?”
“She won't be here . 8 o'clock.” 12. This is the house Charles Dickens died.
A) after B) until A) which B) where
C) on D) by the time C) that D) when

5. If | the job, I'll give a party. 13. Is there in the office?

A) will get B) am getting A) anywhere B) anybody
C) am going to get D) get C) somewhere D) everywhere
6. “Is that Jane and Mary’s house?” 14. The ship’s crew .. all given two days’ leave.
i |e | is the one across the road.” A) were B) had
A) theirs B) hers C) was D) is
C) their D) there
1Sacec . a difficult exam that was!
7. I'm taking an umbrella. It _ rain. A) How B) So
A) must B) may C) What D) Such
C) has to D) should
16. he is nearly eighty, he is still very active.
8. This is book I've ever read. A) Despite B) However
A) more brilliant B) most brilliant C) Even D) Although
C) the most brilliant D) the brilliant
 al i i Ne i i ad

Revision Exercises IV

Turn from Active into Passive.

At 5 o'clock on Sunday morning a strange noise woke Jim up. He

looked out of the window and saw somebody driving his car away!
He ran towards the stairs, and halfway down his dog tripped him up.
Fortunately he didn’t break anything, but by the time he got outside
they had driven his car out of sight. When he went back to the
house, he discovered that somebody had locked him out. As he was
climbing in through the kitchen window, a policeman saw him and
thought he was a burglar. The policeman arrested him and took him
to the police station. They phoned his wife and told her to come.
When she told them who he was, they allowed him to go home, but
they never found his car!

Turn from Direct to Reported speech using an appropriate introductory verb.

1. “How about going to the beach?” Paul said. ... Paul suggested going to the DEACH..... 0. seve sees
0...
2. “I’m sorry | didn't ring you yesterday,” Julia said to me. saidie.divislylWeiesietve’s
3. “That's why | didn’t speak to him,” she said. ; Se
4. “What a lovely meal that was!” she said. ........ ae RYcininiCeree yatinelee dees
5. “Don't forget our appointment tomorrow,” he said to me. came SEEN cones
: “Be quiet,” she said to the children. ere s a i a t o r s i o n s i s h a v a l a Tac lacetR pra rere STaaeaTcee odin
7. “| won't do your homework for you!” Pam said to Jim. sai yews SET OTe
8. “You stole the money!” he said to Julie. . x ET SSO ETT ET
4 “Yes, it might be a good plan,” she said. ..... : = cee BY ESOT TPCT OSNSO CRE T COT
10. “I didn't break the window,” said Bob. .. oriesivacs rcamesse s a y 6 aia aetaia ein Gib Sibiaunstelelaiy

Rewrite the sentences in the Causative.

1. You should hire someone to clean up the garden. . You should have the garden cleaned up. ....
2. A famous artist has painted his portrait. ; a re vane Ven seb aeiea
3. The hairdresser permed my hair yesterday. ... £49 Pay ARGS TSUN SRRET ARSON
4. Twelve people’s houses were burnt down in the fire. sarewuies ai ee or
5. A well-known surgeon will operate on the footballer’s leg.
6. Gary arranged for his luggage to be flown home.

Fill in “the” where necessary.

1. Sean was brought up in ... the... Republic of Ireland, notin ...—... Scotland.
2. I've never been to ......-. 6.666. Tahiti but I've been to . Hawaiian Islands.
3. He’s travelled all over ............05. British Isles, ............... France and ............... Netherlands.
A LOUS'GO 10 vvcicveciesnaviae Red Rose - it’s better than ............... Dick's.
5. They lived in ..........6. . north of Canada for two years and then moved to .....-... +++. Washington D.C.
6. I'd rather do some shopping at . vo. css. Selfridges than gO to ...... 6.0000. Tate Gallery.
TADGOS acvcnansmeexians Lloyds Bank have a branch near ....... .... Edinburgh Castle?
8.| prefer reading .........-. . Time Magazine to reading ............... Washington Post.
QUAN a ciseaeaareeaesice injured were taken to ............... hospital by ...... ...... helicopter.
10: DOGS) scaswswounier Great Wall of ............ China run through ............ middle of ..........+. country?
Ais aiesieais'tee'ss Ambassador is going to .......... . Philippines on ............ Royal Yacht.
12 siswainaiws Yangtze Kiang river flows through ..... . Chinato ............ East China Sea.
 Revision Exercises IV

Correct the mistakes.

ANG eed
Lorna Steel possibly is the most talented actress the world has ever
seen. Her excited career covers sixty years. She usually made at least
five films the year. She will probably be remembered like the most
popular actress of our time. Deeply the film industry was shocked by
the time she announced her retirement last year. She had been going
to the studios by a huge black luxurious limousine every day in the
past 40 years. No one quite could believe her presence would any
longer brighten up our cinema screens. She now is retired and lives in
an extremely large beach house near the Mexican border. Those days
she makes very rarely any public appearances. She is beautiful still,
but now prefers to devote her valuable time in looking through old,
stray dogs.

() Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

1. The police are ..on... the trail of the robbers.

2. They're friends, although they have little ...............55. common.
3. The baby takes ..... 6.66... cece nus his father.
4. My colleague was ill, So | stood «... 5.6... eee cece her at the office.
5. The nurses went .........5 6.000005 strike for higher wages.
6. John and Bill fell ..............008. and so they are no longer speaking.
7. Half the students turned ...............5. late for class.
8. The boss is away .........6..56005 business.
9. The lawyer investigated the case .............0665. detail.
10. Mercedes Benz has just taken ............6605: British Leyland.
11. Sandra arrived ....... 6.0006. Tokyo last week.
12. I've put on a lot of weight. I'd better go .............. a diet.
13. She flew ........6065 PANS cssivsssceses Milan because it would have taken too long to go ..........+5 road.
14. There’s a beautiful house .............. sale just outside the city.
15. When | was in the Navy, | used to spend a lot of time .............. sea.
16. You have to learn to stand ............5.. people who are nasty to you.
17, WO SEL visveczevenvavs on our journey at 6 o'clock in the morning.
18. Sam fell ...... 6.600500. with his studies and failed his exams.
19. If you want to get fit, why don’t you take ............5. a sport.
20. | wanted to join the police force but they turned me .............. because | was too short.

() Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

When Francis Lee was a boy, he 1) ...... wanted.... (want) to be

an astronaut. He 2) ...... 66... c cece eee cues (watch) TV one day
in 1969 when he 3) ...........ce
cues (see) Neil Armstrong walk on
the moon. Since then he 4) ........cccceeeeceneeeeneeeueeeeunereus
(always/dream) of doing the same. Every night when there is a full
MOON; HED) css ciaviccwewaswsrinasewesuwwaee (stare) up at it for hours
ANd 6) siewsssnesesaweeen (imagine) himself walking around on it.
At the moment, however, h@ 7) ........0.0ccceceee vues (work) as a
night-watchman at a meat factory. He 8) ..... 6.6.6 c cece eee e ee eeees
(do) the same job since he left school fifteen years ago, but he still
hopes that one day his dream 9) .........cccee cee e eee eees (come)
TUG: O10) ccrs:snescancoareneneieraiece:ns (hear) that in the 21st century
HOYT) ccanwascaniaanscaoaes (sell) tickets to fly to the moon. For this
FEASON HOD) iis sasisissrewccrsrcisisisicinan
sow siee (save) half of his wages
every month for the past two years.
Revision Exercises IV

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

| Tom Wilson 1). is... (be) an explorer. He 2)

(be) to nearly every country in the world, but the most
exciting time he 3) (ever/have) was
when he 4) (go) to the Congo jungle. A magazine
5) (ask) him to retrace the route of a famous
explorer who 6) (disappear) in the 1920's. As
he 7) (follow) a small river, he got separated
from his guides. He 8) ; (go on) alone, hoping
he 9) (find) them, but instead
he 10) (encounter) a group of natives.
He 11) (stay) with them for several days
and 12) (find out) that a very old
woman 13) (actually/meet) the
famous explorer. She 14) (know) how he 15) (die). Tom 16)
(become) very friendly with the natives and now he 17) (plan) to go back and see them again.
He is sure they 18) (welcome) him back.

Fill in a suitable word or phrase.

1. It was the first time she had been to/had seen/had read a play by Shakespeare.
2. She him several times on the phone before she met him.
3. When she discovered that her car she phoned the police.
4. The windows are dirty - we need to have .
5. By the end of the year she here for five years.
6. Every day he by train.
7. She was tired because hard all day.
8. He a bicycle for his birthday by his parents.
9.I don't .... sed ers pass the test - he’s hardly studied.
10. THETIOWS: o..cccrescscwececevsevicciess until 6 o’clock, so we have time to go to the shop.
11. At least four people oe the accident.
12. If you leave now, you the bus.
TSS ecisieass : sbiaiacs 4 what to do if you hadn't told me.
14. James a isis sie a friend's house until he finds a flat.
15. To join the club, , a £5 membership fee.
16.1 . the project until 8 o'clock - can you wait till then?
17. Your hair sien ipalv mare aveeinre'asiyrere' - it's much too long.
18.We ... , serviced because the engine was making a strange noise.
19. It Fit iniaievelase sre bab Nats '6COI0EH 6 Ne TEEN OR NO DISIORINAIN we woke up, so we decided to stay at home.

Put the verbs in brackets into an infinitive or -ing form.

Last month, my friend John invited me 1) ..to stay... (stay)

with him in his house in the country. | decided 2)
(go) by car because | hate 3).......... . (travel) on public
transport. As | was driving through the country, a sheep ran
into the road and | had to swerve to avoid 4) ............ (hit)
it. | was driving too fast 5) ......... (control) the car and |
crashed into a tree. It was no good 6) . (try) to start
the car again so | got out and tried 7) . ..... (get) a lift
from someone. Eventually a lorry stopped 8) ....
(pick) me up, but the driver was very boring and never stopped
DO} «sie sienreiac . (talk) about his problems. Two hours later! *
arrived in the village near my friend’s house, very happy 10) ..... (walk) the rest of the way. But I'm
SOIMY 11) esrecescainiie (say) | got lost and didn't arrive at my friend’s house until 3 o'clock in the morning. | really
regret not 12) .......... (take) the train.
 Summary of Tenses

Rephrase the following sentences as in the example:

1. It wasn't necessary for us to have booked a table. We needn't . have booked a table.
2. It’s possible that she has already told him. She ...............-...60055.
3. It was wrong of her to punish that child. She ...... [ee ae
4. Let’s go for a pizza. Shall ............ CR a ee a
5. It isn’t possible for me to see you this evening. 7 a wiecnZaTocale ose a TUIDNVaiMieNCECele
6. She is obliged to be at work at 6 o'clock every morning. ‘She . sarete'acs
7. It would be a good idea for you to write to her. You .............6.000045
8. I'm sure he isn’t Spanish. He ............... ; slaaralibei'ew
9. I'm certain that he stole my pen. He . xT Pesci tneseeN eh
10. My friends all like rock music. All ..... semen sneniewe.
11. Pam has a dog. Don has a dog too. They oie anes
12. There isn't anything in the fridge. There is
13. He has never played polo before. It’s the first time Sie icne! ore laralaiaennera
14. When did they move to Rome? How long isit ..... harvatwernwaineiata
15. Could you help me with this? Do you mind .......... sCnateceesKaws
16. They will send you the contract tomorrow. You will have ISPS
17. | wish | hadn't said that to her. If .
18. The weather is too bad for camping. The weather iis not acipthe 2 oases
19. | advise you to see a lawyer. You .......... ee eee oan
20. That's the office | work in. That’s the office ; Lie Sanseieiw eLeNTeisiele
21. I'm sure he didn’t say that. He .
22. If you don’t invite them, they won't come. Unless ; scecwrassicratesaeiaes

SUMMARY OF TENSES
Present Simple Present Continuous Future Simple
Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative
| work | don't work | am working I’m not working | will work | won't work
You work You don't work You are working You aren’t working You will work You won't work
He works He doesn’t work etc He is working He isn’t working etc He will work He won't work etc
She works She is working She will work p
it works Interrogative It is working Interrogative tt will work Interrogative
We work Do | work? We are working Am | working? We will work Shall/Will | work?
You work Do you work? You are working Are you working? You will work — Will you work?
They work Does he work? etc They are working Is he working? etc They will work — Will he work? etc

Future Continuous Future Perfect

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative
| will be working | won't be working | will have worked | won’t have worked
You will be working You won't be working You will have worked You won't have worked
He will be working He won't be working etc He will have worked He won't have worked etc
She will be working int ti She will have worked
Interrogative
It will be working ches It will have worked
We will be working Will | be working? We will have worked Will | have worked?
You will be working Will you be working? You will have worked Will you have worked?
They will be working —_ Will he be working? etc They will have worked Will he have worked? etc
Summary of Tenses

Future Perfect Continuous

Affirmative Negative
| will have been working | won't have been working
You will have been working You won't have been working
He will have been working He won't have been working etc
She will have been working int tive
It will have been working
We will have been working Will | have been working?
You will have been working Will you have been working?
They will have been working Will he have been working? etc

Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative
| have worked | haven't worked | have been working | haven't been working
You have worked You haven't worked You have been working You haven't been working
He has worked He hasn't worked etc He has been working He hasn't been working etc
She has worked She has been working
Interrogative
It has worked It has been working regains
We have worked Have | worked? We have been working Have | been working?
You have worked Have you worked? You have been working — Have you been working?
They have worked Has he worked? etc They have been working Has he been working? etc

Past Simple Past Continuous

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative
| worked | didn't work | was working | wasn't working
You worked You didn't work You were working You weren't working
He worked He didn't work etc He was working He wasn't working etc
She worked She was working
Interrogative interrogative
It worked It was working
We worked Did | work? We were working Was | working?
You worked Did you work? You were working Were you working?
They worked Did he work? etc They were working Was he working? etc

Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

| had worked | hadn't worked | had been working | hadn't been working
You had worked You hadn't worked You had been working You hadn't been working
He had worked He hadn't worked etc He had been working He hadn't been working etc
She had worked She had been working
Interrogative interrogative
It had worked It had been working
We had worked Had | worked? We had been working Had | been working?
You had worked Had you worked? You had been working Had you been working?
They had worked Had he worked? etc They had been working Had he been working? etc
 Irregular Verbs
irregular Verbs
Past Participle Past Participle
been lain
born(e) lit
beaten
become
begun
bitten
blown
broken
brought
built
burnt
burst
bought
(been able to)
caught
chosen

dug
did
drew drawn shot
dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) showed
drank drunk shut
drove driven sang
ate eaten sat
fell fallen slept slept
fed fed smelt (smelled)
felt felt spoke
fought fought spelt (spelled)
found found spent
flew flown spilt (Spilled)
forbad(e) forbidden split
forgot forgotten spoilt (spoiled) spoilt (spoiled)
forgave forgiven spread
froze frozen sprung
got got stood
gave given stolen
went gone stuck
grew grown stung
hung hung struck
had had sworn
heard heard swept
hid hidden swum
hit hit taken
held held taught
hurt hurt torn
kept kept
known
laid
Appendix 1: Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions

Appendix 1: Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions

A accuse sb of (doing) sth (v) annoyed with sb for doing sth ask sb for sth (but: ask sb a
advantage of (n) (adj) question) (v)
afraid of sb/sth (adj) apologise to sb for sth (v) associate with sb (v)
aim at sb/sth (v) apply to sb for sth (v) astonished at/by sth (adj)
amazed at/by sth (adj) arrive at (a small place) (but: attitude towards/to (n)
angry at/with sb for doing sth arrive home) (v) aware of sth (adj)
(adj) arrive in (a big place) (v)
annoyed about sth (adj) ashamed of sb/sth (adj)

bad at sth (adj) blame sb/sth for sth (v) borrow sth from sb (v)
believe in sth (v) (put the) blame on sb/sth (n) brilliant at sth (adj)
belong to sb (v) bored with sth (adj) bump into sb/sth (v)

(in)capable of sth (adj) compare sth/sb to sth/sb else (= _—_ conscious of sth (adj)
care about sb/sth (v) show the likeness between) (v) consist of sth (v)
care for sb/sth (= look after/like)(v) compare sth/sb with sth/sbelse contact with sb/sth (but: contact
take care of (exp) (= examine people or things to between two things) (n)
cause of (n) find similarities and differences) (v) convert into (v)
change sth for sth (= exchange (nothing can) compare with sth crash into sb/sth (v)
one thing for another) (v) (= nothing is as good as) (v) crowded with (people etc) (adj)
charge sb for (= ask sb to pay)(v) | complain to sb about sth/sb (v) cruel to sb/sth (adj)
charge sb with (= accuse sb of) (v) concentrate on sth (v) cruelty towards/to (n)
cheque for (n) congratulate sb on (doing) sth (v) take care of sb/sth (= look after) (v)
clever at sth (but: clever of sb to _—_ (in) connection with sb/sth
do sth) (adj) a connection between two
come from (v) things) (n)

damage to (n) die of (an illness) (v) dissatisfied with (adj)

deal with (v) difference between two things (n) divide sth into (v)
decide on (v) different from/to sb/sth (adj) dream about sb/sth (v)
delighted with sth (adj) disadvantage of (n) dream of being/doing sth (=
demand for (n) disappointed with sth (adj) imagine) (v)
depend on sb/sth (v) discuss sth with sb (v) drive into sb/sth (v)

engaged to sb (adj) excellent at sth (adj) explain sth to sb (v)

escape from (v) excited about (adj)

fail in (v) forgive sb for sth (v) furious about sth (adj)
famous for sth (adj) (un)friendly to sb (adj) furious with sb for doing sth (adj)
fed up with sth (adj) frightened of sb/sth (adj)
fond of sb/sth (adj) full of sth (adj)

generous to sb (but: generous of good to sb (but: good of sb to do grateful to sb for sth (adj)
sb to do sth) (adj) sth) (adj)
good at sth (adj)

happen to sb/sth (v) hear from (= receive a letter) (v) hope for sth (v)
head for (v) hear of sb/sth (= know that sb/sth = (no) hope of (n)
hear about (= be told) (v) exists) (Vv) hopeless at sth (adj)

impatient with (adj) insist on (v) invitation to (n)

impressed by/with sb/sth (adj) interested in sth (adj) invite sb to (v)
increase in (n) introduce sb to sb (v)
 Appendix 1: Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions

jealous of sb/sth (adj)

keen on sth (adj) (be) kind to sb (but: kind of sb to know of/about (v)
do sth) (adj)

laugh at sb (= mock)/sth (v) live on (money/food) (v) look at sb/sth (v)

listen to sb/sth (v)

(be) married to sb (v) mean to sb

(but: mean of sb to do sth) (adj)

need for (n) (be) nice to sb (but: nice of sb to

do sth) (adj)

occur to sb (v)

patient with (adj) pleased with sth (adj) prevent from (v)
pay sb for sth (v) point at sb/sth (v) proof of (n)
photograph of (n) (im)polite to sb (but: (im)polite of protect sb/sth from/against
picture of (n) sb to do sth) (adj) sb/sth (v)
(un)pleasant to sb (adj) prefer sb/sth to sb/sth else (v) proud of sb/sth (adj)
(un)pleasant of sb to do sth (adj) provide sb with sth (v)

react to (v) rely on sb/sth (v) responsible for sth (adj)

reaction to (n) remind sb about sth (= tell sb not rise in (n)
reason for (n) to forget) (v) rude to sb (but: rude of sb to do
regard sb/sth as (v) remind sb of sb/sth (= cause to sth) (adj)
relationship with sb/sth (but: a remember) (v)
relationship between two reply to (n)/(v)
things) (n)

(feel) sorry for sb (adj) short of sth (adj) (be/feel) sorry for sb (v)
satisfied with sth (adj) shout at sb (= reprimand) (v) speak to sb about (v)
save from (v) shout to sb (so as to be heard) (v) spend money on (v)
scared of sb/sth (adj) similar to sth (adj) spend time in/on doing sth (v)
search for sb/sth (v) smile at sb/sth (v) stupid of sb to do sth (adj)
sensible of sb to do sth (adj) solution to (n) suffer from (an illness) (v)
sentence sb to (prison) (v) sorry about sth (adj) surprised at/by sth (adj)
shocked at/by sth (adj) sorry for doing sth (adj) suspicious of sb/sth (adj)

talk to sb about sth (v) think of sb (= remember sb) (v) throw to (in order to be caught) (v)
tease sb about sth (v) think of sth = (have an idea) (v) translate into (v)
terrified of sb/sth (adj) tired of sth (adj)
think about sb/sth (=consider) (v) throw at (in order to hit) (v)

unconscious of (adj) unreasonable of sb to do sth (adj) use of sth (n)

unpleasant to (adj) upset about sth (adj)

valid for (adj)

W wait for sb/sth (v) waste of (n) worried about (adj)

warn sb of/against sb/sth (v) weak in (adj) write to sb (v)

Note: discuss sth (v), enter a place (= go into a place) (v), reach a place (v)
Appendix 2: Spelling Rules / Pronunciation

Prepositions with Word Phrases

At at home/work/schooVuniversity/a station/an airport/the seaside, a hotel, at sea (= on a voyage), at the

beginning (= when sth started), at the end (= when sth finished), at the latest

By by accident, by car/train/plane/boat/ship/bus/bicycle, by chance, by cheque, by mistake, by road/rail/

air/sea/tube
(have sth) for breakfast/unch/dinner, (go) for a drink, (go) for a walk/swim, for sale (= sold by the owner)
in a mess, in bed, in case, in cash (also pay cash), in common, in connection with, in contact with, in
detail, in hospital, (fall/be) in love (with), in my opinion, in one's car, in prison, in the beginning (=
originally), in the end (= finally), in time (= soon enough), in touch
On on a diet, on a farm, on a ship, on a trip/excursion/cruise/tour/expedition, on holiday (but: go somewhere
for a holiday), on business, on fire, on my bicycle, on my own, on strike, on the bus, on the phone, on
the radio/TV, on the trail, on time (= exactly), on foot, on sale (= sold at a reduced price)

Appendix 2: Spelling Rules

1. -(e)s ending bus - buses, miss - misses, church - churches,
a.words ending in -s, -ss, -ch, -x, -sh, -z, -o * add -es box - boxes, wash - washes, fizz - fizzes, do -
does
b.nouns ending in vowel + 0, double o, short forms/ radio - radios, Zoo - zoos, photo - photos, piano -
musical instruments/proper nouns ending in-oadd-s_ _—pianos, Eskimo - Eskimos
2. -f/-fe ending
nouns ending in -f/-fe drop -f/-fe and add -ves thief - thieves, wife - wives (but : chiefs, roofs etc)
3. -y ending
a.words ending in consonant + y drop -y and add -ies, study - studies - studied, pretty - prettier -
-ied, -ier, -iest, -ily prettiest, pretty - prettily
b.words ending in consonant + y add -ing study - studying
c.words ending in vowel + y add -s, -ed, -ing, -er, -est play - plays - played, playing (but: paid, said, laid)
grey - greyer - greyest
4. -ie ending
words ending in -ie change -ie to -y before -ing die - dying
5. dropping -e
a.words ending in -e drop -e and add -ing, -ed, -er, -est live - living - lived (but: be - being), late - later - latest
b.adjectives ending in -e add -ly to form their adverbs mere - merely, rare - rarely (but : true - truly)
c.adjectives ending in -lechange -le to -ly to form their horrible - horribly (but : whole - wholly)
adverbs
d.verbs ending in -ee add -ing see - seeing

Pronunciation
Pronunciation of -(e)s ending (noun plurals and the 3rd person singular of verbs in the Present Simple)
/s/ after /f/,/t/,/p/,/k/ /tz/ after
/z/, /ds/, /tf/, /s/, /I/ /2/ after /b/, ig/, /mi/, /dl, /V, inl, /v/ or any vowel sound
laughs, repeats, chooses, manages, catches, robs, digs, screams, adds, falls,
stops, knocks kisses, bushes runs, dives, waters, plays

Pronunciation of -ed ending

/id/ after /t/,/d/ /U after ki, //, M4), /s/, II), Ip! id! after /b/, /d3/, /m/, /vi, /g)/, /V/, /n/, /z/, vowel + /r/
posted, ended worked, touched, laughed, rubbed, damaged, screamed, loved,
danced, washed, hoped hugged, filled, listened, seized, stirred
 Pre-Test 1 (Units 1 - 4)

© Choose the correct item.

1 Jim was cooking dinner in the kitchen while Jo 11 Mary is a good girl. She ............. her mother with
easanusattieae the dog. the housework.
A is feeding
B has been feeding
C was feeding
D had been feeding | A is helping
B always helps
C had always helped
D always helped

It was nice of Tom ............. me these flowers! 12 Lise feoxeouts as a waiter for ten years, then he
A to buy C buying opened his own restaurant.
B buy D is buying A works C worked
B has worked D has been working
Lecssueacseasiie dinner with James tomorrow.
A am having C have had 13 Gorrie questions! He’s so boring.
B have beenhaving OD had had A has always been asking C is always asking
B always asked D asks always
It was lovely ........006 Ted again!
A see C saw 14 Sarah wysueeneav a bike to work, but now she drives.
B to see D to seeing A_ used to ride C had ridden
B would ride D used to riding
You can’t leave the table until you .............. your
dinner. 15 UR ceccasensxaves . The garden's all white.
A finished C are going to finish A has been snowing C had snowed
B finish D will finish B snows D was snowing

Dave .......ccee in Manchester for several years 16 He’s a famous singer. He .......... a lot of concerts
before he decided to move to London. so far.
A will have worked C had been working A is giving C gives
B has worked D works B has given D had been giving

Don't phone me tonight. | ............ for my French 17 By the time we arrive home, she.......... cooking.
exam. A will have finished C_ will have been finishing
A will study C study B is goingto finish D_ will finish
B will be studying D will have studied
18 Before he knew what was happening, the car
Those cakes ............... delicious! Can | have one PORTE into a tree.
more? A has crashed C has been crashing
A tastes C tasting B was crashing D had crashed
B are tasting D taste
19 While Paul siavaesseve the carpets the doorbell rang.
TROY ssscccssssciss Paris twice this month. A hoovers C_ has been hoovering
A have gone in C have been to B_ was hoovering D had hoovered
B_ had gone to D had been in
Stephen won’t phone us until he ..... some news.
10 Harry was sunburnt because he te aeeeeeeeenee A had C will have
beach for six hours. B is having D has
A had been sitting C has been sitting
B has sat D is sitting
Pre-Test 1 (Units 1 - 4)

QA) 2seiis to the bank later? If you are, can you deposit | 23 = It’s no use ............. her — she won't tell you.
this cheque for me? A to ask C asking
A Will yoube going C Doyougo |
B ask D to asking
B Have you gone D Did you go
24 The students were made .............. their essays.
22 The guards wouldn't let anyone .............. the A rewriting C rewrite
building. | B to rewrite D to rewriting
A leave C to leave
B leaving D to leaving

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

25 When our Car broke ...........00:000+ , we had to walk to the nearest garage.
26 Somebody tried to break ...........cee our house, but our neighbour saw him so he ran away.
27 The prisoner got .............000 while the guard was sleeping.
28 | should have Got ..........ee0++ the bus. That was my stop!
29 Thomas speaks French and English well because he was brought ............... by English parents in France.
30 Denise was determined to Carry ........eese the task she’d been given, no matter how long it took.
31 “Ms Laurence is on another line. Could you hold ..........0... for a moment, please?”
32 He’s a very cheerful person who gets ..........000e with everyone he meets.
33 Schools break uu... for Easter a week before Easter Sunday.
34 | tried to ring him, but | couldn't get ........... eee .

© Fill in the correct preposition.

35 You always blame ME ...... cece things that are not my fault.
36 Mr Nichols accused his secretary .........:000 stealing money from the till.
37 Jim is Very fON ........ccceeee his parents.
38 The man was arrested and charged ...........0 murder.
39 That comedian is famous .............008 his brilliant impersonations of politicians.
40 | am depending ............e you to help me organise the wedding reception.
41 | wasn’t aWATE .....ceeeeeeesees the fact that he had retired.
42 We congratulated Shirley ................. the success of her first book.
43 Many people believe ..............006 life after death.
44 What's the difference ..............004 a chimpanzee and a monkey?

Paul starts work at the hospital very early. It's only 8 o'clock
and he has 45) ........cssesesee made the beds and cleaned the
floors, but he hasn't cleaned the staff room 46) ............... ;
He has worked here 47) ........ssssssserecesees ten years, and he
quite likes it. He Knows exactly 48) ..........c-seseseseee each
Job takes ANG 49) uo... essere last month, when
they hired a helper for him, the job has been better
than ever.
 Pre-Test 1 (Units 1 - 4)

© Complete the sentences using an appropriate word or phrase.

50) DOM COGCt stscscisessccscccssinsannuacascccscwsnessciaasccniceccitsiendciisasisascasaceuin eats John and Ann an invitation to dinner.
SUN teenenensteerereseesnrersetenceresonceerretemeeteanttmeetent tte eniresscasnretarnenneseas the house for a long time. It’s very dirty!
52 WMS ss cecssscscarssccacawincnmtincniaicnnaraainimniaeii my book at school. | can’t find it anywhere.
SS) EIU ITU coreceosersntiea nvvactncvevennaties cova oavsnnnyssevnnsers son aaneaseal con vere covayanoailetanSiennnsit coeontsnanxensnit unten me lies.
54 Gill's upset because She sesissiessasicsnscisnsnincnaninanimin asinine RES her job.
Goes! URIS Ee ccpretaceccnsc rans ccteeseccarastunvariuccreuanseunecttuntworavntecotnssevsewmeeeravcememarsenvereees in the garden. He looks tired.
56: “Patil SUGGES sisisessinicsssssssaccesssraoanrionnimiasmenanceanires to the theatre, but I’d already seen the play.
BT 1 ceonnesausnaanencceuvesesvenasnnernerinonxsonnencnnennmennnesee to the supermarket for a week. There’s nothing in the fridge.
SB TOMES senicssiiiciianinmonsuacimmnmaaneiinnnnaiaaR his sister with her homework.
59 She’s moving to Madrid this summer because they .........scsesesessseeeseeeeseereeenes a job in the embassy there.

‘@ Rephrase the following sentences.

60 The last time he went to Rome was two years ago.

SAL 2 8 GRR pe peo Pe RRL ETE Rt Err IEE REESE oT FRE ENN TES PT UEP OER ASRS AIT BP OOROERAROT PEON OE CTETE Peer reT RTT Pe
61 When was the last time you went to a museum?
HOW 1ONG' 860 sssisiiarsscsicniinonsisincanassin meas hii MRNA ON MIA INeE RCO
62 He was too ill to go to work.
HIG WASH: sstssszssssecczessasiviessssccuasszszacsssccccssezageecasrecacwuceaiaiasaxeninamacescevsbatarionccccastauieaawea sasestausteuenenUanatidetaaaeatoRDORET
63 The film was boring.
Y WAS sscssssnssacsaccvssssvssssoessncstsasscasausureseteascavuesssdsne
sa vasanayewassuausesasusndasovasdssavecasausacavensausdsansévsnsvsasseonssacaasnesscavestsunie
It’s a long time since he heard from his brother.
g

FG GSH cisssssssnacsanwavsncacsvcansvniarsannaneanonecaiuanepenvecvenssesaesnnsnsasessececsaanasvavaconesearenesseasscsssensveseunsenesevesoesiccesonatcoonenss
Qa
oO

oO
=

°o
=

@
g
3
2

©
=

~
®
@

NU Sc oxenexesesucesty eset wesnscuasesvanettoxessanseprsavsareantlacanetettentreeeeneesenttenemetseannttmertteetnrsense seats azeneraswasceneossasmunteascanennenesentes

67 It’s too hard for them to climb up the mountain.
WEIESEVL crcozsecxssscnssenenrsesarconcaraeesnavecaenen edashoonnensencaptavepsenarsqyssSucausnhee anGaivvicysenonuGhiiaoUgBUAT ARIS AIS EES UIREAAOIN DIANA TMU ATEISODD
68 This is the silliest story I’ve ever read.
T= ta) CASPER CORE CORE TPE CHE OCRTEATSTCRE CECT T EPP Tepe TRE ere EMEP PTT reer ere STREET O TT PPY PATEL POLST PMNS POUR PTTET
69 Could you lend me your gloves, please?
Would You MIA sscsssisasucarascyeengaoina iO

(©) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

When Sam and Laura 70) ..........e (move) into their new house
last month everything was in a mess. SOMEONE 71) ........cceseseseseeees
(break) several windows and the rOOf 72) ...sccssccssssssssessessssseees
(leak), leaving stains on the ceiling. Now they 73) ......ccsecssesssreees
(work) on the house in their free time. They 74) ........ cesses
saasaaemaamenseaas (already/ repair) the roof, and they 75) ...........ee
savecawcsdeaasaessenenes (paint) the rooms, though they 76) ........ccceee |
TERT (not/finish) yet. When they have enough money,
they 77) on. eeescescsesceseneseeees (buy) some new furniture. They hope
WiSy 78). sssssciesisicascssinvscictieseivite (finish) by summer so they
1D) vsscscessnasssssnsineccassivs (be able) to invite some friends for a visit.
Pre-Test 1 (Units 1 - 4)

«) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Last week police 80) .......ccccccseeeseeees (arrest) Paul Dawson.

—
They 81) o..cececsceeeeeeseeeeeees (suspect) him of being the leader

—
of a gang of robbers WhO 82) .........cccsessesesseseeeeeseseeseee (steal)
art treasures from museums and homes since last January.
Prior to his arrest, DAWSON 83) .........cccssesseeseseeeeeeeerees (spend)
two years in prison for theft. They 84) ........cccccseseesceseeeeeees
(release) him only 16 months ago. The police 85) ................
Tere (try) to find the gang's hideout for months.
They feel sure they 86) ........cccseseereeseeeeees (arrest) the rest
of the gang by the end of the month. This 87) .........:.cs:sesseeee
(be) the biggest art theft operation to be uncovered since
1974 WHEN POliCe BB) ou... sececccsscessesseecenseeetens (catch) a gang
WICH BO): ceniccresserenssrncensnrvecconnes (steal) over a million pounds
worth of paintings from galleries all over the country.

Paul and Simon decided 90) ............sesesesees

(go) on an expedition in the mountains. They
considered 91) .........secseees (tour) Scotland,
but then decided to go to Wales instead.
Although Paul is accustomed to 92) ..............
dueesvs (walk) in the hills and mountains, Simon
had never been before. He normally objected
$0 OS) issiccssssacecsases (do) anything dangerous,
but he agreed 94) ..........seeseeeeeee (take) part
this time. They remembered 95) .............-0000+
(take) a lot of equipment with them to avoid
DGD cetdseesBeontisysansesnsorhenscss (get) into trouble
but, unfortunately, during their trip there was a terrible storm. On their journey a professional mountaineer
spotted them and they were Made 97) ........secseeereceeeeeees (stop) their expedition temporarily. They agreed
that it WAS NO USC 9B)... ee eeeseserseeeee (try) to continue in such bad weather conditions so they ended up
DO) aisvsisenssscachenscnastavanuse (set up) camp in the mountains. Eventually the storm stopped and although they
were cold, wet and starving, they couldn't resist 100) .......... Rcdecaeueuasaepes (finish) their climb. They thought it
would make a good story to tell their friends.
 Pre-Test 2 (Units 5 - 8)

©) Choose the correct item.

1 VOUhccssscescax buy any sugar. There’s plenty. 11 The film was ou. long that | fell asleep
A _ should C mustn't before the end.
B needn't D couldn't A such B very C enough D so

2 He claimed .............. the Loch Ness monster | 12 He wrote her phone number down ..............
when he was in Scotland. forget it.
A tosee C seeing A incase C soas not to
B to be seen D to have seen B so that D notto

3 Tina suggested .............. to the concert. 13: YOtUsisccsssnsiss forget Monday's meeting.
A going C to have gone A needn't B haven’t C mustn't D might not
B have gone D togo
14 I've no idea when she ............... here.
4 There’s we a lot of food!
| can’t eatit all. A will get C would get
A very Bsuch Cso D how B has got D had got

COR rene hot day it is today! TS: cospavsescesese nice of you to remember my birthday!
A How B What C Whata D Such A How B That C What D Whata

BD iceeeseeeees strong your brother is! 16 I'M SOMTY wees you didn’t get the job.
A What B How CWhata D What an A saying C to say
B to saying D for saying
eres working very hard, he didn’t get a
promotion. 17 | brought her some medicine in case she.............
A Despite the fact C Although any.
B In spite of D Whereas A wouldn't have C hadn't
B didn’t have D doesn't have
B Peter, .........000 father is a politician, works for
The Times. 18 He regrets ...........06 everyone his plans.
A who B who's C which D whose A telling Btotell C told D will tell

D cessessvssevses ridiculous question! 19 There’s the man............... stole Ted’s bicycle!

A Whata B How C Such D What A who B whom C what D which

10 He put on his raincoat ............... he wouldn't get | 20 YOU oo... eseeseeee made such a big cake. There’s lots
wet. left over.
A incase C soasnot A mustn't have C didn’t need
B so that D just as B may have D needn't have

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

21 She was advised to Give .......... ee eating chocolate.

22 Can you give me my bOOK ......... eee when you've finished it?
23 They WEN .........ceseeees talking for hours.
24 My neighbour looks ............... my cat when I’m away.
25 When the police surrounded the criminal he gave himself ...............008 ,
Pre-Test 2 (Units 5 - 8)

26 There aren't enough biscuits tO GO ........s eee . Would anyone like some cake instead?
27 They Called .......ccceee the meeting because the chairperson couldn't come.
28 Can you help me 100K .........cscseeee my keys? | can’t find them.
29 Although they had had a fight at the start of the evening, they had made.............. before the night was over.
30 Can YOU MAKE ....ccssesereeees what it says on that sign over there?

©) Fill in the correct preposition.

31 Sue loves squash, but she isn’t KeeN .........eseeeee tennis.

32 YOu Can't rely... scene Jim to get here on time.
33 Mrs Jacobs WaS VETY PIOUG .......:eceseeees her daughter for winning the race.
34 Our boss insists .........::+ everyone being very smartly dressed.
35 He wore sunglasses to protect his CYES ........::0+++0 the sun.
36 I'm Hopeless... bowling, but | like billiards.
37 That man reminds ME ........cceerees my uncle Norman.
38 Bad weather prevented the Ship ..........000 departing.
39 All the boys were jealous ............04 Tim because he had such a nice bicycle.
40 Paul's family Mean a lOt ........eeeceseeee him. He couldn't live without them.

©) Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold type.

41 How clever that boy is! WHAT

saan . - : ‘ 7 , _ we “ee - ; ee en a es
42
a. ss aeiyiee aa el ri a sits dusacatbabcevthoossuedekabbkamisasescbcestaremstnabaas : orca sania
43
Se % - —— in oVWA a RSSAANSNS ACN SiSSS SURES PUSAN ANUDA USS SeOINDSTNCTESE 3 res wicenniearis
a4
a Sot cette “ na ESR ERT TT TE ss i eanbeme
45
— oe A n : : : ‘ rae ae : : = orn ss vecabsanceauasaveianbunuelcanbasceNsaniwaiseabeene ; < aes an beaaveserTiaaaeH
46
ae ou eee ‘ = sss pS ape uana aS RURG RENIN NID ppaIUeshtisaasUnap DANIAN CUNOERAIaRS es wiisavenanteicnide
47
a sree coe . “ : . ee a en : i — ae a eae ase xeseamsea
48
— eae ‘ — " ; a 3 om sa sccana ant siascasuOvUsniAtabsiaNedhusabsvesenoiTita estates ort secannmeeriitaess
49
S = st eng oe ts psa ius baasbanasntaeniabeumeces tip Tbeeasie a om Suan anasetiatas
50
PTTTTTTETITITTETITITETETETTT TEETER

© Rephrase the following using the appropriate modal verb.

51 | advise you to go to hospital.

PPP PPTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTITITITITITTLTT LITTLE LLL LLL

rrr rT TTT rrr rrr rrr rrr rrr rrr rrr rrrrrrrrrrrrr rrr rrr rr rrr irri rr Tit T itt iti Titre
 Pre-Test 2 (Units 5 - 8)

53 It wasn't necessary for him to leave so soon.

Oeee eee PSC ECOOCOOOSOSOOOOOOTOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOTOOTCOCOOOSOOOOS OOOO OST OCOOeOCerOOcereererrer rr errr titer erie eee

OEE RNR E EEO E REET ENTE HEMET EEE EEE ESSER ET ENE EESEESESEEE ESTEE ES EEEEETESEERTEEEHEEESEESESEEEHE EER EEEEREEHEEHEE SEER EERE ESEEEHEREEEERSEEESEREEEER EEO ED EEE EE ESEEEER ESET ESSERE

eee AO EN EEE E EERE EEE EERE M EEE E EERE EEE EE SES EET EEEEEEEEEEET ESE RE UH EEEEE EES EEEEEEERSEEEEEHEEEE ESSE EEEEEEEEEEEEE ESSERE RETESSERSHEEES TEES ESHEEHEEEEHE SEE EOSESEREE EERE ESSE ES

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Wat 6) i sssssisisesssnianssccisacnsacesvnssnssassacenvenones (you/do)

this evening, Carol? We
yd Berererrtirree erste rivorer reer ne rrer ee (go) to the circus.
Do you want to come?
No, thanks. | 58) oo... ceeecseccseeteeeteeeteeetaeeneeeeeeeneeens
(already/be) there.
Did you enjoy it?
59) i ccnssnabasbeonnncrastaepacaesnnnadeanseiiars (enjoy) it more if
my little sister hadn’t been with me.
Why?
The circus was good, but while the ClOWNS 60) ...........csssseseereereesees (perform), | suddenly realised that
My Sister 64) siavssisiasnciwniwriauser mai (disappear).
Oh, dear!
| couldn’t find her anywhere. | 62) .........sceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeees (look) for her for about ten minutes when a
policeman came up to me and told me they had found a little girl.
Where was she?
When they found her, She 63) ou... cesesseeeseteerees (try) to climb into the lion’s cage!
Oh; NOL MN: SUre YOU 64) wscciscisscssceccsssssscmeesevcacsres (be) happy when she starts school.
Yes | Will. SHE 65) oo. eeesscteteeeseeeessetseseeesenees (start) next year, and | can’t wait.

© Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Steve: What are you doing this August, Mary?

Mary: It looks like | 66) oo. c ce cccetsesceesesenees (stay) here
and working. What about you?
Steve: Well, hopefully | 67)... ceseeseseeseetereeeees (finish) all
my work by then, SO | 68) .........ceeseeeseeee (be able)
to go to Holland for a while.
Mary: Great! 169) occ (go) there last year.
LO) ee (you/ever/be) to Holland before?
Steve: Well, we drove through it While We 71) ....... scenes
(travel) to Germany but We 72) uo... eceetseeteeeeteteeees
(not/stop).
Mary: | didn’t KNOW YOU 73) oo... ceseeeeseteeseetsesseetseseenerseesenees (be) to Germany.
Steve: YES: MY COUSIN 74) sisscsacssveicassassesaeasenssacesssageies (live) there for the last six years and | visit him every
summer.
Mary: What does he do?
Steve: HO 75) ..ececcsssessecsserseseeeessesecaneeses (work) in a café.
"2

Pre-Test 2 (Units 5 - 8)

(H) Rewrite the following passage in the passive.

76) Heavy rains burst Whitton Dam two days ago. 77) Floodwater has damaged many houses. 78) People are
still evacuating flooded houses. 79) The council will repair the dam when the rains stop. 80) They have to take
new measures to prevent more flooding.

PPTTTTETITTTETTETTLIELIT TTT ELLE

PPTTTSTTTTITITITITITITITITITTLETITT IIE

PPTTTTTETTTTTITETITILETTITLT ITLL

@ Rewrite the following passage in the passive.

81) The doctors have treated three young children for burns at the city hospital. 82) Firemen rescued the boys
from their burning house yesterday. 83) The fire started when one of the boys dropped a match into the litter
bin. 84) They are transferring the children to a special burns unit today. 85) They will keep the children there for
at least two weeks.
81
PUUTTTTTTTTTITETITITETTETETETT ETE

PTUSTETETITITITTTIETITITTTITT TITEL

AOR eee nner eee eee e eee eR ER EEE REAR REESE ERE ERESESERES HOES EERE ESSE REESE SE TEEN TEETER EEEHEREEEEEHESEEEEH EE EES ESEEEEH ESTEE EH EEEE REE EEEHEE HEE EHEEEEEEEEREREEEEH HEHEHE ED

‘@ Use Sam’s thoughts to write wishes and conditionals as in the example:

F ° ’ : y i ‘ r bd

een boring my'compass e@ e 88 | didn’t bring my radio with me. )

with me. | got lost. sit | can’t listen to the weather
forecast. | ppc

; ; e°
86 Itis snowing. | feel 89 There’s no telephone here.
cold. z= }
oe An | can’t call for help. ;
4 & —_ =
® Fie ——,
87 There's no wood, 790 | wasn't told how difficult this
| can't light a fire. would be. | decided to try it.
ee >
e.g. | wish | had brought my compass with me. If | had brought my compass with me, | wouldn't have got lost.
 Pre-Test 2 (Units 5 - 8)

«© Use John’s thoughts to write wishes and conditionals as in the example:

ie i ae ——— _

/\ shouldn't have been speaking onthe _) ~~ = “ V ba

‘Wl \|
| phone. | forgot to turn off the oven, EO 93 | should have been more careful.
~ — bcs This wouldn't have happened.

(94 | didn’t insure the house

against fire. | can’t repair it. /
/
(91 | didn't turn off the oven.
The fire started.

95 | panicked. | didn’t turn off the

switches. f
te | want the firemen to come soon.
The house won't be burnt down.

e.g. | wish | hadn't been speaking on the phone. If | hadn't been speaking on the phone, | wouldn't have
forgotten to turn off the oven.

@ Fill in: when, if, by the time, until or while.

6) Rupert was a young boy he wanted to be an astronaut. 97) ......cccseseceseseeees he was

eighteen he had changed his mind, though. One day 98) ..........ccceeeeees he was walking to school, his friend
told him that 99) 0.0... eee he wanted to become an astronaut, he would have to join the army first. That
made Rupert decide to wait 100) .0...... cece he finished school, and then become a pop star.
 Pre-Test 3 (Units 9 - 12)

@ Choose the correct item.

1 The prisoner was taken to .........00 courttostand 11 Your money .........0.. safer in the bank than at
trial. home.
Aa B — C the D one A are Bwere Cbe D is

Can you pass me the book .............. is onthe | 12 Shehad.............. free time after she retired than
chair? previously.
A what B who C whose D which A much Bmore Cmost D many

Although he is my neighbour, | ........... knowhim. 13 He wants ............. sugar in his tea.

A nearly 8B hard C bare D hardly A afew B few C little D alittle

She is the ..........04 talented pianist I've evermet. 14 She... she wanted to be a musician.
A most Bmuch Cmore _ D very A told B said C say D tells

WAS: ciasanaes heavy luggage that we couldn't 15 Theathlete.............. his best and came first in the
Carry it. race.
A such Bmuch Cso D sucha A done B had C did D made

Could you .......00 me who this belongs to? 16 This soup tastes ........0..... chicken soup.
A say B told C says OD tell A as B like C so D such

Ann's got ........060 patience with children than 17 John, .............. father is a doctor, is studying
Eve. Biology at university.
A less B least C few D fewer A which B whom Cwhose D who

Po tre is the fastest of the two; acheetahora 18 .............. Panama Canal divides North and South
tiger? America
A Where BWho C Which D What AA B The C An D—

After working ........00 a clerk for seven years,he 19 Harry chose the ......00.... expensive tie in the
became awriter. shop.
A like B so C as D such A least B less C fewer OD fewest

10 YOU CAN DOFFOW MY ....scsceeeeseees camera forthe | 20 |... an offer for their house but they didn’t
weekend. accept it.
A father-in-law C father-in-law’s A did B made Cdone_ D had
B father’s-in-law D fathers-in-law

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

21 If you come to London, | Can PUt YOU... for as long as you want.
22 | hadn't seen my friend Lenny for weeks, then | ran .........cee him in the post office.
23 The letters B. A. Stand ue British Airways.
24 TOM SCE cco cccmnearese a painting and decorating business with his uncle.
25 We will have to put... the party as David is ill.
 Pre-Test 3 (Units 9 - 12)

26 If they set 0. at 9 o'clock, they should be here soon.

27 Always put... your campfire before leaving the campsite.
28 “Mrs Jones can speak to you now. I'll put YOU .......... cee ee
29 When Iran ........ eee of coffee, my neighbour gave me some.
30 The receptionist was ill so Jane stood ............0 for her.

(©) Fill in the correct preposition.

Kevin complained to the manager because he wasn't satisfied ............000 his pay rise.
Don't SNOUt ........eeeeseees me! It wasn’t my fault.
SSSLSRESRE

Don travels by train because he’s terrified ...............+. flying.

“What did you think .......... ee the film?” “I liked it.”
I've been suffering ............ toothache for days.
| took the wrong suitcase from the airport ...............00 mistake.
She was SO WOITIe ..........eeeee the test that she couldn't sleep.
Leaving all the lights on is a waste .............60+ electricity.
It WaS Only «0... eee chance that | found my lost earring.
The detective was SUSPICIOUS ..............006 the man with the dark glasses in the corner.

©) Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.

41 Jo’s motorbike is faster than Roy’s. AS

» a are ee ee ssaaicenasinao deasauoaaneasuvansanestesaastansaananseones ee siviousiwabions

zn ae li ot ili NOSES Wea aN use SAERS ees peiecesuanaass

z ee a —— niscisntbitieeeiens

7 a ae SiR TNO ANRSAN HR ERRERSS ASE RENENNERD en =e

PreeeeOESOOSOOCCCOSOOOOCOOOSeCOCUOOO OSS eee eer eeer eer reer eter rere errr rere errr errr iri e tree eerie terri

46) THE: Bank (ODDS ssi siccisssecsccssssrasscuccsicavaccsarensiiniacamonrcsar ce reiaasaNaaNIeT by the police yesterday.
A7 THIS CESS IS oo... ee eeseesessesesseseescesseseseeseescaecaeeseescsessecseessneenesaeecsaeenersssagueseaeaenasaeuasaeeaeeasaeenss that | can’t buy it.
AS! UWS seessceisiieieaaeana ate a map, we wouldn't have got lost.
AQ) sasisssscencssassccssstansatessinssatiaivel
tuscan svcausasianinaestuncd sens teeeabenattessaseacmmiouedtacambaeaanees it was July, the weather was bad.
SO! TAey DOUGHEPIONIVOFTOOG arssceccornsmeerseeersencenmarnnsnsnserenenesaeceavanennnnenesnsassnyeearmnenrererenunnrerananrnanrenaneses run out.

) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

Brian wishes he 51) ..........cccecesesees (be) fitter. When he ran in a race last week, Ne 52) .....ccceccsececsesesseseretseees
(beat) by everyone. If he 53) oo... eceeseeeseeeteenes (run) faster, he would have been able to win the race. He
BA) ooccecccccccsecsscesetseseeeseeneeeeeeneesees (advise) many times by his doctor to stop smoking because if he doesn't, he
65) ssansncanauscrcsun (make) himself very ill.
Pre-Test 3 (Units 9 - 12)

©) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

Paula wishes She 56) ........cccsesescsseserseeees (live) in France. She 57) occ cceeseeeeseteeeeeeenees (invite) to Paris
last month, but she didn’t go. If She 58) ......c ee eeeeeeee (have) more money, she would have gone. She
BD cescearetvecsxsexxcavinunsstversseateneneen
nets (offer) a job in Marseilles which starts next year. If she takes the job, she
60) saan (have to) leave England for several years.

«) Turn the following sentences into the causative form.

61 Wendy asked an artist to paint her husband’s portrait.

FORE eee eee ee eRe eee Rees eee eH Ee EHO EEEHOEEESEEEEE ESHER SEED OEEHEEEEEEEEEEOESEEEEEHEEES EEE EESEEEEREEEEEEEEEEEHESEEESEE EHTS HOES HEHEHE EEEEEE REE EEEEE EES ESEEEEEEE EERE EROS EES

62 A tailor makes Mr Bond’s suits.

63 A gardener is cutting my grass at the moment.

64 We might ask the engineer to check the machine.

65 He will ask the plumber to repair the broken pipes.

66 He asked the nurse to examine his leg.

SOOO O Renee eee nese ee ne rere eee Ee Hee ESSER EE EOE EEDESEESEE HESS SHEESH EEOEEEEEEEEEESEEESEEESESE EEE ESEEEEEEEEEOEEESESEEEEREEEE HEHE EEE E EES EEEHEEE ESE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE E HEHE EES

67 We will ask the secretary to type the letters.

68 The cleaner is tidying my room at the moment.

PRO eee e eee eee eee nee eee eee eee Eee EEE EE EEEE SHEE ESEDEEE EES E EEE EE EEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEETEE HESS EEE EEEEEEEEES ESSE EEE EE EH EERE EEE SESE SEER ESSE ES EEEE EEE EEEEEEEHOEE EEE EEE E EEE ES

69 He may ask someone to fix the fence.

70 My wife always makes breakfast for me.

PERE O Re eee Tee eee EHO THEO HEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEHEEEEOSEETHESEEEEHEEEEEEEEEEEESEEDEEEEEESEEEEEEE EE EEEEEEEEE EEE SE EEEEEEEEEES EEE EEE EEETEEEEE HEHE EEE EEEEEHEEEE SHEE HEHE OEE E ES

@ Rewrite the sentences putting the words in the correct order.

71 home / they / arrived / late / last night

72 look at that / sheepdog / beautiful / black

73 we/ old / bought / a(n) / wooden / valuable / table

74 the children / all day / in the fields / happily / played

75 I'll/ large / have / a/ chocolate / sponge / fresh / cake / please

76 he/ fast / rather / drives / often

77 usually / first / the / person / she / is / to arrive

78 probably / to work / won't / go / | / tomorrow

 Pre-Test 3 (Units 9 - 12) _

79 he/ deeply / is / sleeping / still / very

ERRNO EEN EN ERE E REE EEE E EEE ADEE EE EEETEEEE ESE EEEEOE EEE EEHEEEESBEEEAEEEEER EEE ESSE DEEEEEEEE EES EEHE OEE EEEEEH EEE ESEEEEEHEEHSEEEEH HEHEHE EEESEESEEEEEEHEESEEEE HEHE EERE SEES EES

Peeeee ee OCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOSOOOCOOeOOSOOOSOOOOSUSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOce rece rere rire erie irre eee eee eee)

CREE Renee Rene ROR ORE E EE HARE EEE E OE aE EE EE EASE EEE EEEEEE EEE EE EESEES EEE EE EE ESSE EE PEE EESE EEE EEE ESSE EROS ESE EDESESEESEE OEE HEHE EERE EEE EE SHEET ESE O SHEE EERE E EERE HERES

eee eOeCUCSOCOOOOOOOCOOOOOOCTOOOOOOOOOOSCOOOOSOOOOSOOOCOOOOOOOCOOCOOOSOOOSTOCeOSOOOCCOCTOOcOSeOOOSTOSICOricr reir ier irre rier r eee eee

AEP E REE ETHER ERENT EEE TREES TREE EET ERN SESE ERE ERTEET TERT HESEEETE TERE EREREEEES ENE EEEEEEEEEEEEESE RETR EESEREEEEEES EEE OE ESET REESE REH EERSTE EET HE SHEE E SESE EEEEES ERT ER EEE EEE ES

HARDEN RAEN ER OEE RHEE EROS EERE REE EEE EEE ERSEEEEE ES SSE EED EEE PEERS SSEEEESEROESESES ESBS ESSERE EREEEE EES ESEEESSES EOS EEOSSEEEESEROSESEEE SEES S EE ESET ESEESE SEEDER HEHE EERE EERE EES,

Pree eeUSCOSOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOSOOCOOOOOOOOOOOS ISOC OTT ee Tiree eee eee ee

Preeeee OOOO OOOCOSOOCOCOOOOOOOOOeSOOOOOOCeOOOOOOOO SOUS ec ree reee reece errr reir eter reer erie

AOE REE R EEE EERE EEE E OE ER EERE EEES EEE EEE EEEEEEEES EOE EEESESEEE EEE EEST EEE EEEEEEHERESEEEEEEEEESESEEEEE EET EEE EES EEEH EEE EEESEE EEE EET EEE ER ES HEHEEEEEEEHEEHEEEESER EEE HEH ENED

eee eee RENN eee Oe HEE H EEE SEER ER EOE PETES ESEEEEEEHS EEE EE ESSE ESTE ESSE E EEE ESSE EOEEE HPSS EES EEEH ESET EEE EDEEEESEH EOE ESEEEEOSEEEEEEEEHEEHEE EEE REE HOSES RES EOEEHEH OEE ESE E EEE ES

AANA A RRA ARMOR ee eR EE HRA EEO R AE HEEEDE EEE EEE EAEEEEESEEAEEEEEEHEEAEEEEEEA ERE EEEHEEEEEE RHE REE AAEEEREESEAAEEEEEHEESEREHAEHEEEAEREEREEEE ERASER EER ARE EEH EER AEH AE EEE EERE REED

PreeePOeOCOSOOOSOOOOOOOOOSOSCOOOOOOOOOOCeOSOOOOOOOOCSCOOOEOOOOOOOOTOOOOOOOOOSTOOC EC Oe Ter errr rere reer etree eee ee

© Rewrite the following in reported speech using appropriate introductory verbs.

91 “I'm sorry that | lost your ticket,” he said.

- eS eee sce Sgas dues aun ua eee BUA SUN a CaN eaNS wa SUKaNNONNS

3 ee ra ee aerate erectile eee

0s er ee UesabatanasunnibaiccepiusaanianiawaswustaWhdeunvadeveKcaNbnAiadieteiWnuDiasiianeneeeiauaseiies

i a a a i one i a ii in cA SUNRG a ee io NG NNN LG

- ep en ee eae

7 a A ec oe een ——

AREER e eee eee E Ee EERE Ee EEE HARE E SHEE EEE E EEE EERE EEE EEE E EEE E EEE SHEET EESERES EEE ASEH EES EERE EEEEEEEEEEEEHEEEER TREE EEEEESEEES EES EEEE HEHE EEE EEEE ESHEETS EEE ERE OES

98 “It wasn't me who took your glasses,” he said.

PEER E EEE E NORE EEE REE EEE REET EEEEE EEE EEE EEO HE NESE EE EEEEE EHTS HEHEHE EEEE EEE EEHESHEESEEEEEEHEEEE HEHEHE ES EEEEEEE HEHEHE ERESESEEEEESEEEEEESEEEEESEEEE HEE EEES ESET EE ENE EE ES

99 “I'm sorry for making you angry yesterday,” he said.

"ee one

Pre-Test 4 (Units 13 - 15)

© Choose the correct item.

1 We're going to drive to the country ween ene e ne eee 13 The two cyclists blamed .............. for causing the
Easter Sunday. accident.
A at B in Con D over A itself C each other
B them D himself
I'm sorry, but | haven't got .......... advice to
give you. 14 He got to the office just .............. for the meeting.
A some B any C no D an A for time C ontime
B in time D the time
Derrick got Scratches ON .....ee hand playing
with the cat. 15 You must finish this .............. 7 o'clock or it will be
A each B all C every D both too late to send it.
A until B on C by D during
“Who is speaking?” “......c00 Linda Thomas.”
A This is C That is 16 eeenemanin the beginning of the film there is a huge
B Those are D These are
B To C On DAt
Ann had to use my ruler because she had left
seerieeatnaed at home. 17 Susan wasn't sure about taking the job, but
A her B she C herself D hers capextiaveents the end she accepted it.
B to Con D in
When Diane won the lottery, she bought
seeerennia: a new Car. 18 Cathy doesn't like thrillers. .............. .
A herself B her C hers D she A Sodol C Nor do!
B So don't | D Nor! do
NOE sssssicscssaes people know what the capital of
Bolivia is. 19 MAY scasinissicces garden is really beautiful.
A much Balotof C more D many A sister's-in-law C sister-in-laws
B sister-in-law’s D sisters-in-law
Jane and Marie played well in the concert
be@CaUSE ..........004 of them had practised a lot. 20 You must finish this project ...........+. the next two
A either B neither C both D all hours.
A within —_B until C during D for
Neil spent the .............. night revising for his
exam. 21 I've got several pens — you can use one of
A all B most Cwhole D much
A my B me C myself D mine
10 He's done the shopping, but he hasn't started
COOKING ...... seen : THOT 1S: sscsesessscese chance of him getting his
A still B ye C already D now money back. She’s spent it all.
A little B alittle C few D afew
11 She started work here five years ...........++. ,
A before 8B then C ago D from 23 Betty taught English .............. she was in Turkey.
A during Bwhile Cat D until
12 Has Sh@ ........cee left? | wanted to speak to her.
A already BB sstill C yet D again 24 | can lend you ............ money if you need it.
A some B much C any D little
——————
es rl he ual - _ "=
@ ele” | aes Ss eee eee

Pre-Test 4 (Units 13 - 15)

25 Could you .............. how much this costs? 33 He used to be a footballer, .............. ?
A sayme Bsaytome C tellme D tell A he did C would he
B didn’t he D isn’t he
26 There WEFe SO .........0000 different flavours of
ice-cream that | couldn't choose. 34 The faster you are, the........ work you'll get done.
A much Bmany C alotof D lots of A most Bmuch Cmore D many

27 ssewsstanreons of the students failed the test. They all 35 His uncle is a guard at......... prison outside town.
passed. A the Bsome Can D—-
A None B Some CNotevery D All
36 Sheila Works .........0006 an accountant in a large
28 “Which of the two records did you buy?” company.
“| didn’t buy .............. of them.” A like B as C so D to
A any B both C one D either
37 If he wee the music so loud, the neighbours
“Which books are yours?” wouldn't have called the police.
ial | eer rre on the table.” A has played C was playing
A one Bthose Cones D mine B didn’t play D hadn't played

I'd prefer to watch afilm rather than .............. 38 It was ............ good music that | couldn't stop
to music. dancing.
A tolisten B listen C listening D listened A so Bsuch Csucha D too

31 | love going to the mountains .............. the winter. | 39 It took me..........05 day to find the answer to
A in B at Con D from your question.
A whole B all C most D the most
32 A lawnmower is a machine ............. is used for
cutting grass. 40 I'd like three .............. of jam, please.
A what B which C who D whom A cartons 8B bottles C slices D jars

Fill in the correct preposition or adverb.

Lydia takes oo... ccecesseseeeeees her mother — she has the same eyes.
HO t00K: isisisissisiccacurees his jumper because it was so warm in the room.
She decided to take .....ccscsseeeees knitting as a relaxing pastime.
Could You turn oo. .cceseseeseeeees the light? | can’t see.
We offered him £200 for the painting, but he turned US 0.0... cece ,
The party started at 9:00, but most of the guests GidN’t tUIT ......cccesereeeerseers till much later.
If YOU TUIT oo... eeeceeteeeeeeeneeees the TV we'll all be able to hear it.
If | don’t study this weekend, I’m afraid I'll fall 0... eee at school.
LUKO TOI sicccsnnseovusssnsease with his brother over some money and they haven't spoken to each other since then.
Debbie fell ......... eee eeeeeeee Martin as soon as she met him because he was so handsome.

© Fill in the correct preposition.

51 This house has bee) ..........s.0000 sale for months.

52 1 ANG IM ou... eeeeeeeees accident — | was trying to ring my mother.
53 | haven't got enough cash. Can | pay «0... cheque?
 Pre-Test 4 (Units 13 - 15)

54 He described the plan to me .............008 detail.

55 “Mr Smith is «0... the phone — he'll be with you in a minute.”
56 | met Mary eee chance while | was shopping in town.
57 | won't have any dessert — I'M .......c eee a diet.
58 We don't take credit cards — you must pay .............004 cash.
59 The bus drivers are ou... cscs strike. We'll have to take a taxi.
60 We've been friends for years because we have a lot .............:0:0+. common.

©) Rephrase the following sentences.

61 She gave him a furious look.

SHO OOK | scsssessensssavisstavacssversasensucexascovanevanavisavanavaxtianiiinabonsvacustatasass tus sesesecets bse isiaiaueseNCONSeCees cabwbsuvailes
62 If you eat less, you'll lose more weight.
MENG psa iensaciiesisianetgausu seas sin itSsi sp uBN Laub UKs Si sWouabes UB owas aU wieiSbba i una le Seu Sox acaceelame ame abauopieeeeeineehnonoenne
63 I'm sure he took my wallet.
eee Oo a ec ee ee eC ee
64 How much does the ticket cost?
Oe er ene ee an
65 They had never been to such an enjoyable concert.

©) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

*

Dear Daria, ; but

(probably/come) as a surprise to you, bu
| . 66)
This sannleiianeeaintisasssssssssssscnsesssosnseensesnnesnsesunasnnneninnnsenvet
(decide) to move to London! | 68) ...nsssn--sssnenenernnnn
mies aaa ny : it was onl last week that | 69) ssbanseuuvevesesooeeeecceceucagqessessonecneess

tiene a Tiles ~ a / cnsieereracemanennecerneicconl? (already/find) a fiat to

(go) tomorrow to make arrangements about
[VO
, IML, je
AMI be
ET) csnnnnnaentnnnnsenses eI
csccceceereecrerreeerseeeertnnnnneesesereeesenes® mR ccc

moving my furniture. | was lucky to get a flat so quickly = a = ile

(only/look) for a couple of days before | found it. Hopefully, | 73) --..-csse loci ly/ think)
thal oar Ct
(settle) in by the end of the MONH. | 74) scssssssccsvsseccssssecscnsnssecennnnsesnsnnasscssnnnessennys
75) .......sessessessesnessecneeseensesnsareenensen
about staying with my sister, but her HOUSE
hanged my mind.
aia , Love,
Melinda

©) Complete the sentences using a suitable word or phrase.

76) HeYOu'Ve finIShOd' Your NOMGWONK: YOU ssisisicsccssssescsisansniavasacuavancnvecnsnccsssticisiiacdisvenisieeewacdeadieccavsubateise out.
OR WR da spissiveaats Sia aatensehanteonsdadirsmssrsesersueneereenermetaersemnencennenos my purse - now | haven't got any money.
TB: BY DECOM OE WS sssisscssvisisccsuncscscsnssssuasspiscseasspcarascanicwesececseuapaasiieeseuaeseueauiepeieuenes in this flat for five years.
ADL Afipsseeeeceraexttiavrecind
in Gacstetomtcnnescneneere having booked in advance, the hotel didn't have a room for them.
80 repaired last week.
 Pre-Test 4 (Units 13 - 15)

© Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

There are some people lying 81) ......cccccsesseeeees the

pool today. A boy is jumping 82) 0...
the water. A young girl is swimming in the pool. A man
g ISICOMING:SS)).n0esnncersrssvensacansree of the water climbing
SBA) vo ccesesteeseeeenens the steps. There's a little dog lying
1) rr one of the sunbeds.

(H) Write questions to which the words in bold type are the answers.
86) The National Bank was robbed yesterday. 87) The robbery happened at 10 o’clock in the morning.
88) The robbers took £10,000 and ran into the street. 89) A passer-by called the police but the robbers
escaped in Queen Street. 90) The police are looking for two men aged about 30 with scars on their faces.

GC) Rewrite the following passage in the passive.

91) Lord Simon Slope is holding a party at his country manor. 92) Many major celebrities have always attended
his parties. 93) George Blackheart will accompany Mary Fisher. 94) Everyone expects the party will be a
glamorous event. 95) Lord Slope is going to give all the money he raises to charity.
OF sssssssacssssanansosanscvssanonovsevavasnssesansuscusnsacwsceenscnewsonrenvescusssenasenvnnsessnsaensecenneseasnenicadwiaabandsseusonesariabnoenenereesarexonentaresions

‘O) Turn the following into reported speech using appropriate introductory verbs.

96 “What a lovely performance!” she said.

= ne ee TE sitchen OAS LEAL RRND NATIRERER RRO RRNUENDNTEUNAE

98 “Have you done the shopping?” she said. “No, but | promise I'l do it in the afternoon," he said.
3 es i a’ = : ‘ ‘ ee ; ee sigs ojslisab AW Sea sits Wacko Va uveaasis OULU daibcn hie RNANasiseiNtaabadaus

100 “This is a nice car," he said. “How much did you pay for it?”
AERO E ROE ERE E EEE REE HEHE EERE NEES ESSE EEEEEEEEEEEEESEEEEEEEESEEEE EEE EEEE TESS EE EEEEEESESEEEESEESESERESEEEHESESESSEEEEEESEEEREEHEEEEEEEEEEESEEEEEESEEHESHEEEHEES ERE EEE EOEEES
 Progress Test 1 (Units 1 - 2)

POeUEUCESCOOOOOOCOSOOCOCOSOOOOOOCOCOCOOCSOCOOOCOOC CCC Poe e eee eee Cee SE eee eee eee)

PU eUUUCUSUCUOSOOOCOCCOOOCOSOSOOUO CSO PPE USSU CUE COCCO SOO S SCC

(Time: 30 minutes)

@) Choose the correct item.

1 My brother for a large company. 11 poor, but now she is rich.

A is working B works C has worked A used to be B would be C has been

my wallet. | can’t find it anywhere.

Feet eenneeneee 12 EPEC OE. a new suit yesterday.
A have lost B have been losing A was buying B bought C had bought
C am losing
13 She realised that she to lock the door.
3 You're late. |... for half an hour. A forgot B had been forgetting
A amwaiting B_ have waited C had forgotten
C have been waiting
14 saceunabvase at five o’clock yesterday evening.
| love this house. |... here all my life. A worked B was working
A am living B have been living C had been working
C have lived
15 It was a lovely day, so we eee eeeeeee to go for a walk.
They wen eeenenneene with friends at the moment. A decided B had decided
A are staying B have been staying C have decided
C stay
16 The plane weenwenoeee when | reached the airport.
We usually out on Saturday evenings. A already left B had already left
A are going B go C had already been leaving
C have been going
17 There was no money left because we
This shampoo of roses. A spent B had spent
A smells B is smelling C had been spending
C has been smelling
My parents seen eeeeneeee in a big house in the country.
susacanvaniaaa very polite to people these days. A_ used to live B would live C living
A has been B is being
C has been being euskouwaneias your homework, yet?
A Had you done B Did you do
cavatinvonses the film? C Have you done
A Doyou enjoy B Have you enjoyed
C Are you enjoying Fete eeeeeee your holiday last year?

A have you spent B did you spend

10 Paul the bank. He hasn't come back yet. |
|
C had you spent
A has been to B has gone to |
C has been in

,
 Progress Test 1 (Units 1 - 2)

Choose the correct item.

21 My little sister believes .............. fairies. 27 She lost contact ........006 her friends when she
A on B of C in moved away.
A of B with C about
22 When he told the joke, his friends broke ..............
laughter. 28 The new boss brought ........0006 many changes in
A out B into C up the company.
A about B round C out
23 Claire blamed John .............. the accident.
A on B for C in The bus was crowded ............++ passengers and
there was nowhere to sit.
24 He was accused .............. stealing the money. A of B with C for
A for B with C of
30 My favourite author brought ............. anew book
25 She doesn’t associate ...........0 her neighbours. last month.
A with B of C for A out B up C about

26 Joanne is very clever ..........0+ telling stories.

A in B on C at
 AMM: sscccarcinssnasavesseccrmnxccaecancensannen aeuenarismeomeeetaaeens DATES, sacsscsiapecxiucoaasrvaupes

LASS! ccsvssinsousuunesapiaxenavitennesnscersorcmeesenscanencemnennnes MARS cnnsecsssiensnnnennneain

(Time: 30 minutes)

©) Choose the correct item.

1 SHG ssscssvissaees work by six o'clock. 10 Ithink|........... some sandwiches. Do you want
A will finish B will have finished some?
C is going to finish A ammaking 8B will make
C am going to make
Now that I've got a job, |... a Car.
A will buy B am buying 11. Remember .............. some milk. We've run out.
C am going to buy A buying B buy C to buy

The train ...... cece Manchester at nine o'clock. 12 This dress is ............ for me to wear.
A leaves B isleaving C will leave A too short B_ short enough
C short too
Look out! YOU .......000 !
A are falling B are going to fall 13 Amy is a VéeTy ......ce person.
C will fall A interest B interesting C interested

| promise | .........000+ home in time for the party. 14 Paul left without .............. goodbye this morning.
A will be B will have been A say B to say C saying
C am going to be
$5) W600 crsenrecesrs once a week to keep fit.
By the end of the day, she .............. for ten hours. A swim B swimming C to swim
A willbe working B_ will have worked
C will have been working 16 | heard Mr Brown .............. on the phone.
: A talk B talking C to talk
Hiv ssssserssnene the doctor this afternoon.
A is seeing B sees 17 The coffee wasn't ............. for me to drink.
C will have seen A coolenough B enoughcoolC cool too

liesanncetntas James tonight, so I'll tell him the news. 18 She was very .............. by the story he told.
A will see B will be seeing A amuse B amusing C amused
C will have been seeing
19 Martin suggested .............. to the cinema.
This time next Week, We ......000 on the beach. A go B going C to go
A will lie B will have been lying
C will be lying 20 The horror film we watched was .............. 5
A terrify B terrifying C terrified
 wanna nanan naan nn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnanes
Progress Test 2 (Units 3 - 4)

Choose the correct item.

21 SCY ssiscssisssccoas your work until | get back,” said 26 The teacher explained the question .............. the
the teacher. students.
A out B up C onwith A of B to C at

He couldn't decide geal what to wear to the 27 [BIA pen ceocrnneoes taking the bus to work.
party. A up with B for C onwith
A on B with C for
nnnnnnnnennnn

ee: We Ot ........0006 the train and found our seats.

23 Mrs Jones couldn't deal ......... all the housework, | A on B through C onwith
so she hired a cleaner.
A of B with Con 29 | couldn't get ............ to the office. The line was
busy.
nanan naw n mannan

24 Small children depend .............. their parents for A away B through Con
survival.
A with B to Con 30 Tom was furious ............. Sue for forgetting their
anniversary.
25 Could you hold ........00 , please. I’m busy at the | A with B of C for
moment.
norm on nnnnnnnnnnencncccnnncncwnnnnennacnnaceeanaenennenneenannananaannacaneenannnnn

A up B_ back C on
ae
 Progress Test 3 (Units 5 - 6)

(Time: 30 minutes) |

ae
© Choose the correct item.

1 ‘Great Expectations’ ............ by Charles Dickens. | 11 You............ go home soon. It's getting late.
A is written B_ was written A can B had better C mustn't
C has been written
| 12 Our new furniture ............ yet.
2 eumRNS that he was a great athlete when he was A isn't delivered B hasn't been delivered
young. C wasn't delivered
A Itis said B Heis said
C He was said 13 Yous rude to your teacher.
A shouldn't have been B mustn't have been
S He siciccas be rich. He never has any money. | C should have been
A must B could C can't
14 He... any bread. We already had a lot.
4 Where's Mary? She............. be here by now. | A needn't buy B needn't have bought
A could B might C ought to C didn't need to buy

5 | couldn't take my car. It........... . 15 My bag............. yesterday.

A was repaired B was being repaired A stole B isstolen C was stolen
C has been repaired
16 cress stay in tonight. My mother says so.
6 kas help you with the shopping, Dad? A ‘ve got to B had to C need to
A Will B Would! C Shall!
17 The ChiIIGFEN ........eseeeeeeee to wait quietly for their
i ME OCRY | speak to Mr Shaw, please. teacher.
A Might B May C Must A are told B weretold C was told

8 | didn’t know about the meeting because | | 18 snes you lend me some money, please?
saasanoenees ' A Shall B Could C Must
A haven't beentold B hadn't been told
C_ had been told 19 The building ............ by an earthquake.
A was destroyed B is destroyed
9 We.......... go to the theatre if you like. C destroyed
A may B can C shall
mame

20 YOU siissccicsss walk on the grass.

10 The boss. ............ to be retiring soon. A_ should B can't C mustn't
A isreported _B is being reported
C is reporting
a
 aman n anna nnn nnnnnennnnweweees
Progress Test 3 (Units 5 - 6)

Choose the correct item.

21 | couldn't sleep last night. There was a party 26 JOAN Gave ....cseeeee smoking because it was bad
GOING sissvescassnss next door. for his health.
A on B round C away A up B out C off
27 Tony isn’t keen .........045 chocolate, but he loves
22 The secretary introduced me .............. my new crisps.
nnnennnennnnnnnnn

boss. A with B on C for

A for B in C to
28 It never OCCUred ..........000 her to ask her parents
23 Alice was jealous ............. her sister because she for help.
was very pretty. A to B of C on
A about B of C for
nanan nnn w naan

29 GAVE siiscsccssscss Sarah's book when | had finished

24 This job calls .............. skill and patience. reading it.
A for B off C out A up B out C back

25 | haven't heard Peter since he moved 30 It WAS MEAN... him not to send you a
away. birthday card.
n nn nnnnnnnnnnnnanacccnacencnnanannnncenascnceaasenanennnenenanaannnaaenmnnnnnnnnn

A about C from A to B of C for

oro
GE
©) Choose the correct item.

If | had locked up my bike, it .............. have been 12 Iwishl............ to buy a new dress for the party.
stolen. A can afford B could afford
A couldn't B wouldn't C would C would afford

AF YOU wssrssvecsaacs hungry, have a sandwich. WS) aaatharers the bad weather, we had a wonderful
A be B were C are holiday.
A Despite B Although C Whereas
Mum will be angry if she .............. you doing that.
A sees B saw C had seen 14: sseisiszscxees an amazing view!
A How B So C What
I'll PHONE YOU ........000 | get to the station.
A if B when C until 15 YOU «0.00009 your dinner, you can watch TV.
A had finished B_ have finished
| had fallen asleep .............. he got home. C would finish
A bythetime B when C until
1G) scsseserscines you're tired, I'll make the dinner.
l aentessvenai you if | had known your number. A Since B Because C For
A would call B will call
C would have called TE) Whicsscesssssssen you, | would see a doctor.
A am B will be C were
| put on the heating .............. the house would be
warm. 18 The bag was .............. heavy that | couldn’t carry
A inorder to B so that C in case it.
A such B so C sucha
I WISH | oo... eee more for the exam.
A have studied B had studied C will study 19) sisssssssonees you wear warm clothes, you will catch a
cold
I'll take my umbrella .........064 it rains. A Unless B if C Providing
A so that B in order to C in case
20 This is the Car ............. | repaired last week.
| wish he... so rude to people. A who B which C where
A wouldn'tbe B won'tbe C would be

It WAS: ssciissceosses interesting book that | couldn't

stop reading it.
A so B such C such an
 Progress Test 4 (Units 7 - 8)

©) Choose the correct item.

21 He had been looking A eee e ene nennee a job for months 26 Mr Jones is always unpleasant .............. his
before he found one. secretary.
A forward to B for C up A to B for C with
27 The staff are provided .............. uniforms to work
22 Mark did not reply .............. Sue's letter. in.
A for B at C to A of B for C with

23 It was very impolite .............. you to ignore me. 28 Josie made .............. an excuse to explain her
A with B of C for lateness.
A out B up C for
24 Why didn’t you remind me the meeting
this morning? 29 Andrea has a good relationship .............. her
A about B for C to parents.
A to B between C with
25 The police are looking the case of the
stolen painting. 30 | couldn't make ............. the name at the end of
A into B for C through the letter.
A out B up C for
aaa
tata
aman
a
>
 POeeeEUUUOUOOOOSOCSOSOOOSOOOOOSUC CCCP eee eee Poe eee eee O UO SSeS SSeS OCS

POU RUPP UCOOCSOCOSSOSS OOOO)

) Choose the correct item.

1 Paula........... going to the beach at the weekend. 11 SHG wssissscsevees that it was a beautiful necklace.
A promised B suggested C warned A threatened B exclaimed C promised

2 She gave Me... very useful advice. 12 Those trousefs ........:.00. far too big for you.
Aa B any C some A are B is C was

3 Sally bought a............ of milk at the supermarket. | 13 SHO sisssscetsnies to paint the fence for me.
A carton B glass C block A invited B offered C complained

4 John is very honest. He always ..........+++ the truth. 44 He ate three .........008 of toast for breakfast.
A told B tells C says A bars B loaves C slices

5 My father plays «0... piano very well. 15 Simon said that he ............ a great time at the
Aa B an C the party.
A had had B hashad_ C is having
6 He said he.............. her the following day.
A will call B had called C would call 16 We have never been to ............. Italy before.
Aa B - C the
7 Carlis at.............. school. He will be home soon.
Aa B - C the 17 AliSON WAS .........006. first person to arrive at the
party.
8 Steve ....... to give me a lift to work. Aa B - C the
A denied B agreed C admitted
18 NOU sssccravcseass his mother that he felt ill.
9 Mark has had a lot of ...........0. working with cars. A told B said C told to
A experienced B experiences
C experience 19 The police .............. investigating the crime.
A is B was C are
10 Tom’s mum............. him not to touch the iron.
A warned B invited C offered BIG sccasveisnnas me where | had been all day.
A asks B asked C said
 Progress Test 5 (Units 9 - 10)

©) Choose the correct item.

21 Carrie was satisfied .............. her school report. 26 My little brother is terrified .............. the dark.
A of B about C with A about B for C of

22 Martin translated the poem ............. Italian for his 27 PUutsvcsssescsses your coat before you go outside.
teacher. A out B on C off
A into B of C from
28 We ‘DUt: isssscsscsvsssass the meeting because the
23 I can’tthink............ anything to wear to the party. manager was ill.
A about B of Con A out B on C off

24 My teacher always shouts .............. children who 29 James said he was SOITy ..........06 forgetting my
are late. birthday.
A at B to C for A for B from C of

25 The secretary put me ............. to the manager. 30 The thief was sentenced ............ a year in prison.
A up B through C down A on B with C to
iain
anid
iia
a
 ee
Progress Test 6 (Units 11 - 12)

NAMES WATE
cicero sommes

GLASS ® csscscnecenscssrconssanssmnmacasaaanepermncconnnercusenenenmnnsaxens MARK: ou... cceeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeneres

ae
| (Time: 30 minutes)

© Choose the correct item.

A
1 Jane... her hair cut at the moment. 12 James did very .......... in his exams.
C was having A good B well C better

ae
A is having B has

2 Tony had a.........00 dream last night. 13° Amy ran... up the stairs to her bedroom.
A worse B badly C bad A quick B quicker C quickly

COIN... his wallet stolen twice this year. 14 | boughta........ bag at the market.

EN
3
A willhavehad B hadhad C has had A old leather lovely B old lovely leather
C lovely old leather
A WO scenitecteres our house decorated last month.
A arehaving 8B had C will have 15 We must .............. our car repaired immediately.
A have had B have C be having
5 Jodie smiled ............ as she opened her
presents. 16 Paul cssicisiesee his windows smashed by a falling
A happy B happier C happily tree.
A had B willhave C is having

TN
6 She gave Me @.........00 ring for my birthday.
A pretty gold little B little pretty gold 17 The blue dress is .............. the black one.
C pretty little gold A least expensive of |B _ less expensive
C less expensive than

eI
FT AG csssssccssess his teeth checked twice a year.
A has B has had 18 Diane .............. a dress made for her.
C will have had A having B has C has had

He found a............... box in the attic.

ee
8 Martin is the .............. boy in the basketball team. 19
A tall B taller C tallest A black small wooden B wooden black small
C small black wooden
SS

9 Kate likes ............ her clothes made for her.

A is having B having C have 20 | would prefer .............. at home than go to the
TE

theatre.
SEMEN

10 This box is .............. than the other one. A stay B to stay C staying
A heavy B heavier C heaviest
CREME

11 Laura is in hospital. She ............ her tonsils

taken out.
A is having B washaving C has
ER
SEER
 nal
Progress Test 6 (Units 11 - 12)
teenennennnsernnnnenerennnnsenonsnnenaena

Choose the correct item.

21 Mr Brown wants to set ............. his own business. 26 Mum told me to keep an eye .......cee my little
A up B off C out sister.
A at B on C in
It was raining, so we stayed .............. home all
afternoon. 27 UTA sscsssesccsas sugar, so | sent Paul to the shops.
A in B at Con A out of B down C after

23 Waliscisessaes some old records while | was tidying 28 I'm a bit short .........00 time; can we talk later?
the attic. A on B of C in
A into B across C after
29 | got on the wrong BUS ..........+++ mistake.
enn n nn

24 He’s been waiting See eeeeeneenee the bus for half an A at B for C by
hour.
30 She is very upset ........000 losing her job.
sas ensseeaet

A of B about C for
A for B about Cat
25 Everyone stood en eee when the teacher
entered the room.
A upto B C for
h Sse eSssemenerne
STIR
SRS S ASRS SSRRRRh
ESS SNC
SS SSESSENES
SSSA SESSRSKES
Sense
RR Ann
ARAMA
Ge
 Progress Test 7 (Units 13 - 14)

(Time: 30 minutes)

©) Choose the correct item.

1 Weare going to the beacnh.............. the weekend. | 12 | am taller than you, .............. ?
A in B on C at A aren't you B aren't! C am!

2 My wallet is in ..........4 bag over there. | 13 There's .............. cheese in the fridge.
A this B that C those | A some B any C every

3 Mary is in hospital. | am going to visit .............. | 14 Jenny and | haven't seen .............. since we left
tomorrow. | school.
A hers B she C her A ourselves B each other C themselves

4 I'm going to Paris .............. weekend. 15 David left school two years ............. ‘
A this B that C these A before B ago C while
|

5 ‘Which shoes do you like?’ ‘The black .............. . | 16 He would love to have a house .............. ‘
A one B ones C those A himself B hisown’ C ofhis own

GB Sictiesees did you go last night?’ ‘To a restaurant.’ | 17 The children behaved .............. very well at the
A What B When C Where party.
A eachother 6B ourselves C themselves
7 My birthday is on a Saturday ...........4.. year. |
A this B that C those | 18 Ihave hardly «0... free time these days.
A some B any C no
B ksivinenon CDs did you buy yesterday?
A Howmuch 8B Howmany C How long | 19 Don’t go near the water, .............. ?
A won't you B didyou Cvwill you
9 Where did you go.............. holiday last year?
A in B on C at 20) UVG ssiiccicis finished my homework.
A already B yet C still
10. Sesssrssncee jumper is this?’ ‘It's Tony's.’
A Which B Whose C Who

11 The teacher told us a Story ............5 the end of

the lesson.
A in B on Cat
 Progress Test 7 (Units 13 - 14)

Choose the correct item.

21 We congratulated Sam ............. passing his 26 We must be home by ten o'clock ............. the
driving test. latest.
A on B for C about A in B on Cat

22 Can you be quiet, please. I'm............. the phone. 27 Can | pay for these CDs............. cheque, please?
A at B with C on A with B for C by

23 Mrs Smith isn’t here. She has gone out ............. 28 Mike turned ............. half an hour late for the
lunch. meeting.
A at B for C with A out B down C up

24 Paul takes .........00 his mother. They look very 29 There are no trains today because the drivers are
similar. jeceniaceanes strike.
A after B down C over A in B on C at

25 She turned ............. the light and looked around 30 | can’t forgive her ........... ruining my favourite
the room. dress.
A off B up Con A about B of C for
 Progress Test 8 (Units 1 - 15)

(Time: 30 minutes)

© Choose the correct item.

1 Ifl| won the lottery, | ............. on an exotic holiday. | 12 She enjoys going to .............. cinema.
A will go B would go C went Aa B - C the

2 The TV will have .............. 5 | 4B seceaaases jacket over there is Daniel's.

A tobe repaired B to have been repaired A This B That C Those
C being repaired
| |A cexeeccvmniee | borrow your pen, please?
SB) cataneassscuss we reached the station, the train had left. A Will B Shall C Can
A Assoonas~ B Until C By the time
15 Tom spent the afternoon .......... on his computer.
4 JaSON oo. TV at the moment. A play B playing C toplay
A watches B is watching
C was watching | 16 James’ CaP... last night.
A is stolen B will be stolen
5 It was kind of him. ............. me repair the car. C was stolen
A help B helping C tohelp
17° Paul... work by seven o'clock this evening.
GC AG vissicicscsves to help me with my homework. A hasfinished 8B will finish
A refused B denied C complained C will have finished

7 My Sister's hair .............. very long. AB) essicisnscvsve did you wake up this morning?
A are B is C were A What time B Howlong C How much

8 Claire ............. dinner when the telephone rang. 19 Pam............. her hair cut every six weeks.
A waseating B ate C has eaten A has B hashad- C will have

9 He... be tired. He has been working allday. | 20 Sarah hurt............. when she fell down the stairs.
A must B mustn't C can't A yourself B himself C herself

10 She bought a......0..... coat yesterday. | 21 The longer he waited, the ............. he felt.
A brown lovely leather B lovely brown leather | A nervous B more nervous
C lovely leather brown C most nervous

11° Janet ............. her house decorated last week. 22 He hasn't finished cleaning the house ............. ‘
A had B_ has had A already B still C yet
C will have had
 Progress Test 8 (Units 1 - 15)

28. scsssvcassics you study, you will fail the exam. 25) sscsssnscovuss we left the house, it started to rain.
A Unless B if C Providing A While B Assoonas C Until

24 HG issues me to have dinner with him.

A offered B insisted CC invited

(®) Choose the correct item.

26 Peter's reaction oo... cee the news was quite | 34 They were prevented .............. entering the park
surprising. by a locked gate.
A to B of C with A to B for C from

27 Aman is being questioned in connection ............ 35 He felt sorry .............. the injured dog.
the burglary. A about B for C to
A of B with C between
36 The letters RAF stand .............. Royal Air Force.
28 Jane is always nice ........... her friends and A in for B for C up
neighbours.
A with B about C to 37 | will think .............. your offer and give you my
answer tomorrow.
29 Paris is famous .............. its art galleries. A about B of C on
A of B about C for
38 He was so handsome that she fell .............. him
30 My big brother is brilliant .............. athletics. immediately.
A in B on C at A inwith B_ behind C for

31 Claire is very interested .............. ancient history. | 39 We have run.............. milk. | will go to the shop
A in B with C by A across B out of C into

32 The chemicals gave .............. a strange smell. 40 He has taken.............. jogging to keep fit.
A out B off C away A over B down C up

33 Mike dreams ............ winning the lottery one day.

A about B of C for 7.
 ENGLISH
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