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ØekeâeMeve Iees<eCee
mecheeokeâ SJeb ØekeâeMekeâ Deevevo kegâceej cenepeve ves ™he efØebefšbie Øesme, ØeÙeeiejepe mes cegefõle keâjJeekeâj,
ÙetLe keâe@efcheefšMeve šeFcme, 12, ÛeÛe& uesve, ØeÙeeiejepe-211002 kesâ efueS ØekeâeefMele efkeâÙee~
Fme hegmlekeâ keâes ØekeâeefMele keâjves ceW mecheeokeâ SJeb ØekeâeMekeâ Éeje hetCe& meeJeOeeveer yejleer ieF& nw
efHeâj Yeer efkeâmeer $egefš kesâ efueS Deehekeâe menÙeesie SJeb megPeeJe meeoj Dehesef#ele nw~ cetuÙe : 195/-
efkeâmeer Yeer efJeJeeo keâer efmLeefle ceW vÙeeefÙekeâ #es$e ØeÙeeiejepe nesiee~
 efJe<eÙe-metÛeer (Fuesefkeäš^efMeÙeve kewâhmetue)
UPPCL/UPRVUNL Fuesefkeäš^efMeÙeve hejer#ee hee"dÙe›eâce--------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-4
1. Occupational Safety and Health (JÙeJemeeefÙekeâ megj#ee SJeb mJeemLÙe) --------------------------------------------------- 5-8
2. Trade Hand Tools (šs^[ nmle Deewpeej) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9-16
3. Basic Electricity (ceewefuekeâ efJeÅegleerÙe) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17-19
4. Electric Material and Cables (JewÅegeflekeâ heoeLe& SJeb kesâefyeume) -------------------------------------------------------- 20-29
5. Soldering and Brazing (meesu[eEjie SJeb yeÇseEpeie) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30-32
6. Electrical Accessories (JewÅegeflekeâ meneÙekeâ meece«eer) -------------------------------------------------------------------- 33-37
7. Electro-Chemical Effect and Battery (efJeÅegle-jemeeÙeefvekeâ ØeYeeJe Deewj yewš^er) -------------------------------------- 38-42
8. Magnetism (ÛegcyekeâlJe) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43-48
9. Capacitor (mebOeeefj$e) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49-51
10. A.C. Fundamental (ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje kesâ cetue efmeæeble) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 52-59
11. Three Phase System (ef$e-keâuee ØeCeeueer) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60-61
12. Earthing (Yet-mecheke&âve) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62-65
13. Electrical Wiring (JewÅegeflekeâ JeeÙeeEjie) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66-70
14. Electrical Measuring Instruments (JewÅegeflekeâ ceehekeâ Ùeb$e) ---------------------------------------------------------- 71-82
15. Cathode ray oscilloscope (kewâLees[-js-Deeefmeueesmkeâeshe) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 83-85
16. Illumination (Øeoerefhle)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86-90
17. Generation of Electrical Energy (JewÅegeflekeâ Tpee& keâe Glheeove) ---------------------------------------------------- 91-100
18. Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Power (JewÅegle Meefòeâ keâe heejs<eCe Deewj efJelejCe) ---------------- 101-111
19. D.C. Generators (efo<š Oeeje peefve$e) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112-116
20. DC Motor (efo° Oeeje ceesšj) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 117-120
21. Transformer (š^ebmeheâe@ce&j) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 121-127
22. Three Phase Induction Motor (ef$e-keâuee ØesjCe ceesšj) ------------------------------------------------------------ 128-131
23. Single-Phase Induction Motors (Skeâue-hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšme&)------------------------------------------------------- 132-136
24. Synchronous Generator or Alternator (leguÙekeâeueer peefve$e Ùee Deušjvesšj) ------------------------------------ 137-143
25. Synchronous Motor (leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 144-147
26. Converting Apparatus (heefjJele&vekeâejer GhekeâjCe) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 148-149
27. A.C. and D.C. Winding (S.meer. SJeb [er. meer. JeeFbef[bie) ------------------------------------------------------------- 150-154
28. Domestic Electrical Appliances (Iejsuet JewÅegeflekeâ GhekeâjCe) ------------------------------------------------------ 155-160
29. Basic Electronics (yesefmekeâ Fueskeäš^e@efvekeäme) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 161-169
30. Transistor & FET (š^ebefpemšj Deewj Hesâš)----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 170-177
31. Multistage & Audio Power Amplifire (ceušermšspe SJeb Dee@ef[Ùees hee@Jej SchueerheâeÙej) --------------------------- 178-180
32. Oscillator & Feedback Amplifire (oesefue$e Deewj heâer[yewkeâ ØeJeOe&keâ) ---------------------------------------------- 181-184
33. Operational Amplifier (Dee@hejsMeveue ØeJeOe&keâ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 185-186
34. Multivibrators (ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšme&)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 187-188
35. Digital Electronics & Flip-Flop (ef[efpešue Fueskeäš^e@efvekeäme SJeb efHeäuehe-Heäuee@he) ----------------------------------- 189-201
36. Power Electronics Devices & I.C. Regulators (hee@Jej Fueskeäš^e@efvekeäme ÙegefòeâÙeeB SJeb DeeF&.meer. jsieguesšme&) -------- 202-208

2
 UPPCL/UPRVUNL Technician Exam Syllabus
Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) will conduct a Written exam for recruitment
for Technician Grade II (Trainee) Electrician. The standard of Competition level is raising with the
time period as we are going onwards and time passing away rapidly. So candidate should know that
what should they have to prepare for their performance in examination. For the candidates who are
going to face this exam we are providing recommended latest exam pattern and syllabus.
Exam Pattern : Exam Pattern for Technician Grade II written Exam is as Follows:
• The written test will be multiple choice objective type.
• There will be two parts in written test. Each question will carry 01 mark.
• There will be negative marking of ¼ marks in both parts.
• Part-1 will carry 50 questions based on syllabus of "CCC" from DOEACC.
• Candidates must obtain minimum 50% marks in Part-I to qualify. Marks of Part-1 will be not be
added in merit list.

Parts Subjects Question/Marks

Part-1 Computer Knowledge 50

Part-2 (i) General Hindi 150

(ii) General Studies and Reasoning Ability

(iii) Technical Knowledge

Total Marks 200

Exam Syllabus : Exam Syllabus for Technician Grade-2 exam is given below :
Computer Knowledge : Basic of Computers, Generations of computer, Input and Output Device,
Hardware and Software, Shortcuts and Basic knowledge MS word, MS Excel, MS power point,
Memory Orientation, Internet, LAN, WAN, Modem, Computer Abbreviations, Modern day
Technology.
General Knowledge : History, Geography and Socio- Economic development of India. Knowledge of
current events of National and International importance and such matters of every day observation and
experience in their scientific aspects as may be expected of an educated person who has not made a
special study of any scientific subject. Paper will also include questions on Modern History (From
1857 onwards) of India, Indian culture, Indian Polity, Indian Economy, Geography, Polity of India.

3
Reasoning Ability : Questions will be asked from analogies, similarities and differences, spatial
visualization, spatial orientation, problem solving, analysis, judgment, decision making, visual
memory, discrimination, observation, relationship concepts, arithmetic reasoning, verbal and figure
classification, arithmetical number series, non-verbal series, coding and decoding, statement
conclusion, syllogistic reasoning.
General Hindi : Standard of question will be metric education. Spot the Error, Fill in the Blanks,
Synonyms/Homonyms, Antonyms, Spellings/Detecting Mis-spelt words, Idioms and Phrases, One
word substitution, Improvement of Sentences, Active/Passive Voice of Verbs, Conversion into
Direct/Indirect narration, Shuffling of Sentence parts, Shuffling of Sentences in a passage, Cloze
Passage, Comprehension Passage.

TECHNICAL SUBJECTS SYLLABUS

Technical Subject (Electrician) :
1. Various safety measures involved in the Industry. Elementary first Aid. Concept of Standard.
2. Identification of Trade-Hand tools-Specifications.
3. Fundamental of electricity. Electron theory-free electron. Fundamental terms, definitions, units
and effects of electric current.
4. Solders, flux and soldering technique. Resistors types of resistors and properties of resistors.
5. Explanation, Definition and properties of conductors, insulators and semi-conductors. Voltage
grading of different types of Insulators, Temp. Rise permissible. Types of wires and cables
standard wire gauge Specification of wires and Cables-insulation and voltage grades-Low,
medium and high voltage Precautions in using various types of cable.
6. Ohm's Law-Simple electrical circuits and problems.
7. Resistors-Law of Resistance. Series and parallel circuits.
8. Kirchhoff's Laws and applications. Wheatstone bridge principle and its applications.
9. Common Electrical Accessories, their specifications-Explanation of switches lamp holders, plugs
and sockets. Developments of domestic ckts, Alarm and switches, lamp, fan with individual
switches, Two way switch.
10. Chemical effect of electric current-Principle of electrolysis. Faraday's Law of electrolysis. Basic
principles of Electro-plating and Electro chemical equivalents. Explanation of Anodes and
cathodes. Lead acid cell-description, methods of charging-precautions to be taken and testing
equipment, Ni-cadmium and Lithium cell, Cathodic protection. Electroplating, Anodising.

4
 01
Occupational Safety and Health
(JÙeJemeeefÙekeâ megj#ee SJeb mJeemLÙe)
ogIe&švee– DeefveÙeefv$ele Je ogKeo heefjCeece Jeeueer Devepeeves ceW ngF& Iešvee 1. Ss›eâerHeäuesJeerveÙee 8. ™F&, ieeBpe (peeueer Jeeuee
keâes ogIe&švee keânles nQ~ cejkeäÙetjes›eâesce keâheÌ[e)
DeewÅeesefiekeâ ogIe&šveeDeeW kesâ keâejCe (Cause of Industrial 2. efmØeš DeceesefveÙee 9. keQâÛeer, Ûeeketâ, mesHeäšer efheve
Accidents)– 3. ef[šeWue 10. eflekeâesveer Je ieesue heóer
4. efšbÛej DeeÙeeW[erve 11. oJee efheueeves keâe efieueeme
1. DemeeJeOeeveer 8. Demegjef#ele DeefYevÙeeme
5. yejvee@ue 12. [^ehej
(Carelessness) (Unsafe layout)
6. met@Ieves keâe vecekeâ 13. yeebme keâer leerefueÙeeB
2. De™efÛe 9. keâece keâjves keâe ieuele lejerkeâe
7. oJeeF& Ùegòeâ hueemšj 14. heesšQefMeÙece hejcewivesš
(Lack of (Wrong Method of
Interest) working ) yesefmekeâ ueeFheâ mhee@š (Basic Life Spot)–
3. peuoeryeepeer 10. mJeÛÚlee keâer keâceer Ssmes JÙeefòeâ keâes efpevnW ØeeLeefcekeâ GheÛeej efoÙes peeles nQ, GvnW
(Hastiness) (Lack of cleanliness) efÛeefkeâlmekeâ ‘yesefmekeâ ueeFheâ mhee@š’ keânles nQ~
4. De%eevelee 11. DevegMeemeve keâer keâceer yesefmekeâ ueeFheâ mhee@š ceW leerve ef›eâÙeeSB nQ, efpevnW Deb«espeer kesâ ØeLece
(Ignorance) (Lack of discipline) leerve De#ejeW A, B, C mes oMee&Ùee peelee nw~
5. Glmegkeâlee 12. ØekeâeMe keâer DevegefÛele JÙeJemLee A for Fmekesâ Devleie&le Ùen megefveef§ele efkeâÙee
(Curiosity) (Improper Airway- peelee nw efkeâ heeref[Ì le JÙeefòeâ keâer JeeÙeg ceeie&
Arrangement of light) peerYe, ŒeeJe Ùee efkeâmeer yeenjer Jemleg kesâ
6. Demegjef#ele nmle 13. DemJemLelee Ùee Lekeâeve keâejCe yevo lees veneR nw~
Deewpeej (Illness or Tiredness) B for Fmekesâ Devleie&le Ùen megefveef§ele efkeâÙee
(Unsafe hand Breathing- peelee nw efkeâ heerefÌ[le JÙeefòeâ MJeeme ues
tools) jne nw DeLeJee veneR~ Ùeefo veneR, lees Gmes
7. Demegjef#ele henveeJee 14. veMes keâer Deeole ke=âef$ece MJeeme efoÙee peelee nw~
(Unsafe-dress) (Toxication) C for Fmekesâ Devleie&le Ùen megefveef§ele efkeâÙee
ØeeLeefcekeâ efÛeefkeâlmee (First - Aid)– Circulation peelee nw efkeâ heerefÌ[le JÙeefòeâ keâer veype
- Ûeue jner nw DeLeJee veneR~ Ùeefo veype
DeÛeevekeâ ogIe&švee Ùee yeerceejer kesâ DeJemej hej [e@keäšj kesâ hengBÛeves
Ùee Demheleeue ues peeves mes henues IeeÙeue JÙeefòeâ keâes efoÙes peeves Jeeues veneR Ûeue jner nes lees keâeef[&Ùees–heuceesvejer
DeeJeMÙekeâ GheÛeej keâes ner ØeeLeefcekeâ efÛeefkeâlmee (First Aid) keânles efjmeefmešsMeve (CPR) keâer JÙeJemLee keâer
nQ~ peeleer nw~
ØeeLeefcekeâ efÛeefkeâlmee yee@keäme (First Aid Box)– veesš- Ùeefo nceejs ceefmle<keâ keâes leerve efceveš Yeer Dee@keämeerpeve ve
efceues lees Jen efveef<›eâÙe nes peelee nw~
ØeeLeefcekeâ efÛeefkeâlmee yee@keäme hej ueeue jbie keâe efveMeeve (+) yevee
neslee nw~ ke=âef$ece meeBme efJeefOe (Artificial Respiration Process)–
Ùeefo efkeâmeer heerefÌ[le JÙeefòeâ keâes meeBme veneR Dee jner nes, lees Gmes
efvecveefueefKele ke=âef$ece efJeefOeÙeeW Éeje meeBme oer peeleer nw-
ke=âef$ece meeBme efJeJejCe
efJeefOe
(A) Mewheâj efJeefOe peye heerefÌ[le JÙeefòeâ kesâ heer" (Back)
hej Úeues heÌ[W neW, leye Fme efJeefOe keâe
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ØeeLeefcekeâ efÛeefkeâlmee yee@keäme keâe meeceeve (B) efmeueJesmšj peye meerves keâer Deesj Úeues heÌ[W nes, leye
efJeefOe Fme efJeefOe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(First Aid Box Material)
Electrician Capsule 5 YCT
 (C) ueeyees[& Fme efJeefOe ceW heerefÌ[le kesâ cegBn ceW meerOee Deeie (Fire)-
efJeefOe nJee Yejkeâj MJemeve ef›eâÙee hetCe& keâer Deeie Skeâ jemeeÙeefvekeâ ef›eâÙee nw pees pJeueveMeerue heoeLe&, T<cee
peeleer nw~ leLee Dee@keämeerpeve kesâ mecheke&â ceW GlheVe neslee nw~
(D) ke=âef$ece Fmekesâ Devleie&le nJee, heerefÌ[le kesâ cegBn Deeie GlheVe nesves kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ keâejkeâ–(1) FËOeve (2)
MJeeme Ùev$e hej ueies ceemkeâ kesâ ceeOÙece mes heerefÌ[le T<cee (3) Dee@keämeerpeve
Éeje kesâ Devoj Yespeer peeleer nw~ Ùen yengle Deeie ueieves kesâ Øekeâej, yegPeeves kesâ GheeÙe SJeb ßesCeer
mejue Øeef›eâÙee nw~ GmeceW jyeÌ[ kesâ JeeuJe mecyeefvOele leeefuekeâe
keâes 15 mes 20 yeej Skeâ efceveš ceW
Deeie ueieves kesâ Deeie yegPeeves kesâ GheeÙe Deeie keâer
Dee@hejsš efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Øekeâej (Remedy of Fire- ßesCeer
efJeÅegle Peškeâe (Electric Shock)- Fighting)
(Types of Fire) (Class of
ceeveJe kesâ Mejerj hej efJeÅegle kesâ Peškesâ kesâ ØeYeeJe, Gmekesâ Mejerj mes Fire)
neskeâj iegpejves Jeeueer Oeeje, efJeÅegle kesâ mecheke&â ceW jnves keâe meceÙe keâeyeexefveÙeme heâeÙej Fme Øekeâej kesâ Deeie keâes Ùen Deeie
leLee efJeÅegle keâer Øeke=âefle (AC Ùee DC) hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~ (uekeâÌ[er,keâeiepe,keâheÌ[e yegPeeves kesâ efueS heeveer, class A kesâ
AC keâer leguevee ceW DC DeefOekeâ Kelejveekeâ nesleer nw~ petš SJeb uekeâÌ[er kesâ jsle DeLeJee efceóer keâe Devleie&le
1 mA mes keâce ceeve keâs Oeeje mes ueies Peškeâs keâer DevegYetefle vener keâesÙeues mes ueieer Deeie) ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Deelee nw~
nesleer nw~
ceeveJe kesâ Mejerj hej JewÅegle OeejeDeeW kesâ
ØeYeeJe mecyevOeer leeefuekeâe lewueerÙe heâeÙej (efceóer Fmes yegPeeves kesâ efueS heâesce Ùen Deeie
kesâ lesue, [erpeue SJeb heâeÙej SkeämšeRiÙetMej SJeb class B kesâ
efceueer SefcheÙej ceW JewÅegle Oeeje keâe ØeYeeJe hesš^esue Deeefo mes ueieer CO2 SkeämšeRiÙetMej keâe Devleie&le
Oeeje (current) (Effect of electric current)
Deeie) ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Deelee nw~
Fmemes Peškesâ keâer DevegYetefle nesleer nw, hejvleg Fmekeâes yegPeeves kesâ efueS
1 mes 8mA lekeâ Ùen keâ°oeÙekeâ veneR nesleer DeLee&led ceeveJe Fmes CO2 keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie
menve keâj mekeâlee nw~ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Fmemes keâ°oeÙekeâ Peškeâe ueielee nw, hejvleg
mveeÙeg mecyevOeer vemeeW keâe efveÙeb$eCe keâeÙece
8 mes 15mA lekeâ iewmeerÙe heâeÙej Fme Øekeâej kesâ Deeie keâes Ùen Deeie
jnlee nw, FmeefueS Fmekeâe menve keâjvee
ceeveJe JÙeefòeâlJe hej efveYe&j keâjlee nQ~ (Øeeshesve, yÙetšsve, yegPeeves kesâ efueS CO2 , class C kesâ

Fmemes keâ°oeÙekeâ Peškeâe ueielee nw~ mveeÙeg LPG Deeefo mes ueieer nsueesve Deeefo jmeeÙeveeW keâe Devleie&le
15 mes 20mA Deeie) ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Deelee nw~
mecyevOeer vemeeW keâe efveÙeb$eCe keâeÙece veneR jnlee
lekeâ
FmeefueS ceeveJe Fmes menve veneR keâj mekeâlee~
FmeceW mveeÙeg mecyevOeer vemeeW kesâ DelÙeefOekeâ
20 mes 50mA
mebkegâÛeve kesâ keâejCe meeBme uesvee keâef"ve nes
lekeâ
peelee nw~ Fuesefkeäš^keâ heâeÙej Fme Øekeâej kesâ Deeie keâes Ùen Deeie
FmeceW MJeeme ®keâves kesâ keâejCe efoue keâer (efyepeueer kesâ leejeW, yegPeeves kesâ efueS class D kesâ
50 mes 100mA
OeÌ[keâve yevo nes peeleer nw DeLee&led FmeceW ce=lÙeg meer.šer.meer. Devleie&le
lekeâ GhekeâjCeeW SJeb (CTC)
mecYeJe nw~
OeeeflJekeâ heoeLeeX Deeefo heâeÙej SkeämšeRiÙetMej keâe Deelee nw~
FmeceW Mejerj peue peelee nw~ efyepeueer kesâ
mes ueieer Deeie) ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Peškesâ kesâ oewjeve mveeÙeg mecyevOeer vemeW Fleveer
100mA mes Meg<keâ jsle keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie
DeefOekeâ efmekegâÌ[ peeleer nw efkeâ efoue keâe
DeefOekeâ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
OeÌ[keâvee yevo nes peelee nw~ heefjCeecemJe™he
ce=lÙeg efveefMÛele nw~

Electrician Capsule 6 YCT

Deeie yegPeeves keâe Ùev$e (Fire-Fighting Equipment)– mebkesâle mebkesâle mecyevOeer efveoxMe
(1) jsle mes Yejer Fmekeâe GheÙeesie
yeeefušÙeeB- efJeÅegle mes ueieer Fme mebkesâle kesâ Éeje hewoue Ûeueves kesâ efueS
yeeušer keâes ueeue Deeie keâes cevee (efveef<eæ) efkeâÙee peelee nw~
jbie mes heWš efkeâÙee yeg P eeves ceW
peelee nw efkeâÙee peelee
nw~
(2) keâeye&ve-[eF&- Fme Ùev$e keâe Fme mebkesâle kesâ Éeje OetÇceheeve Deewj vebies heäuesce
Dee@keämeeF[ (CO2) GheÙeesie keâes efveef<eæ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
šeFhe Deeie yegPeeves Class D keâer
kesâ Ùev$e (CO2 Deeie yegPeeves ceW
SkeämšeRiÙetMej) efkeâÙee peelee
nw~ Fme mebkesâle kesâ Éeje Deeie keâes heeveer mes
yegPeeves kesâ efueS cevee (efveef<eæ) efkeâÙee peelee
(3) heâesce šeFhe Fme Ùev$e keâe nw~
Deeie yegPeeves kesâ Ùev$e GheÙeesie
(heâesce Class B keâer
(b) DeefveJeeÙe& efÛeÖ (Mandatory signs)–
SkeämšeRiÙetMej) Deeie yegPeeves ceW Ùes efÛeÖ veerueer he=‰Yetefce hej mehesâo efÛeÖ Éeje Je=òe kesâ Deekeâej kesâ
efkeâÙee peelee yeves nesles nQ~ Fmekesâ GoenjCe efvecveefueefKele nQ–
nw~ mebkesâle mebkesâle mecyevOeer efveoxMe
(4) peueÙegòeâ Deeie Fme Ùev$e keâe efmej kesâ efueS mebj#eCe henveW
yegPeeves keâe Ùev$e GheÙeesie
(Jeešj efHeâu[ Class A keâer
SkeämšeRiÙetMej)- Deeie yegPeeves ceW
efkeâÙee peelee
megj#ee nevexme yesuš henves
nw~
(5) keâeye&ve šsš^e Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie
keäueesjeF[ (CTC) meYeer Øekeâej
šeFhe Deeie yegPeeves keâer Deefive keâes MJeeme kesâ efueS mebj#eCe henveW
keâe Ùev$e (meer.šer.meer. yegPeeves ceW
SkeämšeRiÙetMej DeLeJee efkeâÙee peelee
nwueesve DeefiveMeecekeâ) nw~ hejvleg
cegKÙele: Fmekeâe neLeeW kesâ efueS mebj#eCe henveW
ØeÙeesie efJeÅegle
mes ueieer Deeie
keâes yegPeeves ceW
efkeâÙee peelee
nw~ hewjeW kesâ efueS mebj#eCe henveW
veesš– mees[e Sefme[ SkeämšeRiÙetMej keâe ØeÙeesie keâeyeexvesefMeÙeme HeâeÙej
DeLee&le uekeâÌ[er, keâesÙeuee Ùee Jem$e Deeefo ceW ueieer Deeie keâes yegPeeves kesâ
efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ megveves kesâ efueS mebj#eCe henveW
megj#ee efÛeÖ (Safety Signs)–
megj#ee efÛeÖ nceW mecYeeefJele Kelejs kesâ yeejs ceW ÛesleeJeveer osles nQ Deewj
nceW GvnW efyeukegâue Yeer vepej Deboepe veneR keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
megj#ee mebkesâle efvecve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ– S[pemšsyeue iee[& keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW
(a) efveef<eæ efÛeÖ (Prohibition signs)–Je=òe kesâ Deekeâej kesâ Ùes
mebkesâle ueeue jbie kesâ yee[&j leLee ›eâeme yeej Deewj mehesâo yewkeâ-
«eeGC[ hej keâeueer Deeke=âefle Éeje yeveeÙes peeles nQ~
Electrician Capsule 7 YCT
(c) ÛesleeJeveer efÛeÖ (Warning signs)– ce=og keâewMeue keâer heeBÛe 5'S' DeefYeOeejCee nQ–
Ùes efÛeÖ ef$eYegpeekeâej heerueer he=‰Yetefce (Yellow background) hej (5'S' Concepts of Soft Skills)-
keâeues efÛe$e yeveekeâj ØeoefMe&le efkeâS peeles nQ~ ÛesleeJeveer efÛeÖ efvecve 5'S' DeefYeOeejCee Skeâ peeheeveer Meyo keâe meceekeâueve nw keâewMeue ØeefMe#eCe
leeefuekeâe ceW efoKeeÙes ieÙes nQ– kesâ Devleie&le 'S' De#ej mes ØeejcYe nesves Jeeues efvecveefueefKele Meyo nw–
›eâ.meb. mebkesâle mebkesâle mecyevOeer efveoxMe S.N. Japanese English Hindi
1. Seiri Sort Úšveer
1. Deeie mes peesefKece kesâ efueS
2. Seiton Set in order ›eâce efveOee&jCe
3. seiso Shine Ûecekeâevee
2. efyepeueer kesâ Peškesâ mes peesefKece kesâ 4. seiketsu Standardise ceevekeâerkeâjCe
efueS 5. shitsuke sustain keâeÙece jKevee
3. efJe<e mes Keleje kesâ efueS-

4. keâesjesefmeJe heoeLe& kesâ efueS

5. efJemheâesš mes peesefKece kesâ efueS

6. DeesJejnw[ mes Keleje kesâ efueS

Categories of PPES
›eâ.meb. Meer<e&keâ
7. meeceevÙe ÛesleeJeveer Kelejs mes peesefKece
PPE1 nwuecewš
kesâ efueS
PPE2 megj#ee petles
8. DeeÙeveeFefpebie jsef[ÙesMeve mes Keleje
PPE3 Õemeve megj#eelcekeâ GhekeâjCe
kesâ efueS
PPE4 yeepeg leLee neLe megj#ee
PPE5 Dee@Ke leLee Ûesnjs keâer megj#ee
9. uespej yeerce mes Keleje kesâ efueS PPE6 megj#eelcekeâ keâheÌ[s Deewj DeeJejCe
PPE7 keâeveeW keâer megj#ee
PPE8 megj#ee yesuš necex
(d) metÛeveelcekeâ mebkesâle (Informational Symbols)- ceevekeâ leLee ceeveJeerkeâjCe
(i) Ùes mebkesâle Jeiee&keâej nesles nQ, pees njs jbie keâer he=‰ Yetefce hej meHesâo (Standard and standardisation)–
jbie keâer Deeke=âefle DeLeJee meHesâo jbie keâer he=‰Yetefce hej ueeue jbie keâer YeejleerÙe JemlegDeeW keâes mLeeveerÙe Deewj Devleje&°^erÙe yeepeej ceW efJe›eâÙe
Deeke=âefle Éeje Øeoe|Mele efkeâS peeles nQ~ keâjves kesâ efueS kegâÚ efveef§ele ceeveJeerkeâjCe efJeefOeÙee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~
ceevekeâ hetCe& ™he (Full Form)
(Standard)
BIS YeejleerÙe ceevekeâ yÙetjes
Bureau of Indian Standards
ISO Devleje&°^erÙe ceevekeâ mebie"ve
International Organization for
Standardization
ASA Decesefjkeâve mšw[[& SmeesefmeÙesMeve
American standard Association

Electrician Capsule 8 YCT

 02
Trade Hand Tools (šs^[ nmle Deewpeej)
meeceevÙe nmle Deewpeej (ii) ›eâe@me heerve nLeewÌ[e Fvekeâe DeefOekeâlece ØeÙeesie pee@ye ceW
(Cross peen veeefueÙeeB yeveeves Je Meerš kesâ pee@ye keâes
(Common Hand Tools) hammer) ceesÌ[les meceÙe Gmekesâ Yeerlejer cees[Ì hej
keâeÙe&&Meeuee ceW efJeefYeVe Øekeâej kesâ efheâefšbie keâeÙeeX ceW efJeefYeVe Øekeâej kesâ Ûeesš ueieeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Deewpeej leLee GhekeâjCeeW keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee heÌ[leer nw~
kegâÚ meeceevÙe DeewpeejeW keâer peevekeâejer efvecveefueefKele nw–
Deewpeej efvecee&Ce ceW ØeÙegòeâ Oeeleg
hueeÙej keâeye&ve Ùee keâe@mš mšerue kesâ [^e HeâesefpeËie
(Plier)
nwcej {ueJeeB Fmheele (Cast steel) Ùee neF& keâeye&ve
(Hammer) mšerue (iii) mš^sš heerve nLeewÌ[e Fme nwcej keâe ØeÙeesie Oeeleg keâes heerškeâj
Úsveer (Chisel) neF& keâeye&ve mšerue
(Straight peen Hewâueeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
hammer)

nwkeämee yues[ neF& keâeye&ve mšerue

m›eâeFyej mšerue Ùee keâeye&ve mšerue
hebÛe keâ"esj mšerue
ef[JeeF[j ceeFu[ mšerue Ùee neF& keâeye&ve mšerue
(iv) [yeue hesâme nLeew[Ì e Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efjJesefšbie ceW yeÌ[s efjJesš
š^eF-mkeäJeeÙej mšerue (Double face kesâ keâhe štue kesâ Gâhej Ûeesš ceejves kesâ
jsefleÙeeB (Files) GÛÛe keâeye&ve mšerue (High carbon steel) hammer) efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
nLeewÌ[e (Hammer)–
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie heâesefpeËie, efÛeefhebie, efjJesefšbie, ceeefkeËâie, keâerue "eskeâves
SJeb efvekeâeueves Je šsÌ{s–cesÌ{s pee@ye keâes meerOee keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
peelee nw~
Jepeve kesâ DeeOeej hej nLeewÌ[s keâe JeieeakeâjCe–
veece GheÙeesie Deewj efÛe$e
1. nmle nLeewÌ[e 2. pebyetj nLeewÌ[e Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie DeefOekeâlece yeÌ{F& Éeje
(Hand hammer) (Claw hammer) uekeâÌ[er ceW mes keâerue efvekeâeueves ceW efkeâÙee
(i) yeeue heerve nLeewÌ[e Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie ceeefkeËâie keâjves, efÛeefhebie peelee nw~
(Ball peen hammer) keâjves, nukeâer Ûeesš ceejves leLee efJeMes<e
™he ceW efjJesefšbie keâjves ceW efkeâÙee peelee
nw~
Ball Peen

Wedge 3. ce=og nLeewÌ[e (Soft

hammer)
Handle
Neck Cheek (i) keâÛÛes ÛeceÌ[s keâe Fmekeâe GheÙeesie OeelegDeeW hej Ssmeer Ûeesš
nLeewÌ[e (Raw hide osves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw pees meleneW
Face b hammer) keâes keâce mes keâce neefve hengBÛeeSb~

Electrician Capsule 9 YCT

 (ii) cewuesš (Mallet) Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie Oeeleg Ûeeoj keâes meerOee
keâjves kesâ efueS neslee nw~ 5. Meefòeâ nLeewÌ[e
(Power hammer)
(i) Yeehe Ûeeefuele nLeew[Ì e Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Yeejer Je yeÌ[er pee@yees keâes
Heâespe& keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
peelee nw~
(iii) veeÙeuee@ve nLeewÌ[e Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie DeÛÚs štue ®ce, (ii) efJeÅegle nLeew[Ì e Ùen efJeÅegle ceesšj Éeje ÛeueeS peeles
(Nylon hammer) Sjesvee@efškeâ Mee@he Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
nw~
(iii) vÙetcewefškeâ nLeewÌ[e Ùen nLeewÌ[s DeefOekeâ cee$ee ceWs Glheeove
(mass production) kesâ efueS Yeer
ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeles nw~
(iv) hueeefmškeâ nLeewÌ[e nukeâer Ûeesš ceejves kesâ efueS Fve nLeewÌ[eW nwcej keâe meeFpe Fmekesâ Yeej, heerve Je hesâme mes ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee
(Plastic hammer) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ peelee nw~
nmle nwcej (Hand Hammer) 0.11 efkeâ«ee mes 0.91 efkeâ«ee.
nwQef[ue lekeâ kesâ yeveeS peeles nQ~
ueesns keâer
yee@[Ì er
hueeefmškeâ DeLeJee jyeÌ[ jsefleÙeeB (Files)
jsleer kesâ cegKÙe Yeeie (Main Parts of File)
(v) uew[ nLeew[
Ì e Fme nLeewÌ[s keâe GheÙeesie Demescyeueer ceW
(Lead hammer) Ûeesš ceejves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Fmekesâ Éeje DeefOekeâ Yeejer keâeÙe& veneR
efkeâS pee mekeâles nw~

jsefleÙeeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of Files)

i. heäuewš jsleer
(Flat File)
4. Ieve nLeewÌ[e Ùes nLeewÌ[s Yeejer keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie
(Sledge hammer) efkeâS peeles nw~ DeefOekeâlej ueewnkeâejer ii. nmle jsleer
Mee@he ceW Oeeleg keâes heeršves Ùee Heâespe& (Hand File)
keâjves pewmes keâeÙeeX ceW Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ iii. efceue jsleer
Yeejer Ûeesš ceejkeâj [eF& Éeje Heäuewš, (Mill File)
Sbefieue Deeefo keâes keâešves ceW Yeer Fmekeâe
GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 10 YCT

 iv. ef$eYegpeekeâej jsleer jwmhe keâš jWleer Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie uekeâÌ[er jyeÌ[ Ùee IeesÌ[s kesâ Kegj
(Triangular Deeefo keâes cegueeÙece keâjves leLee ÛeceÌ[e SJeb
File)
nece& Oeeleg Deeefo JemlegDeeW keâes jsleves kesâ efueS
efkeâÙee peelee nw~

v. Jeiee&keâej jsleer
(Square File)
Je=òeekeâej keâš Fme jWleer keâe ØeÙeesie cegueeÙece OeelegDeeW keâes jsleves
jWleer ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~

vi. ieesue jsleer

(Round File)

mheeFjue keâš Fve jsefleÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie Oeeleg keâes jsleves ceW efkeâÙee
vii. neheâ jeGC[
jWleer peelee nw~
jsleer (Half
Round File)

nwkeämee@ (Hacksaw)
viii. veeFheâ Spe
nwkeämee@ Skeâ Øekeâej keâe keâefšbie štue nw efpemekesâ Éeje ueesns kesâ ueªeW,
jsleer (Knife
huesš, heeFhe Ùee Meerš Deeefo keâes keâeše peelee nw~
Edge File)
i. efheâkeäm[ nwkeämee@
øesâce (Fixed
Hacksaw
oeBleeW keâer keâefšbie kesâ DeeOeej hej Frame)
(Based on the Cutting of Teeth)
ii. S[pemšsefyeue
jsefleÙeeB GheÙeesie Deewj efÛe$e
nwkeämee øesâce
efmebieue keâš jWleer Fve jsefleÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie Deewpeejesb keâer Oeej yeveeves
(Adjustable
leLee keâ"esj OeelegDeeW keâes jsleves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee Hacksaw
peelee nw Frame)–
iii. [erhe keâefšbie
nwkeämee@ øesâce
[yeue keâš jWleerr Fme jWleer keâe ØeÙeesie jHeâ keâeÙeex kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
(Deep
peelee nw
Cutting
Hacksaw
Frame)

Electrician Capsule 11 YCT

«es[ kesâ Devegmeej efvecve Øekeâej kesâ yues[ ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeles nQ–
jHeâ Ùee keâesme& efheÛe yues[ ceeref[Ùece efheÛe yues[ HeâeFve efheÛe yues[ osjer HeâeFve efheÛe yues[
Fme nwkeämee yues[ ceW 10 mm Fme yues[ ceW 10 mm Fme yues[ ceW 10 mm uecyeeF& ceW Fme yues[ ceW 10 mm uecyeeF& ceW
uecyeeF& ceW 8 oeBles keâešs peeles nw~ uecyeeF& ceW 10 oeBles keâšs 14 oeBles keâšs nesles nQ~ 18 oeBles keâšs nesles nw~
nesles nw~
Fmekesâ Éeje leeByee, ce=og Fmheele Fmekesâ Éeje keâe@mš DeeÙejve, Fmekesâ Éeje keâ"esj SuÙegceerefveÙece, Fmekesâ Éeje heeFhe, heerleue, keâ"esj
FlÙeeefo keâešs peeles nQ~ štue mšerue, neF& keâeye&ve heerleue, leeByee Deeefo keâešs peeles mšerue Deeefo keâešs peeles nQ~
mšerue, SuÙegceerefveÙece nQ~
FlÙeeefo keâešs peeles nw~
veesš–
nwkeämee yues[ kesâ oeBlees keâes ceesšer leLee yeejerkeâ efheÛe keâe yeveeÙee peelee nw, efpemes nwkeämeeB yues[ keâe «es[ keânles nQ~
Úsveerr (Chisel)- 2. "b[er Úsveerr (Cold Chisel)-

ÚwefveÙeeW keâe GheÙeesie OeelegDeeW keâes Úerueves SJeb keâešves ceW ÙeÅeefhe Fme Øekeâej keâer Úsveerr keâe ØeÙeesie ØelÙeskeâ Mee@he ceW neslee nw,
hejvleg Fmekeâe cegKÙe ØeÙeesie efheâefšbie Mee@he ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâeÙe& kesâ Devegmeej Ùes keâF& DeekeâejeW ceW ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nQ pees efkeâ
FvnW GÛÛe keâeye&ve mšerue (High Carbon Steel) mes
efvecveefueefKele nQ–
heâespe& keâjkesâ yeveeÙee peelee nw leLee Fmekeâer yee@[er (Body)
ÚsefveÙeeB GheÙeesie Deewj efÛe$e
kesâ DevegØemLe heefjÛÚso keâes Dee" henuet (Octagonal)
Heäuewš Ùen meyemes DeefOekeâ ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeueer Úsveer nw Fmekesâ
DeLeJee Ú: henuet (Hexagonal) ceW jKee peelee nw~
Úsveer Éeje Oeeleg keâes efÛeefhebie kesâ ™he ceW nšeÙee peelee nw~
Fvekesâ efmekegâÌ[ve Meer<e& (Srinking Head) keâes 400 mes
700 kesâ keâesCe hej jKee peelee nw~

Úsveerr kesâ Yeeie (Parts of Chisels)- ›eâe@me Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer keâeÙe&KeC[ ceW KeeBÛes keâešves kesâ
keâš Úsveer efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~

[eÙeceC[ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie V «eghe keâešves ceW leLee DeeÙeleekeâej «eghe

Oeej keâer Deeke=âefle kesâ Devegmeej Úsveerr keâe JeieeakeâjCe– pJeeFCš kesâ keâesves keâes Meehe& keâjves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
1. iece& Úsveerr (Hot Chisel)– Úsveer

Deæ&- Fme Úsveer keâe ØeÙeesie ‘nye’ Deeefo ceW keâer-Jes yeveeves Deewj
ieesueekeâej yeÇgMeeW ceW Dee@Ùeue «etJe yeveeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Úsveer

Ùen Úsveerr DeefOekeâlej efmceefLe Ùee heâesefpeËie Mee@he ceW ØeÙeesie ieT-cegKe Fme Úsveer keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer Yeer keâeÙe&KeC[ keâes heefjefOe
keâer peeleer nw~ Úsveer hej keâešves kesâ keâece Deeleer nw~
Fmemes iece& Oeeleg keâes keâešles nQ~
Fmekesâ yeerÛe ceW nLeewÌ[s keâer lejn Skeâ Úso yevee neslee nw,
efpemeceW nlLee ueiee neslee nw~
Electrician Capsule 12 YCT
 KeesKeueer Fme Úsveer keâe ØeÙeesie ieesue efÚõ keâjves Je cegueeÙece JeeFme kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Vice)–
Úsveer OeelegDeeW, ÛeceÌ[e, jyeÌ[Meerš Deeefo keâešves kesâ efueS yeQÛe JeeFme
(Bench
ØeÙeesie ceWs efueÙee peelee nw~
Vice)

Dee@Heâmesš Fme Úsveer keâe ØeÙeesie efÛeefhebie Je muee@š ceW efÛehme keâes
Úsveer meeHeâ keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ yeQÛe JeeFme DeLeJee meceeblej peyeÌ[e JeeFme
keâer yee@[er {ueJeeB ueesns (Cast Iron) keâer
yeveer nesleer nw~
Fmekesâ efmheb[ue hej Deeceleewj hej Jeiee&keâej
Jesye Úsveer Fme Úsveer keâe ØeÙeesie ef[^ue Éeje efÚõ yeveeves kesâ he§eele, ÛetefÌ[ÙeeB keâšer nesleer nQ~
Fve pee@ huesš hej oeBles keâšs nesles nQ leeefkeâ
Gvekesâ yeerÛe keâer Oeeleg keâes nševes kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee Ùes pee@ye keâes cepeyetleer mes hekeâÌ[ mekeWâ~
nQ~ heeFhe JeeFme
(Pipe Vice)

Úsveerr kesâ keâle&ve keâesCe

(Cutting Angles of Chisels) ieesue ÛeerpeeW keâes cepeyetleer kesâ meeLe hekeâÌ[ves
kesâ efueS Fvekesâ peyeÌ[eW (Jaws) ceW 'V'
Oeeleg kesâ Devegmeej Úsveerr keâe keâefšbie «etJe nesles nQ~
Sbieue efpemekeâes keâešvee nw 'V' keâe keâesCe cegKÙele: 90o keâe neslee nw~
›eâ. Úsveerr kesâ Øekeâej mšerue keâemš keâe@hej efpebkeâ ceMeerve JeeFme
meb. Dee@Ùejve Je Deewj (Machine
yeÇeme SuÙegefce- Vice)
efveÙece

1. Ûehešer (Flat) 70o 60o 45o 35o

ceMeerve hej keâeÙe& keâjles meceÙe pee@ye keâes
2. ›eâe@me keâš (Cross cut) 70o 60o 45o 35o DeÛÚer lejn mes hekeâÌ[ves kesâ efueS efpeme
3. [eÙeceb[ heeFbš 60o 60o 60o 60o JeeFme keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ Gmes ceMeerve
(Diamond point) JeeFme keânles nQ~
4. DeOe& ieesue (Half 45o 45o 45o 45o uewie JeeFme
Round) (Leg Vice)

JeeFme (Vice)–
pee@ye keâes yeveeles meceÙe Gmes mener efmLeefle ceW cepeyetleer mes hekeâÌ[ves kesâ
efueS efpeme meeOeve keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw Gmes yeebkeâ Ùee JeeFme
keânles nQ~
JeeFme mes heâeFefuebie, ceMeerefvebie, m›ewâefhebie, ef[^efuebie Je jerefcebie Deeefo
mebef›eâÙeeSB keâer peeleer nQ~

Electrician Capsule 13 YCT

 Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie Yeejer keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS efkeâÙee yeQÛe JeeFme kesâ YeeieeW kesâ veece Je Fvekesâ OeelegDeeW kesâ veece (Parts
peelee nw~ of Bench Vice and its Materials) :
Ùen JeeFme yuewkeâ–efmceefLe SJeb yee@Ùeuej Yeeie (Parts) heoeLe& (Materials)
Mee@he ceW DeefOekeâ ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~ nQ[ue, JeeMej, veš–yeesuš Deewj hesve ceeFu[ mšerue
nmle JeeFme efheâkeäme pee@, cegJesyeue pee@, DeeOeej {ueJee@ ueesne
(Hand Vice) oesveeW pee@ huesšdme neF& keâeye&ve mšerue
ieeF[ veš (yee@keäme veš) ieve cewšue Ùee heerleue
efmØebie mšerue
efmheb[ue ceeFu[ mšerue
hueeÙeme& (Pliers) –
Ùen JeeFme neLe mes hekeâÌ[keâj ØeÙeesie ceW
ueeF& peeleer nw~
Fmekesâ peyeÌ[eW keâes Keesueves Ùee yebo keâjves
kesâ efueS Skeâ efJebie veš (Wing Nut)
ØeÙeesie ceW ueeÙee peelee nw~
efheve JeeFme
(Pin Vice)
hueeÙeme& GheÙeesie Deewj efÛe$e
Fme JeeFme keâes yengle Úesšs keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS
pewmes– heleueer ÚÌ[, leej Ùee IeefÌ[ÙeeW kesâ efJekeâCe& Fvekeâe GheÙeesie keâce JÙeeme Jeeues leejeW SJeb kesâefyeueeW keâes
hegpex Deeefo keâes hekeâÌ[ves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâšj keâešves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw, peesefkeâ šefce&veue kesâ
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ hueeÙej heeme nesles nQ~
vÙetcewefškeâ Ùen Skeâ efJeMes<e Øekeâej keâer JeeFme nw~
JeeFme Fme JeeFme ceW efmheb[ue keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee
(Pneumatic veneR nesleer nw~ Heäuewš Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie leejeW Je Oeeleg kesâ Úesšs šgkeâÌ[eW keâes yeveeves
Vice) Fme JeeFme Éeje keâeÙe&KeC[eW keâes hekeâÌ[ves
veespe leLee GvnW Deeke=âefle Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee
kesâ efueS JeeÙeg oeye keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee
hueeÙej nw~
peelee nw~
Fme JeeFme kesâ peyeÌ[eW keâes Keesueves Je yevo
keâjves kesâ efueS Jee@uJe ueies nesles nQ~
neF[^e@efuekeâ Ùen Yeer Skeâ DeeOegefvekeâ JeeFme nw~
JeeFme Fme JeeFme kesâ peyeÌ[eW keâes Keesueves Je yevo
(Hydraulic keâjves kesâ efueS neF[^e@efuekeâ oeye keâe jeGC[ Fmekeâe DeefOekeâlej ØeÙeesie leejeW ceW uetheeW kesâ Deekeâej yeveeves
Vice) GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ veespe Deewj nukeâer cesšue efmš^heeW ceW ieesueeF& yeveeves kesâ efueS
Fme oeye keâes JeeuJeeW Éeje efveÙebef$ele efkeâÙee hueeÙej efkeâÙee peelee nw~
peelee nw~
'C' keäuewche
JeeFme ('C'
Clamp vice)

Debeflece Fve hueeÙejeW keâe ØeÙeesie keâce JÙeeme Ùegòeâ leej, efheve
Fmekeâer yeveeJeš 'C' kesâ Deekeâej keâer nesleer keâefšbie keâerefueÙeeW keâes keâešves SJeb keâerueeW keâes uekeâÌ[er ceW mes
nw, FmeefueS Fmes 'C' keäuewche keânles nQ~ hueeÙej efvekeâeueves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie ieesueekeâej šshej Ùee šsÌ{s–
cesÌ{s keâeÙe&KeC[eW keâes hekeâÌ[ves kesâ efueS
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 14 YCT
 ueebie Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie efJeMes<e ™he mes Úesšs YeeieeW keâes meerefcele Fmekeâe GheÙeesie ‘hesâpe’ keâer GheefmLeefle leLee
veespe heefj#es$e ceW hekeâÌ[ves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ henÛeeve kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
hueeÙej Ùen 500 Jeesušdme lekeâ keâeÙe& keâjves kesâ efueS
yeveeÙee peelee nw ~
Fueskeäš^eer fMeÙeve
veeFheâ
Fvmeguesšs[
keâe@cyeerves Fmekeâer Ûehešer pekeâÌ[ keâe ØeÙeesie leejeW Je kesâefyeue kesâ (Electrician Ùen Fvmeguesšs[ Ûeeketâ, leejeW hej mes
Meve efJeefYeVe YeeieeW keâes pekeâÌ[ves, hekeâÌ[ves SJeb SW"ves kesâ efueS Knife FvmeguesMeve nševes kesâ keâece ceW Deelee nw~
hueeÙej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Insulated)
šsmš uewche
(Test Lamp)

heWÛekeâme hejer#eCe keâjves Jeeues uewche keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer

(Screw S.meer. heefjheLe ceW Mee@š& meefke&âš keâer peebÛe
Driver) kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
FmeceW Skeâ nesu[j neslee nw, efpemeceW oes
Fvmeguesšs[ leej ueies nesles nQ leLee nesu[j
ceW Skeâ 60 Jeeš keâe yeuye ueiee neslee nw~
hesÛekeâmeeW keâe GheÙeesie efJeefYeVe Øekeâej kesâ
heWÛeeW keâes keâmeves leLee Keesueves kesâ efueS m›eâeFyej
(Scriber)
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
heeskeâj
(Pocker) efJeÅegeflekeâer ceW cegKÙele: huesve SJeb [yeue
Fmes ‘megcyeer’ Ùee ‘yeÇe[ue’ Yeer keânles nQ~ SC[s[ m›eâeFyej keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
nQ~
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie uekeâÌ[er keâer efheâefšbime ceW heWÛe
Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie keâle&ve keâeÙe& mes hetJe& leueeW hej
keâmeves mes hetJe&, heWÛe kesâ efueS Úesše KeeBÛee
ceeefkeËâie keâer peeleer nw efpeve mLeeveeW hej
yeveeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ hesefvmeue keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee
je@ue hueie štue nw, Gve mLeeveeW hej m›eâeFyej keâe ØeÙeesie
(Roll Plug efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Tool) hebÛe (Punch)
Ùen helLej keâer oerJeej ceW Úso keâjves kesâ
keâece Deelee nw~ JeeÙeefjbie keâjles meceÙe
Fmekesâ Éeje oerJeej ceW Úso keâjkesâ
heer.Jeer.meer. keâer mueerJe ueieekeâj heWÛe keâmes
peeles nQ~ Fmekesâ nesu[j ceeFu[ mšerue Je
efyeš keâeye&ve mšerue keâe yevee neslee nw~
hesâpe šsmšj
(Phase
Tester) Ùen keâ"esj mšerue Éeje efveefce&le neslee nw
Fmekesâ nwefC[ue ceW Skeâ keâeye&ve jefpemšj leLee Fmekeâe efšhe mebkeâje neslee nw~
leLee Skeâ efveÙee@ve uewche, MeQkeâ Deewj Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efÚõ keâjves mes hetJe& efÛevn
yeveeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ mesvšj
nwefC[ue kesâ Thej OeeeflJekeâ kewâhe kesâ yeerÛe
hebÛe SJeb efØekeâ hebÛe keâe GheÙeesie efJeÅegle
mebÙeesefpele jnlee nw~
mecyevOeer keâeÙeeX ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 15 YCT
 ef[JeeF[j Fmekesâ Éeje Yeer meghej Fvesceue leejeW Ùee
(Divider) kesâefyeume keâe JÙeeme %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Fmekesâ ÛeejeW Deesj heefjefOe hej keâefšbie nesleer
nw, efpeve hej vecyej efueKes nesles nQ, pewmee
Ùen keâcheeme kesâ meceeve oes šeBieeW Jeeuee efkeâ efÛe$e ceW oMee&Ùee ieÙee nw~ GveceW leej
ceeefkeËâie Deewpeej nw~ keâes [euekeâj Gmekeâer iespe %eele keâj uesles
nQ~ efpeme muee@š ceW leej "erkeâ mes efheâš nes
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie mšerue ™ue mes ceehe uesves kesâ
peelee nw Jener Gmekeâe iespe vecyej neslee nw~
efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efÛeefvnle keâjles meceÙe
otjer keâe efJeYeepeve keâjves kesâ efueS Yeer Oeeleg keâer ÛeeojeW keâer ceesšeF& Yeer Fmekeâs
Éeje %eele keâer pee mekeâleer nw~
ef[JeeF[j keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ceeheve šshe
š^eF&-mkeäJeeÙej
(Measuring
(Try Square)
Tape)

FmeceW 15, 20, 30 mesceer uecyeeF& Jeeuee

mšerue yues[ neslee nw, Fmes ‘iegefveÙee’ Yeer ceeheve šshe kesâ Éeje efkeâmeer Yeer pee@ye
keânles nQ~ DeLeJee Jemleg keâer DeefOekeâlece uecyeeF& ceW
Fmekeâe GheÙeesie JewÅegle JeeÙeefjbie Deeefo ceW ceehee pee mekeâlee nw~ Ùen efJeefYeVe uecyeeF&
mecekeâesCe keâer hejKe keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee ceW GheueyOe nw~
peelee nw~ meeceevÙele: efJeÅegle cewkesâefvekeâ 150 mesceer
uecyeer ceeheve šshe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
mšerue ™ue
(Steel Rule)
ceeF›eâesceeršj (Micrometer)–
Fmekeâer uecyeeF& ØeeÙe: 15, 30 Ùee 40
mesceer nesleer nw~
Fmekesâ Éeje keâce-mes-keâce ceeheer pee mekeâves
Jeeueer uecyeeF& (Deuheleceebkeâ) 0.5 efceceer
DeLee&led 1/32 FbÛe nesleer nw~
Fmekeâe GheÙeesie leejeW, DeewpeejeW, pee@yme,
ceeF›eâesceeršj Éeje leejeW keâe JÙeeme %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Jeesušme SJeb meefke&âš yees[& ceW ØeÙegòeâ
Fmekesâ Éeje 1 efceceer. kesâ 100JeW Yeeie lekeâ ceehe ueer pee
DeJeÙeJeeW Deeefo keâer uecyeeF& ceeheves kesâ
mekeâleer nw~
efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
leej keâer ceehe kesâ efueS efpeme leej keâe JÙeeme uesvee nw,
JeeÙej iespe
Gmes efmheC[ue leLee mehexâme kesâ yeerÛe jKekeâj efLecyeue keâes
(Wire
Iegceeles nQ, efpeme ceehe hej leej mener Øekeâej efheâš nes peelee nw
Gauge)
Jen ceehe ceeF›eâesceeršj kesâ mkesâue hej heÌ{ uesles nQ~
ceeF›eâesceeršj kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Micrometer) –
FvemeeF[ Jeefve&Ùej nyeceeF›eâes ef[efpešue
ceeF›eâesceeršj ceeF›eâesceeršj ceeršj ceeF›eâes ceeršj
yeesj ceeheves nsleg Fmekeâe cenerve leejeW Je ceehe keâes Debkeâes
Deuheleceebkeâ meeršeW keâer ceW oMee&ves Jeeuee
0.001 mm ceesšeF& ceeheve Ùev$e
1
SWG ∝ neslee nw nsleg
thickness of wire

Electrician Capsule 16 YCT

 03
Basic Electricity
(ceewefuekeâ efJeÅegleerÙe)
heoeLe& (Material)- Jen ØelÙeskeâ Jemleg efpemekeâe keâesF& efveef§ele Yeej veeefYekeâ (Nucleus)–efkeâmeer hejceeCeg keâe veeefYekeâ, Øeesše@ve SJeb vÙetš^e@ve
neslee nw leLee pees mLeeve Iesjlee nw, heoeLe& keânueelee nw~ pewmes- "esme, õJe, mes efceuekeâj yevee neslee nw~
iewme (hueepcee heoeLe& keâer ÛeewLeer DeJemLee nw~)
DeCeg (Molecule) - Ùen heoeLe& keâe Jen Úesšs mes Úesše Yeeie neslee
nw, efpemeceW heoeLe& kesâ meYeer iegCe efJeÅeceeve jnles nw DeCeg keânueelee nw~
• DeCeg Øeke=âefle ceW mJeleb$e DeJemLee ceW efJeÅeceeve jn mekeâlee nw~
hejceeCeg (Atom)- efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâe Jen Úesšs mes Úesše keâCe pees
jemeeÙeefvekeâ DeefYeef›eâÙeeDeeW ceW Yeeie ues mekesâ DeLeJee jemeeÙeefvekeâ
DeefYeef›eâÙeeDeeW kesâ Éeje he=Lekeâ efkeâÙee pee mekesâ, hejceeCeg keânueelee nw~
• hejceeCeg, Øeke=âefle ceW mJeleb$e DeJemLee ceW efJeÅeceeve vener jn mekeâlee nw~
hejceeCeg keâCe kesâ iegCe (Property of Atomic Particle)
›eâce. meb. hejceeCeg keâCe Keespekeâlee& meved F&.ceW. õJÙeceeve (kg) õJÙeceeve (amu) DeeJesMe
1. Fueskeäš^e@ve pes.pes. Leecemeve 1897 9.109×10 –31
0.0005486 –1.6×10–19 C
2. Øeesše@ve ieesu[mšerve 1920 1.6726×10–27 1.007276 +1.6×10–19 C
3. vÙetš^e@ve pescme Ûew[efJekeâ 1932 1.6749×10–27 1.008665 0
4. heepeerš^e@ve keâeue& [er. Sb[jmeve 1932 9.109×10–31 0.0005486 +1e
5. vÙetš^erveeW hee@Gueer 1930 ueieYeie 0 0 0
6. cesmeeve [e@. nesceer peneBieerj YeeYee 1947 2.24×10–25 134.851 +1e, 0e, –1e
Øeesše@ve keâes meJe&ØeLece ieesu[mšerve (1886) Éeje H+ ion kesâ ™he ceW osKee ieÙee Lee hejvleg Devexmš jojheâes[& kesâ Éeje Fmekeâe veecekeâjCe
efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee~
1
1 Atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.661×10−27 kg = gram
Avogadro No.
or 1 kg = 6.022 ×1026 amu
Avogadro No. = 6.022 × 1023 / mol
efJeÅegle(Electricity):- Fueskeäš^e@ve Ùee DeeJesMe keâe Skeâ mLeeve mes cenlJehetCe& JewÅegeflekeâ heo (Important Electrical Terms)-
otmejs mLeeve lekeâ ØeJeen ner efJeÅegle (electricity) keânueelee nw~ efJeÅegle Oeeje Fueskeäš^e@ve Ùee DeeJesMe keâs ØeJeen nessves keâer oj
efJeÅegle Øekeâej (types of electricity)- (Electric efJeÅegle Oeeje keânueeleer nw~
Current)
efmLej efJeÅegle ieefleMeerue efJeÅegle Q
I= A
t
(Static electricity) (Dynamic electricity)
efpeme efJeÅegle ceW Fueskeäš^e@ve efpeme efJeÅegle ceW Fueskeäš^e@ve ieefleceeve • efJeÅegle Oeeje keâer Ûeeue, ØekeâeMe keâer Ûeeue kesâ
leguÙe DeLee&le 3×108 ceer/mes nesleer nw~
efJejece DeJemLee ceW jnles nw DeJemLee ceW jnlee nw~ ieefleMeerue • efJeÅegle Oeeje keâe ØeJeen Oeve efoMee mes $e+Ce
efmLej efJeÅegle keânueeles nw~ efJeÅegle keânueelee nw~ efoMee keâer Deesj (DeLee&le Fueskeäš^e@ve ØeJeen kesâ
Fmes efJeÅegle DeeJesMe keânles nQ~ Fmes efJeÅegle Oeeje keânles nQ~ efJehejerle) neslee nw~
Fme efJeÅegle keâes efkeâmeer Skeâ Fme efJeÅegle keâes efkeâmeer Skeâ mLeeve efJe.Jee. yeue efkeâmeer efJeÅegle Œeesle (pewmes- yewšjer) Éeje Øeefle
(Electro Ùetefveš efJeÅegle DeeJesMe ceW oer ieF& Tpee& keâer
mLeeve mes otmejs mLeeve hej veneR mes otmejs mLeeve hej kesâyeueeW, leejeW motive force) cee$ee, efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue keânueelee nw~
henBgÛeeÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Éeje henBgÛeeÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ efJeYeJe ‘‘FkeâeF& DeeJesMe keâes Devevle (Infinity) mes
GoenjCe- jieÌ[ Éeje GoenjCe- leehe efJeÅegle, ØekeâeMe (Potential) efkeâmeer efyevog lekeâ ueeves ceW efkeâÙee ieÙee keâeÙe&
Glheeefole Ie<e&Ce efJeÅegle~ efJeÅegle, oeye efJeÅegle Deeefo~ Gme efyevog keâe efJeYeJe keânueelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 17 YCT

 W keâeye&ve ØeeflejesOekeâeW keâer heeJej Fmekeâer hee@Jej jsefšbie 200W lekeâ
V=
Q jsefšbie nesleer nw~
efJeYeJeevlej peye efkeâmeer Ûeeuekeâ (Ùee ØeeflejesOekeâ) ceW mes 1 1 1
W, W, W, 1W leLee
(Potential efJeÅegle Oeeje ØeJeeefnle nesleer nw, lees Gmekesâ efmejeW 8 4 2
Difference kesâ efJeYeJeeW ceW kegâÚ Devlej GlheVe nes peelee nw, 2W nesleer nw~
efpemes efJeYeJeevlej keânles nQ~ keâeye&ve ØeeflejesOekeâ meowJe JeeÙej JeeGC[ ØeeflejesOekeâeW keâer
JewÅegeflekeâ keâeÙe& W = VIt petue šeuejWme kesâ meeLe GheueyOe šeuejsvme keâeye&ve ØeeflejesOekeâeW mes keâce
JewÅegeflekeâ Meefòeâ W nesles nw~ ueieYeie ± 1% nesleer nw~
P= = VI
t petue/mes. Ùee keâeye&ve ØeeflejesOekeâ keâe leehe JeeÙej JeeGC[ ØeeflejesOekeâeW keâe leehe
V2
= = I2 R iegCeebkeâ keâe ceeve ueieYeie ± iegCeebkeâ keâeye&ve ØeeflejesOekeâeW mes keâce
R
0.12% /°C neslee nw~ neslee nw~
Jee@š
1 ne@me& heeJej = 746 Jeeš heoeLeeX kesâ ØeeflejesOe hej leehe keâe ØeYeeJe–
Tpee& Tpee& (E) = Meefòeâ (P) × meceÙe (t) Jeeš- Ûeeuekeâ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ kegâÛeeuekeâ
(Energy) IeCše Ûeeuekeâ heoeLeeX keâe Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ heoeLeeX keâe kegâÛeeuekeâ heoeLeeX keâe
ØeeflejesOe, leeheceeve ØeeflejesOe, leeheceeve ØeeflejesOe leeheceeve
ØeeflejesOe efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâe Jen iegCe efpemekesâ keâejCe Jen yeÌ{eves mes yeÌ{lee nw yeÌ{eves mes Iešlee nw yeÌ{eves mes Iešlee nw
(Resistance) mJeÙeb ceW mes ØeJeeefnle nesves Jeeueer efJeÅegle Oeeje keâe Deewj leeheceeve Deewj leeheceeve Ieševes Deewj leeheceeve Ieševes
efJejesOe keâjlee nw, ØeeflejesOe keânueelee nw~ Ieševes mes Iešlee nw~ mes yeÌ{lee nw~ mes yeÌ{lee nw~
ØeeflejesOe kesâ efkeâmeer Ûeeuekeâ Ùee ØeeflejesOekeâ keâe ØeeflejesOe, efvecve Fmekeâe ØeeflejesOe leehe Fmekeâe ØeeflejesOe leehe Fmekeâe ØeeflejesOe leehe
efveÙece keâejkeâeW hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~ iegCeebkeâ Oeveelcekeâ iegCeebkeâ $e+Ceelcekeâ iegCeebkeâ $e+Ceelcekeâ
(Law of
Resistance) R ∝ℓ∝
1 neslee nw~ neslee nw~ neslee nw~
A ØeeflejesOe leehe iegCeebkeâ-
ℓ efkeâmeer Ûeeuekeâ Ùee heoeLe& keâe leeheceeve 0°C mes t°C lekeâ yeÌ{eves hej
R =ρ
a Gvekesâ Øeefle FkeâeF& ØeeflejesOe ceW pees Je=efæ nesleer nw Gmes heoeLe& keâe 0°C
ØeeflejesOekeâlee ØeeflejesOekeâlee Ùee efJeefMe° ØeeflejesOe, heoeLe& keâer hej ØeeflejesOe leehe iegCeebkeâ keânles nQ~
Ùee efJeefMe° Øeke=âefle hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw DeLee&led efYeVe-efYeVe R t = R o (1 + αt)
ØeeflejesOe heoeLe& kesâ efueS ØeeflejesOekeâlee Ùee efJeefMe° ØeeflejesOe
(Specific keâe ceeve efYeVe-efYeVe neslee nw~ α0 =
Rt − Ro
Resistance) Ra Rot
ρ= Deesce-ceeršj
ℓ ØecegKe heoeLeex kesâ leehe iegCeebkeâ–
heoeLe& (Material) α (per degree Celsius)
Ûeeuekeâlee efkeâmeer heefjheLe Ùee heoeLe& keâe Jen iegCe pees heefjheLe efveefkeâue 0.0059
(Conductance) Ùee heoeLe& ceW efJeÅegle Oeeje kesâ ØeJeen kesâ efueS ueesne 0.0057
meneÙekeâ neslee nw, Ûeeuekeâlee keânueelee nw~ SuÙegefceefveÙece 0.0043
G=
1
cnes or meerceWme leeB y ee 0.0042
R ÛeeBoer 0.0038
efJeefMe° efkeâmeer heoeLe& keâe efJeefMe° ÛeeuekeâlJe Gme heoeLe& huesefšvece 0.0037
ÛeeuekeâlJe kesâ efJeefMe° ØeeflejesOe keâe efJeueesce neslee nw~ meesvee 0.0037
(Specific efJeefMe° ÛeeuekeâlJe (σ)
Conductance) ef p eb k eâ 0.0038
1
= meercesvme/ceer. Deesce keâe efveÙece (Ohm's Law)-
efJeefMe° ØeeflejesOe (ρ)
Deesce kesâ efveÙeceevegmeej Ùeefo efkeâmeer Ûeeuekeâ keâer Yeeweflekeâ DeJemLee (leehe,
keâeye&ve ØeeflejesOekeâ leLee JeeÙej JeeGC[ ØeeflejesOekeâ ceW Devlej–
keâeye&ve ØeeflejesOekeâ JeeÙej JeeGC[ ØeeflejesOekeâ oeye, DeeÙeleve Deeefo) DeheefjJeefle&le jns lees ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ efmejeW hej ueies
(Carbon Resistor) (Wire Wound Resistor)
efJeYeJeevlej (V) leLee GmeceW yenves Jeeueer Oeeje (I) keâe Devegheele meowJe
keâeye&ve DeLeJee «esheâeFš kesâ JeeÙej JeeGC[ ØeeflejesOekeâeW keâes ef mLej neslee nw~
cenerve ÛetCe& keâes efkeâmeer KeesKeues heesme&ueerve keâesj (Hollow V
= efmLejebkeâ
GheÙegòeâ DeÛeeuekeâ Je yevOekeâ porcelain core) Ùee efmejsefcekeâ I
heoeLe& kesâ meeLe efceueekeâj keâesj hej ØeeflejesOeer leej hej (pewmes-
keâeye&ve ØeeflejesOekeâ yeveeS peeles veeF›eâesce, keâevmešsvešve, cewieefveve V
=R
nQ~ FlÙeeefo) uehesškeâj yeveeÙee peelee nw~ I

Electrician Capsule 18 YCT

ØeeflejesOekeâeW keâe mebÙeespeve (Combination of Resistors)– efkeâjÛee@heâ keâe efveÙece (Kirchhoff's Law)-
ßesCeer mebÙeespeve meceevlej mebÙeespeve efkeâjÛee@heâ keâe Oeeje efveÙece efkeâjÛee@heâ keâe Jeesušlee
efveÙece

Fme efveÙece kesâ Devegmeej-JewÅegle Fme efveÙece kesâ Devegmeej, efkeâmeer

R eq = R 1 + R 2 + .......R n
heefjheLe kesâ efkeâmeer vees[ hej efceueves yevo JewÅegle heefjheLe ceW meYeer
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ........ Jeeueer meYeer OeejeDeeW keâe ØeÙegòeâ efJe.Jee.yeueeW (emf) leLee
R eq R1 R 2 R 3 Rn
yeerpeieefCeleerÙe Ùeesie MetvÙe neslee nw~ DeJeÙeJeeW kesâ S›eâe@me Jeesušleeheele
− I1 + I 2 + I3 + I 4 − I5 = 0 (Voltage drop) keâe
ßesCeer mebÙeespeve ceW Oeeje keâe meceevlej mebÙeespeve ceW Jeesušspe keâe ceeve yeerpeieefCeleerÙe Ùeesie MetvÙe neslee nw~
I 2 + I 3 + I 4 = I1 + I5
ceeve meceeve neslee nw~ meceeve neslee nw~ ∑ ( EMFs + IR ) = 0
ßesCeer mebÙeespeve ceW meceleguÙe meceevlej mebÙeespeve ceW meceleguÙe ØeeflejesOe Ùen DeeJesMe mebj#eCe kesâ efmeæeble Ùen Tpee& mebj#eCe kesâ efmeæeble
ØeeflejesOe keâe ceeve pees meyemes keâe ceeve, Gve meYeer ØeeflejesOeeW ceW mes hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
yeÌ[e ØeeflejesOe neslee nw, Gmemes meyemes Úesšs ØeeflejesOe kesâ ceeve mes Yeer
Yeer DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ keâce neslee nw~ meef›eâÙe DeJeÙeJe efveef<›eâÙe DeJeÙeJe
R eq = nR • Ùeefo R meceeve #ecelee kesâ n ØeeflejesOe (Active Element) (Passive Element)
meceevlej ceW pegÌ[s nes lees Gvekeâe meceleguÙe heefjheLe kesâ Jes meYeer DeJeÙeJe, pees heefjheLe ceW ØeÙegòeâ Jes meYeer
ØeeflejesOe Tpee& Øeoeve keâjles nQ, meef›eâÙe DeJeÙeJe, pees Tpee& «enCe keâjles
DeJeÙeJe keânueeles nQ~ nQ, efveef<›eâÙe DeJeÙeJe keânueeles
R eq =
R pewmes- Jeesušlee œeesle, Oeeje œeesle, nQ~
n mesue, yewšjer, pevejsšj, pewmes- ØeeflejesOekeâ, Øesjkeâ,
ØeeflejesOekeâeW keâer keâuej keâesef[bie š^e@efpemšj, DeehejsMeveue mebOeeefj$e, yeuye, š^ebmeheâece&j
(Colour Coding of Resistors)– SchueerheâeÙej Deeefo~ Deeefo~
Deeefßele Œeesle (Dependent Sources)–
Jeesušspe efveÙebef$ele Jeesušspe œeesle (VCVS)

Jeesušspe efveÙebef$ele Oeeje œeesle (VCCS)

R = ab ×10c ± tolerance
keâuej ef[efpeš ceušerhueeÙej šeuejsvme
Black 0 10°(1)
Brown 1 101 ±1
Red 2 102 ±2 Oeeje efveÙebef$ele Jeesušspe œeesle (CCVS)
Orange 3 103 ± 0.05%
Yellow 4 104 ± 0.02%
Green 5 105 ± 0.5%
Blue 6 106 ± 0.25%
Violet 7 107 ± 0.1% Oeeje efveÙebef$ele Oeeje œeesle (CCCS)
Grey 8 108 ± 0.05%
White 9 109
Gold ± 5%
Silver ± 10%
None ± 20%

Electrician Capsule 19 YCT

 04
Electric Material and Cables
(JewÅegeflekeâ heoeLe& SJeb kesâefyeume)
JewÅegeflekeâ heoeLeex kesâ Øekeâej (Type of Electric matrial) –
JewÅegeflekeâ heoeLeex keâes leerve YeeieeW ceW efJeYeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw– 1. Ûeeuekeâ 2. DeÛeeuekeâ 3. Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ
Ûeeuekeâ (Conductor)– ‘‘cegòeâ Fueskeäš^e@vme keâer yenguelee Jeeues heoeLe& Ûeeuekeâ keânueeles nw~
ÛeeuekeâeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe– ÛeeuekeâeW keâes leerve Jeieex ceW Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
"esme Ûeeuekeâ õJeerÙe Ûeeuekeâ iewmeerÙe Ûeeuekeâ
"esme Ûeeuekeâ efveef§ele Deeke=âefle Jes Ûeeuekeâ pees Deekeâej ceW efmLej vener keâesF& Yeer iewme DeeoMe& iewme Ûeeuekeâ vener nesleer nw~ efkeâmeer iewme keâes
SJeb Deekeâej jKeles nw– pewmes- nesles leLee efpeveceW yenves (flow) keâe Ûeeuekeâ yeveeves kesâ efueS GmeceW kegâÚ cee$ee ceW ueJeCe efceueeÙee peelee nw~
meesvee, keâe@hej, ÛeeBoer, ueesne iegCe efJeÅeceeve neslee nw, õJeerÙe efpememes Jen DeeÙeveerke=âle neskeâj Skeâ DeÛÚs iewmeerÙe Ûeeuekeâ keâer YeeBefle
Deeefo "esme Ûeeuekeâ nw~ Ûeeuekeâ keânueeles nw, pewmes– peue JÙeJenej keâjW~ pewmes- nerefueÙece, Deeie&ve, efveÙee@ve, iewmeerÙe Ûeeuekeâ nw~
(H2O), efmeuJej veeFš^sš Deeefo~
DeÛÚs Ûeeuekeâ kesâ iegCeOece& (Properties of good conductor)–
1. Ûeeuekeâ memlee leLee mejuelee mes GheueyOe nesvee ÛeeefnS 2. Ûeeuekeâ levÙe (ductile) nesvee ÛeeefnS~
3. Ûeeuekeâ DeIeeleJeOÙe&(malleable) nesvee ÛeeefnS~ 4. Ûeeuekeâ JeeleeJejCe kesâ ØeYeeJeeW mes DeØeYeeefJele jns~
5. Ûeeuekeâ heoeLe& keâer Ûeeuekeâlee DeefOekeâ Je ØeeflejesOekeâlee keâce nesveer ÛeeefnS
ØecegKe Ûeeuekeâ–
S.No. Ûeeuekeâ keâe jbie Ùee efceßeCe ØeeflejesOekeâlee Ûeeuekeâlee (200C)hej ieueveebkeâ0C leehe-iegCeebkeâ (200C)
veece (Deesce-ceeršj ceW hej Øeefle 0C
ceW)20 C hej
0

1. ÛeeBoer meHesâo 1.59×10-8 6.289×107 960 0.0038

-8 7
2. leeByee cešcewueer ueeue 1.72×10 5.8×10 1084 0.00428
-8 7
3. SuÙegceerefveÙece meHesâo 2.82×10 3.4×10 657 0.004013
-8 7
4. meesvee megvenje heeruee 2.44×10 4.2×10 1063 0.0034
-8 7
5. šbiemšve ienjs-muesšer jbie keâe 5.6×10 1.79×10 3422 0.0051
-8 7
6. pemlee veerues-muesšer jbie keâe 5.9×10 1.69×10 420 0.0037
-8 7
7. heerleue heeruee (leeByee±pemlee) 6.3×10 1.59×10 930 –0.0015
-8 7
8. efveefkeâue meHesâo 6.99×10 1.43×10 1453 0.00537
-7 7
9. DeeÙejve – 1.0×10 1.0×10 1538 0.0069
-7 6
10. efšve meHesâo 1.09×10 9.17×10 232 0.0051
11. pece&ve efceßeCe→60% leeByee 3.316×10
-7
– 960 0.0027
efmeuJej ±15%
efveefkeâue±25% pemlee
12. meermee muesšer jbie 2.2×10-7 4.55×107 327 0.0043
-7 6
13. ceQieveerve efceßeCe→84%leeByee, 4.82×10 2.0×10 960 0.00025
12% ceQieveerpe leLee
4% efveefkeâue
40% efveefkeâue leLee 5×10
-7
14. Ùetjskeâe 4.04×106 1270 +0.00001–0.004
60% leeByee
Electrician Capsule 20 YCT
15. huesefšvece – 1.06×10-7 9.43×106 1773 0.00367
16. heeje – 9.8×10 -7
1.02×10 6
356 0.0039
(cejkeâjer)
17. veeF›eâesce 80% efveefkeâue ± 1.10×10-6 9.09×105 1400 0.0014
20% ›eâesefceÙece
18. keâeye&ve – 3×10-5 1.25 to 2×103 3500 -0.005
2. DeÛeeuekeâ (Insulators)–
efpeve heoeLeex ceW cegòeâ Fueskeäš^e@veeW keâer mebKÙee veieCÙe nesleer nw, Jes heoeLe& DeÛeeuekeâ keânueeles nw~
DeÛÚbs DeÛeeuekeâ heoeLe& kesâ iegCe Oece& (Properties of Good Insulator)
1. [eF&-Fuesefkeäš^keâ mš^wvLe keâe ceeve GÛÛe nesvee ÛeeefnS 2. efJeefMe° ØeeflejesOe 1012 Deesce-meWšerceeršj mes GÛÛe nesvee ÛeeefnS
3. heoeLe& T<cee keâes efJeefkeâefjle (radiate) keâj mekeâves ÙeesiÙe nesvee ÛeeefnS 4. DeÛeeuekeâ, veceer SJeb peue mes DeØeYeeefJele jnvee ÛeeefnS~
5. DeÛeeuekeâ heoeLe& megÂÌ{ DeLee&led cepeyetle nesvee ÛeeefnS~
DeÛeeuekeâeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of Insulators)
"esme DeÛeeuekeâ õJeerÙe DeÛeeuekeâ iewmeerÙe DeÛeeuekeâ
"esme DeÛeeuekeâeW keâer Deeke=âefle, Deekeâej Je Jes DeÛeeuekeâ pees yenves keâe iegCe jKeles nQ Jes DeÛeeuekeâ efpevekeâer keâesF& efveef§ele Deeke=âefle Ùee
DeeÙeleve efveef§ele neslee nw~ pewmes– SyeesveeFš, leLee efpevekeâer keâesF& efveef§ele Deeke=âefle veneR Deekeâej veneR nesleer nw, iewmeerÙe DeÛeeuekeâ
DeYeükeâ, yewkesâueeFš, heesefme&ueerve, keâeBÛe ceeye&ue, nesleer nw~ õJe DeÛeeuekeâ keânueeles nw~ keânueeles nw, pewmes- Meg<keâ nJee, veeFš^espeve,
muesš, metKeer uekeâÌ[er, HeâeFyej Deeefo~ pewmes– Keefvepe lesue~ neF[^espeve, Deeefo~
ØecegKe DeÛeeuekeâ–
›eâ.meb. DeÛeeuekeâ kesâ [eF&-Fuesefkeäš^keâ efJeMes<eleeSB
veece mš^wvLe
(kV/mm)
1. Meg<keâ nJee ueieYeie 3 kV/mm meyemes DeÛÚe DeÛeeuekeâ heoeLe& nw DeesJejns[ ueeFveeW ceW vebies OeeeflJekeâ leej ØeÙeesie efkeâS
(Dry air) peeles nQ Deewj Gvekesâ yeerÛe nJee ner DeÛeeuekeâ keâe keâeÙe& keâjleer nw~
2. JeukeâsveeFp[ 30-50 meeOeejCe jyej ceW T<cee Øeef›eâÙee mes ievOekeâ leLee efpebkeâ Dee@keämeeF[ efceueekeâj JeukeâsveeFp[
jyej jyej lewÙeej keâer peeleer nw Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efJeefYeVe Øekeâej kesâ leejeW SJeb kesâefyeume ceW
DeÛeeuekeâ DeeJejCe kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
3. heer.Jeer.meer. ueieYeie (14–20) Ùen Skeâ DeÛÚe DeÛeeuekeâ heoeLe& nw, pees JeukeâsveeFp[ jyej keâer Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ efškeâeT
(Polyvinyl neslee nw Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW jyej kesâ mLeeve hej DeefOekeâeefOekeâ heer.Jeer.meer. keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
chloride, peelee nw~
pvc)
4. SyeesveeFš 30–40 Ùen keâ"esj jyej pewmee heoeLe& nw, pees 1800C hej peueves ueielee nw Fmes meermee-Decue
mebÛeeÙekeâ yewšjer kesâ Keesue, hewveue yees[&, Ùev$ees kesâ Keesue Deeefo yeveeves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
5. DeYeükeâ 20–60 Ùen heejoMe&keâ, Deefive Deewj veceer mes DeØeYeeefJele jnves Jeeuee Skeâ cee$e Øeeke=âeflekeâ SJeb
Keefvepe heoeLe& nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie JewÅegle T<cekeâ GhekeâjCeeW kesâ nerefšbie SueerceWš kesâ
DeeOeej kesâ ™he ceW keâjles nQ~
6. ceeFkeâeveeFš 20–40 DeYeükeâ keâer Deeflecenerve ÛeeojeW keâes keâheÌ[s DeLeJee keâeiepe hej Jeeefve&Me keâer meneÙelee mes
(Micanite) efÛehekeâekeâj ceeFkeâeveeFš heshej Ùee keâheÌ[e yeveeÙee peelee nw Fmekeâe GheÙeesie DeecexÛej
JeeFbef[bie keâeÙe& ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
7. yewkesâueeFš 17–21 Fmekeâe GheÙeesie, efmJeÛe, hueie, še@he, mee@kesâš, yeuye nesu[j, meerefuebie jespe Deeefo yeveeves
ceW~
8. uewoje@Ùe[ heshej 12–17 Fmekeâe GheÙeesie JewÅegeflekeâ ceMeerveeW keâer JeeFbef[bie ceW keäJee@Ùeume SJeb DeecexÛej muee@šdme kesâ
yeerÛe DeÛeeuekeâ hele& kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
9. jsefpeve 12–14 Ùen mebMuesef<ele heoeLe& neslee nw, Fmekeâe GheÙeesie yewkesâueeFš yeveeves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
10. Keefveue lesue 10–16 Keefvepe lesue keâer DeÛeeuekeâlee GÛÛe nesleer nw~ FvnW hesš^esefueÙece mes Øeehle efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Fmekeâe GheÙeesie š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j, mšeš&j, DeefOekeâ Oeeje Jenve #ecelee Jeeues efmJeÛe, kewâhesefmešj
Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 21 YCT
11. heesefme&uesve 8–12 Ùes efJeMes<e Øekeâej keâer efceóer nesleer nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie DeesJej nw[ ueeFve nsleg, efkeâš-kewâš
HeäÙetpe, efmJeÛe, nerefšbie SueerceWš kesâ efueS huesšW Deeefo yeveeves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
12. keâeBÛe 8–12 FmeceW Yebiegjlee keâe iegCe neslee nw FmeefueS Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efmJeÛeeW ceW veneR efkeâÙee peelee
nw~Fmekeâe GheÙeesie yeuye, HeäueesjesmeWš šŸetye Deeefo kesâ Keesue yeveeves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
13. Smyesmšme 4–6 meHesâo jbie keâe jsMesoej Keefvepe nw Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efJeÅegle Øewme neršj Deeefo ceW DeÛeeuekeâ
SJeb T<cee DeJejesOekeâ kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
14. ceeye&ue 2–6 meHesâo jbie keâe Keefvepe helLej nw Fmekeâe ÛetCe& Fceme&ve nerefšbie SueerceWš ceW DeÛeeuekeâ kesâ
™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
15. Mewueskeâ 2–3 Ùen jemeeÙeefvekeâ heoeLe& nw, efpemes cesLeerveuesefš[ efmheefjš ceW Ieesuekeâj lewÙeej efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Jeeefve&Me) Fmekeâe GheÙeesie keâeiepe, keâheÌ[e uekeâÌ[er JeeFbef[bie Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
16. keâeiepe 1–10 keâeiepe, Ieeme, ®F& Deeefo mes lewÙeej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie DeÛeeuekeâ hele& kesâ
™he ceW heshej mebOeeefj$e ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ uewoje@Ùe[ heshej leLee ØesmeHeâe@ve-heshej keâeiepe kesâ
ner efYeVe ™he nw~
leeheceeve kesâ DeeOeej hej DeÛeeuekeâeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe-
leeefuekeâe BIS-1271-1958/1985 kesâ Devegmeej DeÛeeuekeâeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe-
Jeie& DeefOekeâlece megjef#ele leeheceeve DeÛeeuekeâ heoeLe&
Y 90°C metle, jsMece, meeceevÙe keâeiepe, uekeâÌ[er~
A 105°C metle, jsMece, lesue ceW Yeeriee keâeiepe
E 120°C uewoje@Ùe[ heshej, ScheeÙej keäueeLe, heâeFyej
B 130°C DeYeükeâ, heâeFyej iueeme, Smyesmšme
F 155°C DeYeükeâ, heâeFyej iueeme, Smyesmšme
H 180°C Sueesmšescej leLee DeYeükeâ, heâeFyej iueeme, Smyesmšme kesâ efceßeCe mes yeves
heoeLe&
C 180 C mes DeefOekeâ
o
DeYeükeâ, Ûeerveer efceóer, keâeBÛe, keäJeešd&pe
JewÅegeflekeâ leej kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Electrical Wire)-
›eâ.meb. leej kesâ Øekeâej efJeMes<elee GheÙeesie
1. vebiee leeByes keâe leej Ùen keâ"esj KeeRÛee ieÙee leeByes keâe vebiee leej neslee Iejsuet JewÅegeflekeâ JeeÙeefjbie ceW 14 Ùee
nw~ JeeleeJejCe kesâ ØeYeeJeeW mes megjef#ele jKeves kesâ 16SWG keâe leej leLee DeesJejns[ 5 ueeFve
efueS Fme hej efšve keâes Deeuesefhele keâj efoÙee ceW 6 Ùee 8 SWG keâe leej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
peelee nw~ peelee nw~
2. S.meer.Sme.Deej. leej(ACSR) Fme leej keâes SuÙegceerefveÙece kesâ leejeW kesâ yeerÛe leeByes kesâ leej kesâ cenBies nesves kesâ keâejCe
Skeâ mšerue keâe leej jKekeâj mš^wC[s[ leej kesâ Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW DeesJejns[ ueeFveeW ceW Fvekeâe
™he ceW yeveeÙee peelee nw~ Ùen leej DeefOekeâ GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
cepeyetle Deewj Peesue menves Jeeuee neslee nw~
3. peer.DeeF&. leej (GI Wire) Fmes ueesns keâer leejeW keâes iewuJesveeFpe keâjkesâ memlee Deewj cepeyetle nesves kesâ keâejCe šsueerheâesve
yeveeÙee peelee nw~ ueeFveeW Deewj DeefLeËie ueeFve ceW 6 Ùee 8
SWG keâe peer.DeeF&. leej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
nw~
4. heäÙetpe leej Ùes efvecve ieueveebkeâ Jeeueer efceßeOeeleg Ùee Oeeleg keâe Fmekeâe GheÙeesie heäÙetpe leej kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee
leej neslee nw~ peelee nw~
5. Ùetjskeâe leej Ùen60%leeByee leLee 40% efveefkeâue OeelegDeeW keâe Fmekeâe GheÙeesie ØeeflejesOekeâ leLee efjnesmšsš
efceßeCe neslee nw~ Deeefo yeveeves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
6. veeF›eâesce leej Ùen80% efveefkeâue leLee 20% ›eâesefceÙece OeelegDeeW Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efJeÅegle Øesme, efJeÅegle neršj,
keâe efceßeCe neslee nw~ JewÅegeflekeâ kesâleueer, FlÙeeefo ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 22 YCT

 JewÅegeflekeâ ÛeeuekeâeW ceW peesÌ[- DeesJej nw[ JeeÙeefjbie leLee Iejsuet JeeÙeefjbie ceW efvecveefueefKele Øekeâej kesâ pees[Ì ØeÛeefuele nw~
›eâ.me. peesÌ[ kesâ Øekeâej mebkesâle (Symbol) efJeMes<eleeSB GheÙeesie
1. SW"e ngDee peesÌ[ Fme peesÌ[ ceW leejeW kesâ efmejeW Fmes DeesJejns[ ueeFve
(Twisted Joint) keâes Deeheme ceW SW" keâj ceW KecYes kesâ Thej
Gvekesâ meceehekeâ efmejeW keâes mLeeefhele Fvmeguesšme& hej
peesÌ[ keâer Deesj cees[Ì efoÙee ueieeÙee peelee nw ueeFve
peelee nw Fmes efheie-šsue kesâ ceOÙe veneR~
peesÌ[ DeLeJee jwš-šsue peesÌ[
Yeer keânles nw~
2. cewefj[ peesÌ[ Fme peesÌ[ ceW ÛeeuekeâeW keâes Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie meerOeer
(Married Joint) Deeheme ceW Skeâ-oes SW" osves ueeFve ceW efkeâÙee pee
kesâ yeeo meceehekeâ efmejeW keâes mekeâlee nw Fmes meerOee
efJehejerle efoMeeDeeW ceW uehesš peesÌ[ Yeer keânles nw~
efoÙee peelee nw~
3. šer peesÌ[ Fme Øekeâej kesâ peesÌ[ kesâ Fme peesÌ[ keâe ØeÙeesie,
mLeeve mes cegKÙe kesâefyeue keâe cegKÙe efJeÅegle Deehetefle&
kesâJeue DeÛeeuekeâ ner Úeruee ueeFve mes MeeKee
peelee nw Deewj otmejs kesâefyeue ueeFve Øeehle keâjves kesâ
kesâ ÛeeuekeâeW keâes peesÌ[ kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
oesveeW Deesj uehesš efoÙee
peelee nw~
4. efyeÇšeefveÙee pees[Ì Fme peesÌ[ ceW ÛeeuekeâeW keâes Fmekeâe GheÙeesie JeneB
(Britannia Joint) Skeâ-otmejs kesâ meceevlej Je efkeâÙee peelee nw peneB
mešekeâj jKee peelee nw Deewj hej leveve oeye DeefOekeâ
meceehekeâ efmejeW keâes mecekeâesCe nes~
hej ceesÌ[ efoÙee peelee nw
Deye oesveeW leejeW hej Skeâ
leermeje uehesškeâj peesÌ[ lewÙeej
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
6. efyeÇšeefveÙee ‘šer’ pees[Ì Fmekeâer efJeMes<elee efyeÇšeefveÙee meefJe&me ueeFve kesâ
peesÌ[ kesâ meceeve neslee nw~ uecyeJeled efJeÅegle Tpee&
kesâ Devle: efve<keâemeve
kesâ efueS DeesJej ns[
ueeFveeW ceW Fme peesÌ[
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
nw~
7. Jewmšve&-ÙetefveÙeve peesÌ[ Ùen DeefOekeâ leveve oeye Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie
(Western-Union menves Jeeuee peesÌ[ nw~ FmeceW DeesJejns[ ueeFve kesâ
joint) leejeW keâes Skeâ-otmejs kesâ efmejeW hej efkeâÙee peelee
Thej cepeyetleer mes uehesš nw~
efoÙee peelee nw~
8. mkeâehe&â[ peesÌ[ Ùen uekeâÌ[er kesâ oes šgkeâÌ[eW Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie keâce
kesâ yeerÛe Skeâ uewh[ pees[Ì leveve oyeeJe menves
neslee nw~ FmeceW uekeâÌ[er kesâ Jeeues efmebieue ÛeeuekeâeW
oes šgkeâÌ[es kesâ efmejeW keâes ceW neslee nw~ ØeeÙe: Fmes
vegkeâeruee keâjkesâ GvnW Skeâ YeJeveeW keâer Devoj keâer
meeLe yeebOekeâj Ùee JeeÙeefjbie ceW DeLe&
efÛehekeâekeâj peesÌ[e peelee nw~ ÛeeuekeâeW ceW efkeâÙee
peelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 23 YCT
9. šwhe peesÌ[ (Tap Joint) 2 mm lekeâ ceesšeF& Jeeues
Skeâue ÛeeuekeâeW ceW efyevee
efkeâmeer leermejs leej kesâ Ùes
peesÌ[ yeveeÙee peelee nw~
(i) meeceevÙe šwhe peesÌ[ Fme peesÌ[ keâes MeerIeÇlee mes Fme peesÌ[ keâe ØeÙeesie
lewÙeej efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ JeneB efkeâÙee peelee nw,
meesu[efjbie keâjves hej Ùen peneB leveve Øeefleyeue
peesÌ[ Deewj Yeer yesnlej nes GheefmLele nes~
peelee nw~
(ii) SefjÙeue šwye pees[Ì Fme Øekeâej kesâ peesÌ[ ceW Ùen peesÌ[ cegKÙele: ueIeg
kesâefyeue kesâ efmejs Ùee ÛeeuekeâeW Oeeje heefjheLeeW ceW efkeâÙee
keâes Deeheme ceW uehesškeâj peelee nw~
Skeâ meceehekeâ efmeje Keguee
jnves efoÙee peelee nw~
(iii) ieeB"Ùegòeâ šwhe peesÌ[ Fmekeâer mebjÛevee meeceevÙe šwhe ieeB"Ùegòeâ šwhe peesÌ[
peesÌ[ kesâ meceeve ner neslee JeneB ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
nw~ hejvleg Skeâ meceehekeâ peelee nw peneB heefjheLeeW
efmejs hej Skeâ ieeB" ueiee ceW leveve Øeefleyeue
osles nw~ DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
13. ›eâe@me-[yeue-[ghuewkeäme Fme peesÌ[ ceW peesÌ[s ieÙes leejeW
peesÌ[ (Cross-double- kesâ Thej leermejs leej keâes
duplex joint) uehesš efoÙee peelee nw~ leLee
meceehekeâ efmejeW hej oesnjer
ieeB" ueiee oer peeleer nw~
(i) [yeue-›eâeme šwhe peesÌ[ Ùen peesÌ[ oes meeceevÙe šwhe-
peesÌ[ keâe mebÙeespeve nw,
efpemeceW Ûeeuekeâ kesâ ceOÙe mes
oes DevÙe ÛeeuekeâeW keâes
peesÌ[keâj ues peeÙee peelee nw~

(ii) [ghueskeäme-›eâe@me-šwhe peesÌ[ Ùen peesÌ[ JeneB hej

ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw,
peneB hej oes Ûeeuekeâ
leejeW keâe Skeâ meeLe
Devle: efve<keâemeve neslee
nw~
efvecve ØeeflejesOekeâlee Jeeueer efceße OeelegÙes–
heerleue HeâemHeâj yeÇesvpe keäÙethejesefveefkeâueer yeÇebpe yeÇesvpe keâe@vmešsvšve
FmeceW leeByee 60 Ùen leeByes keâer efceße Oeeleg nw Ùen leeByes keâer efceße Oeeleg nw FmeceW leeByee 82 mes 90 Ùen leeByes leLee efveefkeâue efkeâ
ØeefleMele leLee efpemeceW 1.25 mes 10 ØeefleMele efpemeceW 2.5 mes 30 ØeefleMele ØeefleMele SJeb efšve 8- efceße Oeeleg nw~ efpemeceW leeByee
pemlee 40 lekeâ efšve leLee yengle keâce lekeâ efveefkeâue Oeeleg nesleer nw~ 16 ØeefleMele neslee nw~ 40 ØeefleMele, efveefkeâue 60
ØeefleMele neslee cee$ee ceW Heâe@mHeâesjme neslee nw~ ØeefleMele neslee nw~
nw~
Electrician Capsule 24 YCT
Fmekeâer leeByes keâer Ùen DeÛÚs "C[s kegâC[ueve, Ùen GÛÛe pebie ØeeflejesOeer leLee leeByes kesâ meeLe leermejer Fmekeâe ØeeflejesOe leeheiegCeebkeâ
leguevee ceW leveve keâ"esjlee SJeb menveMeeruelee GÛÛe levÙelee keâe iegCe jKeleer Oeeleg Ùeefo Heâe@mHeâesjme keâeÙe&keâejer leeheceeve hej cewieveerve
meeceLÙe& DeefOekeâ keâe iegCe jKeleer nw~ nw~ efceueeÙee peelee nw~ leye efceßeOeeleg keâer leguevee ceW DeefOekeâ
efkeâvleg Ûeeuekeâlee Fme Øekeâej yeveer efceße neslee nw~
keâce nesleer nw~ Oeeleg keâes Heâe@mHeâj yeÇesvpe
keânles nw~
Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Fmekeâe GheÙeesie JewÅegle Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Heäueesjes mesvš Fmekeâe GheÙeesie [er.meer. Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Deefle Megæ
ÚÌ[, leej, GhekeâjCeeW kesâ efveÙebv$eCe efmØebie šŸetyeueeFš, ceke&âjer Jeshej ceMeerve kesâ efokeäheefjJele&ve ceehekeâ Ùeb$eeW ceW keâjles nw~
Ûeeoj, veefueÙeeW leLee [eÙeøeâece efyeÙeefjbie huesš uewche, cejkeâjer Deeke&â KeC[ yeveeves ceW keâjles
keâes mejuelee mes kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW efkeâÙee peelee jsefkeäšHeâeÙej kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW nw~
peesÌ[ves ceW keâjles nw~ neslee nw~
nw~
kesâefyeue :- DeÛeeuekeâ DeeJejCe Ùegòeâ leej keâes kesâefyeue keânles nw~ kesâyeueeW kesâ Ûeeuekeâ hej jesOeve mlej keâer ceesšeF& Jeesušspe hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~
kesâefyeue keâer mebjÛevee ceW cegKÙe ™he mes efvecveefueefKele Yeeie nesles nw-
›eâ.meb. cegKÙe Yeeie efJeMes<elee kesâefyeue mebjÛevee
1. keâesj Fme Yeeie mes neskeâj efJeÅegle Oeeje ØeJeeefnle nesleer nw~
(Core) FmeceW, SuÙegceerefveÙece Ùee leeByes kesâ leejeW keâe ØeÙeesie
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekeâer ceesšeF&, efJeÅegle Oeeje Jenve
#ecelee hej efveYe&j keâjleer nw~
2. DeÛeeuekeâ DeeJejCe ØelÙeskeâ keâesj kesâ Thej keâeiepe, kewâefcyeÇkeâ DeLeJee
(Insulation- Jeeefve&Me Ùegòeâ keâeiepe keâe DeeJejCe neslee nw~ Fme
covering) DeÛeeuekeâ DeeJejCe keâer ceesšeF& kesâefyeue Éeje Jenve
efkeâS peeves Jeeues efJeYeJe hej efveYe&j keâjleer nw~
3. OeeeflJekeâ keâJeÛe DeÛeeuekeâ DeeJejCe kesâ Thej uew[ DeLeJee uew[-
(Metallic Sheath) Suee@Ùe keâer Skeâ hejle ÛeÌ{eF& peeleer nw Ùen OeeeflJekeâ
hejle, veceer keâes keâesj lekeâ veneR hengBÛeves osleer~
4. yesef[bie OeeeflJekeâ keâJeÛe kesâ Thej heâeFyej leLee keâeiepe mes
(Bedding) efveefce&le heoeLe& DeLeJee petš Ùee yesef[bie keâcheeGC[ ceW
[tyes šeš keâer hejle ÛeÌ{eF& peeleer nw~ Ùes hejle,
OeeeflJekeâ hejle keâes Ùeebef$ekeâ ÛeesšeW, KejesÛeeW Deeefo mes
yeÛeeleer nw~

5. Deece&efjbie Fmes yesef[bie kesâ Thej ÛeÌ{eÙee peelee nw~ Ùen iewuJesveeFp[ mšerue leej mes yevee keâJeÛe neslee nw Ùes kesâefyeue keâes
(Armouring) Ùeebef$ekeâ Ûeesšes, oyeeJe Deeefo mes megjef#ele jKelee nw~
6. meefJeËie Ùes hejle Deece&efjbie kesâ Thej ÛeÌ{eF& peeleer nw~ efpememes Deece&efjbie keâer megj#ee nes mekesâ~ Fmekesâ efueS heâeFyej
(Serving) Ùegòeâ heoeLe& DeLeJee heâeFyej keâcheeGC[ ceW [tyes petš/šeš keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keäÙetjer leeheceeve –
Ùen Jen leeheceeve neslee nw~ efpemekesâ Thej keâesF& ÛegcyekeâerÙe heoeLe& Dehevee mLeeÙeer ÛegcyekeâerÙe iegCe Kees oslee nw~ keäÙetjer leeheceeve keânueelee nw~
Ùee
Jen leeheceeve efpemehej Hesâjes cewivesefškeâ cewšsefjÙeue hewjecewivesefškeâ cewšsefjÙeue ceW heefjJeefle&le nes peelee nw~ keäÙetjer leeheceeve keânueelee nw~
heoeLe& keäÙetjer leeheceeve
Fe 10450C
CO 13950C
Ni 6300C
Gd 2890C
Electrician Capsule 25 YCT
veerue leeheceeve (Neel Temperature)–
Jen leeheceeve efpemehej SbšerHesâjescewivesefškeâ heoeLe& hewjecewivesefškeâ heoeLe& ceW heefjheefle&le nes peelee nw~ veerue leeheceeve keânueelee nw~
heoeLe& veerue leeheceeve
MnS 1650C
FeO 1980C
NiF2 730C
CO 1920C
MnF2 720C
MnO2 840C
kesâefyeue DeÛeeuekeâ (Cable Insulation)-
GheÙeesie kesâ DeeOeej hej kesâefyeue FvmeguesMeve ceW ØeÙegòeâ DeÛeeuekeâ heoeLe& efvecveefueefKele Øekeâej kesâ nw-
1. jyej (Rubber) 2. JeukeâsveeFp[ FefC[Ùeve jyej (Vulcanised Indian rubber)
3. mebmesefÛele keâeiepe (Impregnated paper) 4. Jeeefve&Me kewâefcyeÇkeâ (Varnish cambric)
5. heer.Jeer.meer. (Polyvinyl chloride) 6. Jeukeâefvele efyešgceve (Vulcanised bitumen)
7. ieóe hejÛee (Gutta Purcha) 8. Smyesmšme (Asbestos)
9. jsMece Deewj metle (Silk and Cotton) 10. Fvesceue DeÛeeuekeâ (Enamel insulation)
kesâefyeume kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Cables)-
›eâ.meb. kesâefyeume kesâ Øekeâej efJeMes<eleeSB GheÙeesie
1. Jeer.DeeF&.Deej. kesâefyeue Ùes kesâefyeue ØeeÙe: Skeâ keâesj keâer nesleer nw~ DeeJeMÙekeâlee Fmekeâe GheÙeesie kesâefmebie-kesâefhebie,
(Vulcanized India heÌ[ves hej oes Ùee leerve keâesj keâer Yeer yeveeF& pee mekeâleer keâC[Ÿetš heeFhe SJeb DemLeeÙeer Øekeâej
Rubber) Cable nw~ Fme hej JeukesâveeFp[ FefC[Ùeve jyej (VIR) keâe keâer JewÅegeflekeâ JeeÙeefjbie ceW efkeâÙee peelee
DeeJejCe ÛeÌ{e neslee nw~ nw~
2. meer.šer.Sme. kesâefyeue Ùen Skeâ, oes leLee leerve keâesj ceW yeveeÙee peelee nw~ Fmes Fmekeâe GheÙeesie veceer Jeeues mLeeveeW keâer
(CTS Cable) šer.Deej.Sme. Ùee šheâ jyej MeerL[ kesâefyeue Yeer keânles nw~ JewÅegeflekeâ JeeÙeefjbie ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Cabe tyre sheath)
3. heer.Jeer.meer. kesâefyeue Fme kesâefyeue hej hee@ueer-efJeveeFue keäueesjeF[ keâe DeeJejCe JewÅegeflekeâ JeeÙeefjbie ceW Fmekeâe GheÙeesie
ÛeÌ{eÙee peelee nw~ Ùes Skeâ, oes leerve, leLee Ûeej keâesj ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmes ØeeÙe: meeceevÙe
yeveeÙee peelee nw~ leeheceeve hej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
4. ues[ MeerL[ kesâefyeue Fme hej JeukeâsveeFp[ FefC[Ùeve jyej keâe DeeJejCe Deewj Fvekeâe GheÙeesie jemeeÙeefvekeâ GÅeesieeW SJeb
(Lead Sheathed Cable) Gmekesâ Thej meermee veecekeâ Oeeleg keâe megj#ee DeeJejCe DevÙe ceMeerveeW keâer JewÅegeflekeâ JeeÙeefjbie ceW
ÛeÌ{ekeâj lewÙeej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmes Skeâ, oes, leerve, efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ûeej keâesj ceW yeveeÙee peelee nw~
5. Jesoj-Øetheâ kesâefyeue Ùes kesâefyeue Jeer.DeeF&.Deej kesâefyeue keâer YeeBefle ner neslee nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Iejsuet SJeb DeewÅeesefiekeâ
(Weather-Proof cable) Fmes JeeleeJejCeerÙe heefjJele&veeW keâes menves Jeeues õJe heoeLe& JewÅegeflekeâ JeeÙeefjbie ceW Kegues mLeeveeW ceW
ceW [gyeeskeâj ‘Jesoj-Øetheâ’ efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmes Skeâ, oes, efkeâÙee peelee nw~
leerve leLee Ûeesj keâesj ceW yeveeÙee peelee nw~
6. š^eshees[Ÿeesj kesâefyeue Fmes heer.Jeer.meer. kesâefyeue kesâ Thej ‘Leceex hueeefmškeâ Ùen jsueJes efmeiveume SJeb heeJej
(Tropodure Cable) keâcheeGC[’ keâe DeeJejCe ÛeÌ{ekeâj lewÙeej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ GhekeâjCeeW keâer JeeÙeefjbie ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
Fmes Skeâ, oes, leerve Ùee Ûeej keâesj ceW yeveeÙee peelee nw~ peelee nw~
7. heäuewefkeämeyeue kesâefyeue Fmes Deveskeâ cenerve leejeW keâes mecetn kesâ ™he ceW Fkeâªe
keâj, DeÛeeuekeâ DeeJejCe ÛeÌ{ekeâj yeveeÙee peelee nw~
(i) meeceevÙe heäuewefkeämeyeue Fve leejeW keâe JÙeeme meeceevÙele: 0.193 mm Deewj Fvekeâe GheÙeesie meeceevÙe keâeÙeeX pewmes
kesâefyeue (ordinary flexible SWG mebKÙee 36 nesleer nw~ DemLeeÙeer JewÅegeflekeâ JeeÙeefjbie,
cable) ueeG[mheerkeâj keâes SchueerheâeÙej mes
peesÌ[ves Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 26 YCT
 (ii) keâe@šve Ùee efmeukeâ keâJe[& Ùes kesâefyeume, lee@yes kesâ 36 SWG vecyej kesâ 23 Ùee Fvekeâe GheÙeesie efJeÅegle Øesme, efJeÅegle
heäuewefkeämeyeue kesâefyeue 40 leejeW hej JeukeâsveeFp[ FefC[Ùeve jyej keâe DeeJejCe šesmšj Deeefo efJeÅegle-T<ceerÙe GhekeâjCeeW
(Cotton or Silk covered ÛeÌ{ekeâj lewÙeej efkeâÙes peeles nw~ Ùes ØeeÙe: 3 keâesj Jeeues ceW cesve-ueer[ kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee peelee
flexible cable) nesles nw~ nw~
(iii) Jeke&âMee@he heäuewefkeämeyeue Fmes 25A lekeâ efJeÅegle Oeeje Jenve #ecelee ceW 3 Ùee 4 Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Jeke&âMee@he ceW meÛeue
kesâefyeue (Workshop keâesj kesâ ™he ceW yeveeles nw~ efpemeceW ØelÙeskeâ keâesj kesâ Thej ceMeerveeW keâer cesve ueer[ kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee
flexible cable) heer.Jeer.meer. Ùee JeukeâsveeFp[ FefC[Ùeve jyej keâe Skeâ peelee nw~
megj#ee DeeJejCe neslee nw~
8. Deece&[& kesâefyeue Fme Øekeâej kesâ kesâefyeue keâes Skeâue mš^wC[[& leeByes kesâ leej Fmes Yetefceiele kesâefyeue kesâ ™he ceW efJeÅegle
(Armoured cable) keâes hee@ueerLeeÙeueerve keâer DeÛeeuekeâ hejle ÛeÌ{ekeâj yeveeÙee mehueeF& kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
peelee nw~ nw~
Jeesušspe «es[ kesâ DeeOeej hej kesâefyeume keâe JeieeakeâjCe pees JewÅegeflekeâ GhekeâjCeeW/JeeÙeefjbie ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles nQ-
›eâ.meb. JeieeakeâjCe jsefšbie kesâefyeume kesâ Øekeâej
1. efvecve Jeesušspe kesâefyeue 250V lekeâ Iejsuet ueeFš SC[ hewâve leLee Jeer.DeeF&.Deej., heer.Jeer.meer., meer.šer.Sme., Jesoj-
(Low Voltage Cable) ‘heeJej’ uees[ kesâ efueS Øetheâ leLee heäuesefkeämeefyeue Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw~
Ùee efvecve oeye kesâefyeue
2. ceOÙece Jeesušspe kesâefyeue 650V lekeâ Iejsuet SJeb DeewÅeesefiekeâ ‘heeJej’ Jeer.DeeF&.Deej., heer.Jeer.meer., meer.šer.Sme., Jesoj-
(Medium voltage uees[ kesâ efueS Øetheâ, uew[ MeerL[, š^eshees[Ÿeesj leLee
cable) heäuewefkeämeefyeue Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw~
3. GÛÛe Jeesušspe kesâefyeue 22,000V Ùee 22kV lekeâ efJeÅegle efJelejCe FmeceW Deece&[& Øekeâej kesâ kesâefyeue ØeÙeesie keâer
(High voltage cable) ØeCeeueer ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeles nw~ peeleer nw~
4. Deefle GÛÛe Jeesušspe kesâefyeue 22000V Ùee 22 kV mes DeefOekeâ Jeesušspe
(Extra high voltage kesâ efueS
cable)
Yetefceiele kesâefyeume keâe JeieeakeâjCe-
(Classification of Underground Cables)-
keâesj keâer mebKÙee kesâ Jeesušlee kesâ DeeOeej hej DeÛeeuekeâ heoeLeeX kesâ #es$e kesâ DeÛeeuekeâ heoeLe& keâer
DeeOeej hej DeeOeej hej DeeOeej hej DeJemLee kesâ DeeOeej hej
1. Skeâue keâesj kesâefyeue 1. uees šsvMeve kesâefyeue 1. (MI kesâefyeue)-efcevejue 1. Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ 1. "esme kesâefyeue
(1 kV lekeâ) Fvmeguesšs[ kesâefyeue kesâefyeue
2. oes keâesj kesâefyeue 2. neF&šsvMeve kesâefyeue 2. (XLPE kesâefyeue) 2. efJeÅegle Meefòeâ 2. õJe kesâefyeue
(1 kV mes 11 kV lekeâ) ›eâeme efuebkeä[ hee@ueer kesâefyeue
SLeerueerve kesâefyeue
3. leerve keâesj kesâefyeue 3. meghej šsvMeve kesâefyeue 3. (PVC kesâefyeue) 3. iewme kesâefyeue
(11 kV mes 33 kV lekeâ) heeueer efJeveeÙeue
keäueesjeF[ kesâefyeue
4. N keâesj kesâefyeue 4. Skeämš^e neF&šsvMeve kesâefyeue
(33 kV mes 66 kV lekeâ)
5. Dee@Ùeue heâeru[ SJeb iewme ØesMej
kesâefyeue (66 kV mes 132 kV lekeâ)
mebjÛevee kesâ DeeOeej hej kesâefyeue keâe JeieeakeâjCe–
kesâyeue Jeesušspe
meeceevÙe kesâefyeue(General cable) 11 kV mes veerÛes
yesušs[ kesâefyeue(Belted cable) 11kV mes 22kV lekeâ
m›eâerv[ kesâefyeue(Screened cable) 22kV mes 66kV lekeâ
oeye kesâefyeue(Pressure cable) 66kV mes Thej
1. lesue oeye kesâefyeue (Oil pressure cable) 132kV mes 220kV lekeâ
2. iewme oeye kesâefyeue (gas pressure cable) 220kV mes Thej

Electrician Capsule 27 YCT

3- hesâpe mehueeF& kesâ efueS Yetefceiele kesâefyeue kesâ Øekeâej-
(Types of Underground Cable for 3-phase Supply)
›eâ.meb. 3-φ kesâ efueS Yetefceiele kesâefyeue kesâ Øekeâej jsefšbie leLee efJeMes<eleeSB
1. yesušsš kesâefyeue meeceevÙe efmLeefle ceW 11 kV lekeâ hejvleg DemeeceevÙe efmLeefleÙeeW ceW Ùen 22 kV lekeâ
ØeÙeesie keâj mekeâles nw~ Fmes efvecve leLee ceOÙece Jeesušspe nsleg GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
nw~ FmeceW ØelÙeskeâ keâesj mebÙegòeâ ™he mes keâeiepe keâer heefóÙeeW Éeje Fvmeguesš keâer
peeleer nw~
2. Meeru[s[ kesâefyeue (Shielded cable) Fme Øekeâej kesâ kesâefyeue keâe ØeÙeesie GÛÛe Jeesušspe, meeceevÙele: 22 kV mes 66 kV
nsleg efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(i) Meeru[s[ Ùee H kesâefyeue Fmes 66 kV lekeâ ØeÙeesie keâjles nw~ FmeceW ØelÙeskeâ keâesj hej DeÛeeuekeâ hejle ÛeÌ{eves
kesâ yeeo Gme hej efÚõÙegòeâ OeeeflJekeâ keâJej ÛeÌ{eÙee peelee nw~
(ii) SL kesâefyeue (Separate lead cable)
Fme Øekeâej kesâ kesâefyeue ceW ØelÙeskeâ keâesj hej DeÛeeuekeâ hejle, OeeeflJekeâ Keesue, yesef[bie
leLee Deece&efjbie keâer peeleer nw~
(iii) HSO kesâefyeue (HSO cable) Fme kesâefyeue keâer keâše#e Deeke=âefle ef$eYegpeekeâej nesleer nw~ efpememes Fmekeâe Jepeve SJeb
T<ceerÙe ØeeflejesOe Ieš peelee nw~
(iv) PILC kesâefyeue (Paper insulated Ùen efvecve (250V) leLee ceOÙece (650V)Jeesušspe kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ nw~
lead cover cable) Ùen meeceevÙe Øekeâej keâe heshej Fvmeguesšs[, yesušs[ Øekeâej keâe kesâefyeue nw~ s
(v) PILCSTA kesâefyeue Fmekeâe GheÙeesie 11 kV lekeâ neslee nw~ Ùen Yeer yesušs[ kesâefyeue keâe Skeâ Øekeâej
(Paper insulated lead covered single) nw~
(vi) PILCDTA kesâefyeue Fmekeâe GheÙeesie 33 kV lekeâ neslee nw~ Ùen ognjer Deece&efjbie Ùegòeâ yewušs[ kesâefyeue
(Paper insulated lead covered double neslee nw~
tapped armoured cable)
(vii) PVC kesâefyeue Fvekeâe GheÙeesie 11 kV lekeâ neslee nw~ Fme kesâefyeue keâer ØelÙeskeâ keâesj keâes he=Lekeâ-
he=Lekeâ heer.Jeer.meer. mes Fvmeguesš efkeâÙee peelee nw~
1 Ùes 4 keâesj Jeeuee, ognjer Deece&efjbie Ùegòeâ yesušs[ kesâefyeue nw~ FmeceW leerve keâesj
(viii) 3 keâesj PILCDTA kesâefyeue
2 meeceevÙe ceesšeF& keâer leLee ÛeewLeer keâesj, DevÙe leerve keâesjeW mes DeeOeer ceesšeF& keâer nesleer
nw~ ÛeewLeer keâesj keâes vÙetš^ue kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie keâjles nw~ Fmes GÅeesie MeeueeDeeW ceW
ceOÙece Jeesušspe (650V) lekeâ GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
3. oeye kesâefyeue (Pressure cable) Ùen PILCDTA Øekeâej keâe kesâefyeue neslee nw efpemeceW ues[ DeeJejCe kesâ Devoj
heâeFyej/petš heoeLe& kesâ mLeeve hej š^ebmeheâece&j Dee@Ùeue Yeje peelee nw~ Fmekeâe
GheÙeesie 66 kV mes 220 kV lekeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Yetefceiele kesâefyeue efyeÚeves keâer efJeefOeÙeeB-
›eâ. efyeÚeves keâer efJeefOeÙeeW efJeefOe ueeYe neefve
meb. kesâ Øekeâej
1. meerOes efyeÚevee Fme efJeefOe ceW 1 ceeršj ienjer leLee 0.5ceer. ÛeewÌ[er • Ùen efJeefOe mejue leLee FmeceW heâeuš keâe helee
(Direct Laying) KeeF& Keesoer peeleer nw~ KeeF& ceW 5 mesceer. ceesšer memleer nw~ ueieevee cegefMkeâue neslee
Skeâ jsle keâer hejle efyeÚekeâj Gme hej kesâefyeue efyeÚe • Fme efJeefOe mes kesâefyeue ceW nw~
efoÙee peelee nw~ kesâefyeue kesâ Thej 15 mesceer. ceesšer GlheVe leehe keâes mener YeerÌ[-YeeÌ[ Jeeues #es$e ceW
jsle keâer hejle efyeÚeF& peeleer nw~ Fmekesâ Thej FËš lejerkesâ mes efve<keâeefmele Ùen lejerkeâe ØeÙeesie veneR
keâer Skeâ hejle efyeÚekeâj Mes<e KeeF& keâes efceóer mes keâj efoÙee peelee nw~ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Yej efoÙee peelee nw~ Ùeefo Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ kesâefyeue
keâes Yetefceiele keâjvee nes, lees kesâefyeueeW kesâ ceOÙe
hejmhej 30 mesceer. keâer otjer jKeveer ÛeeefnS~
Electrician Capsule 28 YCT
2. heeFhe ceW kesâefyeue efyeÚevee Fme efJeefOe kesâ Devle&iele 1 ceeršj ienjer 0.5 ceer. Fme kesâefyeue ceW Deece&efjbie keâer Fme efJeefOe keâer
(Laying in ÛeewÌ[er KeeF& ceW ueesns DeLeJee meerceWš kesâ heeFhe DeeJeMÙekeâlee vener nesleer nw~ ØeejefcYekeâ ueeiele yengle
pipe/duct) efyeÚeS peeles nQ Deewj kesâefyeue keâes Skeâ efmejs mes Fme kesâefyeue keâe peerJeve DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~
heeFhe ceW [euekeâj KeeRÛee peelee nw~ keâeue DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
Fme efJeefOe keâes Devegkeâ<e&Ce ØeCeeueer Yeer keâne peelee
nw~ Ùes efJeefOe meeceevÙele: keâce otjer kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie
keâer peeleer nw~
3. "esme efJeefOe • Fme efJeefOe ceW KeeF& ceW Ûeerveer efceóer Ùee meercesvš, •jKejKeeJe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee • Fme efJeefOe ceW DeefOekeâ
(Solid Method) kebâ›eâerš Ùee heâeFyej mes yeves š^heâ jKes peeles nw vÙetvelece nesleer nw~ ueeiele ueieleer nw~
leLee š^heâ ceW kesâefyeue efyeÚekeâj kesâefyeue Deewj • kesâefyeue keâer Ùeebef$ekeâ • leehe efJemejCe
š^heâ kesâ yeerÛe Keeueer peien keâes efyešgceve meeceLÙe& Deef O ekeâlece nes leer ef v e<keâemeve keâce nesves
keâcheeGC[ mes Yejles ngS otmeje š^heâ kesâefyeue kesâ nw~ kesâ keâejCe Fme efJeefOe
Thej jKeles peeles nw~ • kesâefyeue keâe ØeYeeJeer ceW kesâefyeue keâer Oeeje
• Fme efJeefOe ceW ØeÙeesie keâer peevesJeeueer kesâefyeue keâe peerJeve keâeue DeefOekeâlece Jeenve #ecelee Yeer
DeeJejCe meermes mes efveefce&le neslee nw~ neslee nw~ keâce nesleer nw~
Yetefceiele kesâefyeue ceW oes<e SJeb Gvekeâe hejer#eCe-
Yetefceiele ueeFve ceW efvecve leerve Øekeâej kesâ oes<e nes mekeâles nw-
Deesheve-meefke&âš oes<e Meeš&-meefke&âš oes<e ‘DeLe&’ oes<e
Yetefceiele kesâefyeue keâe Skeâ Ùee DeefOekeâ DeesJej ueesef[bie DeLeJee DevÙe efkeâmeer keâejCe mes Ùeefo FvmeguesMeve štš peeves DeLeJee peue peeves
leej efkeâmeer keâejCe mes keâš peeS Ùee kesâefyeue keâer oes ‘‘keâesjs’’ Deeheme ceW mheMe& keâjves kesâ keâejCe kesâefyeue keâer keâesF& keâesj, Gmekesâ
kesâefyeue Ûeeuekeâ keâe peesÌ[ Kegue peeS lees ueieW, lees Meeš&-meefke&âš oes<e GlheVe neslee nw~ OeeeflJekeâ ‘Deece&j’ keâes mheMe& keâjves ueies, lees
Deesheve-meefke&âš oes<e GlheVe neslee nw~ Fmemes DeLe& oes<e GlheVe neslee nw~
• oes<e keâes helee keâjkesâ kesâefyeue leej keâes Fme oes<e keâes helee keâjves kesâ efueS meJe&ØeLece ueeFve Fme oes<e keâes helee keâjves kesâ efueS meyemes henues
peesÌ[keâj hegve: efyešgceve keâcheeGC[ mes kesâ oesveeW efmejeW kesâ mebÙeespeve Keesue efoS peeles nw~ ueeFve kesâ oesveeW efmejeW kesâ mebÙeespeve Keesue efoS
meerue keâj osles nQ~ • ceušerceeršj keâes Deesce hejeme ceW jKekeâj ›eâceMe: peeles nw leLee ceušerceeršj kesâ Skeâ ueer[ keâes
• meerefuebie kesâ efueS ef[JeeFef[bie yee@keäme ØelÙeskeâ oes leejeW ceW efJe#eshe osKee peelee nw~ oes<eer Deece&j mes peesÌ[ efoÙee peelee nw Deewj otmejer
keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ leejeW kesâ efueS ceušerceeršj efJe#eshe osKee peelee keâesj keâes ›eâceMe: ØelÙeskeâ keâesj mes peesÌ[e peelee
nw~ nw~ efpeme keâesj kesâ meeLe ceušerceeršj efJe#eshe
oes<eer leejeW kesâ efueS ceušerceeršj efJe#eshe oMee&Siee oMee&lee nw, Jener keâesj oes<eÙegòeâ nw~
DevÙe kesâ efueS veneR~
hejer#eCe Øeef›eâÙee- oes<eÙegòeâ leej keâe helee Ûeue peeves kesâ yeeo Ùee lees heesmš-Dee@efheâme yee@keäme DeLeJee Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ ceušerceeršj mes leej Je ‘Deece&j’ kesâ
yeerÛe keâe ØeeflejesOe ceehekeâj, mecYeeefJele oes<emLeue keâe Devegceeve ueieeÙee peelee nw~ heesmš-Dee@efheâme yee@keäme kesâ Éeje oes<emLeue keâer Keespe kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
ieÙee hejer#eCe, cegj&s uethe hejer#eCe keânueelee nw~
cegj&s uethe hejer#eCe (Murray loop test)-
hejer#eCe Øeef›eâÙee efJeMes<eleeSB
1. cegjx uethe šsmš Fmekeâe mebÙeespeve Yet Øeoes<e mLeeveerkeâjCe kesâ meceeve ner neslee nw Devlej kesâJeue Ùen nw efkeâ yewšjer keâe Jeehemeer
heefjheLe Yet-heefjheLe kesâ mLeeve hej ueIegheefLele kesâefyeue keâe Skeâ Debie neslee nw~
p R
=
q X
P + Q R + X 2r Q
= = , X = 2r
Q X X P+Q
2. Jeeuex uethe šsmš Fme hejer#eCe Éeje oes Øekeâej keâe mLeeveerkeâjCe efkeâÙee peelee nw–
1. Yet-Øeoes<e mLeeveerkeâjCe
2. ueIegheefLele –Øeoes<e mLeeveerkeâjCe

Electrician Capsule 29 YCT

 05
Soldering and Brazing
(meesu[eEjie SJeb yeÇseEpeie)
meesu[efjbie (Soldering)– (B) mJeCe& DeeYet<eCeeW ceW šeBkeâe ueieeves kesâ efueS
oes meceeve Ùee efYeVe OeelegDeeW kesâ leejeW, šgkeâÌ[es Deeefo keâes T<cee leeByee (Cu) = 20%, ÛeeBoer (Ag) = 10%,
Øeef›eâÙee Éeje efkeâmeer leermejer Oeeleg keâer meneÙelee mes peesÌ[ves keâer meesvee (Au) = 70%
ef›eâÙee meesu[efjbie keânueeleer nw~ Ùen leermejer Oeeleg, ‘efheâuej’ Oeeleg Ùee (C) jpele kesâ DeeYet<eCeeW ceW šeBkeâe ueieeves kesâ efueS
‘meesu[j’ keânueeleer nw~ leeByee (Cu) = 20%, ÛeeBoer (Ag) = 70%, pemlee (Zn) =
10%
efheâuej Oeeleg keâe ieueveebkeâ meowJe peesÌ[er peeves Jeeueer OeelegDeeW kesâ
(D) pece&ve efmeuJej ceW šeBkeâe ueieeves kesâ efueS
ieueveebkeâ mes keâce neslee nw~
leeByee (Cu) = 35%, pemlee (Zn) = 55%,
meesu[eEjie efheâuej Oeeleg keâe ieueve efyevog 4200C mes DeefOekeâ
efveefkeâue (Ni) = 10%,
neslee nw~
(2) vece& meesu[j (Soft Solder)–
meesu[efjbie ceW ieueveebkeâ keâes yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS SCšerceveer leLee
vece& meesu[j keâe efvecee&Ce efšve Deewj meermee efceße OeelegDeeW Éeje efkeâÙee
ieueveebkeâ keâes Ieševes kesâ efueS efJemceLe Oeeleg efceueeF& peeleer nw~ peelee nw, efpemekeâe GheÙeesie Úesšs-Úesšs hegpex leLee leejeW keâes pees[Ì ves
meesu[j (Solder)– meesu[j meeceevÙele: uew[ Deewj efšve mes yeveer efceße kesâ efueS keâjles nQ~
Oeeleg neslee nw pees keâce leeheceeve hej efheIeue peelee nw efpemekeâe ieueveebkeâ Fmekeâe ieueveebkeâ efmeuJej meesu[j kesâ ieueveebkeâ mes Yeer keâce neslee nw~
96 C mes 255 Clekeâ neslee nw~
o o
met#ce Deekeâej Jeeues JewÅegeflekeâ GhekeâjCeeW kesâ efueS efšve = 50³],
Ùen oes Øekeâej keâe neslee nw~ ues[ = 50³] Jeeuee meesu[j GheÙegòeâ neslee nw~
(1) keâ"esj meesu[j (Hard Solder)– jsef[Ùees T.V. keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS efšve = 80³], ues[ = 20³ Jeeuee
meesu[j GheÙegòeâ neslee nw~
Ùen DeefOekeâ ieueveebkeâ Jeeueer Oeeleg pewmes keâe@hej, yeÇebme, ueesne, mšerue
meesu[j ceW efšve keâer cee$ee efpeleveer DeefOekeâ jKeer peeleer nw Glevee ner
Deeefo hej meesu[j keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Gmekeâe ieueveebkeâ keâce neslee nw~
keâ"esj meesu[j keâe ieueveebkeâ, DevÙe meesu[j kesâ ieueveebkeâes keâer
SuÙegefceefveÙece keâer JemlegDeeW keâes peesÌ[ves kesâ efueS keâesF& meesu[j
Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
GheÙegòeâ veneR neslee nw, Fmekesâ efueS ALCA-P DeLeJee efvecve
Ùen oes Øekeâej keâe neslee nw– efceßeCe Jeeuee meesu[j ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(i) mhewušj meesu[j (Spelter Solder)– Ùen efvecve leerve DevegheeleeW efšve = 70% , pemlee = 25%
ceW yeveeÙee peelee nw- Al = 3%, Heâe@mHeâj efšve = 2%
(a) leeByee (Cu) = 50%, pemlee (Zn) = 50% SuÙegefceefveÙece meesu[j keâe ieueveebkeâ (1900C) neslee nw~
(b) leeByee (Cu) = 67%, pemlee (Zn) = 33% vece& meesu[j Deewj keâ"esj meesu[j ceW Deblej
(c) leeByee (Cu) = 50%, pemlee (Zn) = 37%, efšve (Sn) = 13% (Difference between Soft Solder and Hard Solder) –
(ii) efmeuJej meesu[j (Silver Solder) – vece& meesu[j keâ"esj meesu[j
Fmekeâe ieueveebkeâ mhewušj meesu[j kesâ ieueveebkeâ mes keâce neslee nw~ 1. Ùen keâÛÛee šeBkeâe neslee nw~ 1. Ùen hekeäkeâe šebkeâe neslee nw~
FmeceW efvecve OeelegSB efceueer ngF& nesleer nw~ 2. Ùen meesu[efjbie DeeÙejve Éeje 2. Ùen Jesefu[bie Ùee Yeóer ceW
(A) ÛeeBoer keâer JemlegDeeW ceW šeBkeâe ueieeves kesâ efueS ueieeÙee peelee nw~ iece& keâjkesâ ueieeÙee peelee
leeByee (Cu) = 33%, ÛeeBoer (Ag) = 67% nw~
Electrician Capsule 30 YCT
 3. Fme meesu[j keâe pees[Ì yengle 3. Ùen Dehes#eeke=âle GÛÛe efpebkeâ keäueesjeF[ - Fmekeâe šwuees- hueefcyebie ceW keâeÙe&
keâce leeheceeve hej efheIeueekeâj leeheceeve hej mecheVe neslee ØeÙeesie heerleue, leeByes, efšve MeeršeW Deewj heeFheeW kesâ efueS
ueieeÙee peelee nw~ nw~ keâer MeeršeW keâer meesu[efjbie keâjles nQ~
4. Ùen cegKÙele: efšve leLee meermee 4. Ùen cegKÙele: heerleue, ceW keâjles nQ~
keâe efceße Oeeleg neslee nw~ (leeByee, pemlee) FlÙeeefo DeceesefveÙece keäueesjeF[- yeesjskeäme- Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie
keâe efceße Oeeleg neslee nw~ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie leeByes Je yeÇsefpebie ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~

5. iece& nesves hej Fmekeâe pees[Ì Kegue 5. iece& nesves hej Fmekeâe pees[Ì mšerue heeš&me keâer
peelee nw~ veneR Keguelee nw~ meesu[efjbie ceW keâjles nQ~
hesmš – hesmš jsefpeve, efpebkeâ
6. FmeceW DeceesefveÙece keäueesjeF[ 6. FmeceW megneiee (yeesjskeäme,
keäueesjeF[ SJeb efiuemejerve mes
(NH4Cl) Ùee veewmeeoj heäuekeäme Na2B4O7.10H2O)
yeveeÙee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe
kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee heäuekeäme kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie
ØeÙeesie Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ kesâ
nw~ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
yeejerkeâ leejeW keâes pees[Ì ves ceW
7. Ùen nukeâer JemlegSB efyepeueer kesâ 7. Ùen Yeejer JemlegSB, Oeeleg
keâjles nQ~
leej Deeefo pees[Ì ves kesâ keâece keâer Yeejer ÛeeojW Deeefo
jsefpeve Ùee jesefpeve – Fmekeâe
Deelee nw~ peesÌ[ves kesâ keâece Deelee nw~
ØeÙeesie efyepeueer kesâ keâeÙeeX
8. Fmekeâe leeheceeve 400ºC mes 8. Fmekeâe leeheceeve 450ºC leLee Keevee yeveeves Jeeues
veerÛes neslee nw~ mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ yele&veeW keâes peesÌ[ves ceW keâjles
heäuekeäme (Flux)– nQ~ Fmes efJejespee kesâ veece mes
heäuekeäme Skeâ Øekeâej keâe heeG[j Ùee hesmš neslee nw pees meesu[j keâjves Yeer peevee peelee nw~
Jeeueer Jemleg keâes meeheâ jKelee nw, meesu[j keâes MeerIeÇ efheIeueelee nw, Oeeleg SJeb Gmekesâ efueS GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peeves Jeeues Heäuekeäme -
meesu[efjbie Jeeueer melen hej Dee@keämeerkeâjCe veneR nesves oslee nw, leLee S.N. Oeeleg Heäuekeäme kesâ Ieškeâ
meesu[j keâes hewâueeves ceW meneÙelee keâjlee nw~
1. leeByee efpebkeâ keäueesjeF[, DeceesefveÙece keäueejesF[
heäuekeäme kesâ Øekeâej (Type of Flux)– SJeb jsefpeve Ùee HeäuekeämeeFš (fluxite)
keâe@jesefmeJe heäuekeäme vee@ve-keâe@jesefmeJe heäuekeäme 2. SuÙegefceefveÙece mšerÙeefjve, jsefpeve
(Corrosive flux) (Non-corrosive flux) 3. pemlee efpebbkeâ keäueesjeF[
efpeve heäuekeämeeW ceW #eej efpeve heäuekeämeeW ceW #eej leLee 4. ieve-cewšue jsefpeve, efpebkeâ keäueesjeF[
leLee Decue keâer cee$ee nesleer Decue keâer cee$ee efyeukegâue 5. heerleue efpebkeâ keäueesjeF[, DeceesefveÙece keäueesjeF[
nw, keâe@jesefmeJe heäuekeäme veneR nesleer nw, vee@ve- SJeb jsefpeve
keânueeles nw~ keâe@jesefmeJe heäuekeäme keânueeles
6. meesvee, ÛeeBoer megneiee (borax)
nw~
meesu[efjbie DeeÙejve (Soldering Iron)–
neF[^eskeäueesefj[ Sefme[ - Dee@efueJe Dee@Ùeue – Ùen
meesu[eEjie DeeÙejve keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâmeer DeJeÙeJe keâer meesu[efjbie
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie iewuJesveeFp[ meesu[efjbie hej nukesâ lespeeye
keâjves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
MeeršeW keâes peesÌ[ves ceW keâjles kesâ ™he ceW keâeÙe& keâjlee nQ~
meesu[eEjie ceW ØeÙegòeâ DeeÙejve keâe cegKÙe Yeeie efyeš Ùee efšhe
nQ~
keânueelee nw~ pees lee@yes keâe yevee neslee nw~
Electrician Capsule 31 YCT
 ef[he meesu[efjbie Fme efJeefOe keâe ØeÙeesie Glheeove Deewj efØebšs[ meefke&âš
Éeje yees[& (PCB) hej IeškeâeW kesâ efšefvebie keâeÙe& kesâ
efueS ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw~
ceMeerve Fme efJeefOe keâe ØeÙeesie cee$ee Glheeove kesâ efueS neslee
meesu[efjbie Éeje nw~
meesu[eEjie DeeÙejve kesâ Øekeâej (Types of soldering Iron)–
yeÇsefpebie (Brazing)–
i
oes Skeâ pewmeer Je efYevve-efYevve OeelegDeeW hej keâ"esj peesÌ[ ueieeves keâer
efJeefOe keâes yeÇsefpebie keânles nQ~
⇒ FmeceW peesÌ[ves kesâ efueS mhesušj Ùee efmeuJej meesu[j ØeÙeesie ceW
ii ueeS peeles nQ~

iii

iv
yeÇsefpebie ceW vee@ve hesâjme efheâuej Oeeleg keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw,
meesu[efjbie efJeefOeÙeeB (Soldering Methods) SJeb efJeJejCe– efpemekeâe ieueveebkeâ 4500C (842ºF) mes DeefOekeâ hejvleg yesme Oeeleg
meesu[efjbie efJeJejCe kesâ ieueveebkeâ keâer Dehes#ee keâce neslee nw~
efJeefOeÙeeB yeÇsefpebie keâjles meceÙe meesu[j kesâ ™he ceW heerleue keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
peelee nw~
meesu[efjbie Fme efJeefOe ceW 65 Jeeš Ùee 125 Jeeš, 230
DeeÙejve Éeje Jeesuš S.meer. JewÅegle meesu[efjbie DeeÙejve, meesu[j Note :- meesu[efjbie keâjves mes henues efšefvebie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Gvekesâ
keâe[& leLee Heäuekeäme keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~ yeeo Heäuekeäme keâe ØeÙeesie efHeâj šwefkebâie Gmekesâ yeeo Heäueesefšbie keâjeÙee
peelee nw~
yuees-uewche Éeje Fme efJeefOe Éeje meesu[efjbie keâjves kesâ efueS yuees
meesu[efjbie ieve (Soldering Gun)-
uewche, meesu[j je@[ leLee Heäuekeäme keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee
nesleer nw meesu[efjbie ieve Fueskeäš^eefvekeâ SJeb Fuesefkeäš^keâ heefjheLeeW ceW Oeeleg leejeW
kesâ peesÌ[ hej šeBkesâ ueieeves DeLeJee meesu[efjbie keâjves kesâ keâece
meesu[efjbie-hee$e Fme efJeefOe kesâ Éeje meesu[efjbie keâjves kesâ efueS
Deeleer nw~
Deewj keâÌ[Úer meesu[efjbie-hee$e, keâÌ[Úer, meesu[j je@[ leLee
Ùen ueieYeie efhemšue keâer Deeke=âefle keâer nesleer nw~
Éeje Heäuekeäme keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~
Ùen Oeeleg leejeW, Oeeleg ÛeeojeW, Skeâ heleues iespe kesâ Oeeleg heeFheeW
mJeerefšbie Éeje Ùen vece& meesu[efjbie keâjves keâer efJeefOe nw~ Fme efJeefOe
hej efšve uew[ efceefßele Oeeleg keâes efheIeuee keâj peesÌ[ ueieeves nsleg
ceW efpeme Yeeie keâes peesÌ[vee neslee nw, henues Gmekeâer
ØeÙeesie ceW ueeF& peeleer nw~
melen hej efšefvebie keâer peeleer nw~ Fmekesâ yeeo peesÌ[s
meesu[efjbie ieve 10 Jee@š mes keâF& meew Jeeš ceW GheueyOe nw~
peeves Jeeues melen hej meesu[j keâer keâesefšbie keâer
meesu[efjbie ieve kesâ Øekeâej-
peeleer nw~
(1) meeOeejCe Ùee nmleÛeeefuele meesu[efjbie ieve
meesu[efjbie ieve Ùen efJeefOe meefJe&efmebie SJeb cejccele keâeÙeex ceW cegKÙe
(2) mJeÛeeefuele meesu[efjbie ieve
Éeje ™he mes ØeÙegòeâ keâer peeleer nw

Electrician Capsule 32 YCT

 06
Electrical Accessories
(JewÅegeflekeâ meneÙekeâ meece«eer)
efmJeÛe– efkeâmeer JewÅegeflekeâ heefjheLe ceW efJeÅegle Oeeje kesâ ØeJeen keâes efveÙeefv$ele keâjves DeLee&led ‘Ûeeuet’ Ùee ‘yevo’ keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer
Ùegefòeâ efmJeÛe keânueeleer nw~
efmJeÛe keâes leerve Jeieex kesâ Devegmeej Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
1. keâeÙe& kesâ Devegmeej (According to work) –
efmJeÛe kesâ veece mebkesâle mebjÛevee GheÙeesie
Skeâue-heesue Skeâ- FmeceW Skeâ heesue Deewj Skeâ heLe Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Skeâ uewche DeLeJee
heLe efmJeÛe neslee nw~ DevÙe efkeâmeer JewÅegeflekeâ GhekeâjCe Ùee
(Single-Pole Ùeg efòeâ keâes Skeâ mLeeve mes
One-Way Dee@ve/Dee@Heâ keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
Switch) peelee nw~
Skeâue heesue efÉ-heLe FmeceW Skeâ heesue Deewj oes heLe Fmekeâe GheÙeesie meerÌ{er ceW Skeâ
efmJeÛe neslee nw~ uewche keâes oes mLeeveeW mes efveÙebef$ele
(Single Pole keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Two-Way
Switch)
FCšjceeref[Sš efmJeÛe Ùes Ûeej šefce&veue Jeeueer Ùegefòeâ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Skeâ uewche /
(Intermediate nesleer nw~ JewÅegeflekeâ Ùegefòeâ keâes leerve Ùee
Switch) DeefOekeâ mLeeveeW mes efveÙeefv$ele keâjves
kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
hegMe-yešve efmJeÛe Ùen efmØebie Ùegòeâ efmJeÛe nw, Fmekeâe GheÙeesie IeCšer, yepej,
(Push-Button efpemes oyeeves hej heefjheLe keâes Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Swith) DemLeeÙeer ™he mes Ûeeuet efkeâÙee
pee mekeâlee nw Deewj hegMe yešve
keâes ÚesÌ[ves hej heefjheLe mJele:
Dee@Heâ nes peelee nw~
meerefuebie efmJeÛe Skeâ efJeMes<e Øekeâej keâe hegMe- Fmekeâe GheÙeesie mepeeJešer uewcheeW
(Ceiling Switch) yešve efmJeÛe nw~ Skeâ yeej veeFš-uewcheeW, šsyeue-uewcheeW Deeefo
oyeeves Ùee KeerÛeves hej Ùen ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
heefjheLe keâes Dee@ve keâj oslee nw
Deewj otmejer yeej oyeeves/KeerÛeves
hej Ùen Gmes ‘Dee@Heâ’ keâj oslee
nw~ Fmes yes[ efmJeÛe Ùee hegue
efmJeÛe keânles nw~
oes heesue DeeÙejve Ùen efmebieue Hesâpe S.meer. efkeâmeer JewÅegeflekeâ heefjheLe ceW cesve
keäuew[ efmJeÛe DeLeJee [er.meer. mehueeF& ueeFve efmJeÛe keâer YeeBefle ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
(DPIC) kesâ efueS cesve efmJeÛe keâe keâeÙe& peelee nw~
keâjlee nw leLee FmeceW ØelÙeskeâ
ueeFve kesâ ßesCeer ›eâce ceW Skeâ
HeäÙetpe ueiee neslee nw~ Ùes efmJeÛe

Electrician Capsule 33 YCT

 15A mes 200A lekeâ Deewj
250V mes 660V lekeâ yeveeS
peeles nw~ efmJeÛe keâe OeeeflJekeâ
DeeJejCe DeeJeMÙekeâ ™he mes
‘DeLe& efkeâÙee peevee ÛeeefnS~
leerve-heesue DeeÙejve Skeâ 3-Hesâpe S.meer ueeFve kesâ efkeâmeer JewÅegeflekeâ heefjheLe peneB leerve
keäuew[ efmJeÛe efueS cesve efmJeÛe keâe keâeÙe& Hesâpe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nes JeneB hej
(Tripple Pole keâjlee nw leLee ØelÙeskeâ ueeFve cesve efmJeÛe keâer YeeBefle ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
Iron Clad kesâ ßesCeer ›eâce ceW Skeâ HeäÙetpe peelee nw~
(TPIC) Switch neslee nw Deewj Skeâ ‘vÙetš^ue
efuebkeâ’ neslee nw~ Ùes efmJeÛe
30A mes 400A lekeâ Deewj
400V mes 1100V lekeâ
yeveeS peeles nw~ efmJeÛe keâe
OeeeflJekeâ DeeJejCe DeeJeMÙekeâ
™he mes ‘DeLe&’ efkeâÙee peevee
ÛeeefnS~
veeFHeâ efmJeÛe Ùen efyevee DeeJejCe Jeeuee GÛÛe Fmekeâe GheÙeesie meyemšsMeve Ùee
(Knife Switch) efJeÅegle Oeeje Jenve #ecelee Jeeuee efJelejCe-mšsMeve hej ner efkeâÙee
efmJeÛe nw, Ùen 30 mes peelee nw~
1000A lekeâ efJeÅegle Oeeje
Jenve #ecelee kesâ efueS ef[peeFve
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
veesš–DPIC leLee TPIC oesveeW Øekeâej kesâ efmJeÛe Thej keâer efoMee ceW ‘Dee@ve’ leLee veerÛes keâer efoMee ceW ‘Dee@Heâ’ nesles nw peyeefkeâ DevÙe efmJeÛe veerÛes keâer
efoMee ceW ‘Dee@ve’ nesles nw~
2. mebjÛevee kesâ Devegmeej (According to construction)
S.N. efmJeÛe kesâ veece mebkesâle mebjÛevee GheÙeesie
1. šcyeuej šeFhe efmebieue-Jes Ùen efkeâmeer yees[& keâer melen kesâ Fme efmJeÛe keâe ØeÛeueve
efmJeÛe Thej keâmee peeves Jeeuee efmJeÛe nw~ Deye yengle keâce nes
(Tumbler Type Ùen Skeâ heesue Skeâ heLe leLee Skeâ ieÙee nw~
Single-Way Switch) heesue efÉ-heLe Øekeâej keâe neslee nw~
2. HeäueMe šeFhe efmJeÛe Ùen yees[& keâer melen kesâ Devoj Deepekeâue JewÅegeflekeâ
(Flush Type Switch) keâmee peeves Jeeuee efmJeÛe nw, Ùen JeeÙeefjbie ceW HeäueMe
Skeâ heesue , Skeâ heLe leLee Skeâ Øekeâej kesâ efmJeÛe ner
heesue efÉ-heLe Øekeâej keâe neslee nw~ ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeles nw~

3. še@ieue efmJeÛe Ùen Yeer yees[& keâer melen kesâ Devoj Fmekeâe GheÙeesie ØeeÙe:
(Toggle Switch) keâmee peeves Jeeuee efmJeÛe nw~ Ùen JewÅegeflekeâ SJeb
Skeâ-heesue Skeâ-heLe Skeâ-heesue efÉ- Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ GhekeâjCeeW
heLe leLee FCšjceeref[Sš Øekeâej ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâe neslee nw~

Electrician Capsule 34 YCT

 4. mueeF[ efmJeÛe Ùen Yeer yees[& keâer melen kesâ Devoj JewÅegeflekeâ leLee
(Slide Switch) keâmee peeves Jeeuee efmJeÛe nw Ùen Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ GhekeâjCeeW
Skeâ heesue Skeâ-heLe Skeâ-heesue efÉ- SJeb Ùev$eeW ceW efkeâÙee
heLe SJeb Deveskeâ - heesue Deveskeâ - peelee nw~
heLe Jeeuee neslee nw~
5. jesšjer efmJeÛe Ùen Yeer yees[& kesâ Devoj keâmee Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efyepeueer
(Rotary Switch) peeves Jeeuee efmJeÛe nw, efmJeÛe keâer kesâ hebKeeW ceW, ketâueme& ceW
jesšsefšbie vee@ye ‘yees[& mes yeenj leLee DevÙe JewÅegeflekeâ
efvekeâueer jnleer nw~ Ùen Skeâ-heesue SJeb Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ
mes Deveskeâ heesue Jeeuee leLee Skeâ- GhekeâjCeeW ceW efkeâÙee
heLe mes Deveskeâ heLe Jeeuee efmJeÛe peelee nw~
neslee nw~
3. efJeÅegle Jenve #ecelee kesâ Devegmeej (According to current Rating)–
5A, 240V efmJeÛe 15A, 240V efmJeÛe 30A, 415V efmJeÛe 30A mes DeefOekeâ
FmeceW Deeves Jeeueer efmJeÛe Skeâ- FmeceW Deeves Jeeueer efmJeÛe Skeâ- FmeceW Deeves Jeeueer efmJeÛe DPIC, ■ FmeceW Deeves Jeeueer efmJeÛe
heesue Skeâ-heLe, Skeâ-heesue efÉ- heesue Skeâ-heLe, Skeâ-heesue efÉ-heLe TPIC leLee veeFHeâ Øekeâej kesâ nesles 30 A mes 1000A lekeâ
heLe, FCšjceeref[Sš, hegMe- Øekeâej šcyeuej leLee HeäueMe Øekeâej nw~ efJeefYeVe #eceleeDeeW ceW cesve
yešve, meerefuebie Øekeâej ceW kesâ nesles nw~ efmJeÛe yeveeS peeles nw~ Ùes
šcyeuej, HeäueMe, še@ieue, LeÇer-heesue DeeÙejve keäuew[
mueeF[ leLee jesšjer Øekeâej kesâ (TPIC) leLee veeFHeâ Øekeâej
nesles nw~ kesâ nesles nw~
■ Fmes 33KV lekeâ GheÙeesie
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
■ Fvekesâ Devleie&le Ghekesâvõ ceW
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues
SÙej meefke&âš yeÇskeâj leLee
Dee@Ùeue meefke&âš yeÇskeâ efmJeÛe
Deeles nw~
mee@kesâš (Socket)– efJeefYeVe JewÅegeflekeâ GhekeâjCeeW keâes efJeÅegle mehueeF& Øeoeve keâjves Jeeueer Ùegefòeâ mee@kesâš (Socket) keânueeleer nw~ Ùes meeceevÙele: 2-
efheve 5A, 250V leLee 3-efheve 5A/15A, 250 V #ecelee ceW yeveeS peeles nw~
mee@kesâš kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Socket)– mee@kesâš efvecve Ûeej Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw–
2-efheve mee@kesâš 3-efheve mee@kesâš mee@kesâš kesâ meeLe efmJeÛe 2-efheve mee@kesâš (ICDP)
FmeceW ‘DeLe&’ efheve veneR nesleer nw efJeÅegle DeefOeefveÙeceeW kesâ Devegmeej, 3-efheve FmeceW yewkesâueeFš efmJeÛe mee@kesâš Fme Øekeâej kesâ mee@kesâš ceW
Deewj efvecve Jeesušspe keâeÙeex kesâ Jeeuee mee@kesâš ner ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS, kesâ meeLe meefcceefuele neslee nw~ šcyeuej, Skeâue heesue Skeâ-
efueS GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efpemeceW 1-efheve ‘DeLe&’ mebÙeespeve kesâ efueS Ùeefo Ùen Kejeye nes peelee nw lees heLe leLee Skeâue-heesue efÉ-
nesleer nw pees Hesâpe Deewj vÙetš^ue efheve keâer hetje mesš yeouevee heÌ[lee nw~ heLe Øekeâej kesâ efmJeÛe Deeles
Dehes#ee ceesšer leLee uecyeer nesleer nw~ nw~
hueie-še@he (Plug-Top)–meÛeue JewÅegeflekeâ GhekeâjCeeW keâer cesve-ueer[ keâes mee@kesâš mes mebÙeesefpele keâjves Jeeueer Ùegefòeâ hueie-še@he keânueeleer nw~ mee@kesâš
kesâ Deveg™he Ùes Yeer 2-efheve 5A, 250V leLee 3-efheve 5A/15A, 250V #ecelee ceW yeveeS peeles nw~
uewche nesu[j (Lamp Holder)– uewche mebÙeesefpele keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer Ùegefòeâ uewche nesu[j (lamp holder) keânueeleer nw~
uewche nesu[me& Ûeej Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw~
Electrician Capsule 35 YCT
 nesu[j kesâ veece efÛevn GheÙeesie
yeeÙeesvesš kewâhe uewche Fvekeâe GheÙeesie 200 W kesâ uewcheeW kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
nesu[j peelee nw~

m›etâ šeFhe Ùee šŸetye Fmekeâe GheÙeesie šŸetye ueeFš leLee mšeš&j nesu[j
uewche nesu[j kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~

S[ermeve m›etâ šeFhe uewche Fmekeâe GheÙeesie 200 mes 300 Jeeš lekeâ kesâ
nesu[j uewcheeW kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~

iesefueSLe-S[ermeve m›etâ Fve nesu[me& keâe GheÙeesie 300 Jeeš mes DeefOekeâ
šeFhe uewche nesu[j Jeešspe Jeeues mštef[ÙeeW, nw[ueeFš, Heäue[ueeFš
Heâeskeâefmebie Deeefo Øekeâej kesâ uewcheeW kesâ meeLe efkeâÙee
peelee nw~

meefke&âš yeÇskeâj (Circuit Breakers)– heefjheLe efJeÙeespekeâ Skeâ mJeÛeeefuele JewÅegle efmJeÛe nw, pees JewÅegle heefjheLeeW ceW Oeeje kesâ ceeie& ceW yeeOee GlheVe
keâjlee nw leLee Øeoes<e kesâ meceÙe heefjheLe keâes ve° nesves mes yeÛeelee nw~
S.No. heefjheLe efJeÙeespekeâ kesâ veece jsefšbie efJeMes<elee
1. ueIeg heefjheLe efJeÙeespekeâ meeceevÙele: 5A mes 60A, 230V #ecelee Fvekeâer efJeMes<elee Ùen nw efkeâ
(Miniature circuit breaker, MCB) kesâ yeveeÙes peeles nw~ heefjheLe kesâ DeesJej uees[ nesves hej
Ùen mJele: ner efš^he DeLee&le
‘Dee@Heâ’ nes peeles nw
2. ‘DeLe&’ ueerkesâpe meefke&âš yeÇskeâjÙen kesâJeue 100 efceueer SefcheÙej ueerkesâpe Ùen DeLe& ceW Oeeje ueerkesâpe SJeb
(Earth Leakage Circuit breaker ELCB) Oeeje hej ner ØeÛeeefuele nes mekeâlee nw~ ‘DeLe& oes<e’ Ùee efJeÅegle ØeIeele
mes megj#ee kesâ efueS ELCB keâe
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
3. ceesu[s[ kesâme meefke&âš yeÇskeâj 25A mes 2500 A lekeâ keâeÙe& keâj mekeâles Ùes heefjheLe efJeÙeespekeâ MCB keâer
(Moulded case circuit breaker, MCCB) nw~ YeeBefle keâeÙe& keâjles nw~ Fve
heefjheLe efJeÙeespekeâeW keâes Skeâ lesue
Ùegòeâ keâ#e ceW yevo keâj efoÙee
peelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 36 YCT

HeäÙetpe (Fuse)– HeäÙetpe Skeâ megj#ee Ùegefòeâ nw, pees efkeâmeer JewÅegeflekeâ heefjheLe keâer ‘Mee@š&-meefke&âš’ DeLeJee ‘DeesJej uees[’ heefjefmLeefleÙeeW ceW
megj#ee keâjleer nw~
HeäÙetpe leej kesâ ™he ceW efšve-ues[ (efceße Oeeleg) leej, SuÙegefceefveÙece leej DeLeJee efšve Deeuesefhele leeByes keâe leej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, HeäÙetpe leej efvecve
ieueveebkeâ Jeeueer Oeeleg keâe yeveeÙee peelee nw~
HeäÙetpe keâer jsefšbie SefcheÙej ceW nesleer nw~
HeäÙetpe keâer efJeoejCe #ecelee MVA ces nesleer nw~
HeäÙetpe kesâ Øekeâej– HeäÙetpe cegKÙele: Ûeej Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw–
HeäÙetpe kesâ veece Symbol (mebkesâle) jsefšbie efJeMes<elee
ieesueekeâej Fme HeäÙetpe keâe yee¢e DeeJejCe yewkesâueeFš DeLeJee
HeäÙetpe heesefme&uesve keâe yevee neslee nw~ Fme Øekeâej keâer
HeäÙetpe FkeâeF& ceW HeäÙetpe leej yeoueves kesâ efueS
meJe&ØeLece JewÅegeflekeâ mebmLeeheve keâe cegKÙe efmJeÛe
Dee@Heâ keâjvee DeeJeMÙekeâ neslee nw~
efkeâš-kewâš ■ 400 V hej yeÇsefkebâie Ùen heesefme&uesve keâe yevee neslee nw~ Ùes meyemes
HeäÙetpe #ecelee 4000A nesleer DeefOekeâ ØeÛeeefuele Øekeâej keâe HeäÙetpe nw~ FmeceW oes
nw~ Yeeie nesles nw~
■ Ùen HeäÙetpe 500A (i) DeeOeej (ii) šehe Ùee HeäÙetpe kewâefjÙej ‘DeeOeej’
efveOee&efjle Oeeje lekeâ
yeveeÙee peelee nw~
GÛÛe Jeesušlee 33 kV Jeesušlee hej FmeceW ØeeÙe: leeByee Je efšve (63% Je 37%) keâer
keâeefš^pe HeäÙetpe yeÇsefkebâie #ecelee 8700 A efceße Oeeleg keâe leej keâe@Ûe DeLeJee heesefme&uesve keâer
(High neslee nw~ šŸetye ceW mLeeefhele keâj efoÙee peelee nw~
Voltage
Cartridge
fuse)

SÛe.Deej.meer 440V hej yeÇsefkebâie #ecelee ■ Fmekeâe hetje veece neF& jhÛeefjbie kewâhesefmešer
heäÙetpe (HRC 16 kA mes 30kA lekeâ HeäÙetpe nw~
fuse) neslee nw~ ■ Fme HeäÙetpe keâer efJeMes<elee Ùen nw efkeâ Ùen
efveOee&efjle efJeÅegle Oeeje ceeve mes ueieYeie oes
iegveer efJeÅegle Oeeje Yeer kegâÚ #eCeeW lekeâ men
mekeâlee nw~

Electrician Capsule 37 YCT

 07
Electro-Chemical Effect and Battery
(efJeÅegle-jemeeÙeefvekeâ ØeYeeJe Deewj yewš^er)
efJeÅegle Oeeje keâe jemeeÙeefvekeâ ØeYeeJe JewÅegle efkeâmeer lelJe keâer «eece ceW Jen cee$ee pees JewÅegle
(Chemical Effect of Electric Current) jemeeÙeefvekeâ DeheIešŸe Ieesue ceW Skeâ SefcheÙej keâer efJeÅegle
‘‘peye efkeâmeer DecueerÙe SJeb Dekeâeye&efvekeâ efJeueÙeve ceW mes efJeÅegle Oeeje leguÙeebkeâ Oeeje keâes Skeâ meskesâC[ lekeâ ØeJeeefnle keâjves
ØeJeeefnle keâer peeleer nw lees efJeueÙeve Deheves DeJeÙeJeeW ceW efJeYeòeâ nes Electro hej cegòeâ nesleer nw~ JewÅegle jemeeÙeefvekeâ
peelee nw Deewj Ùen ef›eâÙee efJeÅegle keâe jemeeÙeefvekeâ ØeYeeJe keânueeleer nw~’’ chemical leguÙeebkeâ keânueelee nw~
ØecegKe heo efJeJejCe equivalent Z = m «eece / ketâueece
Fueskeäš^esueeFš ‘‘Ssmee efJeueÙeve efpemeceW mes efJeÅegle Oeeje ØeJeeefnle JewÅegle jemeeÙeefvekeâ leguÙeebkeâ keâer FkeâeF&
Electrolyte keâjves hej Gmekeâer mebjÛevee heefjJeefle&le nes peeS, «eece/ketâueece nw~
Fueskeäš^esueeFš keânueelee nw~’’
■ Ùen ØeeÙe: DecueerÙe SJeb Dekeâeye&efvekeâ efJeueÙeve hewâje[s kesâ JewÅegle DeheIešŸe kesâ efveÙece
neslee nw~ (Faraday's Law of Electrolysis Process)
■ pewmes- Dil. H2SO4, AgNO3, NaCl, hewâje[s ves JewÅegle DeheIešŸe kesâ oes efveÙece Øeefleheeefole efkeâÙes-
CuSO4 Deeefo
ØeLece efveÙece efkeâmeer JewÅegle Øeef›eâÙee mes Fueskeäš^es[ hej pecee Ùee
Fueskeäš^es[ Fueskeäš^esueeFš ceW mes efJeÅegle Oeeje ØeJeeefnle keâjves Fueskeäš^es[ mes cegòeâ nesves Jeeues heoeLe& keâer cee$ee,
First law
Electrode kesâ efueS oes OeeeflJekeâ ÚÌ[ keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer
Ieesue ceW ØeJeeefnle DeeJesMe keâer cee$ee kesâ
nw, efpevns Fueskeäš^es[ keânles nQ~
meceevegheeleer nesleer nw~
Svees[ Oeeleg keâer Jen huesš Ùee Fueskeäš^es[ pees hee@efpeefšJe
šefce&veue mes peesÌ[er peeleer nw ~ m∝Q
Anode
kewâLees[ Oeeleg keâer Jen huesš Ùee Fueskeäš^es[ pees $e+Ceelcekeâ m = ZIt
Cathode šef ce&veue mes pegÌ[e neslee nw~ efÉleerÙe efveÙece Ùeefo efJeefYeVe JewÅegle DeheIešŸe Ieesuees ceW meceeve
JewÅegeflekeâ- eye efkeâmeer Fueskeäš^esueeFš heoeLe& keâes peue Deeefo Second law Oeeje meceeve meceÙe lekeâ ØeJeeefnle keâer peeS lees
DeheIešve efJeueeÙekeâ heoeLe& ceW Ieesuee peelee nw lees Jen efJeefYeVe JewÅegle DeheIešŸe Ieesuees Éeje cegòeâ Ùee
Electrolysis ‘DeeÙevme (ions) ceW efJeYeòeâ nes peelee nw~ FveceW pecee heoeLeeW& keâer cee$ee ›eâceMe: Gve heoeLeeX kesâ
Skeâ Øekeâej kesâ DeeÙevme OeveeÙeve (+) nesles nw Deewj jemeeÙeefvekeâ leguÙeebkeâer Yeej kesâ meceevegheeleer nesleer
otmejs Øekeâej kesâ DeeÙevme $e+CeeÙeve (–) nesles nw,
nw~
pewmes–
H 2SO 4 → 2H + + SO 4−− m1 m 2 m3
= =
w1 w 2 w 3
CuSO 4 → Cu 2 + + SO 4−−
Jeesušeceeršj efpeme hee$e ceW JewÅegeflekeâ-DeheIešve ef›eâÙee m1 Z1 w1
= =
Voltameter mecheVe keâer peeleer nw, Gmes Jeesušeceeršj keânles m 2 Z2 w 2
nw~
Hewâje[s efmLejlee efJeÅegle DeheIešŸe Øeef›eâÙee ceW efceueves Jeeues heoeLe&
Ùen hee$e ØeeÙe: keâeBÛe keâe peej Ùee Ûeerveer efceóer
keâe yeÌ[e šQkeâ neslee nw~ Faraday keâer cee$ee «eece ceW leLee Oeeje Gmekesâ jemeeÙeefvekeâ
Constant leguÙeebkeâ kesâ yejeyej nw lees Ùen Hewâje[s efmLejlee
jemeeÙeefvekeâ hejceeCeg Yeej leLee mebÙeespekeâlee keâe Devegheele
leguÙeeBkeâ Ùee jemeeÙeefvekeâ leguÙeebkeâ keânueelee nw~ keânueelee nw~
leguÙeeBkeâer Yeej hejceeCeg Yeej ( a ) E
jemeeÙeevfekeâ leugÙeekbeâ ( w ) = =F
Chemical meÙbeepsekeâlee ( v ) Z
equivalent
(F) = 96500 ketâuee@ce

Electrician Capsule 38 YCT

 efJeÅegle efve#esheCe keâe cetue efmeæeble efJeÅegle efve#esheCe Ùee uesheve keâe efmeæeble DeeÙeefvekeâ efJeIešve (Ionic
(Basic Principle of electro-deposition) dissociation) leLee efJeÅegle DeheIešveer Øeef›eâÙee hej DeeOeeefjle nw~
efJeÅegle efve#esheCe efJe%eeve keâer Jen MeeKee nw, efpemeceW efJeÅegle Oeeje keâer efJeÅegle uesheve (electroplating), efJeÅegle cegõCe (Electrotyping)
meneÙelee mes OeelegDeeW keâes otmejer Oeeleg hej uesefhele Ùee efve#esefhele efkeâÙee
leLee efJeÅegle heâeefceËie Fmekesâ GoenjCe nw~
peelee nw~
mesue (Cell) – jemeeÙeefvekeâ ef›eâÙeeDeeW kesâ HeâuemJe™he efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue (emf) GlheVe keâjves Jeeueer Ùegefòeâ jemeeÙeefvekeâ mesue keânueeleer nw~
JewÅegeflekeâ mesue efJeÅegle DeheIešve kesâ efmeæeble hej keâeÙe& keâjles nw~
mesue cegKÙele: oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw-
1. ØeeLeefcekeâ mesue– ØeeLeefcekeâ mesue ceW jemeeÙeefvekeâ DeefYeef›eâÙee Gl›eâceCeerÙe veneR nesleer nw DeLee&led Fvns oesyeeje Ûeepe& veneR keâj mekeâles nw~
kegâÚ ØeeLeefcekeâ mesue efvecve nw–
mesue keâe veece Oeveelcekeâ $e+Ceelcekeâ huesš Fueskeäš^esueeFš OeÇgJeerkeâjCe Deevleefjkeâ efJe.Jee.yeue DevegØeÙeesie
huesš ØeeflejesOe (emf)
JeesušeFkeâ leeByes keâer ÚÌ[ pemles keâer ÚÌ[ leveg iebOekeâ Decue neF[^espeve iewme yengle keâce 1.08V efmLej Jeesušspe SJeb Oeeje
mesue (H2SO4) kesâ yegueyegues Øeoeve keâjves Jeeues
JewÅegeflekeâerÙe GhekeâjCees ces
pewmes– šerJeer, efjceesš, keâej
yewš^er, FvJeš&j Deeefo~
[sefveÙeue mesue leeByes keâer ÚÌ[, pemles keâer ÚÌ[ leveg keâe@hej meuHesâš keâe@hej meuHesâš 2Ω mes 6Ω 1.1V ØeÙeesieMeeuee ceW efmLej
keâe@hej meuHesâš ievOekeâ Decue kesâ Ieesue (CuSO4) keâe lekeâ Jeesušspe Øeoeve keâjves kesâ
kesâ Ieesue ceW ceW jnleer nQ Ieesue efueS
jnleer nw~
uewkeäueebMeer keâeye&ve keâer pemles keâer ÚÌ[ DeceesefveÙece keâeye&ve SJeb 1Ω mes 5Ω 1.46V peneB ™keâ-®keâ keâj efJeÅegle
mesue ÚÌ[ keäueesjeF[ cewiveerpe [eF& lekeâ Oeeje keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee
(NH4Cl) Dee@keämeeF[ ÛetCe& nesleer nw~ pewmes-efJeÅegle
IeCšer, šsueerHeâesve Heäuewme
ueeFš Deeefo~
Meg<keâ mesue keâeye&ve efpebkeâ Fueskeäš^ebs[ DeceesefveÙece ceQiveerpe [eF&- 1Ω 1.4V-1.5V še@Ûe&, šsueerHeâesve, kewâceje,
Fueskeäš^es[ keäueesjeF[, efpebkeâ DeekeämeeF[, oerJeej IeÌ[er šshe-efjkeâe@[&j
keäueesjeF[ leLee keâeye&ve, Deeefo
hueemšj Dee@Heâ DeceesefveÙece
hesefjme keâer uegieoer keäueesjeF[ leLee
efpebkeâ keäueesjeF[
kesâ ÛetCe&
(10:10:2:1)
kesâ Devegheele ceW
cejkeâjer mesue efveefkeâue pemleW keâer ÚÌ[ heesšwefMeÙece cejkeäÙetefjkeâ 1.35–1.4V keâueeF& IeÌ[er, hee@kesâš
Deeuesefhele neF[^e@keämeeF[ Dee@keämeeF[ kewâuekegâuesšj Deeefo~
mšerue (KOH)
efmeuJej efmeuJej efpebkeâ heeG[j efpebkeâ Dee@keämeeF[ efmeuJej 1.5V ueieeleej efJeÅegle Oeeje
Dee@keämeeF[ Dee@keämeeF[ Dee@keämeeF[ ØeJeen keâjves Jeeues
mesue GhekeâjCeeW ceW, ueIeg Deekeâej
Jeeues ef[efpešue GhekeâjCeeW
leLee Ùev$eeW ceW
#eejerÙe mesue cewiveerpe [eF& pemles keâer ÚÌ[ heesšwefMeÙece GÛÛe 1.5V ef[efpešue kewâceje, MP3
DeekeämeeF[ neF[^e@keämeeF[ huesÙej, jsef[Ùees Deeefo~
yegve mewve mesue keâeye&ve pemlee Meesje Deewj iebOekeâ 0.8Ω 1.9V
keâe Decue
efpebkeâ efpebkeâ keäueesjeF[ 1.5 V
keäueesjeF[
mesue

Electrician Capsule 39 YCT

efÉleerÙekeâ mesue– Jes mesue efpevns hegve: Ûeepe& keâjkesâ ØeÙeesie ceW ueeÙee peelee nw GvnW efÉleerÙekeâ mesue keânles nw~ Fmekeâer jemeeÙeefvekeâ ef›eâÙee Gl›eâceCeerÙe
nesleer nw~ kegâÚ efÉleerÙekeâ mesue efvecve nw–
mesue keâe veece Oeveelcekeâ Fueskeäš^es[ $e+Ceelcekeâ Fueskeäš^es[ efJe.Jee.yeue
uew[-Sefme[ mesue uew[ heje@keämeeF[ (PbO2) uew[ (Pb) hetCe& DeeJesefMele DeJemLee ceW
uew[-Sefme[ mesue keâe efJe.Jee.yeue
2.1 Jeesuš Øeefle mesue leLee
Deevleefjkeâ ØeeflejesOe 2 Deesce
neslee nw~
efveefkeâue-DeeÙejve mesue Ùee efveefkeâue neF[^e@keämeeF[ DeeÙejve hetCe& DeeJesefMele DeJemLee ceW
S[ermeve mesue Ni(OH)4 (Fe) efJe.Jee.yeue 1.2 Jeesuš Øeefle
mesue leLee Deevleefjkeâ ØeeflejesOe
DeefOekeâ
efveefkeâue-kewâ[efceÙece mesue efveefkeâue ne[[^e@keämeeF[ kewâ[efceÙece (Cd) 1.2 mes 1.5 Jeesuš
Ni(OH)4
ueerefLeÙece-DeeÙeve mesue efueefLeÙece keâesyeeuš Dee@keämeeF[ Ùee SLeerueerve keâeyeexvesš Ùee [eF& 3.6 mes 3.95 Jeesuš
ueerefLeÙece DeeÙejve HeâemHesâš Ùee FLeeFue keâeyeexvesš
ueerefLeÙece ceQieveerpe Dee@keämeeF[
mesue keâe veece
jemeeÙeefvekeâ DeefYeef›eâÙee
ÛeeefpeËie kesâ meceÙe ef[mÛeeefpeËie kesâ meceÙe
uew[-Sefme[ mesue Svees[ hej– Svees[ hej –
PbSO4+2H2O+SO4→ PbO2+2H2SO4 PbO2+2H++H2SO4→PbSO4+2H2O
kewâLees[ hej– kewâLees[ hej–
+
PbSO4+2H →Pb+H2SO4 Pb+O2-+H2SO4 → PbSO4 +H2O

efveefkeâue-DeeÙejve Svees[ hej- Svees[ hej-

mesue Ni(OH)2 + 2OH-→ Ni(OH)4 Ni(OH)4 +2K+→Ni(OH)2+2KOH
kewâLees[ hej–
kewâLees[ hej– Fe++2OH-→Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)2 + 2K+→Fe+2KOH

efveefkeâue-kewâ[efceÙece Svees[ hej– Svees[ hej

mesue Ni(OH)2+2(OH)- →Ni(OH)4 Ni(OH)2 +2K+ + OH-→Ni(OH)2 +2KOH
kewâLees[ hej– kewâLees[ hej
Cd(OH)2+ 2K+→Cd+2KOH Cd2++2OH-→Cd(OH)2
ØeeLeefcekeâ mesue leLee efÉleerÙekeâ mesue keâer leguevee–
ØeeLeefcekeâ mesue efÉleerÙekeâ mesue
Fmekeâe Jepeve ØeeÙe: keâce neslee nw Fmekeâe Jepeve DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
Fvekeâer Jeesušlee (efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue) keâce nesleer nw~ Fvekeâer Jeesušspe (efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue) DeefOekeâ nesleer nw
Fmekeâe GheÙeesie legjvle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Fmekeâes henues [er.meer. mehueeF& Éeje Ûeepe& keâjvee heÌ[lee nw~
FmeefueS Fvekeâe GheÙeesie legjvle vener nes mekeâlee nw~
Fmekeâes ogyeeje (hegve:) Ûeepe& vener efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Fmekeâes ogyeeje (hegve:) Ûeepe& keâj mekeâles nw~
Fmekeâes Skeâ yeej ner GheÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Fmekeâes yeej-yeej Ûeepe& keâjkesâ GheÙeesie keâj mekeâles nw~
Fvekeâer keâercele keâce nesleer nw~ Fvekeâer keâercele DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
Fvekeâe GheÙeesie efvecve oj kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fvekeâe GheÙeesie GÛÛe oj kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 40 YCT
efÉleerÙekeâ mesue keâer Oeeefjlee (Capacity of Secondary Cell)-
mebÛeeÙekeâ mesue keâer Oeeefjlee SefcheÙej-IeCše ceW ceeheer peeleer nw~
mesue keâer Oeeefjlee, yewšjer kesâ efJemepe&ve oj, efJeÅegle DeheIešŸe kesâ efJeefMe° IevelJe leLee leeheceeve hej efveYe&j keâjleer nw~
mesue keâer efJemepe&ve oj yeÌ{ves mes mesue keâer Oeeefjlee keâce nes peeleer nw~
mesue keâe leeheceeve Deewj efJeefMe° IevelJe oesveeW yeÌ{ves ueies lees mesue keâer Oeeefjlee yeÌ{ peeleer nw~
yewšjer kesâ hetCe& Ûeepe& Deewj ef[mÛeepe& kesâ mebkesâle–
hetCe& Ûeepe& DeJemLee hetCe& ef[mÛeepe& DeJemLee
yewšjer keâe Jeesušspe 2.2 Jeesuš 1.8 V
huesšes keâe jbie +Ve huesš Yetje Ûee@keâuesšer leLee -Ve huesš +Ve Deewj -Ve huesšs, meHesâo
muesšer
Fueskeäš^esueeFš keâer mhesefmeefHeâkeâ «esJešer keâer 1.250 mes 1.280 lekeâ 1.150 mes 1.200 lekeâ
efjef[bie
mesueeW keâe mecetnve (Grouping of cells)– mesueeW kesâ mecetn keâes yewšjer keânles nw~ Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ mesuees keâes ßesCeer-›eâce, meceevlej-›eâce Ùee
efceefßele -›eâce ceW mebÙeesefpele keâjvee Gvekeâe mecetnve keânueelee nw~
mesueeW keâes efvecve Øekeâej mes mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw–
heo mesueeW keâe ßesCeer mecetnve mesueeW keâe meceevlej mesuees keâe efceefßele
mecetnve mecetnve
leguÙe-heefjheLe

kegâue efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue E T = nE ET = E E T = nE

kegâue Deevleefjkeâ ØeeflejesOe rT = nr r nr
rT = rT =
n m

heefjheLe keâer kegâue efJeÅegle Oeeje nE nE nmE

I= I= I=
nr + R r + nR nr + mR

GösMÙe DeefOekeâ efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue Øeehle DeefOekeâ ceeve keâer efJeÅegle DeefOekeâ efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ
keâjves kesâ efueS mesuees keâes ßesCeer Oeeje DeLeJee DeefOekeâ meceÙe yeue SJeb DeefOekeâ meceÙe
›eâce ceW pees[Ì les nQ~ lekeâ efJeÅegle Oeeje Øeehle lekeâ efJeÅegle Oeeje Øeehle
keâjves kesâ efueS mesueeW keâes keâjves kesâ efueS mesueeW keâes
meceevlej ›eâce ceW mebÙeesefpele efceefßele ceW pees[Ì les nw~
keâjles nw
yewšjer keâer o#elee (Efficiency of battery)
SefcheÙej-IeCše o#elee Jeeš-IeCše o#elee
ØeefleMele SefcheÙej-IeCše o#elee- ØeefleMele Jeeš-IeCše o#elee-
ef[mÛeeefpe&Ëie SefcheÙej × IeCšs ef[mÛeeefpe&Ëie Jeeš × IeCšs
ηAh % = × 100 ηWh % = ×100
Ûeeefpe&Ëie SefcheÙej × IeCšs Ûeeefpe&Ëie Jeeš × IeCšs
Electrician Capsule 41 YCT
 Id × h d Vd × Id × h d
ηAh % = × 100 ηWh % = × 100
Ic × h c Vc × Ic × h c
ues[ Sefme[ yewšjer keâer SefcheÙej-neJej o#elee 90-95% nesleer nw~ ues[ Sefme[ yewšjer keâer Jeeš-neJej o#elee 80-85% nesleer nw~
Jeeš-neJej o#elee keâes Tpee& o#elee Yeer keânles nw~
ues[ Sefme[ yewšjer keâer o#elee keâer efveYe&jlee–
Ûeepe& Deewj ef[mÛeepe& keâer oj hej
Deevleefjkeâ ØeeflejesOe SJeb OeÇgJelee hej
leeheceeve hej
yewšjer ef[mÛeepe& nesves Deewj hegve: Ûeepe& nesves kesâ yeerÛe kesâ meceÙe hej
ues[ Sefme[ yewšjer ceW oes<e Je Gvekeâe efveJeejCe–
oes<e efveJeejCe
meuHesâMeve (Sulphation) +Ve Ùee –Ve huesšes hej ues[ meuHesâš keâer len pece Fmekeâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS yewšjer keâes keâce
peevee meuHesâMeve keânueelee nw~ efJeÅegle Oeeje hej Ûeepe& keâjles nw~
yekeâefuebie (Buckling) huesšes keâe ceg[Ì peevee yekeâefuebie keânueelee nw~ Fme Kejeyeer keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS huesšes keâes
yeoue efoÙee peelee nw~
mes[ercebsšsMeve (Sedimentation) yewš^er kesâ huesš kesâ cešsefjÙeue keâe veerÛes efiejvee Fme Kejeyeer keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS yewšjer keâes
mes[erceWšsMeve keânueelee nw~ Fmekesâ keâejCe yewš^er keâer Keesuekeâj meeHeâ keâjkesâ ogyeeje Heâerš efkeâÙee
ueeFHeâ leLee Jeesušlee keâce nes peeleer nw~ peelee nw~ FmeceW Distilled water Yeer
efceueeles nw~
yewšjer-ÛeeefpeËie keâer efJeefOeÙeeB–
efmLej Oeeje ÛeeefpeËie efJeefOe efmLej Jeesušspe ÛeeefpeËie efJeefOe
efš^keâue ÛeeefpeËie efJeefOe jskeäšerHeâeÙej efJeefOe
yetefmšbie ÛeeefpeËie efJeefOe
yewšjer keâer Ûeepe& DeJemLeeSB– yewšjer keâer Ûeepe& DeJemLeeDeeW keâes efvecve Øekeâej mes JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw-
hetCe&-Ûeepe& DeJemLee ne@Heâ-Ûeepe& DeJemLee ef[mÛeepe& DeJemLee
Fme DeJemLee ceW yewšjer keâe efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ Fme DeJemLee ceW yewšjer keâe efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ Fme DeJemLee ceW yewšjer keâe efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue 2.0
yeue 2.2 Jeesuš Øeefle mesue leLee Gmekesâ yeue 2.0 mes 2.15 Jeesuš Øeefle mesue leLee Jeesuš Øeefle mesue mes keâce neslee nw leLee
Fueskeäš^esueeFš keâe Deehesef#ekeâ IevelJe Fueskeäš^esueeFš keâe Deehesef#ekeâ IevelJe 1.20 Fueskeäš^esueeFš keâe Deehesef#ekeâ IevelJe 1.18 Ùee
1.25 mes 1.28 kesâ yeerÛe neslee nw~ mes 1.25 kesâ yeerÛe neslee nw~ Fmemes keâce neslee nw
Fmekesâ hetCe& Ûeepe& DeJemLee ceW yewšjer kesâ Deæ& Ûeepe& DeJemLee ceW yewšjer kesâ efÚõ mes ef[mÛeepe& DeJemLee ceW yewšjer kesâ efÚõ mes yegueyegues
efÚõ mes iewme kesâ yegueyegues ueieeleej iewme kesâ yegueyegues keâce efvekeâueles nw~ veneR efvekeâueles nQ~
efvekeâueles nw~
hejer#eCe GhekeâjCe– yewšjer keâer ÛeeefpeËie keâer peeBÛe oes Øekeâej kesâ hejer#eCe GhekeâjCeeW Éeje keâer pee mekeâleer nw~
1. neF[^esceeršj (Hydrometer) 2. ne[&-jsš ef[mÛeepe& mesue šwmšj Ùee šeBie šwmšj
yewšjer keâer megj#ee SJeb osKejsKe–
yewšjer keâes Skeâ Deuhelece ceeve 1.8 V mes veerÛes efvejeJesefMele vener keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
yewšjer keâes mehleen ceW Skeâ yeej ef[mÛeepe& keâj hegve: Ûeepe& DeJeMÙe keâjles jnvee ÛeeefnS~
yewšjer keâer huešs Fueskeäš^esueeFš ceW hetjer lejn [tyeer jnveer ÛeeefnS Deewj Fueskeäš^esueeFš keâe leue huesšeW mes ueieYeie 10 mes 15 mm mes Thej
nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Skeâ efvejeJesefMele yewšjer keâe hejer#eCe keâYeer Yeer neF&-jsš ef[mÛeepe& šwmšj mes vener keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
neF&-jsš ef[mÛeepe& šsmšj keâe ØeÙeesie kesâJeue DeeJesefMele yewšefjÙeeW hej 10 meskesâC[ mes keâce DeJeefOe kesâ efueS keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
mesue keâe leeheceeve efkeâmeer Yeer efmLeefle ceW 440C mes DeefOekeâ leLee vÙetvelece efmLeefle ceW –460C mes keâce veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~

Electrician Capsule 42 YCT

 08
Magnetism
(ÛegcyekeâlJe)
cenlJehetCe& heefjYee<eeSB– or magnetising NI
force) H= SefcheÙej Jele&ve/ceeršj
ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue Skeâ Ûegcyekeâ Éeje otmejs Ûegcyekeâ hej l
(Magnetic Deekeâ<e&Ce Ùee efJekeâ<e&Ce kesâ efueÙes ueieeÙee ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e ceW GlheVe kegâue ÛegcyekeâerÙe
Force) ieÙee yeue, ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue keânueelee nw~ (Magnetic yeue jsKeeDeeW keâer mebKÙee keâes ÛegcyekeâerÙe
Fmekeâe S.I. cee$ekeâ vÙetšve neslee nw~ flux) Heäuekeäme keânles nw~
ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e efkeâmeer Yeer Ûegcyekeâ kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj keâe Jen Fmekeâe SI cee$ekeâ Jesyej neslee nw~
(magnetic #es$e efpemeceW ÛegcyekeâerÙe ØeYeeJe keâe DevegYeJe ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme Skeâ DeefoMe
field) efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw Gme #es$e keâes Gme (scalar) jeefMe nesleer nw~
Ûegcyekeâ keâe ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e keânles nw~
ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue jsKeeDeeW keâer efoMee
ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme φ Jesyej
jsKeeÙeW Ûegcyekeâ kesâ yeenj North pole mes B=
IevelJe Ùee A ceeršj 2
(Magnetic South pole keâer Deesj nesleer nw~
Lines of Force ÛegcyekeâerÙe ØesjCe ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme IevelJe keâer FkeâeF& šsmuee
ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue jsKeeDeeW keâer efoMee (Magnetic
Ûegcyekeâ kesâ Deboj South pole mes Ùee
Flux density or
North pole keâer Deesj nesleer nw~ vÙetšve
Magnetic Yeer nesleer nw~
SefcheÙej - ceeršj
ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue jsKeeÙeW yevo Je›eâeW kesâ Induction)
™he ceW nesleer nw~ ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme IevelJe Skeâ meefoMe
oes ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue jsKeeÙeW keâYeer Yeer jeefMe nesleer nw~
Skeâ–otmejs keâes veneR keâešleer nQ~ efvejhes#e efkeâmeer ÛegcyekeâerÙe heoeLe& ceW Ùeefo
ÛegcyekeâerÙe Jeenkeâ ÛegcyekeâerÙe Jeenkeâ yeue, ÛegcyekeâerÙe oeye ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e leer›elee (H) kesâ keâejCe
yeue neslee nw pees ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe ceW (Absolute ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme IevelJe (B) neslee nw
Permeability) lees B SJeb H kesâ Devegheele keâes heoeLe&
(Magnetomoti magnetic lines of force mLeeefhele
ve force or keâjlee nw~ keâer efvejhes#e ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee keânles nw~
M.M.F.)
MMF = NI B
µ= Ùee B = µH
efpeme Øekeâej JewÅegle heefjheLe ceW Oeeje H
ØeJeen nsleg JewÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue DeLee&led Fmekeâer FkeâeF& nsvejer/ceeršj Ùee
electromotive force (emf) keâer vÙetšve/SefcheÙej2 neslee nw~
DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~ meehes#e efkeâmeer ÛegcyekeâerÙe heoeLe& keâer meehes#e
Fmekeâer FkeâeF& SefcheÙej šve& DeLeJee ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee, efkeâmeer Skeâ ner
efieueyeš& nesleer nw~ (Relative ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e Éeje Gme heoeLe& ceW
ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e efkeâmeer ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e ceW efkeâmeer efyevog hej Permeability) GlheVe heäuekeäme IevelJe leLee JeeÙeg Ùee
leer›elee Ùee #es$e ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e leer›elee, Skeâ Jesyej Jeeues efveJee&le ceW GlheVe heäuekeäme IevelJe keâe
Øeyeuelee Ùee Gòejer OeÇgJe hej ueieves Jeeues yeue kesâ yejeyej B(heoeLe&)
ÛegcyekeâlJe yeue nesleer nw~ Devegheele neslee nw~ µ r =
B(JeeÙeg)
(magnetic field 1 m
intensity or H= vÙetšve/Jesyej meehes#e ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee (µr) Skeâ efJecee
4πµ 0 µ r d 2 jefnle jeefMe nesleer nw~
field strength

Electrician Capsule 43 YCT

 µ l
µr = S= AT / Weber or 1/ H
µ0 µ0 µ r a
ÛegcyekeâerÙe #ejCe
heäuekeäme Je Øeefle°efcYelee Ùee efkeâmeer ÛegcyekeâerÙe heoeLe& kesâ efvejhes#e
eføeâefvpebie– efJeefMe° Øeefle°cYe– ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee kesâ JÙegl›eâce keâes Øeefle°efcYelee
(Magnetic (Reluctivity or (reluctivity) DeLeJee efJeefMe° Øeefle°cYe
leakage flux specific keânles nw~
and fringing) reluctance)
1 1
Total flux φ Reluctivity = = m/H
Leakage factor ( λ ) = = Total µ µ0 µ r
Useful flux φUseful
or (ceeršj/nsvejer)
φTotal = φuseful + φl heejiecÙe Reluctance kesâ efJeueesce keâes Permeance
ueerkesâpe Hewâkeäšj keâe ceeve efJeÅegle (Permeance) keâne peelee nw~
ceMeerveeW kesâ efueS meeceevÙele: 1.15 1
Permeance(P) = H
mes 1.25 lekeâ neslee nw~ Reluctance (S)
Øeefle°cYe efkeâmeer ÛegcyekeâerÙe heoeLe& keâe Jen iegCe pees
(Reluctance)– ÛegcyekeâerÙe Heäuekeäme keâe efJejesOe keâjlee nw~
Øeefle°cYe keânueelee nw~
efJeÅegle Deewj ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLees ceW leguevee (Comparison between Electrical and Magnetic Circuits)-
JewÅegle heefjheLe Je ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe ceW meceeveleeÙeW
JewÅegle heefjheLe ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe

(i) JewÅegle Oeeje kesâ efueÙes yevo heeLe, JewÅegle heefjheLe keânueelee nw~ (i) ÛegcyekeâerÙe Heäuekeäme kesâ efueS yevo heeLe, ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe
keânueelee nw~
E MMF
(ii) Oeeje ( I ) = Ampere (ii) Heäuekeäme (φ)= Wb
R S
(iii) efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue (E) (iii) ÛegcyekeâlJe Jeenkeâ yeue (AT)
l l AT
(iv) ØeeflejesOe (Resistance) ( R ) = ρ Ω (iv) Øeefle°cYe(Reluctance) ( S ) = or H −1
a µ0 µr a Wb
I φ
(v) Oeeje IevelJe ( J ) = A / m2 (v) Heäuekeäme IevelJe ( B ) = Wb / m 2
a a
(vi) Jeesušlee heele = IR (vi) ÛegcyekeâlJe Jeenkeâ yeue [^e@he = φ .S
V NI
(vii) efJeÅegle leer›elee ( E ) = V/m (vii) ÛegcyekeâerÙe leer›elee ( H ) = AT / m
d ℓ
1 1
(viii) ÛeeuekeâlJe (G ) = ℧ or simence (viii) heejiecÙe (Permeance) ( P ) = H or Wb/AT
R S
Electrician Capsule 44 YCT
 1 ℧ simence (ix) ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee (Permeability) µ = µ0µr H/m
(ix) Ûeeuekeâlee (Conductivity) (σ) = or
ρ m meter
1 (x) Øeefle°efcYelee
(x) efJeefMe° ØeeflejesOe (Resistivity) (ρ) = Ω − m
σ 1
(Reluctivity) = m/ H
Permeability (µ )
(xi) Series Je Parallel kesâ efveÙece ueeiet nesles nQ DeLee&led (xi) FmeceW Yeer series Je parallel kesâ efveÙece ueeiet nesles nw DeLee&led
R series = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... Sseries = S1 + S2 + S3 + ...
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + .... = + + + ....
R parallel R1 R 2 R3 Sparallel S1 S2 S3

JewÅegle heefjheLe Je ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe ceW DemeceeveleeÙeW

Electrical Circuit Magnetic Circuit
(i) Oeeje ØeJeeefnle nesleer nw~ (i) heäuekeäme ØeJeeefnle veneR neslee nw~
(ii) JewÅegle heefjheLe ceW Oeeje keâes DeJe™æ keâjves kesâ efueS kegâÛeeuekeâ (ii) Øeke=âefle ceW Skeâ Yeer ÛegcyekeâerÙe kegâÛeeuekeâ heoeLe& GheueyOe veneR nw~
GheueyOe nw~ JeeÙeg Skeâ DeÛÚe kegâÛeeuekeâ neslee nw~ ÛegcyekeâerÙe Heäuekeäme JeeÙeg ceW Yeer mLeeefhele neslee nw~
(iii) Oeeje yeveeÙes jKeves nsleg Tpee& supply DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ (iii) heäuekeäme keâes GlheVe keâjves nsleg Tpee& DeeJeMÙekeâ nw, yeveeÙes jKeves
nsleg veneR nw~
(iv) Electric flux lines closed veneR nesleer~ (iv) Magnetic flux lines closed nesleer nw~
(v) JewÅegle heefjheLe Tpee& neefve I R nesleer nw~
2
1 2
(v) Tpee& neefve veneR nesleer yeefukeâ Ùen LI kesâ ™he ceW mebefÛele nesleer
2
nw~
(vi) JewÅegle heefjheLe ceW ØeeflejesOekeâlee (ρ) keâe ceeve leeheceeve kesâ meeLe (vi) ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe ceW efoÙes ieÙes heoeLe& kesâ efueS meehes#e
yengle keâce yeouelee nw FmeefueS ØeeflejesOe ØeÙeesieelcekeâ ™he mes ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee (µr) efveÙele veneR neslee nw~
efveÙele neslee nw~
cenlJehetCe& efveÙece– hewâje[s kesâ
hewâje[s keâe ØeLece efveÙece (Faraday's First
efJeÅegle laws)– peye efkeâmeer Ûeeuekeâ Ùee kegâC[ueer keâes
ketâuecye kesâ ØeLece efveÙece– Ùeefo oes ÛegcyekeâerÙe OeÇgJeeW kesâ yeerÛe peesÌ[ves Jeeues ÛegcyekeâerÙe Heäuekeäme ceW heefjJele&ve neslee
ÛegcyekeâerÙe
ÛegcyekeâerÙe keâer otjer efmLej jKeer peeÙes lees Gvekeâe heejmheefjkeâ nw lees GmeceW Skeâ efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue Øesefjle neslee
ØesjCe efveÙece
yeue kesâ Deekeâ<e&Ce Ùee efJekeâ<e&Ce yeue Gvekeâer OeÇgJe Øeyeuelee kesâ nw~
efveÙece iegCeveheâue kesâ meceevegheeleer neslee nw~ (Faraday's hewâje[s keâe efÉleerÙe efveÙece (Faraday's
laws of second law)– Ûeeuekeâ ceW Øesefjle efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ
(Coulomb' efÉleerÙe efveÙece– oes ÛegcyekeâerÙe OeÇgJeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe electromag yeue keâe ceeve Heäuekeäme heefjJele&ve keâer oj kesâ
netic
s law of Deekeâ<e&Ce leLee efJekeâ<e&Ce yeue Gvekesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer meceevegheeleer neslee nw~
induction)
magnetic
kesâ Jeie& keâe efJeueesceevegheeleer neslee nw~ Ndφ
force) e=
dt
ueWpe keâe ueWpe kesâ efveÙeceevegmeej Øesefjle efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue
efveÙece meowJe ØeoeÙeer Jeesušlee keâe efJejesOe keâjlee nw~
µ 0 µ r m1m 2 (Lenz's Ndφ
F= vÙetšve (efkeâmeer ceeOÙece ceW) Law) e=−
4π d 2 dt

Electrician Capsule 45 YCT

 Heäuesefcebie kesâ  1 
oeÙeW neLe  H = 4πr sin φuˆ 
 
keâe efveÙece 2. OeejeJeener Je=òeekeâej kegâC[ueer kesâ kesâvõ ces
Fleming's ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e meeceLÙe&
Right
 I 
Hand Rule
 H = 2r 
 
OeejeJeener Je=òeekeâej kegâC[ueer kesâ De#e hej ÛegcyekeâerÙe
yeue
Heäuesefcebie kesâ oeÙeW neLe kesâ efveÙece keâe ØeÙeesie Idℓ
| dH |=
pevejsšj ceW Øesefjle efJe.Jee.yeue Ùee Oeeje keâer efoMee 4π(r 2 + x 2 )
%eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 3. Jeiee&keâej kegâC[ueer kesâ De#e kesâ meeLe ÛegcyekeâerÙe
e = VBℓ sin θ Volt
#es$e meeceLÙe&
 2I 
H = AT / m 
 πa 
Heäuesefcebie kesâ
yeeÙeW neLe 4. Mee@š& meesuesveeF[ kesâ De#e hej ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue
keâe efveÙece –
 NI 
 H = 2ℓ ( cos θ1 − cos θ2 ) 
(Fleming'
s Left  
Hand OeejeJeener meceevlej ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ yeerÛe ueieves Jeeuee yeue–
Rule)
µ0 I1 I2 ℓ
F= N
2πd
Heäuesefcebie kesâ yeeÙes neLe kesâ efveÙece keâe ØeÙeesie ceesšj
kesâ IetCe&ve keâer efoMee %eele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee  −7 I1 I 2 ℓ 
 F = 2 × 10 d 
N
peelee nw~ 
F = BIℓ Sinθ N veesš–
Ùeefo oesveeW ÛeeuekeâeW ceW Oeeje keâer efoMee meceeve nes leye oesveeW
SefcheÙej keâe  H r .d r = NI 
∫  ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ yeerÛe Deekeâ<e&Ce yeue ueielee nw~
efveÙece
DevegØeÙeesie – Ùeefo oesveeW ÛeeuekeâeW ceW Oeeje keâe efoMee efJehejerle nes leye oesveeW
(Amperer
's law) 1. Skeâ uecyes meerOes Ûeeuekeâ kesâ Ûeejes Deesj ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ yeerÛe efJekeâ<e&Ce yeue ueielee nw~
ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue – ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe–
I ßesCeer ÛegcyekeâerÙe meceevlej ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe
H=
2πr heefjheLe
µ 0 µ r NI
Heäuekeäme IevelJe ( B ) = (efkeâmeer ceeOÙece
2πr
ceW)
2. uecyeer heefjveeefuekeâe kesâ keâejCe ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue –
NI AT kegâue ÛegcyekeâlJe Jeenkeâ yeue
H=
ℓ m (NI) =φ1S1+φ3S3
kegâue Øeefle°cYe
ℓ1 ℓ2 ℓ3 ℓg
= + + +
yeeÙeesmesJeš& µ Idℓ sin θ a1µ0 µ r1 a 2 µ0 µ r2 a 3µ0 µ r3 a g µ0

dB = 0 Wb / m 2 kegâue ÛegcyekeâlJe Jeenkeâ

efveÙece 4π r 2
(Biot – yeue = Heäuekeäme×kegâue
DevegØeÙeesie –
Savart Øeefle°cYe
Law) 1. OeejeJeener leej keâer Skeâ meerefcele uebyeeF& kesâ
= H1l1
keâejCe ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e meeceLÙe& +H2l2+H3l3+Hglg
Electrician Capsule 46 YCT
ÛegcyekeâlJe (Magnetism)– Fvekeâer Fvekeâer Fvekeâer
ÛegcyekeâlJe Skeâ Ssmee yeue nw pees ÛegcyekeâerÙe heoeLeeX keâes Deheveer lejheâ Susceptibility susceptibility susceptibility
Deekeâef<e&le keâjves keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ (K) $e+Ceelcekeâ Oeveelcekeâ nesleer nw Oeveelcekeâ nesleer nw
Ûegcyekeâ kesâ Øekeâej (Types of magnet)– nesleer nw Deewj 10–5 Deewj Ùen 10-3 kesâ Deewj Ùen 102 –105
Øeeke=âeflekeâ Ûegcyekeâ ke=âef$ece Ûegcyekeâ mLeeF& Ûegcyekeâ kesâ ›eâce keâer nesleer ›eâce keâer nesleer nw~ kesâ ›eâce keâer nesleer nw~
(Natural (Artificial (Permanent nw~
Magnet) magnet) magnet)
Fvekeâer meehesef#ekeâ Fvekeâer meehesef#ekeâ Fvekeâer meehesef#ekeâ
Fme Øekeâej kesâ Jes Ûegcyekeâ pees Fve ÛegcyekeâeW keâer
ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee Skeâ ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee 1 ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee keâe
Ûegcyekeâ keâÛÛeer Oeeleg Deheveer Ûegcyekeâve Meefòeâ
kesâ ™he ceW KeeveeW mes DeeJeMÙekeâleevegmeej pÙeeoe meceÙe kesâ mes kegâÚ keâce nesleer mes DeefOekeâ neslee ceeve Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ
Øeehle efkeâÙee peelee yeveeÙes peeles nw, efueS yeveer jnleer nw~ nw~ nw~ neslee nw Deewj Ùen
nw, efpemes uees[mšesve ke=âef$ece Ûegcyekeâ Ùes Ûegcyekeâ cegKÙele: µr < 1 µr > 1 106 kesâ ›eâce ceW
keâne peelee nw~ Ùen keânueeles nw~ mšerue, keâeye&ve leLee neslee nw~
Yetjs Je keâeues jbie kesâ keâesyeeuš Éeje yeveeÙes
µr >> 100
nesles nw~ peeles nw~
Ùen cegKÙele: efvecve pewmes– meesvee, pewmes– pewmes– ›eâesefceÙece,
Øekeâej kesâ nessles nw, efmeefuekeâe@ve, nerje, SuÙegefceefveÙece, ueesne, efveefkeâue,
pewmes- ÚÌ[ Ûegcyekeâ, «esHeâeFš, efyemceLe, huesšsefveÙece, keâesyeeuš FlÙeeefo~
Ùet-Deekeâej Ûegcyekeâ, ÛeeBoer, leeByee, Dee@keämeerpeve,
ne@me&-Met Ûegcyekeâ, neF[^espeve, NiS4, Fe2O3,
ÛegcyekeâerÙe megF&, ieWo
Suegefcevee (Al2O3) MnSO4, FeCl2.
Ûegcyekeâ, keâcheeme FlÙeeefo~
megF&~ FlÙeeefo~
ÛegcyekeâerÙe heoeLeeX keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of GlheVe efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue (Induced emf)–
Magnetic Material)– ieeflepe efJeÅegle mLeweflekeâ efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue
ØeefleÛegcyekeâerÙe DevegÛegcyekeâerÙe ueewn-ÛegcyekeâerÙe Jeenkeâ yeue mJe Øesefjle efJeÅegle heejmheefjkeâ efJeÅegle
heoeLe& heoeLe& heoeLe& Jeenkeâ yeue Jeenkeâ yeue
(Diamagnetic (Paramagnetic (Ferromagnetic
material) material) Materials) e = BℓV sin θ V LdI em =
MdI1
e= V
dt dt
Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Fve heoeLeeX ceW ØeÙegòeâ
material ceW material keâe ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e keâer   em Nφ NN 
M = = 2 12 = 1 2 
mLeeÙeer [eFheesue ÛegcyekeâerÙe DeeIetCe&  e Nφ  dI1 / dt I1 S 
DevegheefmLeefle ceW Yeer L = =
DeeIetCe& DevegheefmLele (magnetic  di I M = k L1L 2
magnetic  dt
neslee nw, Fme moment) mLeeÙeer moment GheefmLele M
N 2 µ 0 µ r aN 2  k=
neslee nw uesefkeâve Ùes = = 
Øekeâej Fvemes neslee nw~ S ℓ  L1L 2
Ûegcyekeâ veneR yeveeÙee meeceevÙe DeJemLee ceW µ 0 = 4π ×10−7 H / m
pee mekeâlee nQ~ ÙeeÂefÛÚkeâ
(Randomly)
nesles nQ~ Øesjkeâes keâe mebÙeespeve (Combination of Inductor)
Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Hesâjescewivesefškeâ heoeLeex ØesjkeâeW keâe ßesCeer mebÙeespeve ØesjkeâeW keâe meceevlej mebÙeespeve
material Deheveer material Éeje Éeje ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue (Series connection of (Parallel connection of
efmLeefle ØeÙegòeâ ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue jsKeeDeeW keâe Deekeâ<e&Ce Inductor) Inductor)
ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e kesâ jsKeeDeeW keâe yeue yengle DeefOekeâ
Leq = L1 + L2 + L3 + ............ 1 1 1 1
uecyeJele jKeles nQ~ Deekeâ<e&Ce yengle keâce neslee nw~ = + +
Leq L1 L2 L3
+ ............
neslee nQ~
Electrician Capsule 47 YCT
Øesjkeâes keâe ÛegcyekeâerÙe Ùegiceve Øesjkeâ kesâ iegCe (Behaviour of Inductor)–
(Magnetic Coupling of Inductor)– Øesjkeâ, jsKeerÙe efÉhe#eerÙe Deewj efveef<›eâÙe lelJe nw~
ØesjkeâeW keâe ßesCeer mebÙeespeve Øesjkeâ, DeÛeevekeâ Oeeje heefjJele&ve keâe efJejesOe keâjlee nw~
(Series Connection of Inductor) IL(0-)=IL(0+)
Ùeesieelcekeâ OeÇgJelee (Additive $e+Ceelcekeâ OeÇgJelee Øesjkeâ DeÛeevekeâ Jeesušlee heefjJele&ve keâes ueeiet keâjlee nw~
Polarity) (Subtractive Polarity)
Øesjkeâ Skeâ Tpee& meb«enCe keâjves Jeeuee lelJe nw~
Øesjkeâ ceW keâesF& Meefòeâ neefve veneR neslee nw~
MewefLeuÙe Ùee ceboeÙeve neefveÙeeb (Hysteresis losses)–
MewefLeuÙe Ùee ceboeÙeve neefveÙeeb YeBJej-Oeeje neefveÙeeB (Eddy
(Hysteresis losses) current losses)

Wh = K h .Bm1.6 .f.V. Jeeš We = K e .Bm 2 .f 2 .t 2 .V Jeeš

Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M Leq = L1 + L2 − 2M
vece& Deewj keâ"esj ÛegcyekeâerÙe heoeLe& keâer leguevee (Comparision
ØesjkeâeW keâe meceevlej mebÙeespeve (Parallel Connection of of soft and hard ferromagnetic material)-
Inductor)
ÛegcyekeâerÙe iegCe vece& ueewn keâ"esj mšerue
Ùeesieelcekeâ OeÇgJelee (Additive $e+Ceelcekeâ OeÇgJelee
Polarity) (Subtractive Polarity) MewefLeuÙe uethe heleuee yeÌ[e #es$eHeâue
OeejCeMeeruelee GÛÛe GÛÛe
keâesSefme&efšefJešer efvecve GÛÛe
meble=hle Heäuekeäme IevelJe GÛÛe DeÛÚe
LL −M2 LL −M2
Leq = 1 2 Leq = 1 2 JewÅeglemLeweflekeâer Deewj JewÅegleÛegcyekeâerÙe heo keâer leguevee
L1 + L2 − 2M L1 + L2 + 2M
(Comparison of Electrostatics and Electromagnetic)
Øesjkeâ kesâ efueS š^ebefpeSbš meceerkeâjCe (Transient equation for
JewÅeglemLeweflekeâer JewÅegleÛegcyekeâerÙe
Inductor)–
(Electrostatics) (Electromagnetics)
i L (t) = i L (∞) + i L (0+ ) − i L (∞)  e − t / τ t > 0
heo efÛevn heo efÛevn
R–L heefjheLe kesâ efueS meceÙe efveÙeleebkeâ– JewÅegle Heäuekeäme ψ ÛegcyekeâerÙe Heäuekeäme φ
L
meceÙe efveÙeleebkeâ ( τ ) =
R
JewÅegle Heäuekeäme D ÛegcyekeâerÙe Heäuekeäme B
ØesjkeâeW keâe DeeJesMeve leLee efJemepe&ve (Charging and
IevelJe IevelJe
Discharging of Inductor)–
DeeJesMeve (Charging) efJemepe&ve (Discharging) JewÅegle #es$e E ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e H
Current IL(t)= I0(I – e-t/τ) Current IL(t)= I0e-t/τ
meeceLÙe& meeceLÙe&
Voltage VL(t)= V0 e-t/τ Voltage VL(t)= –V0 e-t/τ JewÅegle Jeenkeâ E ÛegcyekeâerÙe Jeenkeâ --
meceÙe Oeeje kesâ Deefvlece meceÙe Oeeje kesâ Deefvlece yeue yeue
efveÙeleebkeâ keâer ceeve keâe ØeefleMele efveÙeleebkeâ ceeve keâe ØeefleMele
JewÅegle V ÛegcyekeâerÙe --
mebKÙee % of final value keâer mebKÙee % of final
(Number of current (Number value current efJeYeJevlej efJeYeJeevlej
time of time
constant) constant)
efveJee&le ε0 efveJee&le µ0
1 63 1 37 efJeÅegleMeeruelee ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee
2 86 2 14 meehes#e εr meehes#e µr
3 95 3 5 efJeÅegleMeeruelee ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee
4 98 4 2 efvejhes#e ε = D/E efvejhes#e µ=B/H
5 99 5 1 (considered
(considered100%) 0)
efJeÅegleMeeruelee ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee

Electrician Capsule 48 YCT

 09
Capacitor
(mebOeeefj$e)
mebOeeefj$e keâer DeJeOeejCe (Concept of Capacitor)– ketâuee@cye kesâ efmLej efJeÅegeflekeâer kesâ efveÙece–
oes Oeeleg Ûeeuekeâ huesšes kesâ ceOÙe mLeeefhele hejeJewÅegle ceeOÙece ØeLece efveÙece- efJeÅegle kesâ meceeve DeeJesMe hejmhej Skeâ-otmejs keâes
(dielectric medium) Jeeueer Ùegefòeâ pees efJeÅegle keâer cee$ee
efJekeâef<e&le keâjles leLee Demeceeve DeeJesMe Deekeâef<e&le keâjles nw~
(DeeJesMe) keâes JewÅegle efJeYeJe kesâ iegCekeâ ceW mebÛeÙe keâjlee nw Deewj
DeeJeMÙekeâlee heÌ[ves hej efJeleefjle keâjlee nw, mebOeeefj$e keânueelee nw~ efÉleerÙe efveÙece– oes DeeJesefMele efyevogDeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe yeue DeeJesMeeW
efkeâmeer mebOeeefj$e keâe Jen iegCe efpemekesâ keâejCe Jen Jeesušsspe kesâ kesâ meeceLÙe& kesâ iegCeveHeâue kesâ meerOes meceevegheeleer, DeeJesMeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer
heefjJele&ve keâe efJejesOe keâjlee nw, mebOeeefj$e keâer Oeeefjlee otjer kesâ Jeie& kesâ Øeefleueesceevegheeleer neslee nw~
(capacitance) keânueelee nw~
qq
mebOeeefj$e kesâ DeeJesMe meb«en keâjves kesâ iegCe keâes mebOeeefj$e keâer F= 1 22
Oeeefjlee keânles nw~ 4πε 0 d
mebOeeefj$e keâer Oeeefjlee keâe cee$ekeâ hewâj[ Ùee ketâueece/Jeesuš neslee nw~ ε0 = 8.854 × 10−12 F / m
mebOeeefj$e meowJe hejeJewÅegle ceeOÙece ceW efJeÅegleerÙe #es$e (electric
field) kesâ ™he ces Tpee& keâe meb«en keâjlee nw~ 1
= 9 ×10 Nm / q
9 2 2

1 ceeF›eâeshewâj[ (µF) = 10–6 F 4πε0

1 vewveeshewâj[ (nF) = 10 F–9

1 heerkeâeshewâj[ (PF) = 10–12 F

efJeefYeVe Øekeâej kesâ mebOeeefj$e keâer efJeMes<eleeSB (Specifications of different types of capacitor)–
kewâheeefmešj kesâ Øekeâej hejeJewÅegleebkeâ Oeeefjlee jWpe Jeesušspe jsefšbie ØeÛeeueve šesuejsvme
heshej kewâheeefmešj 1.8-2.6 0.001µF mes 0.1 µF 200V - 1600V A.C. Je D.C. ± 10%
efmejsefcekeâ kewâheeefmešj 80-120 3pF -2 µF 3V mes 6000V A.C. Je D.C. ±10% mes ±20%
ceeFkeâe kewâheeefmešj 3-8 50 pF mes 500 µF 500V lekeâ D.C. ± 5%
Fueskeäš^esueeFefškeâ 7-25 1 µF mes keâF& npeej µF 1V-500V lekeâ D.C. ± 10%
kewâheeefmešj lekeâ
C keâe ceeve yeoue peelee nw~
mebOeeefj$e hej Q∝V
mebOeeefj$e keâer huesšeW kesâ yeerÛe jKes
JewÅegle DeeJesMe Q = CV
ceeOÙece kesâ yeoueves mes Oeeefjlee C keâe
(Electric Q
∴ C = hewâj[ ceeve yeoue peelee nw~
charge on V
capacitor)
mebOeeefj$e keâer ε 0ε r A heoeLe& keâe hejeJewÅegle efmLejebkeâ DeLee&le Deehesef#ele efJeÅegleMeeruelee
#ecelee DeLee&led C= hewâj[ Ùee heejiecÙelee (Dielectric constant or Relative
d
Oeeefjlee keâer Permittivity)
efveYe&jlee efkeâmeer ceeOÙece keâe hejeJewÅegle efmLejebkeâ, mebOeeefj$e keâer Gme
(Dependency  1  hejeJewÅegle ceeOÙece kesâ meeLe (Cm) leLee JeeÙeg ceeOÙece kesâ meeLe
C ∝ A ∝ d ∝ ε  ∵ε = ε 0 ε r 
of capacitance   Oeeefjlee (Ca) keâe Devegheele nw~
of a capacitor)
Cm
Ùeefo mebOeeefj$e kesâ efvekeâš efkeâmeer DevÙe εr = C m = ε r Ca hewâj[
Ca
DeeJesefMele Jemleg keâes jKe efoÙee peeÙes, lees

Electrician Capsule 49 YCT

kegâÚ ØecegKe hejeJewÅegleeW kesâ hejeJewÅegleebkeâ efvecve nw- hejeJewÅegle neefveÙeeW keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjves Jeeues keâejkeâ
›eâ.meb. hejeJewÅegle heoeLe& hejeJewÅegleebkeâ Ùee (Factors affecting the dielectric losses)–
hejeJewÅegle efmLejebkeâ
ε r Af 2
1. JeeÙeg (Air) 1.0006 hejeJewÅegle neefveÙeeB (Dielectric losses) ∝ V tan δ
t
2. yewkesâueeFš (Backelitie) 4.5 mes 22 hejeJewÅegle neefveÙeeB ∝ leeheceeve (Temperature)
3. SsyeesveeFš (Ebonite) 2.8
∝ Deeõ&lee (Humidity)
4. heâeFyej (Fibre) 2.5 mes 5
∝ DeMegælee (Impurity)
5. keâe@Ûe (Glass) 5 mes 12
∝ DeeÙeveerkeâjCe (Ionization)
6. DeYeükeâ (Mica) 4 mes 8
meceevlej huesš mebOeeefj$e keâer Oeeefjlee (Capacitance of
7. lesue (Oil) 2.2 mes 4.7
parallel plate capacitor)-
8. keâeiepe (Paper) 1.8 mes 2.6
(1) peye mebOeeefj$e keâer
9. hewjeheâerve (Parafin) 2.1 mes 2.5
10. jyeÌ[(Rubber) 2.5 mes 3.6
huesšs efkeâmeer meceeve
11. uekeâÌ[er (Wood) 2.5 mes 6.8 hejeJewÅegle ceeOÙece ceW nes
12. heesefme&efueve (Porcelin) 5.7 mes 6.8 (When the plates in
uniform dielectric
13. keäJeešd&pe (Quartz) 4.5 mes 4.7
medium) efkeâmeer ceeOÙece ceW–
14. efveJee&le (Vocuum) 1.000
15. šsheäuee@ve (Teflon) 2.0 εO ε r A
C= heâwj[
16. Deemegle peue (Distilled 80.0 d
water) nJee ceeOÙece ceW– εr = 1
17. pecexefveÙece 16.0
ε0 A
18. peue 80.4 C= heâwj[
d
19. hee@ueermšjerve 2.6

mebOeeefj$e ceW meb«eefnle 1 1 1 Q2 (2) heefjJeleea mebOeeefj$e Ùee

Tpee& W= CV 2 = QV =
2 2 2 C yenghuesš mebOeeefj$e Ùee
(Energy stored in
mecetn mebOeeefj$e Ùee
capacitor)
Øeefle FkeâeF& DeeÙeleve ceW n huesš mebOeeefj$e
mebefÛele Tpee& (Stored (Variable capacitor
energy per unit or multiplate Fme Øekeâej kesâ mebOeeefj$eeW ceW huesšeW keâe
volume)– capacitor or Gang Skeâ mesš (set) efmLej leLee otmeje
1
capacitor or n-plate heefjJeleea neslee nw~ Fme Øekeâej kesâ
W= ε 0 ε r E 2 (∵ V = E.d) capacitor)
2 mebOeeefj$e ceW veeye (knob) keâes
1 Iegceekeâj mebOeeefj$e keâer Oeeefjlee keâes
W= DE (∵ D = ε 0 ε r E)
2 heefjJeefle&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fme Øekeâej
kesâ mebOeeefj$e keâer Oeeefjlee-
hejeJewÅegle heoeLe& ceW hejeJewÅegle neefveÙeeB– (n – 1)ε 0 ε r A
efJeÅegle #es$e ceW efmLele efkeâmeer hejeJewÅegle mes Glmeefpe&le T<ceerÙe Meefòeâ keâes C= hewâj[
d
hejeJewÅegle Meefòeâ-neefveÙeeB DeLeJee hejeJewÅegle neefveÙeeB keânles nw~
peneB n huesšeW keâer mebKÙee nw~
hejeJewÅegle neefveÙeeB (Dielectric losses) =2πf CV2 tan δ Jeeš
Electrician Capsule 50 YCT
mebOeeefj$ees keâe mebÙeespeve (Combination of capacitors)– Ùeefo efkeâmeer Ieve keâer ØelÙeskeâ Yegpee mes C meceeve Oeeefjlee kesâ
mebOeeefj$e pegÌ[s nes lees Ieve keâer efJehejerle keâesveeW kesâ yeerÛe (peneB
ßesCeer mebÙeespeve meceevlej mebÙeespeve 6
efJekeâCe& KeeRÛee pee mekesâ) meceleguÙe Oeeefjlee keâe ceeve C kesâ
5
yejeyej nesiee~
mebOeeefj$e keâe DeeJesMeve SJeb efJemepe&ve (Charging and
Discharging of a capacitor)–
+ -
+ - mebOeeefj$e keâe DeeJesMeve mebOeeefj$e keâe efJemepe&ve
(i) leel#eefCekeâ DeeJesMeve Jeesušlee (i) leel#eefCekeâ efJemepe&ve Jeesušlee
(
v = V 1 – e – t / RC ) v = Ve – t / RC
1 1 1 1 1 Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3
= + + ..... + (ii) leel#eefCekeâ DeeJesMeve DeeJesMe (ii) leel#eefCekeâ efJemepe&ve DeeJesMe
Ceq C1 C 2 C3 Cn ........ + Cn
q = Q 1 – e – t / RC  – t / RC
q = Qe
 
(i) ßesCeer ›eâce ceW mechetCe& heefjheLe ceW ØelÙeskeâ MeeKee ceW Oeeje keâe (iii) leel#eefCekeâ DeeJesMeve Oeeje (iii) leel#eefCekeâ efJemepe&ve Oeeje
Oeeje keâe ceeve meceeve neslee nw~ ceeve efYeVe-efYeVe neslee nw~
i=
V – t / RC V
e i = –   e – t / RC
R R
(ii) ØelÙeskeâmebOeeefj$e ceW efJeYeevlej keâe meceevlej ›eâce ceW mechetCe& i = Ie – t / RC i = –Ie – t / RC
ceeve efYeVe neslee nw~ heefjheLe ceW Jeesušspe keâe ceeve
RC heefjheLe kesâ efueÙes meceÙe efveÙeleebkeâ–
meceeve neslee nw~
T = RC jKeves hej
(iii) Ùeefo keâF& mebOeeefj$e ßesCeer ceW mebOeeefj$e kesâ meceevlej ÛeeefpeËie kesâ meceÙe–
pegÌ[s nQ lees Gvekeâe meceleguÙe Oeeefjlee mebÙeespeve ceW meceleguÙe Oeeefjlee i = 0.368I
q = 0.632Q
meyemes Úesšs mebOeeefj$e keâer Oeeefjlee mes keâe ceeve meyemes yeÌ[s mebOeeefj$e v = 0.632V
Yeer Úesše nesiee~ keâer Oeeefjlee mes Yeer DeefOekeâ
mebOeeefj$ees kesâ DevegØeÙeesie (Application of capacitors)–
nesiee~
efJeefYevve Øekeâej kesâ mebOeeefj$eeW keâe ØeÙeesie efJeÅegle leLee Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ heefjheLeeW
(iv) Ùeefo C meceeve Oeeefjlee kesâ n Ùeefo C meceeve Oeeefjlee kesâ n ceW efvecveefueefKele mLeeveeW hej neslee nw–
mebOeeefj$e ßesCeer ceW pegÌ[s nes lees Gmekeâe mebOeeefj$e meceevlej ceW peg[Ì s nes MeefòeâiegCekeâ mebMeesOeve kesâ efueÙes Øeefleoerefhle GhekeâjCeeW, pewmes–
C lees Gvekeâe meceleguÙe Oeeefjlee Øeefleoerefhle veefueÙeeW (fluorescent tube), meesef[Ùece uewche, ceke&âjer
meceleguÙe Oeeefjlee kesâ yejeyej
n nC kesâ yejeyej nesiee~ uewche Deeefo ceW~
nesiee~ MeefòeâiegCekeâ mebMeesOeve kesâ efueS, pewmes-DeewÅeesefiekeâ mehueeF& ueeFve Deeefo~
mebOeeefj$eeW kesâ [suše mebÙeespeveeW leLee mšej mebÙeespeveeW ceW heefjJele&ve Skeâue keâuee ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje ceesšjeW keâes mJeÛeeefuele keâjves kesâ efueS,
pewmes-hebKes, FC[keäMeve ceesšjW Deeefo~
ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje mesleg heefjheLeeW keâes mevlegefuele keâjves kesâ efueS
jsef[Ùees efjmeerJejeW ceW mšsMeve keâes efceueeves kesâ efueÙes, pewmes-ieQie kebâ[Wmej
Deeefo~
hesš^esue FvpeveeW kesâ ef[mš^eryÙetšj ceW mhegâefuebie keâes jeskeâves nsleg~
[suše mebÙeespeve keâe mšej mšej mebÙeespeve keâe [suše heefjheLe GheÙev$eeW ceW JewÅegle DeeJesMe kesâ ™he ceW Tpee& meb«en keâjves kesâ
mebÙeespeve ceW heefjJele&ve mebÙeespeve ceW heefjJele&ve efueS~
Fuesefkeäš^keâue SJeb Fueskeäš^eBefvekeâ heefjheLeeW ceW ØelÙeeJeleea efJeÅegle
C AB CCA CA CB
CA = CAB + CCA + CAB = mecyevOeer Jeesušleeheele kesâ efueS~
CBC C A + C B + CC
ceeheÙev$eeW kesâ efvecee&Ce ceW pewmes Fueskeäš^esmšwefškeâ Jeesušceeršj,
CAB CBC C BCC øeâerkeäJeWmeer ceeršj Deeefo~
CB = CAB + CBC + CBC =
CCA CA + CB + CC ØelÙeeJeleea efJeÅegle ueeFveeW keâe Jeesušlee efveÙece ßes‰ yeveeves kesâ efueÙes~
Dee@ve-Dee@heâ efmJeÛeeW kesâ ØeÛeeueve leLee efjues heefjheLeeW ceW~
CBC CCA CC C A
CC = CBC + CCA + CCA = Fueskeäš^eBefvekeäme heefjheLe ceW Oeeje kesâ [er.meer. keâcheesvesvš keâes jeskeâves
CAB C A + C B + CC
nsleg, pewmes- efheâušj meefke&âš Deeefo~
Electrician Capsule 51 YCT
 10
A.C. Fundamental
(ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje kesâ cetue efmeæeble)
ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe (Alternating Quantity)– Fmekeâer DeeJe=efòe 50 Hz leLee Fmekeâer DeeJe=efòe 0HZ nesleer nw~
Jen jeefMe, efpemekeâer ‘‘heefjceeCe leLee efoMee’’ Skeâ efveefMÛele meceÙe hej efJekeâefmele osMeeW ceW 60 Hz nesleer
heefjJeefle&le nesleer jnleer nw, ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe keânueeleer nw~ nw~
efvecveefueefKele oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw– Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Iejsuet DeewÅeesefiekeâ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie, Deeke&â Jesefu[bie,
Jeesušlee (v) = Vmaxsinωt Jeesuš Deeefo #es$eeW ceW ØekeâeMe, T<cee, yewšjer ÛeeefpeËie, Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ
Oeeje (i) = Imaxsinωt SefcheÙej Meerleueve, Ùeebef$ekeâ Tpee& ceW efkeâÙee GhekeâjCeeW Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee peelee
peelee nw~ nw~
lejbie ™he Ùee lejbie Deeke=âefle (Wave form or wave shape)-
S.meer. mecyevOeer heo (Terms Related to AC)
ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe kesâ leel#eefCekeâ ceeveeW (v Ùee i ) leLee meceÙe kesâ yeerÛe
1.
KeeRÛes ieÙes Je›eâ keâes lejbie ™he Ùee lejbie Deeke=âefle keânles nQ, pewmee efkeâ
efÛe$e mes mhe° nw~ leel#eefCekeâ ceeve ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe (Jeesušlee Ùee Oeeje) keâe
v,i Ùee leelkeâeefuekeâ Jen ceeve, pees meceÙe hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw,
ceeve DeLee&led pees meceÙe kesâ Devegmeej heefjJeefle&le
(Instantaneous neslee jnlee nw, leel#eefCekeâ ceeve Ùee
value) leelkeâeefuekeâ ceeve keânueelee nw~
v = Vmax sin ωt, Jeesuš
i = I max sin ωt, SefcheÙej
t DeefOekeâlece ceeve ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe (Jeesušlee Ùee Oeeje) kesâ
(Maximum meJee&efOekeâ ceeve keâes DeefOekeâlece ceeve keânles
-v,i value) nQ~
π
efJeÅegle Oeeje efvecve oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw– Vmax = 2Vrms = Vavg Jeesuš
2
ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje efo° Oeeje (Direct
π
(Alternating current) current) I max = 2I rms = Iavg SefcheÙej
2
DeeÙeece ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe (Jeesušlee Ùee Oeeje) kesâ
(Amplitude) DeefOekeâlece ceeve keâes DeeÙeece keânles nQ~
Ùen Oeveelcekeâ Deewj $e+Ceelcekeâ Yeer nes
mekeâlee nw~
Deewmele ceeve ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe (Jeesušlee Ùee Oeeje) kesâ
efpeme efJeÅegle Oeeje keâe heefjceeCe efpeme efJeÅegle Oeeje keâe heefjCeece
(Average meeceevÙe ceeOÙe ceeve keâes Deewmele ceeve keânles
Deewj efoMee Skeâ efveÙele meceÙe- Deewj efoMee efveÙele jnleer nw Jen value) nQ~
Devlejeue hej heefjJeefle&le nesleer efo° Oeeje (Direct current)
jnleer nw Jen ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje keânueeleer nw~ Vavg =
Vmax 2Vmax
= = 0.636Vmax Jeesuš
(Alternating current) π/ 2 π
keânueeleer nw~
Ùen Deušjvesšj (A.C. Ùen mesue, yewšjer, [er.meer. Imax 2Imax
Iavg = = = 0.636Imax SefcheÙej
Generator) mes Øeehle keâer peeleer peefve$e Deeefo mes Øeehle keâer π/ 2 π
nw~ peeleer nw
Electrician Capsule 52 YCT
 Jeie&-ceeOÙe cetue ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe (Jeesušlee Ùee Oeeje) JeemleefJekeâ Meefòeâ
cos φ =
ceeve kesâ Jeie& kesâ Deewmele kesâ Jeie&cetue ceeve DeeYeemeer Meefòeâ
(Root mean keâes Jeie&-ceeOÙe-cetue ceeve keânles nQ~ Meefòeâ iegCekeâ keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve 1 neslee nw~
square value) Fmes ØeYeeJeer ceeve (effective
3.
value), real value, measuring
value, virtual value leLee r.m.s. keâesCeerÙe Jesie Skeâebkeâ meceÙeevlejeue kesâ keâesCeerÙe
value Deeefo veeceeW mes Yeer peevee (Angular efJemLeeheve keâes keâesCeerÙe Jesie keâne peelee
peelee nw~ velocity) nQ~

Vrms =
Vmax
= 0.707Vmax Jeesuš 2π
ω = 2πf = rad./ sec.
2 T

lejbie-owIÙe& Skeâ hetCe& lejbie keâer mechetCe& uecyeeF& keâes

I m ax (Wave lejbie owIÙe& keânles nQ~ Fmes λ Øeleerkeâ mes
I rms = = 0.707 I max SefcheÙej
2 length) JÙeòeâ keâjles nQ~
2. DeeJele& keâeue ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe kesâ Skeâ hetCe& Ûe›eâ Éeje
™he Jeie&-ceeOÙe-cetue ceeve (r.m.s.value) (Periodic efueÙee ieÙee meceÙe DeeJele&keâeue keânueelee
iegCeebkeâ ™he iegCeebkeâ = time or time nw~
Deewmele ceeve (average value)
(Form period) Fmes Ûe›eâ keâeue leLee lejbie keâeue (wave
factor) ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe kesâ pÙeeJe›eâerÙe lejbie kesâ
time) kesâ veeceeW mes Yeer peevee peelee nw~
efueÙes ™heiegCeebkeâ (form factor) keâe ceeve–
Vrms Vmax π π
Kf = = × = = 1.11 1 2π 2π r λ
Vavg 2 2Vmax 2 2 T= = = × = meskeâC[
f ω ω r v

Irms Imax π π DeeJe=efòe ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe kesâ Øeefle meskeâC[ Ûe›eâeW

Kf = = × = = 1.11
Iavg 2 2I max 2 2 (Frequency) keâer mebKÙee keâes DeeJe=efòe keânles nw~
ω ω r v 1 NP nš&dpe
f= = × = = =
2π 2π r λ T 120
efMeKej DeefOekeâlece ceeve (maximum value)
efMeKej iegCeebkeâ =
iegCeebkeâ Jeie&-ceeOÙe cetue ceeve (r.m.s.value) lejbie Jesie ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMe keâer lejbie Éeje Øeefle
(Peak- Fmes ëe=bie iegCeebkeâ (crest factor), Meer<e& (Wave meskeâC[ leÙe keâer ieÙeer otjer keâes lejbie Jesie
factor)
iegCeebkeâ (head factor), Ùee DeefOekeâlece velocity) keânles nQ~
iegCeebkeâ (maximum factor) Deeefo veeceeW Fmes Ûe›eâ Jesie (cycle velocity) leLee
mes Yeer peevee peelee nw~ keâuee Jesie (phase velocity) kesâ veeceeW
Kp =
Vmax Vmax
= ×
2
= 2 = 1.414
mes Yeer peevee peelee nw~
Vrms 1 Vmax

λ
v = rω = r × 2πf = f × 2πr = fλ =
T
Imax I max 2 ceeršj/meskesâC[
Kp = = × = 2 = 1.414
I rms 1 I max keâueevlej leLee keâueevlej efkeâvneR oes ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMeÙeeW
keâuee keâesCe keâer efmLeefleÙeeW ceW Devlej keâes metefÛele keâjlee
Meefòeâ keâuee keâesCe keâer keâespÙee keâes Meefòeâ iegCekeâ keânles (Phase nw~
iegCekeâ nQ~ Ùen Skeâ cee$ekeâ jefnle jeefMe nw~ difference oes ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMeÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe kesâ keâesCe
(Power and phase keâes keâuee keâesCe keânles nw~
R
factor) cos φ = angle)
Z

Electrician Capsule 53 YCT

 Sl. ¤heiegCeebkeâ (Kf) efMeKej ceeve (KP)
No. lejbie ¤he r.m.s. ceeve DeefOekeâlece ceeve
= =
Deewmele ceeve r.m.s. ceeve
1. pÙeeJe›eâerÙe lejbie kesâ efueS
Im ax
R.M. S. ceeve = = 0.707 I m ax 0.707 Imax I max
2 Kf = = 1.11 KP = = 1.41
0.636 I max 0.707 I max
2 Im ax
Deewmele ceeve = = 0.636 I m ax
π
2. Deæ& lejbie efo°keâejer pÙeeJe›eâerÙe lejbie kesâ efueS

0.5 I max I max

I m ax Kf = = 1.57 KP = = 2.0
R.M. S. ceeve = = 0.5 I m ax 0.318 Imax 0.5 I max
2
I max
Deewmele ceeve = = 0.318 Im ax
π
3. hetCe& lejbie efo°keâejer pÙeeJe›eâerÙe kesâ efueS

0.707 Imax I max

Im ax Kf = = 1.11 KP = = 1.41
R.M. S. ceeve = = 0.707 I m ax 0.636 I max 0.707 I max
2
2 Im ax
Deewmele ceeve = = 0.636 I m ax
π
4. DeeÙeleekeâej Ùee Jeiee&keâej lejbie kesâ efueS
R.M. S. ceeve = I m ax
Kf = 1 KP = 1
Deewmele ceeve = I m ax
5. ef$ekeâesCeer lejbie kesâ efueS

0.578 Imax Imax

I max Kf = = 1.16 KP = = 1.78
R.M. S. ceeve = = 0.578max 0.5 I max 0.578 I max
3
I m ax
Deewmele ceeve = = 0.5 I m ax
2

šeFce [escesve efmeiveue kesâ efueS RMS Deewj Deewmele ceeve – Vrms = Vm Vavg = 0
šeFce [escesve efmeiveue RMS ceeve Deewmele ceeve
Vm Vavg = 0
Vrms =
2

Vm Vm
Vrms = Vavg =
2 2
Vm 2Vm
Vrms = Vavg =
2 π
Vm Vm
Vrms = Vavg =
Vm Vm 3 2
Vrms = Vavg =
2 π

Electrician Capsule 54 YCT

 Vrms =
Vm
Vavg =
Vm Øe.Oee. heefjheLeeW cebs ØeÙegòeâ R–L–C DeJeÙeJeeW keâe mebef#ehle
3 2 legueveelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve (Comparative study)
DeOÙeÙeve Øe. Oee. heefjheLeeW cebs ØeÙegòeâ DeJeÙeJeeW keâe mebef#ehle
kesâ efueS legueveelcekeâ JÙeeKÙee/efJeJejCe
ØesjefCekeâ ØeefleIeele leLee OeeefjleerÙe ØeefleIeele ceW Devlej– keâejkeâ
ØesjefCekeâ ØeefleIeele OeeefjleerÙe ØeefleIeele DeJeÙeJeeW keâe ØeeflejesOekeâ hesÇefj$e Ùee Øesjkeâ mebOeeefj$e
(Inductive reactance) (Capacitive reactance) veece (Resistor) (Inductor) (Capacitor)
Ùen ØeeflejesOe jefnle Ùen DeØeeflejesOeer mebOeeefj$e (Name of
element)
ØeefleIeelekeâ (kewâheeefmešj/kebâ[Wmej) keâe
(efjSkeäšj/keâe@Fue/Ûeeskeâ) JewÅegle iegCe nw, pees Jeesušspe iegCe keâe ØeeflejesOe hesÇjkeâlJe Oeeefjlee
keâe JewÅegle iegCe nw, pees ceW nesves Jeeues heefjJele&ve keâe veece (Resistance) (Inductance) (Capacitance)
(Name of
Oeeje ceW nesves Jeeues efJejesOe keâjlee nQ~ property)
heefjJele&ve keâe efJejesOe keâjlee 1 1
Øeleerkeâ
XC = = Ω R L C
nw~ ω.C 2πf C (Symbol)
X L = ω.L = 2πfL Ω
cee$ekeâ Ω H (nsvejer) hewâj[ (F)
ØeefleyeeOee leLee ØeJesMÙelee– (Units)
ØeefleyeeOee Deesce kesâ efveÙeceevegmeej– Deesefÿekeâ RΩ XL Ω XC Ω
(Impedance) ceeve Øeleerkeâ
V
Z= ω kesâ ™he RΩ ω.L Ω 1
I Ω
cebs Deesefÿekeâ ωC
Z= (R 2
+ X2 ) Ω ceeve
f kesâ ™he cebs RΩ 2πf.L Ω 1
peneB - X = X L − X C Ω
Deesefÿekeâ 2πf C
ceeve
ØeJesMÙelee Ùen ØeefleyeeOee (Z) keâe efJeueesce nesleer
(Admittance) nw~ Jeesušlee keâe V R = I RR VL = ILXL V C = I CX C
Øeleerkeâ Jeesuš (V) Jeesuš (V) Jeesuš (V)
1
Y= cnes ØeefleyeeOee Z=RΩ Z = XL =
Z = XC
Z ωL = 2πfL
keâe Øeleerkeâ
Ω =
1
 1 2 1 
2
leLee =   +    ωC
1
Z  R   X   1
= Ω
cnes 2πf C
keâuee keâesCe φ = 0° meceeve φ = 90° he§e φ = 90° De«e
Y= (G 2
+ B2 ) cnes (P.A.) keâuee (lag) (lead)
Meefòeâ iegCekeâ cos φ = 1 cos φ = 0 cos φ = 0
DevegkeâeÙe&lee (Susceptance)– (P.F.) mLeeÙeer he§eieeceer De«eieeceer
Ùen ØeefleIeele (X) keâe efJeueesce nesleer nw~ ØeefleIeeleer sin φ =0 sin φ = 1 sin φ = 1
1 iegCeebkeâ efveÙele he§eieeceer De«eieeceer
B= cnes (R.F.)
X
hesÇjefCekeâ DevegkeâeÙe&lee mebOeeefjleerÙe DevegkeâeÙe&lee meefoMe Jeesušlee Je Jeesušlee mes Jeesušlee mes
DeefYeue#eCe Oeeje, meceeve Oeeje 90° Oeeje 90°
(Inductive susceptance) (Capacitive
susceptance)
(vector keâuee he§eieeceer De«eieeceer
character DeefYeue#eCe DeefYeue#eCe DeefYeue#eCe
Ùen hesÇjefCekeâ ØeefleIeele (XL) keâe Ùen mebOeeefjleerÙe ØeefleIeele is-tics) (same phase 90° 90°
efJeueesce nesleer nw~ (XC) keâe efJeueesce nesleer nw~ characteris- (current (current
tics) lagging leading
1 1
BL = cnes BC = cnes characteri- characteri-
XL XC stics) stics)

Electrician Capsule 55 YCT

efmebieue Hesâpe ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje heefjheLe- De«eieeceer (Leading) nesleer nw~
Megæ Megæ OeeefjleerÙe heefjheLe ceW meef›eâÙe Meefòeâ (P)
ØeeflejesOeer keâe ceeve MetvÙe (0) neslee nw leLee mechetCe&
heefjheLe I meefceße Meefòeâ (S), Øeeflekeâejer Meefòeâ ceW
(Pure heefjJeefle&le nes peelee nw~
resistive P=0 S = Q = VI
circuit) Fme heefjheLe ceW ØeÙegòeâ ØelÙeeJeleea Jeesušlee (V)
Fme heefjheLe keâe Meefòeâ iegCeebkeâ MetvÙe neslee nw~
leLee ØeJeeefnle ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje (I) meowJe meceeve
keâuee (Same phase) ceW jnleer nQ~
efmebieue Hesâpe S.meer.ßesCeer heefjheLe–
Fme heefjheLe keâe Meefòeâ iegCeebkeâ 1 neslee nw
keäÙeeWefkeâ φ keâe ceeve 0 neslee nw~ R-L ßesCeer R-C ßesCeer L-C ßesCeer
Fme heefjheLe keâer ØeefleyeeOee Z =R nesleer nw~ heefjheLe heefjheLe heefjheLe
Megæ ØeeflejesOeer heefjheLe ceW kegâue meefcceße Meefòeâ
(S) meef›eâÙe Meefòeâ (P) ceW heefjJeefle&le nes peeleer
nw leLee FmeceW keâesF& Øeeflekeâejer Meefòeâ (Q) veneR
nesleer nQ~
S=P Q=0 Z = XL ∼ XC
Z = R 2 + X 2L Z = R 2 + X C2
Megæ
ØesjkeâerÙe P = VI cos φ P = VI cos φ P = VI cos φ = 0
L
heefjheLe I
(pure
inductive Q = VIsin φ Q = −VIsin φ Q = VIsin φ
circuit) Fme heefjheLe ceW ØeJeeefnle ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje (I),
meowJe ØeÙegòeâ ØelÙeeJeleea Jeesušlee (V) mes 900
he§eieeceer nesleer nw~ S = P + JQ S = P − JQ S=Q

Megæ ØesjefCekeâ heefjheLe ceW JewÅegle Meefòeâ (P) RLC ßesCeer heefjheLe (RLC Series circuit)–
keâe ceeve MetvÙe (0) neslee nw~ leLee mechetCe&
meefcceße Meefòeâ, Øeeflekeâejer Meefòeâ ceW heefjJeefle&le
nes peelee nw~
P=0 S = Q = VI

Fme heefjheLe keâe Meefòeâ iegCeebkeâ MetvÙe (0)

neslee nw~
Megæ
heefjCeeceer Jeesušlee V = VR2 + ( VL ∼ VC )
2
mebOeeefjleerÙe
I
heefjheLe
ØeefleyeeOee Z = R 2 + ( X L ∼ X C )
2
(Pure
capacitive Fme heefjheLe ceW ØeJeeefnle ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje (I),
circuits) meowJe ØeÙegòeâ ØelÙeeJeleea Jeesušlee (V) mes 900
Electrician Capsule 56 YCT
 Skeâue keâuee ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje ßesCeer heefjheLeeW keâe efve<keâ<e&
(Summary of Single Pahse A.C. Series Circuits)
›eâ.meb. heefjheLe kesâ Øekeâej ØeefleyeeOee (Impedance) keâuee keâesCe (Phase angle) MeefòeâiegCekeâ
(Type of circuits)
Z= {R 2
+ ( XL ∼ XC )
2
} φ = tan -1 X L ∼ XC
R
(Power factor)

VR R
cosφ = =
V Z

1. R–heefjheLe Z=RΩ φ = 0° meceeve keâuee cos φ = 1 meceieeceer

2. L–heefjheLe Z =XL = ωL = 2πf.LΩ φ = 90° he§eieeceer cos φ = 0 he§eieeceer

3. C–heefjheLe 1 1 φ = 90° De«eieeceer cos φ = 0 De«eieeceer

Z = XC = = Ω
ωC 2πf .C

RLC–heefjheLe he§e Ùee De«e he§e Ùee De«e

4.
Z= {R 2
+ ( XL ∼ XC ) Ω
2
} 0 < φ < 90° cos φ < 1

RL–heefjheLe he§eieeceer he§eieeceer

5.
Z= {R 2
}
+ X 2L Ω 0 < φ < 90° cos φ < 1

RC–heefjheLe De«eieeceer De«eieeceer

6.
Z= {R 2
}
+ X C2 Ω 0 < φ < 90° cos φ < 1

7. LC–heefjheLe Z = XL ∼ XC = X Ω φ ≤ 900 he§e Ùee De«e cos φ = 0, OR cos φ < 1

he§e Ùee De«e

Devegveeo (Resonance)– (comparision of series and parallel Resonant

circuits)–
efkeâmeer ßesCeer R-L-C heefjheLe ceW Jen efmLeefle, efpemeceW XL = XC heo ßesCeer heefjheLe meceevlej heefjheLe (R-
nes peeS, Devegveeo keânueeleer nw Deewj Ssmee heefjheLe ßesCeer Devegveeo (RLC) L&C)
heefjheLe keânueelee nw~ Devegveeo kesâ meceÙe vÙetvelece DeefOekeâlece
XL = XC ØeefleyeeOee
ØeYeeJeer ØeefleyeeOee R L
1 1
2πfL = f= CR
2πfC 2π LC
Devegveeo kesâ meceÙe V vÙetvelece
DeefOekeâlece
ßesCeer SJeb meceevlej Devegveeo heefjheLeeW keâe GheÙeesie Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ Oeeje R V
GhekeâjCeeW ceW ›eâceMe: ‘yewC[ heeme’ SJeb ‘yewC[ mšehe’ efHeâušj ( L / CR)
heefjheLe kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Devegveeo hej FkeâeF& FkeâeF&
ßesCeer Deewj meceevlej Devegveeo heefjheLe keâer leguevee– MeefòeâiegCekeâ

Electrician Capsule 57 YCT

 Devegveeo DeeJe=efòe 1 meceevlej heefjheLe–
1  1 R2 
2π LC  − 2 
2π  LC L 
RL RC RLC
ØeJeefOe&le keâjlee nw Jeesušspe keâes Oeeje keâes
I = I2R + I L2 I = I2R + IC2 I = I2R +( IL ~IC )
2
ØeJeOe&ve neslee nw ωL ωL
mes mes
R R
V V V
IR = , IL = ∠−900 IC = ∠900
veesš– R XL XC

meceevlej Devegveeo heefjheLe keâes efjpeskeäšj (rejector) heefjheLe kesâ

veece mes Yeer peevee peelee nw~ IR IR IR
cos φ = (lag) cos φ = cos φ =
I I I
ßesCeer Devegveeo heefjheLe keâes Skeämeshšj (acceptor) heefjheLe Yeer (lead)
(Lead); IC>IL
keâne peelee nw~
(Lag); IL>IC
JeemleefJekeâ Meefòeâ, ØeefleIeeleer Meefòeâ leLee DeeYeemeer Meefòeâ ceW
cos φ = 1 ;
mecyevOe (Relation between Active power, Reactive
IL=IC
power and apparent power) –
meceevlej heefjheLe ßesCeer heefjheLe

keäJeeefuešer C 1 L
Q=R Q=
Hewâkeäšj L R C

yewC[efJe[dLe = ω2 − ω1 =
1
=
ω0 ω
= 0 =
R ω
= ω2 − ω1 = 0
RC ω0 RC Q L Q
DeeYeemeer Meefòeâ (S) = VI = I2Z
JeemleefJekeâ Meefòeâ (P) = VI cosφ = I2R
ØeefleIeeleer Meefòeâ (Q) = VI sinφ = I2XL  heefjheLe cesW meb«eefnle DeefOekeâlece Tpee& 
keäJeeefuešer Heâwkeäšj = 2π  =
1
 heefjheLe cesW efJemeefpe&le keâgue Tpee&  ef[efmmehesMeve Heâwkeäšj

S = P2 + Q2

S.meer. SJeb [er.meer. keâe legueveelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve

(Comparative Study of A.C. and D.C.)
legueveelcekeâ keâejkeâ (Factors) ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje (A.C.) efo°Oeeje (D.C.)

1. ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e (magnetic. field φ) ØelÙeeJeleea/DeefmLej DeØelÙeeJeleea/efmLej

2. Oeeje keâe leel#eefCekeâ ceeve (i) Im sinωt Idc

3. Oeeje keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve (Im) π Idc

2.I rms Ùee Iavg
2

Electrician Capsule 58 YCT

 4. Oeeje keâe Deewmele ceeve (Iavg) 2.I m Idc
= 0.636 Im
π

5. Oeeje keâe ØeYeeJeer ceeve (Irms) Im Idc

= 0.707 I m
2

6. GÛÛe Jeesušlee hej mebÛejCe cenbiee (expensive) efceleJÙeÙeer (economical)

7. vÙetve Jeesušlee hej efJelejCe memlee Je megiece cenBiee Je keâef"ve

8. DeeJe=efòe (frequency) (f) = 50 Hz MetvÙe (zero)

9. lJeefÛekeâ ØeYeeJe (skin effect) neB (Yes) vener (no)

10. ØesjefCekeâ ØeefleIeele (inductive X L = 2πfL MetvÙe (zero), {f = 0}

reactance)

11. mebOeeefjleerÙe ØeefleIeele (capacitive X C = 1/ 2πf C Devevle (infinite), {f = 0}

reactance)

12. ØeefleIeele (reactance) X = ( XL ∼ XC ) X L = 0, X C = ∞

13. ØeefleyeeOee (impedance )

Z= {R 2
+ ( X L ∼ XC )
2
} Z=R

14. Deesÿe kesâ met$e Éeje (current) I = V/Z I = V/R

15. ØesjkeâerÙe Oeeje (inductive current) I L = V / 2πfL I L = ∞ (infinite)

16. mebOeeefj$eerÙe Oeeje (capactive current) IC = 2πfCV Ic = 0

17. Glheeove œeesle DeLeJee peveve œeesle (a) ØelÙeeJele&keâ (a) mesue SJeb yewšjer
(generating source) (b) S.meer. pevejsšj (b) [er.meer. pevejsšj

(c) FveJeš&j (c) keâveJeš&j

(d) oesefue$e (d) jsefkeäšheâeÙej

18. ØeÙeesie leLee DevegØeÙeesie (uses and ØelÙeeJeleea kesâ Ùev$e, GheÙev$e, ceeheÙev$e, Ghemkeâj [er.meer. ceMeerve, GheÙeb$e, ceeheve
application) Ùegefòeâ, heefjCeeefce$e, ØesjCe ceesšj, ØesjCe Ùev$e, FbmšÎcesvš, Fueskeäš^escewivesš SC[
ØesjCe ceeheÙev$e, ØesjCe efjues, ØesjCe Yeªer, hejceevesvš cewivesš kesâ efvecee&Ce, yewšjer
Jesefu[bie, Øesme leeheve Deeefo ÛeeefpeËie, Fueskeäš^eshuesefšbie, Fueskeäš^es-
efueefmeme, Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ meefke&âš Deeefo~

Electrician Capsule 59 YCT

 11
Three Phase System
(ef$e-keâuee ØeCeeueer)
LeÇer hesâpe efmemšce (Three Phase System)– otmejs hesâpe mes 1200 yeeo (DeLee&led henues hesâpe mes 2400 hej) neslee
Ùeefo efkeâmeer generating system ceW oes windings neW leLee nw~ Fme Øekeâej keâe ›eâce LeÇer-hesâpe mehueeF& keâe phase sequence
Ùen windings 900 electrical otjer hej displaced neW, lees keâne peelee nw~
Fmekeâes two phase supply system keâne peelee nw Fmeer Øekeâej oef#eCeeJele& ›eâce (Clockwise sequence) (DeLee&led RYB) keâes
Ùeefo leerve windings 1200 electrical otjer hej nQ lees Fmekeâes positive phase sequence leLee JeeceeJele& Deveg›eâce
ef$e-keâuee mehueeF& efmemšce keâne peelee nw~ (anticlock wise sequence) (DeLee&led RBY) keâes negative
E phase sequence keâne peelee nw~
B

ωt
Y
Positive phase sequence Negative phase sequence

LeÇer hesâpe mebÙeespeve (Three Phase Connection)–

LeÇer-hesâpe supply system ceW leerve keâueeDeeW keâes ›eâceMe: Red
1. mšej mebÙeespeve (Star Connection) –
(R), Yellow (Y), Blue (B) keâne peelee nw~ RYB kesâ
leel#eefCekeâ ceeve efvecveJeled efueS pee mekeâles nQ-
E R = E m sin ωt = E m sin θ [∵ θ = ωt ]
E Y = E m sin(θ − 1200 )
E B = E m sin(θ − 2400 )
= E m sin(θ + 1200 )

peneB Em ØelÙeskeâ coil ceW Glhevve emf kesâ DeefOekeâlece ceeve keâes
ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw
hesâpe ›eâce (Phase Sequence)–
LeÇer hesâpe kegâC[efueÙeeW keâe ef[peeFve Fme Øekeâej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ FmeceW leerveeW hesâpe Jeesušspe Skeâ otmejs mes 1200 efJemLeeefhele
efpememes ØelÙeskeâ hesâpe keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve Skeâ otmejs mes 1200 (displaced) neslee nQ ~
JewÅegle keâesCe hej neslee nw DeLee&led otmejs hesâpe keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve Ghejesòeâ efÛe$e ceW R, Y Je B phases keâer phase voltage keâes
henues hesâpe mes 1200 hej, leLee leermejs hesâpe keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve ›eâceMe: VR, VY Je VB mes ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~

Electrician Capsule 60 YCT

 meblegefuele DeJemLee leLee uees[ keâer ØesjkeâerÙe Øeke=âefle nesves keâer efmLeefle ceW [suše mebÙeespeve efÛe$e ceW ØeoefMe&le nw~ Fmekesâ leerve hesâpeeW keâer leel#eefCekeâ
ØelÙeskeâ hesâpe keâer Oeeje hesâpe Jeesušspe mes φ0 lag keâjsieer~ Jeesušspe keâe ceeve efvecveJele efoÙee peelee nw–
VR = Vm sinθ
VY = Vm sin (θ – 120°)
VB = Vm sin (θ – 240°) or Vm sin (θ + 120°)

Hesâpe Oeeje (Phase current) Yeer Skeâ otmejs mes 1200 hej
displaced (efJemLeeefhele) jnles nQ~ Dele:, Fve OeejeDeeW keâe
leel#eefCekeâ ceeve (instantaneous value) efvecveJeled JÙekeäle efkeâÙee
pee mekeâlee nw–
i R = Im sin ωt = I m sin θ [∵ ωt = θ]

i Y = Im sin(θ − 1200 )
IR = IY = IB = IP 
i B = I m sin(θ − 2400 ) or I m sin(θ + 1200 ) I = I = I = I 
 RB BY YR L
veesš–Ghejeskeäle meceerkeâjCe iR keâes reference phasor ceeveles ngÙes
mšej mebÙeespeve [suše mebÙeespeve
efueKeer ieF& nQ leLee mhe„ nw efkeâ iY, iR mes 1200 heerÚs nw, leLee iB, iR
ueeFve Oeeje (IL) = Hesâpe Oeeje ueeFve Oeeje (IL) = 3 Hesâpe
mes 2400 heerÚs DeLee&led iY mes 1200 heerÚs nQ~
(IP) Oeeje (IP)
ueeFve Jeesušspe (VL) = 3 ueeFve Jeesušspe (VL) = Hesâpe
Hesâpe Jeesušspe (VP) Jeesušspe (Vp)
3–φ heeJej= 3×efmebieue Hesâpe 3–φ heeJej= 3×efmebieue Hesâpe
heeJej heeJej
= 3VpIPcosφ = 3VpIPcosφ
= 3 VLILcosφ = 3 VLILcosφ
Fme mebÙeespeve ceW vÙetš^ue efyevog Fme mebÙeespeve ceW vÙetš^ue efyebog
(Neutral point) Øeehle neslee nw (Neutral point) veneR neslee nQ~
VR = VY = VB = VP FmeceW ueeFefšbie uees[ Deewj heeJej FmeceW kesâJeue leerve Hesâpe Jeeues
VRY = VYB = VBR = VL uees[ oesveeW kesâ efueS Jeesušspe ues uees[ kesâ efueS ner Jeesušspe ues
mekeâles nQ~ mekeâles nQ~
2. [suše mebÙeespeve (Delta Connection)–

Electrician Capsule 61 YCT

 12
Earthing (Yet-mecheke&âve)
DeefLeËie (Earthing)– mebmLeeheve ceW GheÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw kesâ DeeOes DevegØemLe keâeš keâe nesvee
efJelejCe ØeCeeueer (Distribution System) ceW Goemeerve leej ÛeeefnS~
(Neutral wire) leLee efJeÅegle GhekeâjCeeW kesâ Oeeje ve Jenve keâjves Yet-leej leLee Yet-mecheke&âve Fueskeäš^es[ Skeâ ner heoeLe& keâe nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Jeeues Oeeleg YeeieeW keâes veieCÙe ØeeflejesOe Éeje Yet-Yeeie mes peesÌ[ves keâer Yet-leej keâes 30.5 mesceer. Yetleue mes veerÛes jKevee ÛeeefnS leLee 12.7
Øeef›eâÙee keâes Yet-mecheke&âve Ùee DeefLeËie keânles nQ~ efceceer. JÙeeme kesâ G.I. heeFhe ceW mes ues peevee ÛeeefnS leeefkeâ Ùeebef$ekeâ
efJeÅegle mebmLeeveeW leLee GhekeâjCeeW kesâ efueS DeefLeËie keâer #eefle mes megj#ee keâer pee mekesâ~
DeeJeMÙekeâlee (Need of Earthing for electrical mebmLeeve kesâ efJeefYeVe heefjheLeeW kesâ Yet-leej keâes Skeâ ner peien Ùeeveer
institutions and appliances)-
cegKÙe efJelejCe yees[& mes peesÌ[ osvee ÛeeefnS~ Fmekesâ yeeo Yet-leej keâes
mebmLeeve kesâ meYeer GhekeâjCeeW kesâ Oeeleg Yeeie hej, efJeÅegle #ejCe nesves efJelejCe yees[& mes DeefLeËie kesâ Fueskeäš^es[ mes peesÌ[vee ÛeeefnS~
hej Ùeefo keâesF& JÙeefòeâ, GhekeâjCe keâes ÚtÙesiee lees Gmes efJeÅegle
Yet-mecheke&âve peceerve kesâ Yeerlej, Yet-Fueskeäš^es[ TOJee&Oej jKee peevee
Peškeâe ueieves keâe Keleje yevee jnsiee~ Dele: efJeÅegle Peškeâe ve
ueies Fmekesâ efueS DeefLeËie Deefle DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ ÛeeefnS~
ueeFšefvebie Jeesušlee (Lightning Voltage) mes megj#ee keâjves kesâ Yet-mecheke&âve mLeeve vÙetvelece Yet-ØeeflejesOe
efueS DeefLeËie nesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw efpememes Lightning
yeÌ[s Meefòeâ kesâvõ 0.5Ω
Discharge nes mekesâ~
Úesšs Meefòeâ kesâvõ 1.0Ω
efJeÅegle #ejCe (Leakage Current) keâe ceeve yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS
DeefLeËie nesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw efpememes heäÙetpe leej ieue mekesâ Deewj Úesšs Ghekesâvõ 2.0Ω
ogIe&švee mes hetJe& efJeÅegle heefjheLe Yebie nes mekesâ~ Iejsuet leej mLeeheve mebmLeeve 1.0Ω
DevÙe efJeÅegle mebmLeeve 8.0Ω
YeejleerÙe efJeÅegle efveÙece 61 (I.E.R. 61) kesâ Devegmeej DeefLeËie
efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues efyevog (Points for Earthing according Yet-leej Je Yet-Fueskeäš^es[ keâer ceehe efveOee&efjle keâjvee
to I.E. Rule-61)- (Determination of size of Earth wire and Earth
3 efheve mee@kesâš leLee 5 efheve hee@Jej hueie mee@kesâš~ Electrode)-
4 leej efJeÅegle efJelejCe ØeCeeueer ceW Goemeerve leej keâes~ Iejsuet GheYeesòeâeDeeW Ùee efvecve Jeesuš ØeoeÙe (Low Voltage
meYeer GhekeâjCe pewmes ceesšj, pevejsšj, ketâuej, jsøeâerpejsšj, ieerpej Supply) keâer efmLeefle ceW ØeoeÙelee (Supplier) Éeje, Yet-efyevog kesâ
kesâ Oeeleg Yeeie~ mebÙeespeve kesâ efueS 8 SWG keâe leeceü leej Ùee GI leej Main
distribution board mes Sub main Distribution board lekeâ
meYeer Iejsuet GhekeâjCe pewmes-šsyeue uewche, Øesme, efJeÅegle kesâleueer, neršj,
leLee DeesJeve Deeefo kesâ Oeeleg Yeeie keâes leerve efheve hueie mee@kesâš Éeje~ ues peeÙee peelee nw~
meYeer OeeeflJekeâ efmJeÛe, efJelejCe yees[&, efmJeÛe yees[&, yewšve nesu[j Iejsuet leej mebmLeeheve ceW efJelejCe yees[& kesâ yeeo heefjheLe kesâ efueS
14 SWG leeceü Ùee 12 SWG SuÙegefceefveÙece leej keâes Yet-leej kesâ
leLee hebKes kesâ Oeeleg Yeeie~
™he ceW GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
meYeer efmJeÛe efieÙej, kesâefyeue, efJeÅegle ceMeerveW Deeefo kesâ Oeeleg Yeeie~
ueeFve heesueeW keâes 8 SWG, GI leej mes Yet-mecheefke&âle efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efMejesheefj ueeFve kesâ Oeeleg DeeOeej, šskeâ leej, kesâefyeue yeekeäme Deeefo
kesâ Oeeleg Yeeie~ DeeefLe&ie mecyevOeer cegKÙe heo (Important Terms Related to
Earthing)-
efJeÅegle mebmLeeheve ceW DeefLeËie nsleg I.S. efJeefMe<šleeÙesb cegKÙe heo efJeJejCe
(Specifications for Earthing in electrical
Installations)- peerefJele leej. Jen leej, pees efJeÅegle DeeJesMe mes hetCe& nes SJeb
efpeme efJeÅegle mebmLeeve keâe Yet-mecheke&âve efkeâÙee peevee nw, Gme Live wire Yetefce keâs meeLe efJeYeJeevlej jKelee nes, Gmes peerefJele
mebmLeeve mes DeefLeËie keâer otjer keâce mes keâce 1.5 ceer. nesveer ÛeeefnS~ leej keânles nw~
Yet-melelelee leej (Earth Continuity wire) keâer ceehe keâe@hej Yet-mecheefkeâ&le vÙetš^ue keâes DeLe& mes mebÙeesefpele efkeâS peeves Jeeues
leej 14 SWG mes keâce veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS DeLeJee cegKÙe leej pees Earthed efyevog keâes Yet-mecheefkeâ&le keâne peelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 62 YCT
 Yet-melelee Jen Ûeeuekeâ pees Yet-mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues (Coil peelee nw~
Ûeeuekeâ GhekeâjCe kesâ Oeeleg Yeeie keâes Yet mes mebÙeesefpele Earthing) Coil Earthing ceW 8 SWG G.I. leej keâes
Earth keâjlee nw Yet-melelee Ûeeuekeâ keânueelee nw~ 50mm JÙeeme, 460mm uecyeer kegâC[ueer keâes
Continuity 1.5 ceer. ienjeF& ceW ÛeejeW lejheâ vecekeâ Je
conductor Ûeejkeâesue keâer hejleeW mes yevo keâj osles nw~
DeLe& Fueskeäš^e@[ Oeeleg keâe Jen heeFhe Ùee DevÙe Ûeeuekeâ, pees keäJeeFue DeefLeËie ceW leerve Øekeâej kesâ hejer#eCe efkeâÙes
Earth YeejleerÙe efJeÅegle efveÙeceeW kesâ Deveg™he nes SJeb efpemes peeles nw- iewuJesveeFefpebie šsmš, ef[he šsmš, leLee
electrode he=LJeer ceW oyee efoÙee peelee nw, DeLe& Fueskeäš^e@[ DeOesMeerÙeve šsmš~
keânueelee nw~ 4. heeFhe meceevÙe Yet Deewj veceer keâer efmLeefle kesâ efueS DevÙe
DeefLeËie ueer[ efpeme leej mes DeLe& Fueskeäš^e@[ keâes mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee DeefLeËie ØeCeeueer keâer leguevee ceW heeFhe DeefLeËie meyemes
Earthing peelee nw, Gme leej keâes DeeefLeËie ueer[ keânles nQ~ meeceevÙe Deewj meJeexòece ØeCeeueer nw~
(Pipe
lead
Earthing) GI heeFhe FmeceW 38mm JÙeeme keâe 2m
Yet-mecheefke&âle efkeâmeer Jemleg keâe ‘DeLe&’ nesvee Gmes keâne peelee nw,
Jemleg peye Jen DeLe& Fueskeäš^es[ mes pegÌ[er ngF& nesleer nw~ uecyee GI heeFhe nesleer nw~ efpemeceW
Earthed DeLe& Fueskeäš^e@[ hej MetvÙe efJeYeJe nesves kesâ keâejCe Øeefle 75mm hej 12mm JÙeeme
object Fmekesâ mecheke&â ceW Deeves Jeeues meYeer efJeÅegleerÙe kesâ efÚõ nesles nw leLee heeFhe keâes
GhekeâjCeeW keâe Jeesušspe Yeer MetvÙe nes peelee nw~ peceerve kesâ Deboj 3.75m ienjeF&
lekeâ [eue osles nw~
DeefLeËie keâer efJeefOeÙeeB (Methods of Earthing)–
DeLe& leej DeLe& leej GI kesâ yeves nesles nw~
DeefLeËie keâer efJeJejCe FmeceW 12.7mm JÙeeme kesâ heeFhe
efJeefOeÙeeB Éeje ues peeÙee peelee nw~
1.leej Je Cu - 25 mm ×1.6 mm
ef mš^ he keâer meeFpe  GI Fme earthing ceW efj[Ÿetefmebie
efmš^he G.I. - 25 mm × 4mm efj[Ÿetefmebie mee@kesâš keâer meeFpe (38mm
DeefLeËie mee@kesâš keâer ×19mm) keâes 38mm JÙeeme kesâ
Cu - 3.0mm 2
(Wire or leej keâer meeFpe 
 GI - 6.0mm
2 meeFpe heeFhe kesâ meeLe peesÌ[ efoÙee peelee
Strip
Earthing) meeceevÙele: Fme DeefLeËie keâe ØeÙeesie heLejerueer nw~
(Rocky) efceóer ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ keâemš heeFhe DeefLeËie ceW keâemš DeeÙejve
leej Ùee efmš^he DeefLeËie keâes meeceevÙele: ienjeF& 8 DeeÙejve øesâce ØeÙeesie ceW ueeÙee peelee nw~
mes 15m lekeâ (5ceer mes keâce vener) jKeer peeleer øesâce efpemekeâer meeFpe 30cm × 30
nw~ cm keâer nesleer nw pees DeefOekeâ
efmš^he Yet-mecheke&âve keâer efJeefOe keâes meeceevÙele: #ecelee keâer heeJej ceMeerveeW keâer
š^ebmeefceMeve ueeFvees ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ DeefLeËie kesâ efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw~
2.ÚÌ[ Yet-
mecheke&âve 16
(Rod
Earthing)
Rod Earthing yeuegDee peceerve kesâ efueS
GheÙeesie ceW ueeF& peeleer nw, Fme Øekeâej kesâ DeefLeËie
ceW ieºe Keesoves keâer pe™jle vener nesleer nw~
meeceevÙele: Fmekeâer ienjeF& 2.5m mes keâce veneR
nesvee ÛeeefnSb~
je@[ DeefLeËie keâes heâeÙej Yet-mecheke&âve kesâ
veece mes Yeer peevee peelee nw~
je@[ DeefLeËie DevÙe ØeCeeueer keâer leguevee ceW meyemes
memleer nesleer nw~
3.kegâC[ueer Coil Earthing keâe GheÙeesie ueeFve heesuees keâes
Yet-mecheke&âve Yet-mecheke&âve keâjves kesâ efueS GheÙeesie ceW ueeÙee

Electrician Capsule 63 YCT

 FmeceW 15 cm ceesšer vecekeâ Deewj uekeâÌ[er kesâ Jeeues leerve Hesâpe ØeCeeueer keâes Yet (earth) keâjves kesâ
keâesÙeues (Ûeejkeâesue) kesâ heeG[j keâer uesÙej nesleer mecyevOe ceW)
nw~ efveÙece –69 KecYee Øee®heer Ghe-keWâõ mes mebyebefOele
Yet-leej keâes Ùeebef$ekeâ #eefle mes yeÛeeves kesâ efueSs Fmes efveÙece –88 j#eCe mes mebyebefOele
12.7mm GI heeFhe kesâ Devoj mes ues peeÙee (Related to guarding)
peelee nw~ efpemes peceerve mes 60cm veerÛes jKeles efveÙece –90 Yet-mebheke&âve mes mebyebefOele
nw~ (DeesJejnw[ ueeFve kesâ mechetCe& meheesšeX leLee
5. huesš huesš DeefLeËie ceW huesšeW keâer meeFpe- cewšsefuekeâ efHeâefšbie mes mebyebefOele)
DeefLeËie Cu Plate- 60 cm×60 cm×3.18 mm
(Plate G.I.Plate- 60 cm ×60 cm × 6.35 mm
Yet–mebÙeespeve kesâ efueS BIS ceevekeâ–
Earthing) • huesšs keâer peceerve keâer melen mes 2.5 ceer.
(BIS Standard for Earthing)
veerÛes jKekeâj 15 mesceer. ceesšer vecekeâ leLee
Ûeejkeâesue keâer meleneW mes {keâ efoÙee peelee nw~ Yet-mebÙeespeve efJeJejCe
efpeme heoeLe& keâer huesš nesleer nw], Gmeer heoeLe& keâer JÙeJemLee keâs
Yet-leej GheÙeesie ceW ueeÙee peelee nw~
DeJeÙeJe
• ueeFš heefjheLe kesâ efueS 12 Ùee 14 SWG
1. TN vesšJeke&â TN(Earth- neutral) vesšJeke&â ceW ØecegKe
• Meefòeâ heefjheLe kesâ efueS 8 Ùee 10 SWG
TN (Earth- De#ej nw~
Yet-leej keâes Ùeebef$ekeâ #eefle mes yeÛeeves kesâ efueS
12.7 mm heeFhe kesâ Devoj mes ues peeÙee peelee
neutral) T- DeLe& (Ùen øeQâÛe Meyo Terre) mes yevee
Network nw~
nw Deewj peceerve melen mes 60 mesceer. veerÛes jKeles
nQ~ N- vÙetš^ue, S- he=Lekeâ (Separate)
C- keâcyeeFve, I - DeeFmeesuesšs[
GheYeesòeâe kesâ JewÅegeflekeâ Fvše@uesMeve kesâ
Kegues ngS OeeeflJekeâ Yeeie keâes mebÙeesefpele
keâjves Jeeues Ûeeuekeâ keâes ØeesšsefkeäšJe DeLe&
(PE) keâne peelee nw~
Jen Ûeeuekeâ pees mšej hJee@FC[ keâes ef$e-
hesâpe ØeCeeueer mes mebÙeesefpele keâjlee nw~ Ùee
Jeeheme Deeves Jeeueer Oeeje keâes Skeâue hesâpe
ØeCeeueer ceW ues peelee nw, vÙetš^ue keânueelee
nw~

IEE efveÙeceve (IEE Regulations)-

efveÙece –32 DeLe& Deewj DeLe& vÙetš^ue keâer henÛeeve leLee GmeceW
efveefnle efmJeÛeeW Deewj keâš-DeeGšeW keâer efmLeefle mes
mebyebefOele
efveÙece –51 ceOÙece, GÛÛe Ùee Deefle GÛÛe Jeesušspe mLeeheve kesâ
efueS Deefleefjòeâ ØeeJeOeeve ueeiet nesves mes mebyebefOele 2. TT vesšJeke&â TT Yet–mebÙeespeve ØeCeeueer ceW GheYeesòeâe kesâ
efveÙece –61 DeLe& kesâ meeLe mebÙeespeve (keâveskeäMeve) mes mebyebefOele TT (earth- ØeesšsefkeäšJe DeLe& (PE) keâvewkeäMeve keâes
earth) ueeskeâue keâvewkeäMeve Éeje DeLe& keâes GheueyOe
efveÙece –62 ceOÙece Jeesušlee keâer ØeCeeueer mes mebyebefOele Network keâjeÙee peelee nw~
efveÙece –67 DeLe& kesâ meeLe mebÙeespeve (keâveskeäMeve) mes mebyebefOele Ùen pevejsšj ceW efkeâmeer Yeer Øekeâej kesâ Yet–
(GÛÛe Ùee yengle GÛÛe Jeesušlee hej keâeÙe& keâjves
mebÙeespeve mes cegòeâ neslee nw~
Electrician Capsule 64 YCT
 Fme vesšJeke&â keâe cegKÙe ueeYe Ùen nw efkeâ Yet-ØeeflejesOe keâce keâjves keâer efJeefOe
Ùen mecheefke&âle GhekeâjCe mes vÙetš^ue leej kesâ (Method of Reducing Earth Resistance)-
Éeje Deeves Jeeueer GÛÛe Je efvecve DeeJe=efòe Yet–mebÙeespeve huesš/ÚÌ[ kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj heÙee&hle cee$ee ceW uekeâÌ[er
Meesj keâes jeskeâlee nw~ keâe keâesÙeuee SJeb vecekeâ kesâ Ieesue [eues peeves ÛeeefnS~
Fme efJeefOe kesâ ØeÙeesie mes Yebefpele vÙetš^ue meceÙe–meceÙe hej ‘DeLe&’ kesâ ieºs ceW heeveer [eueles jnvee ÛeeefnS,
(Broken neutral) keâe keâesF& Keleje veneR efpememes efkeâ Yet–mebÙeespeve huesš/ÚÌ[ kesâ Ûeejes Deesj keâer Yetefce ceW
neslee nw~ veceer yeveer jns~
Fme vesšJeke&â keâes šsueerkeâcÙetefvekesâMeve meeFš peneB Yet–mebÙeespeve ØeeflejesOe keâe ceeve vÙetvelece jKevee DeeJeMÙekeâ
(peneB FvšjHesâjsvme øeâer DeefLeËie keâer neslee nw, JeneB Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ DeLe& Fueskeäš^es[ meceevlej ›eâce ceW
DeeJeMkeâlee nes) kesâ efueS JejerÙelee oer mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙes peeles nQ~
peeleer nw~
oes ‘DeLe&’ Fueskeäš^es[ kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer keâce mes keâce 5 ceeršj
efpeve mLeeveeW ceW heeJej keâe efJelejCe efkeâÙee jKeer peeveer ÛeeefnS~
peelee nw, JeneB DeesJejnw[ Ùee TT vesšJeke&â
Yet-Fueskeäš^es[ keâer ceehe leLee Yet-mecheke&âve keâer ienjeF& yeÌ{ekeâj Yet
keâes ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ØeeflejesOe keâce efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Yet heeFhe kesâ ÛeejeW lejheâ keâe@hej meuhesâš keâe Ieesue keâj osves mes Yeer
Yet ØeeflejesOe keâes keâce efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~

Yet-ØeeflejesOe keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjves Jeeues keâeÙe&

(Factor Influencing earth resistance)-

Fueskeäš^es[ kesâ ØeeflejesOe hej

Fueskeäš^es[ keâer ienjeF& hej
peceerve keâer Øeke=âefle hej
DeLe& huesš kesâ #es$eHeâue hej
efceóer kesâ leeheceeve hej
Ûeeuekeâ kesâ heoeLe& hej
3. IT vesšJeke&â Fme vesšJeke&â ceW JewÅegeflekeâ efJelejCe ØeCeeueer kegâÚ cenòJehetCe& leLÙe (Some Important Facts)–
IT (Isolated (Electrical disribution system) keâe
earth) DeLe& mes efkeâmeer Yeer Øekeâej keâe keâesF& DeLe& keâer leej keâe #es$eHeâue JeeÙeefjbie keâer leej mes oesiegvee nesvee
Network keâvewkeäMeve veneR neslee nw~ ÛeeefnS
Fme vesšJeke&â keâe ØeÙeesie kesâJeue GÛÛe DeLe& JeeÙej Gmeer Oeeleg keâer nesveer ÛeeefnS efpemekeâe DeLe& Fueskeäš^es[
Fcheer[wvme keâvewkeäMeve ceW ner neslee nw~ nw~
«eeGC[ JeeÙej mšerue kesâ yeveeÙes peeles nw~
«eeGC[ JeeÙej keâes peceerve ceW 1.5–2.0 ceeršj lekeâ ienjeF& hej
jKeles nw~
šeJej hetâefšbie ØeeflejesOe keâce keâjves kesâ efueS kesâJeue «eeGC[ je@[
Deewj keâeGbšj hJee@Fpe keâe GheÙeesie yesnlej neslee nw~
3-φ ØeCeeueer ceW oesnje Yet-mecheke&âve ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
BIS keâes[ kesâ Devegmeej Yet-mecheke&âve kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ leej
njs jbie keâe nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Skeâ DeÛÚer Yet-mecheke&âve ØeCeeueer kesâ ØeeflejesOe keâe ceeve 1 mes 3Ω
kesâ yeerÛe nesvee ÛeeefnS~

Electrician Capsule 65 YCT

 13
Electrical Wiring
(JewÅegeflekeâ JeeÙeeEjie)
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)– 10. ØekeâeMe-hebKee heefjheLe ceW JeeÙeeEjie keâe #eweflepe jve, heâMe&
Deebleefjkeâ leej mLeeheve (internal wiring) kesâ Devleie&le mes 3.5 ceer. TBÛeeF& Ùee 4 ceer. mes DeefOekeâ meerefuebie hej
ØekeâeMe, hebKee, neršj, ketâuej, 5A mee@kesâš leLee 15A mee@kesâš meerefuebie mes 0.5ceer. veerÛes jKevee ÛeeefnS~
Deeefo Deeles nQ~ Gòeâ kesâ efueS efJeÅegle efyevog ueieevee, Deebleefjkeâ 11. Meefòeâ heefjheLe nsleg JeeÙeeEjie keâe #eweflepe jve heâMe& mes
leej mLeeheve keânueelee nw~ 2.5 ceer. TBÛeeF& hej nesvee ÛeeefnS~

Deebleefjkeâ leej mLeeheve ceW ØekeâeMe-hebKee leLee Meefòeâ heefjheLe neslee 12. yewšve JeeÙeeEjie efkeäueheeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer, #eweflepe jve ceW
nw~ Fve heefjheLe keâe leej mLeeheve Deueie-Deueie nesvee ÛeeefnS~ 10 mesceer. leLee TOJee&Oej jve ceW 15 mesceer. nesveer

leej mLeeheve kesâ meeceevÙe efveÙece ÛeeefnS~

(General Rules of Wiring)– 13. meYeer GhekeâjCeeW kesâ Oeeleg Yeeie Je leerve efheve mee@kesâš keâe
Skeâ efheve Yet-mecheefke&âle nesvee ÛeeefnS~
S.No leej mLeeheve kesâ meeceevÙe efveÙece
14. ØekeâeMe efyevog keâer heâMe& mes TBÛeeF& 2.5ceer. nesveer
1. Tpee&ceeheer keâer heâMe& mes TBÛeeF& 1.5ceer. nesleer nww~
ÛeeefnS~
2. Tpee&ceeheer kesâ legjble yeeo cegKÙe efmJeÛe Je efJelejCe yees[&
15. hebKes keâer heâMe& mes TBÛeeF& 2.75 ceer. nesveer ÛeeefnS~
ueieevee ÛeeefnS~
16. 5A mee@kesâš/efmJeÛe yees[&/efmJeÛe keâer heâMe& mes TBÛeeF&
3. cegKÙe efmJeÛe Je efJelejCe yees[& heäÙetpe Ùetefveš meefnle nesves
1.25 ceer. nesveer ÛeeefnS~
ÛeeefnS~
17. 15A mee@kesâš keâer heâMe& mes TBÛeeF& 1.50ceer. Ùee 25
4. otj efmLele keâ#eeW kesâ efueS Ghe-efJelejCe yees[& keâe GheÙeesie
mesceer. nesveer ÛeeefnS~
keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
18. 14 SWG, GI JeeÙej Yet-mecheke&âve kesâ efueS hetjer
5. ØekeâeMe-hebKee heefjheLe Je Meefòeâ heefjheLe Deueie-Deueie
JeeÙeeEjie ceW GheÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
nesves ÛeeefnS~
19. peneB lekeâ mecYeJe nes ojJeepes ceW Iegmeles meceÙe oeÙeeR
6. ØekeâeMe-hebKee Je 5A keâe mee@kesâš Skeâ heefjheLe kesâ efueS
lejheâ efmJeÛe yees[& ueiee nesvee ÛeeefnS~
10 efyevog Ùee 800W mes DeefOekeâ Yeej veneR nesvee
ÛeeefnS~ 20. ojJeepes mes 0.5ceer. otj efmJeÛe yees[& ueieevee ÛeeefnS~
7. Meefòeâ heefjheLe kesâ efueS 15A kesâ oes efyevog Ùee 21. yewšve JeeÙeeEjie keâes oerJeej mes heej keâjles meceÙe
3000W mes DeefOekeâ Yeej veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~ heesme&ueerve heeFhe keâe GheÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
8. Deebleefjkeâ leej mLeeheve ceW Ûeeuekeâ leej keâe vÙetvelece 22. oerJeej keâer ceesšeF& meeceevÙele: 25mesceer. nesleer nw~
ceehe, leeceü Ûeeuekeâ kesâ efueÙes 1mm2 leLee 23. yeeLe™ce ceW mee@kesâš keâer TBÛeeF& heâMe& mes 1.3 ceer. nesveer
SuÙegefceefveÙece Ûeeuekeâ kesâ efueÙes 1.50 mm2 nesvee ÛeeefnS~
ÛeeefnS~ 24. SÙej kebâ[erMeveme& kesâ efueS Deueie mes efmJeÛe Je mee@kesâš
9. JeeÙeefjbie keâjles meceÙe iegefuueÙeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe Deblejeue ueieevee ÛeeefnS Deewj JeeÙeefjbie Yeer Deueie mes nesveer
30 mes 45 mesceer lekeâ jKee peelee nw~ ÛeeefnS~
Electrician Capsule 66 YCT
Meefòeâ leej mLeeheve kesâ meeceevÙe efveÙece– Fme ØeCeeueer ceW cesve-ueeFve keâes oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ ef[mš^eryÙetMeve
(General Rules for Power Wiring) yeekeämeeW ceW ueieeÙee peelee nQ Deewj JeneB mes efYeVe-efYeVe MeeKeeDeeW ceW
S.No. Meefòeâ leej mLeeheve kesâ meeceevÙe efveÙece yee@še peelee nw
1. Meefòeâ leej mLeeheve ceW Yeejer iespe Oeeleg Jeenkeâ veueer meeceevÙele: Skeâ ef[mš^eryÙetMeve yee@keäme keâe GheÙeesie Skeâ Ùee oes
(Metal conduit pipe) ÂÌ{ Je megvecÙe (Rigid & keâcejeW kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
flexible) keâe GheÙeesie ÛeeuekeâeW keâes ues peeves ceW efkeâÙee Fme ØeCeeueer keâe ØeejefcYekeâ cetuÙe DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
peevee ÛeeefnS~ (2) š^er ØeCeeueer (Tree system)–
2. efmJeÛe, efJelejCe yees[&, mšeš&j Oeeleg DeeJejCe Ùegòeâ nesves
Fme ØeCeeueer ceW efkeâmeer Je=#e keâer MeeKeeDeeW leLee Ghe-MeeKeeDeeW keâer YeeBefle
ÛeeefnS~
ner cesve ueeFve mes efJeefYeVe Ghe-heefjheLe lewÙeej efkeâÙes peeles nQ~ Fme ØeCeeueer
3. meYeer efmJeÛe, efJelejCe yees[&, mšeš&j Deeefo keâes ueesns kesâ
ceW JeeÙeefjbie oes efJeefOeÙeeW keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ mLeeefhele efkeâÙes peeles nw-
yees[eX (Iron clad board) hej ueieeves ÛeeefnS~
(i) peesÌ[ efJeefOe Fme efJeefOe ceW cesve ueeFve kesâ GheÙegòeâ mLeueeW
4. Jeenkeâ veueer kesâ Deboj kesâefyeuees ceW peesÌ[ veneR ueiee nesvee (Joint Method) mes kesâefyeue ceW peesÌ[ ueieekeâj Ghe-heefjheLe
ÛeeefnS~ lewÙeej efkeâÙes peeles nw leLee peesÌ[es kesâ Thej
5. ceesšj kesâ efueS keâce mes keâce oes Yet-mecheke&âve keâe GheÙeesie šshe uehesš oer peeleer nw~
keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ (ii) keâveskeäšj efJeefOe Fme efJeefOe mes cesve ueeFve ceW keâš ueieekeâj
6. ceesšj efmJeÛe Je mšeš&j, ceesšj kesâ heeme ner ueiee nesvee (Connector Skeâ keâveskeäšj mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw
ÛeeefnS~ Method) Deewj keâveskeäšj mes Ghe-heefjheLe kesâ efueS
7. ceesšj keâes efveefce&le veeRJe hej mLeeefhele keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ mebÙeespekeâ leej efvekeâeues peeles nw~
8. cegKÙe efmJeÛe, efJelejCe yees[&, ceesšj efmJeÛe Je mšeš&j leej mLeeheve kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Wiring)–
oerJeej hej Ùee mšwC[ hej mLeeefhele efkeâÙes peeles nQ~ Iejsuet SJeb DeewÅeesefiekeâ GheÙeesie kesâ efueS JewÅegeflekeâ JeeÙeefjbie keâes efvecve oes
9. Ùeefo efmJeÛe yees[&, efJelejCe yees[& Deeefo mšwC[ hej JeieeX ceW Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw-
mLeeefhele efkeâÙes ieÙes nQ lees efmJeÛe yees[& Deeefo kesâ heerÚs keâce
1. DemLeeÙeer JeeÙeefjbie 2. mLeeÙeer JeeÙeefjbie
mes keâce 0.70 ceer. keâer Kegueer peien nesveer ÛeeefnS~
(1) DemLeeÙeer JeeÙeefjbie–Ùen efvecve oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw~
10. ceesšj keâer efmLeefle Yeer oerJeej mes keâce mes keâce 0.70 ceer.
keâer otjer hej nesveer ÛeeefnS~ (i) Fme JeeÙeefjbie ceW Heäuewefkeämeyeue DeLeJee
Heäuewefkeämeyeue heer.Jeer.meer. DeLeJee meer.šer.Sme. kesâefyeue ØeÙeesie
11. cegKÙe efmJeÛe, efJelejCe yees[&, ceesšj efmJeÛe Je mšeš&j keâer
kesâefyeue efkeâÙee peelee nw~
heâMe& mes TBÛeeF& 1.5ceer. jKeer peeleer nw~
12. efveefce&le veeRJe mes heâMe& keâer TBÛeeF& 20 mesceer. mes 50mesceer. JeeÙeefjbie Fme JeeÙeefjbie ceW yengOee efJeefYeVe uewcheeW kesâ efueS
lekeâ jKeer peeleer nw~ Skeâ ner efmJeÛe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
13. JeeÙeeEjie keâe #eweflepe jve heâMe& mes 2.5 ceer. Ùee cegKÙe Ùen megj#ee keâer Âef° mes Ùen DevegheÙegòeâ nw~
efmJeÛe keâer TBÛeeF& hej nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Dele: Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie yengle keâce efkeâÙee peelee
14. Ùeefo JeeÙeeEjie Yetefceiele š^bÛe (Trunch) mes ues peeÙeer nw~
peeleer nw, lees š^bÛe keâer ienjeF& 20cm jKeer peeleer nw~ (ii) keäueerš 30 mes 60 cm keâer otjer hej heWÛe keâer meneÙelee mes o
15. Meefòeâ leej mLeeheve ceW Ûeeuekeâ keâe vÙetvelece ceehe, keâehej JeeÙeefjbie Fve iegefuueÙeeW hej VIR Ùee PVC kesâefyeue
kesâ efueÙes 1.25 mm2 leLee SuecegefveÙece kesâ efueÙes 2.5 keäueerš ceW mes ues peeÙeer peeleer nw~
mm2 nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Ùen JeeÙeefjbie memleer nesleer nw~
JewÅegle JeeÙeefjbie ØeCeeefueÙeeB (Electrical Wiring System)
(2.) mLeeÙeer JeeÙeefjbie (Permanent Wiring)–
(1) efJelejCe yees[& ØeCeeueer (Distribution Board System)–
1. kesâefmebie kesâefhebie JeeÙeefjbie oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw
Ùen Skeâ meeceevÙe efJeefOe nw~ YeJeve mes ØelÙeskeâ heefjheLe ceW Skeâ-Skeâ
kesâefmebie- a- uekeâÌ[er keâer kesâefmebie kesâefhebie JeeÙeefjbie
heäÙetpe ueieekeâej, Skeâ peien (efJelejCe yees[& kesâ heeme) Skeâef$ele keâj
kesâefhebie b- heer.Jeer.meer. kesâefmebie kesâefhebie JeeÙeefjbie
Skeâ yees[& ceW ueiee efoÙee peelee nw efpemes cegKÙe efJelejCe yees[&
JeeÙeefjbie
keânles nQ~
Electrician Capsule 67 YCT
 (a) Fme efJeefOe ceW šerkeâ (meeieewve) keâer uekeâÌ[er mes keâvmeeru[ [keäš JeeÙeefjbie Yeer keânles nQ~
uekeâÌ[er yeveer ognjer veueer Jeeueer ‘kesâefhebie ’, Éeje {keâ oer JeeÙeefjbie keâvmeeru[ JeeÙeefjbie efÚheer jnleer nw~ FmeceW leejeW
keâer peeleer nw, FmeceW Fvmeguesšs[ kesâefyeume mLeeefhele keâes megj#ee efceueleer nw~
kesâefmebie- efkeâS peeles nQ~
FmeceW DeefOekeâ mebKÙee ceW leej ueieeÙeW pee mekeâles
kesâefhebie Fme JeeÙeefjbie ceW VIR Ùee PVC kesâefyeue GheÙeesie
nw~
JeeÙeefjbie ceW ueeÙeer peeleer nw~
Fme JeeÙeefjbie efJeefOe keâes Jeke&âMee@he ceW JejerÙelee oer
oerJeej hej 60cm-60cm keâer otjer hej ieguueer
kesâ menejs Jet[ve kesâefmebie ueieeÙeer peeleer nw leLee peeleer nw~
kesâefmebie ceW leej/kesâefyeue efyeÚekeâj Thej mes kewâefhebie
1.5 mm2 SuÙegefceefveÙece ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ efueS
ueiee osles nQ~
Jele&ceeve ceW Jet[ve kesâefmebie kewâefhebie keâer peien PVC Jeenkeâ veueer keâer ceehe
kesâefmebie kesâefhebie keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ÛeeuekeâeW keâer mebKÙee Jeenkeâ veueer keâer ceehe mm ceW
(b) FmeceW heer.Jeer.meer. (hee@ueer efJeveeÙeue keäueesjeF[) 3 lekeâ 16 mm
heer.Jeer.meer. mes yeveer ‘kesâefmebie-kesâefhebie ’ ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~
kesâefmebie- 4 mes 5 lekeâ 19 mm
FmeceW ‘efuebkeâ-efkeäuehme’ Deeefo keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee
kesâefhebie veneR nesleer nw~ 6 mes 8 25 mm
JeeÙeefjbie FmeceW DelÙeeefOekeâ kegâMeue cepeotjeW keâer 9 mes 12 lekeâ 32 mm
DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~ 13 mes 15 lekeâ 38 mm
Fmekeâer keâeÙe&keâejer DeeÙeg uekeâÌ[er keâer kesâefmebie-
Jeenkeâ veueer keâer meneÙekeâ ÙegefòeâÙeeB (conduit Accessories)–
kesâefhebie JeeÙeefjbie keâer leguevee ceW DeefOekeâ veneR
nesleer nw~ Jeenkeâ veueer leej mLeeheve ceW efvecveefueefKele Jeenkeâ veueer keâer meneÙekeâ
ÙegefòeâÙeeB Je efheâefšbie GheÙeesie ceW ueeÙeer peeleer nQ~
2. yewšve yewšve keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& Ûeeuekeâ keâer mebKÙee hej efveYe&j
JeeÙeefjbie keâjleer nw~ Jeenkeâ oes Jeenkeâ veueer keâes Deeheme ceW peesÌ[ves kesâ efueS keâheuej
yewšve keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& veueer Ùee mee@kesâš keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
13,19,25,31,38,44,50,56,63,69,75 keâheuej
mm ceehe ceW GheueyOe nQ~
yewšve oerJeej hej 45 mesceer. keâer Skeâ meceeve otjer
hej ieguueer mes efheâš keâer peeleer nw~ yeQ[ efpeme peien mes heeFhe keâes 900 hej ceesÌ[vee neslee nw,
yewšve meeieewve keâer uekeâÌ[er keâe yevee neslee nw~ JeneB yeQ[ keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
3. meermee Fme lejn keâer JeeÙeefjbie ceW ieguueer kesâ menejs
keâesef<ele meermee keâesef<ele kesâefyeue keâes ueieeÙee peelee nw~
leej Ùen JeeÙeefjbie kesâJeue 250V lekeâ kesâ efueS ner
JeeÙeefjbie GheÙegòeâ nesleer nw leLee kesâefmebie–kesâefhebie SJeb
yewšve JeeÙeefjbie keâer leguevee ceW cenbieer heÌ[leer nw~ Jeenkeâ Fmekeâes yewC[ kesâ mLeeve hej ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ, uesefkeâve
4. Jeenkeâ veueer JeeÙeefjbie meyemes pÙeeoe efškeâeT, veueer Fmekeâe keâesCe DeefOekeâ ieesue neslee nw, Fmemes leejeW keâes
keâv[Ÿetš Gòece, Deewj, Deeie mes megjef#ele nesleer nw~ keâesnveer KeeRÛeves ceW Deemeeveer jnleer nw leLee leejeW keâe FvMeguesMeve
JeeÙeefjbie meeceevÙele: PVC Jeenkeâ veueer GheÙeesie ceW Yeer Kejeye veneR neslee nw~
ueeÙeer peeleer nw uesefkeâve pe™jle kesâ Devegmeej Oeeleg
Ùee ueÛeeruee heeFhe (Flexible Conduit) Yeer
GheÙeesie ceW ueeÙeer peeleer nw~
5. Fmes oerJeej kesâ Devoj efÚheer ngF& JeeÙeefjbie Ùee
Electrician Capsule 68 YCT
 efvejer#eCe efvejer#eCe Ùee pebkeäMeve yee@keäme Deeies kesâ efyevogDeeW keâes
/pebkeäMeve mehueeF& osves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
yee@keäme oes ceeieea efvejer#eCe yee@keäme (two way inspection
box) keâe GheÙeesie Deeies kesâ efyevog keâes 900 ceesÌ[ hej

Jeenkeâ peye ÂÌ{ Jeenkeâ veueer (Rigid conduit) keâC[Ÿetš mehueeF& osves kesâ efueS GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
veueer yee@keäme Ùee efmJeÛe yees[& ceW ØeJesMe keâjleer nw leye yegefMebie
yegefMebie keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~

Jeenkeâ efveheue, yegefMebie keâer lejn ner nesleer nw yeme Deblej Flevee
veueer nw efkeâ efveheue keâe Deboj keâer melen efÛekeâveer nesleer nw~
efveheue

Jeenkeâ efJeefYevve ceehe keâer oes Jeenkeâ veeefueÙeeW keâes peesÌ[ves kesâ
veueer efueS efj[dÙetmej keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efj[dÙetmej
uee@keâ veš peye Â{ Jeenkeâ veueer (Rigid conduit) efmJeÛe yees[& Yeej keâer ieCevee (Calculation of Load)–
Ùee yee@keäme ceW ueieeÙeer peeleer nw lees uee@keâ veš kesâ Éeje
keâmeer peeleer nw~ efJeÅegle efyevog Yeej (Watt)
efJeÅegle yeuye 60

šŸetye ueeFš 40

hebKee 60

Jeenkeâ oerJeej keâer melen hej, Jeenkeâ veueer keâes ueieeves (Fix) 5A mee@kesâš 100
veueer kesâ efueS mew[ue keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
15A mee@kesâš 1000
mew[ue
Ûeeuekeâ keâer ceehe (Size of Conductor)–

efvejer#eCe efvejer#eCe ceesÌ[ Ùee keâesnveer, JeeÙeefjbie keâe efvejer#eCe

ceesÌ[ Je keâjves kesâ efueS ueieeÙeer peeleer nw~
Suyees

Electrician Capsule 69 YCT

 ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ ceOÙe FvmeguesMeve hejer#eCe
(Insulation Test Between Conductors)

Fme hejer#eCe kesâ Devleie&le Hesâpe SJeb vÙetš^ue kesâefyeue kesâ ceOÙe
FvmeguesMeve ØeeflejesOe ceehee peelee nw~
FvmeguesMeve ØeeflejesOe keâe ceeve 1MΩ mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee
ÛeeefnS~
Ùen hejer#eCe cesiej Éeje efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Fme hejer#eCe kesâ efueS 500 V DeeGšhegš Øeoeve keâjves Jeeuee
cesiej ØeÙeesie keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
meye-mšsMeve mLeeefhele keâjves kesâ efueS efveOee&efjle Yetefce keâe
ØekeâeMe hebKee heefjheLe ceW ØeoeÙe efyevog mes heefjheLe kesâ efkeâmeer efyevog
#es$eheâue-
lekeâ keâe Jeesušleeheele efveOee&efjle ØeoeÙe Jeesušlee keâe 2% +1
Jeesuš leLee Meefòeâ Yeej kesâ efueS Ùen ceeve efveOee&efjle ØeoeÙe meyemšsMeve keâe #es$eHeâue keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee
Jeesušlee keâe 5% mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Øekeâej
JewÅegeflekeâ JeeÙeefjbie keâe hejer#eCe 33 kV meyemšsMeve 5 SkeâÌ[
(Testing of Electrical Wiring) 132 kV meyemšsMeve 10 SkeâÌ[
1. efvejvlejlee hejer#eCe 1. Fme hejer#eCe keâes Deesheve meefke&âš 220 kV meyemšsMeve 25 SkeâÌ[
(Continuity test) hejer#eCe Yeer keânles nw~ 400 kV meyemšsMeve 50 SkeâÌ[
2. Fmekesâ Devleie&le JeeÙeefjbie ceW Deesheve
meefke&âš keâer Keespe keâer peeleer nw, pees kegâÚ cenlJeheCe& leLÙe
cesiej kesâ Éeje efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (Some Important Facts)
2. OeÇgJelee hejer#eCe 1. Fme hejer#eCe kesâ Éeje Ùen peeBÛe keâer Tpee&ceeheer (Energymeter) ceW mebÙeespeve kesâ efueS 4 šefce&veue
(Polarity Test) peeleer nw efkeâ Hesâpe kesâyeue keâes efmJeÛe nessles nQ~
kesâ Éeje efveÙebef$ele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw Iejsuet JeeÙeefjbie ØeCeeueer ceW mehueeÙeme& Éeje heäÙetpe Tpee& ceeheer
DeLeJee veneR~ (Energy meter) kesâ yeeo ueieeÙee peelee nw~
2. Fme hejer#eCe keâeÙe& kesâ efueS ‘šsmš Skeâ staircase point oes mLeeveeW mes oes efÉ-ceeieea efmJeÛe
uewche’ DeLeJee ‘efveÙeeBve šsmšj’ (Two-way switch) keâe ØeÙeesie keâj ØeÛeeefuele neslee nw~
GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ JeeÙeefjbie keâer uethe-Fve-ØeCeeueer meeceevÙele: Iejsuet JeeÙeefjbie
Ûeeuekeâ leLee ‘DeLe&’ kesâ ceOÙe FvmeguesMeve hejer#eCe (Domestic wiring) ceW ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~
(Insulation Test between conductor and Earth) NE keâes[ kesâ Devegmeej Nutral wire jbie ceW keâeuee neslee nw~
BIS Yeeie-II 1982 kesâ Devegmeej Ùen hejer#eCe mechetCe& JeeÙeefjbie ceeveJe Mejerj hej efJeÅegle Peškeâe Oeeje, Jeesušspe, mecheke&â meceÙe
DeLeJee Gmekesâ Ghe-heefjheLe kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~
Ùen hejer#eCe cesiej Éeje efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ceesšj heefjheLe kesâ efueS veeruee jbie keâer MCB vee@ye keâe ÛeÙeve
I.E. Rule 48 kesâ lenle efkeâmeer JeeÙeefjbie heefjheLe ceW ueerkesâpe Oeeje efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâe ceeve hetCe& Yeej-Oeeje kesâ 1/5000 JeW Yeeie mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee Ùeefo keâeÙe& keâjves keâer Jeesušlee 1000 V mes keâce nes, lees IE
ÛeeefnS~ efveÙeceve kesâ Devegmeej Jeesušlee hejer#eCe (voltage test),
50 2000 V Jeesušlee hej keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
FvmeguesMeve ØeeflejesOe = MΩ
heefjheLe keâs GheYeesie efyevogDeesW keâer mebKÙee efkeâmeer YeJeve keâer veeRJe mes Yetefceiele kesâefyeue keâer keâce mes keâce
otjer 10 mesceer nesveer ÛeeefnS~

Electrician Capsule 70 YCT

 14
Electrical Measuring Instruments
(JewÅegeflekeâ ceehekeâ Ùeb$e)
ceeheve (Measurement)– hewceevee efkeâmeer Ùev$e Éeje ceeheer ieF& DeefOekeâlece leLee vÙetvelece
efkeâmeer Yeeweflekeâ jeefMe keâe heefjceeCe mebKÙeeDeeW ceW JÙeòeâ keâjves keâes efJemleej ceeve keâe Devlej (span) efJemleej keânueelee nw~
ceeheve keâne peelee nw~ (Scale
hewceevee efJemleej = DeefOekeâlece jeref[bie − vÙetvelece jeref[bie
GheÙev$e (instrument)– span)
DeeoMe&, JeemleefJekeâ leLee ceeefhele ceeve ceW efJeMes<eleeSB–
Jen Ùev$e pees cetue efJe<eÙe keâe ™heevlejCe keâjlee nw~ GheÙev$e
keânueelee nw~ DeeoMe& ceeve JeemleefJekeâ ceeve Ùee ceeefhele ceeve Ùee
(Ideal value) melÙe ceeve, Megæ ceeve ceeheer ceeve
JewÅegle ceeheve Ùev$e (Electrical measuring instrument)–
(Real value) (Measured
JewÅegle ceeheve jeefMeÙeeB leLee Gvekesâ ceeheve GheÙev$e value)
JewÅegle jeefMeÙeeB cee$ekeâ ceeheÙev$e efkeâmeer jeefMe keâe efkeâmeer jeefMe keâe Jen efkeâmeer ceehe Ùev$e
Jeesušlee Jeesuš (V) Jeesušceeršj/ Jen ceeve, pees ceevekeâ ceeve pees Gme jeefMe Éeje Skeâ yeej
ceušerceeršj hejce melÙe neslee kesâ DeeoMe& ceeve kesâ Deefle- ceeheves hej efceuee
nw, DeeoMe& ceeve efvekeâšlece neslee nw, ceeve ceeefhele ceeve
Oeeje SefcheÙej (A) Sceeršj/ceušerceeršj
keânueelee nw~ JeemleefJekeâ ceeve keânueelee keânueelee nw~
ØeeflejesOe Deesÿe (Ω) Deesÿeceeršj/ nw~
ceušerceeršj cenlJehetCe& efyevogg–
Meefòeâ iegCekeâ cee$ekeâ jefnle Meefòeâ iegCekeâ ceeršj ÙeLeeLe&lee Ùen ceeefhele ceeve keâer JeemleefJekeâ ceeve mes
Meefòeâ Jeeš (W) Jeeš ceeršj (Accuracy) meceerhelee keâes oMee&lee nw~
Tpee& kWh Tpee& ceeršj heefjMegælee ceehe Ùev$eeW Éeje efkeâmeer Skeâ ner jeefMe kesâ
DeeJe=efòe nšd&pe (Hz) DeeJe=efòe ceeršj (Precision) ceeefhele ceeveeW ceW heejmheefjkeâ meceerhelee keâes
ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme Jesyej (Wb) ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme ceeršj heefjMegælee keânles nw~
ØesjkeâlJe nsvejer (H) cewkeämeJesue efyeÇpe ÙeLeeLe&lee heefjMegælee keâer ieejCšer nesleer nw~
efkeâvleg heefjMegælee ÙeLee&Lelee keâer ieejbšer
Oeeefjlee hewâj[(F) efMeÙeefjbie efyeÇpe veneR nesleer nw~
keâueevlej ef[«eer (D) hesâpe ceeršj meg«eeefnlee efveefJe° (Input) ceW nes jns Úesšs-mes-Úesšs
efJeÅegle keâer cee$ee SefcheÙej ne@Jej SefcheÙej neJej ceeršj (Sensitivity) heefjJele&ve keâes Sense keâjkesâ Gmes efveie&le
(Ah) (Output) ceW ØeoefMe&le keâjves keâer ØeJe=efòe keâes
$egefš efJeMues<eCe (Error Analysis) meg«eeefnlee keânles nw~
efmLej DeefYeue#eCe (Static characteristics), efveie&le cesW heefjJele&ve
meg«eeefnlee =
hewceevee metÛekeâ GheÙev$eeW ceW Jen Debefkeâle Ùegefòeâ, efpeme hej metÛekeâ efveJesMe cesW heefjJele&ve
(Scale) ceeefhele jeefMe keâe heefjceeCe DeLee&led cee$ee keâes metefÛele efJeYesove ceeheÙeb$e keâe Jen iegCe, pees oes met#ce ceeveeW ceW
keâjlee nw, hewceevee keânueelee nw~ (Resolution) Deblej %eele keâjlee nw, efJeYesove keânueelee nw~
hewceevee efkeâmeer Ùev$e Éeje ceeheer pee mekeâves Jeeueer DeefOekeâlece hegvejeJe=efòe Ùen ceeefhele ceeveeW kesâ yeerÛe efvekeâšlee keâer ef[«eer
hejeme ceeve keâes (Range) hejeme keânles nQ~ ÙeesiÙelee keâes Fbefiele keâjlee nw~ peye Skeâ ner efveJesMe ceeve
(Scale hewceevee hejeme · mkesâue hej DeefOekeâlece hee"dÙeebkeâ (Repeatability) keâes, Skeâ ner GhekeâjCe Éeje, Skeâ ner efmLeefle ceW
range) heÙe&Jes#ekeâ kesâ Éeje keâF& yeej ceehee peelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 71 YCT
 hegve®lheeove Ùen ceeefhele ceeveeW kesâ yeerÛe efvekeâšlee kesâ ef[«eer Øeefleef›eâÙee keâer efpeme leer›elee kesâ meeLe input ceW yeoueeJe nesves
ÙeesiÙelee keâes Fbefiele keâjlee nw~ peye Skeâ ner efveJesMe ceeve ieefle hej Ùeb$e output Øeefleef›eâÙee oslee nw~ Øeefleef›eâÙee
(Reproducibility) keâes efJeefYeVe efmLeefleÙeeW ceW keâF& heÙe&Jes#ekeâeW kesâ (Speed of keâer ieefle keânueelee nw~
meeLe Skeâ GhekeâjCe Éeje keâF& yeej ceehee response)
peelee nw~ efJeMJemeveerÙelee yeoueles I/P kesâ meeLe Ùev$e Éeje efyevee ieeflekeâ
$egefš (Error) ceeefhele ceeve leLee JeemleefJekeâ ceeve kesâ Devlej keâes (Fidelity) $egefš kesâ Response osves keâer ØeJe=efòe keâes
$egefš keânles nw~ efJeMJemeveerÙelee keâne peelee nw~
1 heMÛe (Lag) I/P osves hej O/P efoKeeves ceW Ùev$e Éeje efueÙee
$egefš ∝ ieÙee meceÙe lag keânueelee nw~
ÙeLeeLe&lee
ceeefhele ceeve – JeemleefJekeâ ceeve = ± $egefš efvejhes#e $egefš, mebMeesOeve keâejkeâ, meehes#e meerefcele leLee meehesef#ekeâ
ceeefhele ceeve > JeemleefJekeâ ceeve ⇒ mLeweflekeâ $egefšÙeeW keâe efJeMues<eCe–
Oeveelcekeâ $egefš efvejhes#e $egefš Ùes +Ve leLee –Ve oesveeW nes mekeâles nw~
ceeefhele ceeve < JeemleefJekeâ ceeve ⇒ (Absolute Fmes δA mes ØeoefMe&le keâjles nw~
error)
$e+Ceelcekeâ $egefš δA = A m − A t

ceeefhele ceeve · JeemleefJekeâ ceeve ⇒ MetvÙe mebMeesOeve efmLej mebMeesOeve (Static correction
$egefš keâejkeâ δC = A t − A m
ef[^>Heäš (Drift) ef[^Heäš, š^ebme[Ÿetmej Ùee ceeheve ØeCeeueer ceW nesves (Correctio
Jeeuee Oeercee heefjJele&ve nw pees efveJesMe ceW efyevee n factor)
heefjJele&ve kesâ keâejCe neslee nw~ ef[^Heäš efkeâmeer meehes#e Ùee δA A m − A t Am
Er = = Er = −1
ceeheve ØeCeeueer keâe DeJeebÚveerÙe iegCe neslee nw~ meerefcele At At At
mLeeefÙelJe ceeheveÙev$e ceW Ùen iegCe meg«eeefnlee kesâ JÙegl›eâce $egefšÙeeB Ùen Relative limiting error kesâ yejeyej
(Limiting
(Stability) neslee nw~ neslee nw~
or Relative
1 % ÙeLeeLe&lee × hetCe& hewceevee ef[heäueskeäMeve
mLeeefÙelJe ∝ Limiting meehes#e Ùee meerefcele $egefš =
meg«eeefnlee ceeefhele ceeve
Errors)
LeÇsMeesu[ ceeve Fvehegš jeefMe keâe Jen vÙetvelece ceeve pees
meehesef#ekeâ efvejhes#e $egefš Deewj melÙe ceeve keâe Devegheele
(Threshold Ùev$e kesâ ØeÛeeueve kesâ efueÙes DeeJeMÙekeâ
mLeweflekeâ $egefš meehesef#ekeâ mLeweflekeâ $egefš keânueelee nw~
value) neslee nw~ Gmes Threshold value
keânles nQ~ Am − At
R.S.E = × 100
At
meefn<Ceglee efkeâmeer ceehe keâer GÛÛe meercee leLee efvecve
(Tolerance) meercee keâe Devlej Gmekeâer meefn<Ceglee efmLej $egefš keâe Øekeâej (Types of Static Error)–
(Tolerance) keânueeleer nw~ efpeme ceeheve ceeveJeerÙe $egefš (Gross Errors)–
Ùegefòeâ keâer meefn<Ceglee efpeleveer keâce nesleer nw,
Ùes $egefšÙeeB, ceeveJeerÙe ieueefleÙeeB pewmes– {eruee mebÙeespeve, hee"Ÿeebkeâ keâes
Gmekeâer ÙeLeeLe&lee Gleveer ner DeefOekeâ heÌ{vee, ieCevee keâjvee Deeefo kesâ keâejCe nesleer nw~
nesleer nw~ Ùes heefjJele&veMeerue $egefšÙeeB nesleer nw~
Ùen Ùev$e keâer Accuracy mes mecyeefvOele JÙeJeefmLele $egefšÙeeB (Systematic Error)–
JÙeJeefmLele $egefšÙeeB leerve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw–
neslee nw Deewj Ùen Ùev$e ceW DeefOekeâlece $egefš
keâer meercee keâes efveOee&efjle keâjlee nw~ GheÙeb$e $egefšÙeeB Ùes $egefšÙeeB, GhekeâjCe ceW Devlej efveefnle keâceer,
ieeflekeâ DeefYeue#eCe (Dynamic characteristics)– (Instrument Ageing effect, Ie<e&Ce $egefš, MewefLeuÙe neefve,

efkeâmeer ceeheve Ùeb$e keâe Jen JÙeJenej peye Input yeoueves kesâ meeLe-
Error) GhekeâjCe keâe ieuele GheÙeesie (Misuse of an
instrument), Yeeefjle ØeYeeJe (Loading
meeLe output Yeer yeouelee jnlee nw, ØeCeeueer DeLeJee Ùeb$e keâer
effect) Deeefo kesâ keâejCe nesleer nw~
ieefleMeerue Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ ™he ceW peevee peelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 72 YCT
 heÙee&JejCeerÙe Ùes $egefšÙeeB, leehe, oeye leLee Deeo&Çlee Deeefo kesâ ef[efpešue Fve Ùev$e keâe DeeGšhegš efveefMÛele
$egefšÙeeB keâejCe nesleer nw~ GheÙev$e meceÙeevlejeue hej ner heefjJeefle&le neslee jnlee
(Environmen (Digital nw~
tal Error) Instrument)
Fmes Parallax error kesâ veece mes Yeer peevee
Øes#eCe $egefšÙeeB MetvÙe efJe#esheCe GheÙev$e
(Observation peelee nw~ (Null deflection type instrument)–
al Error) Fme $egefš keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS GhekeâjCe ceW Ùes MetvÙe efJe#esheCe keâer DeJemLee ceW jeefMe keâe ceeve %eele Ùee JÙeòeâ
hewceevee Deewj mebkesâlekeâ kesâ yeerÛe mirror strip keâjles nw~
ueieeÙee peelee nw~ Ùes Ùev$e yengle pÙeeoe ÙeLeeLe& nesles nw~
Fvekeâe Meefòeâ Kehele yengle keâce neslee nw~ Fmekesâ Devleie&le S.meer. Deewj
ÙeeÂefÛÚkeâ $egefšÙeeB (Random Error)– [er.meer. heesšQefvMeÙeesceeršj leLee S.meer. Je [er.meer. efyeÇpe Deeles nw~
Ùes $egefšÙeeB De%eele ŒeesleeW kesâ keâejCe nesleer nw~ efJe#esheCe Øee™heer GheÙev$e
JewÅegle GheÙev$e kesâ Øekeâej (Type of Electrical instruments)- (Deflecting type instrument)–
Fme Ùeb$e ceW Skeâ Pointer zero mes Deflect keâjkesâ Skeâ
Calibrated scale hej jeefMe keâe ceeve JÙeòeâ keâjles nw~ pewmes–
PMMC type Instrument
Ùes GheÙeb$e leerve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw–
metÛekeâ GheÙev$e Ùen Ùev$e jeefMe kesâ leel#eefCekeâ ceeve keâes Skeâ
(Indicating Calibrated scale hej metefÛele keâj osles
Instrument) nw~
pewmes–Deceeršj, Jeesušceeršj, Jee@š ceeršj,
Deesce ceeršj, hee@Jej hewâkeäšj ceeršj
meceekeâueve GheÙev$e Ùen Ùev$e Skeâ efveefMÛele meceÙeeJeefOe ceW ceeheer
(Integrating peeves Jeeueer jeefMe kesâ meejs ceeveeW keâe Ùeesie
Instrument) keâjkesâ efoKeelee nw~
pewmes–Tpee&ceeršj, SefcheÙej ne@Jej ceeršj,
Dees[es ceeršj
DeefYeuesKeve Ùes Ùev$e Skeâ efveefMÛele meceÙeeJeefOe ceW ceeheer
GheÙev$e peeves Jeeueer jeefMe keâe ueieeleej efjkeâe[&
(Recording jKeles nw~
efvejhes#e GheÙev$e Fme Øekeâej keâe GhekeâjCe, ceeheer peeves Jeeueer Instrument) Fme Øekeâej kesâ GheÙeb$eeW keâe ØeÙeesie ØeeÙe:
(Absolute cee$ee keâe heefjceeCe GhekeâjCe efmLejebkeâ Deewj Meefòeâ kesâvõeW ceW efJeÅegle Oeeje, Jeesušlee,
Instrument) Gmekesâ efJe#esheCe kesâ ™he ceW Øeoeve keâjlee efJeÅegle Meefòeâ Deeefo kesâ DeefYeuesKeve kesâ
nw~ pewmes– Tangent Galvanometer, efueÙes efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Rayleigh's current balance, metÛekeâ Ùev$eeW keâer DeeOeejYetle DeeJeMÙekeâleeSB
Absolute electrometer.
(Basic requirement of indicating instruments)–
Fvekeâer meg«eeefnlee GÛÛe nesleer nw~
efJe#eshekeâ yeueeIetCe&
FmeceW Meefòeâ Kehele keâce nesleer nw~
(Deflecting Torque)–
efÉleerÙekeâ Ùen Ùev$e Dehevee DeeGšhegš ceeheer peeves
Ùen yeueeIetCe& mebkesâlekeâ keâes MetvÙe efmLeefle mes efJe#esefhele keâjves kesâ
GheÙev$e Jeeueer jeefMe kesâ heoeW ceW JÙeòeâ keâjles nw~
efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Secondary pewsmes– Sceeršj, Jeesušceeršj, Jeešceeršj FlÙeeefo~
efJe#esheCe [wefchebie DeeIetCe& efvecve ØeYeeJe mes GlheVe keâjles
Instrument)
nw–
Sveeuee@ie Fve Ùev$e keâe DeeGšhegš meceÙe kesâ meehes#e
1. ÛegcyekeâerÙe ØeYeeJe– Jeesušceeršj, Deceeršj
GheÙev$e heefjJeefle&le neslee jnlee nw~
2. JewÅegle ieeflekeâerÙe ØeYeeJe– PMMC, EDM
(Analog
Instrument) 3. JewÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe ØesjCe ØeYeeJe– hesÇjCe GheÙev$e

Electrician Capsule 73 YCT

 4. JewÅegle mLeweflekeâ ØeYeeJe– Fueskeäš^esmšwefškeâ GheÙev$e YeBJej Oeeje [wefchebie Ùen [wefchebie Gmeer Ùev$e ceW ØeÙeesie keâer
5. T<ceerÙe ØeYeeJe– iece& leej GheÙev$e (Eddy current peeÙesieer, efpemeceW ØeÛeeueve ÛegcyekeâerÙe
6. jemeeÙeefvekeâ ØeYeeJe– [er.meer. SefcheÙej IeCše ceeršj (meceekeâueve damping) #es$e yengle Strong nes~
GheÙev$e) GoenjCe– PMMC Instrument
efveÙev$eCe yeueeIetCe& Ùen meyemes ØeYeeJeer [wefchebie efJeefOe nw~
(Controlling torque)–
Ùen meeceevÙe DeJemLee ceW mebkesâlekeâ keâes MetvÙe efmLeefle hej jeskeâkeâj jKelee nw
Deewj ceeheve keâjles meceÙe Steady state (meecÙeeJemLee) ceW mebkesâlekeâ keâe Type of Suitability for Type Type
Deflection efJejesOe keâjlee nw~ Instrument type of of of
Ùes oes Øekeâej keâe nesles nw– measurement contr dampi
(i) ieg™lJe ol ng
FmeceW Pointer kesâ meeLe Skeâ õJÙeceeve
efveÙeb$eCe ueiee neslee nw pees Deflection keâe cetefJebie DeeÙejve current and efmØebie JeeÙeg
(Gravity efJejesOe keâjlee nw~ voltage Ie<e&Ce
control) measurement for
Tc ∝ sin θ
D.C. and A.C.
Fmekeâe GheÙeesie kesâJeue GOJee&Oej efoMee ceW
hejceevesvš cewivesš Current and efmØebie YebJej
neslee nw~
Fmekeâe hewceevee vee@ve Ùetefveheâece& neslee nw~ cetefJebie keäJeeÙeue voltage Oeeje
measurement
(ii) efmØebie (PMMC)
Spring non- magnetic material keâer only for D.C.
efveÙev$eCe yeveer nesleer nw~ T<ceerÙe D.C. or A.C. efmØebie YebJej
(spring efmØebie ØeeÙe: heâe@mheâj yeÇe@vpe keâe yevee neslee measurement
control) (i) ne@š Jee@Ùej Oeeje
nw~ (current or
efmØebie keâe efveÙeb$eCe yeueeIetCe& (ii) Leceexkeâheue
voltage)
Tc = Kθ Fueskeäš^esmšwefškeâ D.C. or A.C. efmØebie õJe
Fmekeâe hewceevee ÙetefveHeâe@ce& neslee nw~ (voltage only) Ie<e&Ce
[wefchebie DeeIetCe& Fb[keäMeve A.C. yeÇskeâ YebJej
(Damping torque)– measurement cewivesš Oeeje
Ùen meecÙeeJemLee ceW mebkesâlekeâ kesâ oesueve keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueÙes voltage, power
ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw~ & energy only
meeceevÙe mebkesâlekeâ Ùev$e kesâ efueÙes Damping ratio ξ keâe ceeve jsefkeäšheâeÙej A.C. (current & efmØebie YebJej
0.6 mes 0.8 lekeâ jKee peelee nw~ voltage) Oeeje
peye ξ = 0 lees undamped oscillation nesiee~
GheÙeb$e kesâ Øekeâej (Type of Instrument )-
peye ξ < 1 underdamped oscillation nesiee~
mLeeÙeer Ûegcyekeâ Øee™heer Ûeue kegâC[ueer GheÙev$e
peye ξ > 1 lees overdamped oscillation nesiee~
(P.M.M.C. type Instrument)–
peye ξ = 1 lees Critically damped oscillation nesiee~
[wefchebie leerve lejn keâer nesleer nw– PMMC PMMC Ùev$e PMMC Ùev$e kesâ
GhekeâjCe kesâ ueeYe neefveÙeeB
JeeÙeg Ie<e&Ce [wefchebie Ùeefo ØeÛeeueve ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e yengle
(Air friction #eerCe nes lees Air friction PMMC GheÙeb$e kesâJeue Fmekeâe hewceevee Ùen GheÙeb$e, MI Øekeâej
damping) damping ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~ [er.meer. ceeheve kesâ efueS Ùetefveheâece& neslee nw~ kesâ GheÙeb$e kesâ leguevee ceW
GoenjCe–EDM, MI, etc. ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw~ ∵θ ∝ I cebniee neslee nw~
õJe Ie<e&Ce [wefchebie Ùen [wefchebie Gme GheÙeb$e ceW GheÙeesie efJe#eshekeâ yeueeIetCe&& Fmekeâe yeueeIetCe& – Fmes A.C. hej GheÙeesie
(Fluid friction efkeâÙee peelee nw~ peneB efJe#esheCe
(Td ) = NBIA Yeej Devegheele veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~
damping) yeueeIetCe& keâe ceeve efvecve neslee nw~
GoenjCe–JewÅegle mLeweflekeâ Øekeâej meyemes DeefOekeâ
Jeesušceeršj neslee nw~

Electrician Capsule 74 YCT

 FmeceW [wefchebie šeke&â FmeceW efnmšwefjefmeme FmeceW YeBJej Oeeje neefveÙeeB Ùes Oeeje Ùee Jeesušspe kesâ Jeie& Ùen Ùev$e DeeJe=efòe hej efveYe&j nesles nw
SuÙegefceefveÙece former ne@efve veneR neslee nesleer nw~ Aging ØeYeeJe ceeOÙe cetue ceeve keâes %eele Deewj DeefOekeâlece 125 Hz kesâ lekeâ
hej mLeeÙeer Ûegcyekeâ Éeje nw~ keâer Jepen mes efmØebie Deewj keâjles nw~ GheÙeesie efkeâÙes pee mekeâles nw~
YeJej Oeeje GlheVe keâjkesâ mLeeÙeer Ûegcyekeâ keâce GheÙeb$e keâe jWpe yeÌ{eÙee pee Fmekeâe hewceevee vee@ve Ùetefveheâece& neslee
nesleer nw~ ØeYeeJeer nes peeles nw~ mekeâlee nw~ nw~
veesš– ∵ θ ∝ I 2rms
PMMC. ammeter keâer DeefOekeâlece Oeeje #ecelee–20mA.
[F.S.D.] [eÙevesceesceeršj Øee™heer GheÙev$e (Dynamometer type
PMMC. voltmeter keâe DeefOekeâlece voltage #ecelee– 50– Instrument)–
100 mV [F.S.D.] E.D.M. Ùen Ùev$e [er.meer. Je S.meer. oesveeW keâes ceehelee nw~
Jeesušceeršj keâer mebJesoveMeeruelee– Øe™heer FmeceW efmØebie efveÙev$eCe Air friction
Jeesušceeršj Éeje efoÙee ieÙee ØeeflejesOe Øeefle hetCe& hejeme efJe#esheCe GheÙev$e damping Deewj mebkesâlekeâ Skeâ ner Spindle
Jeesušspe (Resistance/full scale deflection voltage) hej nesles nw~
Jeesušceeršj keâer mebJesoveMeeruelee keânueelee nw~ E.D.M. Ùes Audio range keâer (10 kHz) DeeJe=efòe
Ûeue ueewn GheÙev$e (Moving iron instrument)- Øekeâej kesâ lekeâ DeÛÚer ÙeLeeLe&lee osles nw~
Fve Ùev$eeW ceW efJeÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e (Electromagnetic field) GheÙev$e kesâ Sceeršj leLee Jeesušceeršj nsleg Scale non
kesâ ØeYeeJe ceW Skeâ ueewn Jewve cetJe (Iron vane move) keâjleer nw~ ueeYe linear DeLee&led DejsKeerÙe neslee nw uesefkeâve Jeeš
Fmekeâe efJe#esheCe yeueeIetCe& Td =
1 2 dL
I
ceeršj nsleg scale linear neslee nw~
2 dθ dM
Td = I1I 2
Ùes oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw~ dθ
(a) Deekeâ<e&Ce Øee™heer M.I GheÙev$e~ E.D.M. Fvekeâe Torque/weight Devegheele yengle keâce
(b) efJekeâ<e&Ce Øee™heer M.I GheÙev$e~ Øekeâej neslee nw~ Dele: Fvekeâer meg«eeefnlee Deewj ÙeLeeLe&lee
Deekeâ<e&Ce M.I type GheÙev$e ceW ØeÛeeueve ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e GheÙev$e keâer keâce nesleer nw~
Øee™heer M.I yengle keâcepeesj neslee nw~ FmeefueS FmeceW YebJej neefve
GheÙev$e Oeeje [wefchebie ve ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ JeeÙeg Ie<e&Ce efmLej JewÅegeflekeâer GheÙev$e (Electrostatic instruments)–
DeJecebove heÇÙeesie keâjles nw~
Fueskeäš^esmšwefškeâ Jeesušceeršj Skeâ JeeÙeg mebOeeefj$e neslee nw~ Ùes
FmeceW meeceevÙele: efmØebie efveÙeb$eCe neslee nw~ GheÙeb$e A.C. Je D.C. oesveeW hej keâeÙe& keâjles nQ~
efkeâvleg ieg®lJe efveÙeb$eCe Yeer efoÙee pee mekeâlee nw
1 dC
efJe#esheCe DeeIetCe& ( Td ) = V 2
2 dθ
efJekeâ<e&Ce FmeceW efmLej Ûeue vece& ueesne keâe šgkeâÌ[e efmLej efJeÅegleerÙe Ùev$e keâe hewceevee DejsKeerÙe (Non uniform)
Øekeâej M.I (Fixed Moving soft iron peace) ueiee nesleer nw~
GheÙev$e neslee nw efpeveceW meceeve OegÇJelee keâe ÛegcyekeâerÙe efmLej efJeÅegleerÙe Ùev$e R.M.S ceeve ceehelee nw~
#es$e Øesefjle neslee nw~
efmLej efJeÅegleerÙe Ùev$e ceW efmØebie efveÙev$eCe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efveÙev$eCe DeeIetCe& Skeâ mheeFjue efmbØeie kesâ Éeje
efmLej efJeÅegleerÙe Ùev$e High Jeesušspe ceeheve nsleg GheÙeesie efkeâÙes
leLee damping torque air friction Éeje
peeles nw~
efoÙee peelee nw~
efmLej JewÅegeflekeâer GheÙev$e kesâ Øekeâej–
Ûeue ueewn GheÙev$e kesâ ueeYe Je neefve–
M.I type GheÙeb$e kesâ M.I. type GheÙeb$e keâer ne@efve
ueeYe
MI type GheÙeb$e S.meer. Je Fmekeâe Torque/weight keâe
[er.meer. oesveeW hej ØeÙeesie Devegheele keâce DeLee&le meg«eeefnlee Deewj
nesles nw~ ÙeLeeLe&lee efvecve neslee nw~
Electrician Capsule 75 YCT
efJeefYeVe Øekeâej kesâ GheÙeb$e keâer leguevee–
S.N. Particular Moving coil Dynamometer Moving Iron
1. mebjÛevee Delicate construction Delicate construction mejue
2. ueeiele Deefle GÛÛe GÛÛe keâce
3. Meefòeâ Kehele Deefle keâce GÛÛe [eÙeveceesceeršj Øekeâej keâer Dehes#ee
keâce
4. hewceevee jsKeerÙe DejsKeerÙe- Jeesušceeršj, Sceeršj DejsKeerÙe
jsKeerÙe- Jeešceeršj
5. yeueeIetCe&– Yeej GÛÛe efvecve [eÙeveceesceeršj Øekeâej keâer Dehes#ee
Devegheele DeefOekeâ
6. GheÙegòeâ kesâJeue D.C. kesâ efueS D.C as well as A.C. D.C. as well as A.C.
7. cewivesefškeâ heâeru[ mš^s keâesF& ØeYeeJe veneR ØeYeeefJele nesiee ØeYeeefJele nesiee
ØeYeeJe
8. GheÙeesie Jeesušceeršj Deewj Deceeršj meeceevÙele: Jee@š ceeršj kesâ efueS Jeesušceeršj Deewj Deceeršj
9. heefjMegælee GÛÛe keâcepeesj (Poor) heÙee&hle
10. mebJesoveMeeruelee GÛÛe keâcepeesj (Poor) heÙee&hle
11. efveÙeb$eCe kesâ Øekeâej efmØebie efmØebie efmØebie Ùee ieg®lJe efveÙeb$eCe
12. [wefchebie kesâ Øekeâej YeBJej Oeeje JeeÙeg Ie<e&Ce JeeÙeg Ie<e&Ce

Deceeršj leLee Jeesušceeršj ceW Devlej– I R m (M − 1) = R se

M=
(Difference between Ammeter and Voltmeter)– Im V
M=
Sceeršj Oeeje ceeheves keâe GheÙev$e nw, efpemekeâe ØeeflejesOe Deefle Vm
efvecve neslee nw leLee DeeoMe& ™he ceW ØeeflejesOe MetvÙe neslee nw~
GheÙeb$e š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j (Instrument Transformer)–
Jeesušceeršj Skeâ Jeesušlee ceeheves keâe Ùev$e nw, efpemekeâe ØeeflejesOe
Deefle GÛÛe neslee nw leLee DeeoMe& ™he ceW ØeeflejesOe Devevle neslee Oeeje heefjCeeefce$e (Current efJeYeJe heefjCeeefce$e
transformer) (Potential
nww~ Transformer)
GheÙev$eeW ceW hejeme efJemleej keâer JÙeJemLee ™heevlejCe Devegheele ™heevlejCe Devegheele
(Rang Extension Arrangement in Instruments)– (Transformation Ratio) (Transformation
Sceeršj Mebš heeMJe& Jeesušceeršj iegCekeâ JewÅegle mLeweflekeâ (R) Ratio)
Ùee Mebš efJeefOe efJeefOe Jeesušceeršj  I sin δ + IC cos δ  (R)
= n + m  =
(PMMC GheÙeb$e) (PMMC GheÙeb$e) iegCekeâ efJeefOe  IS  nIs ( R s cos ∆ + X s sin ∆ ) + Is rp + I m x p
n+
Mebš kesâJeue Skeâ Fme efJeefOe ceW Ùev$e d' Jeesušceeršj kesâ Devegheele $egefš (Ratio Error)– VS

efvecve ØeeflejesOe neslee Arsonval ieefle mes ßesCeer ceW peesÌ[s Kn − R Devegheele $egefš (Ratio
= Error)–
nw, efpemes Deceeršj kesâ Skeâ ØeeflejesOe peeves Jeeuee R
Kn − R
S›eâeme Ùee meceevlej mebÙeesefpele keâjkesâ Fmes mebOeeefj$e =
R
ceW ueieeÙee peelee nw~ Voltmeter yeveeÙee Cv
C= keâuee keâesCe $egefš (Phase keâuee keâesCe $egefš (Phase
Mebš meceevÙele: peelee nw, Ùen ØeeflejesOe M −1 angle error) – angle error)–
cewiveerve keâe yevee neslee yengle GÛÛe ceeve keâe  Is I C x p − I m rp 
 I m cos δ − IC sin δ  θ = ( x s cos ∆ − R s sin ∆ ) + 
nw~ neslee nw Deewj θ =  rad
 Vs nVs 

 nIS  rad
R Jeesušceeršj keâes keâYeer-
R sh = m keâYeer Kejeye nesves mes  180 Im cosδ−IC sinδ
M −1
θ=  degree
yeÛeelee nw~  π nIS 

Electrician Capsule 76 YCT

Jeešceeršj (Wattmeters) – ef$ekeâuee JewÅegle heefjheLeeW ceW JewÅegle Meefòeâ keâe ceeheve
(Measurement of power in 3-φ Electrical circuit)–
Skeâ Jeešceeršj Fme efJeefOe Éeje (3 − φ, 4 − wire) kesâ
efJeefOe Éeje kesâJeue mevlegefuele heefjheLe keâe Meefòeâ ceeheve
Meefòeâ keâe efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ceeheve kegâue Meefòeâ (leervees hesâpeeW keâer)
· 3 × Jeeš ceeršj keâe hee"dÙeebkeâ
leerve Jeešceeršj FmeceW leerve Jeešceeršj ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles
efJeefOe Éeje nw~
[eÙevesceesceeršj Deewj ØesjCe Jeešceeršj ceW leguevee (Comparison Meefòeâ keâe Fme Øekeâej leerve JeešceeršjeW kesâ hee"dÙeebkeâeW
ceeheve keâe yeerpeieefCeleerÙe Ùeesie ef$ekeâuee Yeej keâer
between Dynamometer and Induction Wattmeters)–
kegâue Meefòeâ keâes ceehelee nw~
[eÙevesceesceeršj ØesjCe Jeešceeršj
P = w1 + w 2 + w 3
Jeešceeršj
(3 − φ, 4 − wire) ØeCeeueer ceW leerve
Ùen GheÙeb$e [er.meer. Deewj Ùen GheÙeb$e kesâJeue S.meer. ØeCeeueer hej
Jeešceeršj keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
S.meer. oesvees ØeCeeueer hej GheÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
oes Jeešceeršj meeceevÙele: leerve hesâpe, leerve leej mevlegefuele
GheÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee
efJeefOe Éeje Ùee Demevlegefuele Yeej heefjheLeeW ceW Meefòeâ
nw~ ceeheves kesâ efueÙes Fme efJeefOe keâe ØeÙeesie
Meefòeâ keâe
Fme GheÙeb$e keâe ÙeLee&Lelee Fme GheÙeb$e keâe ÙeLee&Lelee keâce neslee nw~ ceeheve efkeâÙee peelee nw~
DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ For Inductive load–
W1 = VL I L cos ( 30º – φ )
FmeceW Meefòeâ Kehele efvecve FmeceW Meefòeâ Kehele DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
neslee nw~ W2 = VL IL cos ( 30º +φ )

FmeceW Ûeue-ØeCeeueer keâe FmeceW Ûeue-ØeCeeueer keâe Yeej legueveelcekeâ For Capacitive Load–
Yeej legueveelcekeâ ™he mes ™he mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ W1 = VL I L cos ( 30º +φ )
keâce neslee nw~ W2 = VL I L cos ( 30º −φ )
Fme GheÙeb$e keâe hewceevee Fme GheÙeb$e keâe hewceevee meceeve neslee nw~
PT = W1 + W2 = 3VL I L cos φ
meceeve neslee nw~
3-φ ØeefleIeeleer Meefòeâ keâe ceeheve
Fme GheÙeb$e keâe keâeÙe&keâejer Fme GheÙeb$e keâe keâeÙe&keâejer yeueeIetCe& (Measurement of 3-φ reactive
yeueeIetCe& legueveelcekeâ ™he legueveelcekeâ ™he mes stronger neslee power)–
mes weaker neslee nw~ nw~ Q = 3 ( W1 − W2 ) = 3VL IL sin φ
yueeC[sue ØecesÙe (Blondel's theorem) –
  3(W1 − W2 )  
mevlegefuele yeng keâuee ØeCeeueer– cos φ = cos  tan −1   
  W1 + W2  
(Balanced multi phase system)–
he§eieeceer Meefòeâ iegCekeâ kesâ efueS meejCeer–
n-keâuee n-leej ØeCeeueer ceW Meefòeâ ceeheve nsleg (n-1) Jeešceeršj o
60o 90o
φ 0 30º
ueieles nw~ Ùen mevlegefuele Deewj Demevlegefuele oesveeW Yeej nsleg ØeÙegòeâ cosφ 1 0.866 0.5 0
neslee nw~ W1 3 VLIL 3 VL IL
VL I L VL I L
n-keâuee, n+1 leej mevlegefuele ØeCeeueer ceW vÙetvelece Skeâ 2 2 2
Jeešceeršj keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~ leLee Demeblegefuele ØeCeeueer W2 3 VL IL 0 VL I L
VL I L –
kesâ efueS n Jeešceeršj keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~ 2 2 2

Electrician Capsule 77 YCT

oes Jeešceeršj efJeefOe ceW Jeešceeršj kesâ hee"ŸeebkeâeW hej Meefòeâ iegCekeâ Tpee&ceeheer (Energy meter)–
heefjJele&ve keâe ØeYeeJe- ØesjCe Øe™heer Svepeea ceeršj (Induction type energy meter)–
keâce Ie<e&Ce Je GÛÛe DeeIetCe&/ Yeej Devegheele kesâ keâejCe Ùes GheÙeb$e
peye φ=0o DeLeJee φ=60o DeLee&led peye 60º < φ
A.C. kesâ efueS meeJe&Yeewefcekeâ ™he mes ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~ uees[,
Meefòeâ iegCekeâ FkeâeF& Meefòeâ iegCekeâ · 0.5 < 90º MeefòeâiegCekeâ, Jeesušspe Je leeheceeve kesâ efJemle=le hejeme ceW ÙeLeeLe&lee kesâ
nw~ DeLee&le ØeeflejesOeer (he§eieeceer) meeLe Tpee& keâes ceehe mekeâlee nw~
Yeej nw~ Skeâue keâuee ØesjCe-Øe™heer Tpee&ceeheer keâer mebjÛevee
W1 = W2 W2 = V L I L Meefòeâ iegCekeâ (Construction of single phase Type Energy meter)–
=VLILcos 30o cos(300+600) =0 Ûeeueve FmeceW oes efJeÅegle Ûegcyekeâ nesles nw, pees
keâe ceeve 0 mes
Fme efmLeefle ceW DeefOekeâ leLee 0.5 ØeCeeueer efmeefuekeâe@ve ueesns keâer hešefuele heefòeÙeeW kesâ yeves
kesâJeue Jeešceeršj
oesveeW Jeešceeršj mes keâce nesiee leye nesles nw, efpeveceW Skeâ hej Jeesušlee kegâC[ueer
W1 ôeje ceeheer
meceeve leLee Oeveelcekeâ leLee otmejs hej Oeeje kegâC[efueÙeeB kegâC[efuele
peeÙesieer leLee Jeešceeršj W1 keâe
jnleer nw~
hee"Ÿeebkeâ ØeoefMe&le Jeešceeršj W2 MetvÙe hee"Ÿeebkeâ Oeveelcekeâ
keâjWies DeLee&le Dehe- Mebš Ûegcyekeâ keâer kesâvõerÙe Yegpee hej keâe@hej
hee"Ÿeebkeâ osiee~ nesiee uesefkeâve W2
Mesef[bie yeQ[ ueies jnles nw leLee ßesCeer Ûegcyekeâ
mkesâue hee"Ÿeebkeâ keâe hee"Ÿeebkeâ
keâer YegpeeDeeW hej mecekeâejer kegâC[ueer
nesiee~ ØeefleJeleea Ùee
(compensating coil) ueieer jnleer nw~
$e+Ceelcekeâ nes
jesšj Ùee Ûeue FmeceW Skeâ SuÙegefceefveÙece Ûekeâleer Skeâ nukeâer
peeÙesiee~
ØeCeeueer efceßeOeeleg keâer Mee@heäš hej ueieer nesleer nw~
DeefOekeâlece ceeBie metÛekeâ leLee jeFš DeefOekeâlece ceeBie metÛekeâ– efveÙeb$eCe Ùee yeÇskeâ Ûegcyekeâ keâes Ûekeâleer mes otj peeves hej ieefle
yeÇsefkebâie Iešleer nw leLee yeÇskeâ Ûegcyekeâ keâes Ûekeâleer kesâ
DeefOekeâlece ceeBie DeefOekeâlece ceeBie metÛekeâ efkeâmeer efveef§ele ØeCeeueer heeme ueeves hej ieefle yeÌ{leer nw~ keâe Jee¢e
metÛekeâ DeJeefOe ceW GheYeesielee Éeje KeÛe& keâer ieF& heefjefOe ceW efvekeâš peeves mes Ûekeâleer keâer ieefle
(Maximum DeefOekeâlece Meefòeâ keâe DeefYeuesKe jKeles nw~ yeÌ{ peeleer nw leLee Ûekeâleer mes otj peeves hej
demand ieefle Ieš peeleer nw~
indicator)
Fvekeâe GheÙeesie yeÌ[s GheYeesòeâeDeeW kesâ efueÙes
efkeâÙee peelee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ yeÌ[s GheYeesòeâeDeeW
keâes efJeÅegle JÙeÙe keâe cetuÙe oes Yeeie Megukeâ jefpemšj Ùeb$e Fmekeâe keâeÙe& jesšj kesâ heefj›eâceCeeW keâes efjkeâe[&
ØeCeeueer ceW Ûegkeâevee heÌ[lee nw~ jÛevee keâjvee nw~
ceeršj efveÙeleebkeâ (meter constant) –
jeFš Fme Ùev$e keâe keâeÙe& efmeæeble uees[ Oeeje Éeje
N ∝ Energy
DeefOekeâlece ceeBie GlheVe leeheerÙe ØeYeeJe hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~
N = K Energy
metÛekeâ Ùen metÛekeâ JeemleJe ceW leeheevlej JeeÙeg-
Lecee&ceeršj nw~ N No. of revolution
(Wright K= =
maximum Energy KWh
demand N x − Ns
indicator) ØeefleMele $egefš = × 100
Ns
Ùee
veesš–  NxKs 
ØeefleMele $egefš =  − 1 × 100
Fme metÛekeâ keâes S.meer. leLee [er.meer. oesveeW hej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee  Ns K x 
mekeâlee nw~ peneB Ks = Gheceevekeâ Tpee& ceeršj keâe efmLejebkeâ
Kx = hejer#eCe nsleg Tpee& ceeršj keâe efmLejebkeâ
Fme metÛekeâ keâe hewceevee mece™he veneR neslee nw~ keäÙeeWefkeâ leeheve ØeYeeJe,
Ns = Gheceevekeâ Fvepeea ceeršj kesâ ÛekeäkeâjeW keâer mebKÙee
Oeeje kesâ Jeie& kesâ meceevegheeleer neslee nw~
Nx = hejer#eCe nsleg Fvepeea ceeršj kesâ ÛekeäkeâjeW keâer mebKÙee
Electrician Capsule 78 YCT
ØesjCe Øekeâej kesâ Jeeš-IeCše ceeršj ceW $egefšÙeeB (Errors in DeeJe=efòe ceehekeâ (Frequency Meters)–
induction types watt-hour meter)– JeeFyeÇsefšbie jer[ meyemes mejue DeeJe=efòe ceeršj pees Ùeebef$ekeâ
hesâpe $egefš kebâš^esue efuecye ceW ueieer shading coil keâes DeeJe=efòe ceehekeâ Devegveeo kesâ efmeæeble keâe hej keâeÙe& keâjlee
meceeÙeesefpele keâjkesâ phase $egefš otj keâjles nQ~ nw
keäÙeesefkeâ ØesMej keâe@Fue ceW kegâÚ ØeeflejesOe neslee nw Fmekeâe DeeJe=efòe hejeme [47Hz –
efpemekesâ keâejCe GmeceW Oeeje, Jeesušspe mes 53Hz] DeLeJee [57Hz – 63 Hz]
Exactly 900 lag veneR keâjleer nw~ neslee nw~
ieefle $egefš yeÇsefkebâie Ûegcyekeâ keâes OeelJeerÙe Ûekeâleer kesâ keWâõ Fme DeeJe=efòe ceeršj ceW DeeJe=efòe keâe ceeheve
keâer lejheâ ues peeves hej ceeršj keâer ieefle yeÌ{ Deehetefle& Jeesušlee kesâ Jesye Heâece& mes
peeleer nw leLee keWâõ mes otj meceeÙeesefpele keâjves mJelev$e neslee nw~
hej ceeršj keâer ieefle Ieš peeleer nw~ Dele: Fueskeäš^es[eFvesefcekeâ Ùen Skeâ cetefJebie keâe@Fue DeeJe=efòe ceeršj nw
breaking magnet keâes meceeÙeesefpele keâjkesâ DeeJe=efòe ceeršj– pees Skeâ ratio type meter keâe GheÙeb$e
ieefle keâes meceeÙeesefpele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ nw~
Fvepeeaceeršj keâes DeØesjCekeâ Yeej (non Fmekeâe DeeJe=efòe hejeme 49-51Hz neslee
inductive load) hejer#eCe keâjles meceÙe yeÇskeâ nw~
Ûegcyekeâ kesâ mener mecebpeve (Adjustment) mes
veesš– Ratio type measuring instrument ceW efveÙeb$eCe yeueeIetCe& ke
$egefš keâes otj efkeâÙee peelee nw~
MeefòeâiegCekeâ ceeheer (Power Factor Meter)-
Ie<e&Ce $egefš MeCš magnet ceW oes ueIegheefLele uethe
3-φ meblegefuele heefjheLe ceW Meefòeâ iegCekeâ oes Jeešceeršj keâer meneÙelee
ueieekeâj Driving torque ceW Deefleefjòeâ
mes ceehee pee mekeâlee nw uesefkeâve Demeblegefuele heefjheLe ceW Deueie-Deueie
torque peesÌ[e peelee nw~
hesâpe ceW Deueie-Deueie MeefòeâiegCekeâ neslee nw~ Dele: MeefòeâiegCekeâ
efmLej Je Ie<e&Ce DeeIetCe& kesâ yejeyej Deefleefjòeâ
ceeheer keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ-
DeeIetCe& Øeoeve keâjves keâer Øeef›eâÙee light load
FmeceW efveÙeb$eCe yeueeIetCe& keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer nw~
adjustment keânueeleer nw~
1. Fueskeäš^es[eÙevesefcekeâ MeefòeâiegCekeâ ceeršj
›eâereEheie $egefš keâYeer-keâYeer ceeršj efveYee&j keâer efmLeefle ceW Oeercee
2. Ûeue ueewn MeefòeâiegCekeâ ceeršj
Ûeuelee jnlee nw, peyeefkeâ Gmekeâer kesâJeue
Deesceceeršj (Ohmmeter)–
Jeesušlee kegâC[ueer ner Gòesefpele nesleer nw~ Fme
$egefš keâes mejkeâve $egefš keânles nQ~ Jen GheÙev$e pees ØelÙe#e ™he mes ØeeflejesOe ceehelee nw~ Ùen 3 Øekeâej
keâe neslee nw-
Fme $egefš keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS ceeršj keâer
(i) ßesCeer šeFhe
Ûekeâleer ceW efmheb[ue kesâ oesveeW Deesj Skeâ-otmejs
(ii) Mebš šeFhe
mes efJehejerle efoMee ceW 1800 hej oes efÚõ
(ii) jsefMeÙees šeFhe Deesce-ceeršj
yeveeÙes peeles nQ~
Ratio type instrument ceW controlling torque veneR neslee nw~
š^eF&Jeskeäšj ceeršj (Trivector meter)- cesiej (Meggar)–
Fme ceeršj Éeje Jeesuš-SefcheÙej-Iebše keâes ceehee peelee nw~ cesiej keâe hetje veece cesiee Deesÿe ceeršj nw efpemekeâe ØeÙeesie yengle
VAh = (Wh)2 + (VARh) 2 DeefOekeâ ØeeflejesOe pewmes-kesâyeue kesâ efJeÅeglejesOeve ØeeflejesOe keâes ceeheves
nsleg efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâuee Deveg›eâce metÛekeâ (Phase Sequence Indicator)– FmeceW Skeâ mJenmleÛeeefuele D.C. pesvejsšj ueiee neslee nw,
Jen Deveg›eâce efpemekesâ Devegmeej ØelÙeeJeleea jeefMeÙeeB ›eâceMe: DeefOekeâlece efpemekeâe DeeGšhegš meeOeejCe efJeÅeglejesOeve hejer#eCe kesâ efueS
ceeve «enCe keâjleer nw keâuee Deveg›eâce keânueelee nw leLee Jen Deveg›eâce 500V lekeâ keâe cesiej DeefOekeâ ØeÛeefuele nw~ uesefkeâve DeefOekeâ
efpemekeâer meneÙelee mes leerve hesâpeer heefjheLeeW ceW keâuee Deveg›eâce %eele GÛÛe efJeYeJe hejer#eCe kesâ efueS 1000 V, 2500V leLee
neslee nw, keâuee Deveg›eâce metÛekeâ keânueelee nw~ 5000V lekeâ cesiej Yeer GheueyOe nw~

Electrician Capsule 79 YCT

ceušerceeršj (Multimeter)– [er.meer efyeÇpe S.meer efyeÇpe
‘ceušerceeršj’ keâe DeLe& nw, keâF& Øekeâej keâer JewÅegeflekeâ jeefMeÙeeW keâes
veeheves Jeeuee Ùeb$e~
Fme Ùeb$e keâes yengceeheer SJeb SJees ceeršj (AVO meter i.e.
Ampere Volt ohm meter) Yeer keânles nw~
Ùen cegKÙele: oes Øekeâej keâe neslee nw–
Sveeuee@ie ceušerceeršj ef[efpešue ceušerceeršj E
Sveeuee@ie ceušerceeršj keâes efpeve ceušerceeršj ceW JewÅegle jeefMe kesâ Œeesle– yewšjer Œeesle– S.meer. Œeesle, oesefue$e
AVO (ScheerÙej-Jeesuš- hee"Ÿeebkeâ keâes [e@Ùeue hewceeves hej ef[šskeäšj– [er.meer. iewuJesveesceeršj ef[šskeäšj– JeeFyeÇsMeveue
Deesce) ceeršj Yeer keânles nw hJee@FCšj kesâ Éeje oMee&Ùes peeves kesâ (0 Hz) iewuJesveesceeršj, (5-200 Hz)
keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùen ceeršj Oeeje, mLeeve hej meerOes LCD ef[mhues šsefueHeâesve ef[šskeäšj (200Hz-
5 kHz)
Jeesušspe Je ØeeflejesOe leerveeW ner FkeâeF& hej ef[efpešdme ceW oMee&Ùee
šŸet[ SefcheueerHeâeÙej
JewÅegle jeefMeÙeeW keâes ceeheves nsleg peelee nw, Gvekeâes ef[efpešue (> 5kHz)
ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ ceušerceeršj kesâ veece mes peevee peelee mevlegueve efmLeefle– PS=QR mevlegueve efmLeefle–
nw~ Z1Z4=Z2Z3 Deewj
DeLe& šsmšj (Earth Tester)– θ1+θ4=θ2+θ3

Yetefce keâe ØeeflejesOe ceeheves kesâ efueS DeLe& šsmšj keâe GheÙeesie GheÙeesie – kesâJeue ØeeflejesOe keâe GheÙeesie – L,C,f, Q–
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ceeheve iegCekeâ, D-iegCekeâ Deewj εr keâe
ceeheve
Yet-hejer#eCe Yeer Skeâ Øekeâej keâe Deesce ceeršj nw~ pees Yet-ØeeflejesOe
keâes ceehelee nw~ ØeeflejesOe ceeheve (Measurement of Resistance)-
DeLe& šsmšj keâes DeLe& šsmšj cewiej Yeer keâne peelee nw~ efvecve ØeeflejesOe ceOÙece ØeeflejesOe GÛÛe ØeeflejesOe
Yet-hejer#eCe Éeje 0–50Ω, 1500 Ω Ùee 3000Ω lekeâ leerve
ceeheve ceeheve ceeheve
Ûeej hejemeeW ceW ØeeflejesOe keâes ceehee pee mekeâlee nw~ 1Ω mes keâce ceeve 1Ω – 10 Ω 5
10 Ω mes DeefOekeâ
5

kesâ ØeeflejesOe Fme ßesCeer kesâ Øeef lejes O e Fme ØeeflejesOe Fme ßesCeer ceW
Yet-hejer#eCe efJeYeJeheele kesâ efmeæeble hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ ßesCeer ceW Deeles nQ~ Deeles nQ~
ceW Deeles nw~
šskeâesceeršj leLee še@ie hejer#ekeâ ceW Devlej– 1. Deceeršj 1. Jeesušceeršj 1. DeeJesMe neefve
Jeesušceeršj efJeefOe Sceer š j efJeef O e efJeefOe
šwkeâesceeršj še@ie hejer#ekeâ
2. efo°Oeeje 2. Jneršmšesve mesleg 2. cesiej efJeefOe
šwkeâesceeršj Éeje JewÅegeflekeâ ceesšme& efkeâmeer ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje heefjheLe ceW efJeYeJeceeheer efJeefOe efJeefOe 3. GÛÛe ØeeflejesOe
keâer ieefle Ûe›eâ Øeefle efceveš efyevee efkeâmeer yeeOee kesâ Oeeje keâe 3. kesâefuJeve [yeue 3. ØeeflemLeeheve Jeesušceeršj efJeefOe
(RPM) ceW leLee JeenveeW keâer ceeheves kesâ efueS še@ie hejer#ekeâ efyeÇpe efJeefOe efJ eef O e 4. ØeeFme keâer j#ekeâ
ieefle efkeâueesceeršj Øeefle Iebše ceW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmes 4. Deesce ceeršj efJeefOe 4. Deesceceeršj efJeefOe
JÙeòeâ keâer peeleer nw~ efkeäuehe Dee@ve šsmšj Yeer keânles efJeefOe
nw~ ØesjkeâlJe keâe ceeheve (Measurement of Inductance)–
cewkeämeJesue mevlegueve keâer efmLeefle ceW
JewÅegeflekeâ šwkeâesceeršme& keâes šwkeâes- Ùen Ùeb$e heejmheefjkeâ ØesjCe
ØesjkeâlJe mesleg R 2R 3
peefve$e kesâ veece mes Yeer peevee efmeæeble hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw R1 =
(Maxwell's R4
peelee nw~ inductance
bridge) L2R 3
R, L, C keâe ceeheve (Measurement of R,L,C)– L1 =
R4
mesleg keâe Øekeâej (Type of Bridge)–
1. [er.meer efyeÇpe 2. S.meer efyeÇpe

Electrician Capsule 80 YCT

 cewkeämeJesue mevlegueve keâer efmLeefle ceW mebOeeefj$e keâe ceeheve (Measurement of Capacitance)
ØesjkeâlJe- R 2R 3 ef[ meeGšer meblegueve keâer efmLeefle ceW
R1 =
mebOeeefj$e R4 mesleg R4
(Maxwell's
C1 = C 2
L1 = R 2 R 3 C 4 (De R3
inductance-
capacitance Qfactor =
ωL1
= ωR 4C4
Sauty's Fme efyeÇpe Éeje
R1 bridge)
bridge) Perfect Capacitor
Fme efyeÇpe Éeje kegâC[ueer keâe ceeheve efkeâÙee peelee
keâe ceOÙece Q DeLee&led
nw~
(1 < Q < 10) keâe
ceeheve efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efMeÙeefjbie meblegueve keâer efmLeefle ceW
mesleg R4
C1 = C2
Schering R3
ns mesleg mevlegueve keâer efmLeefle ceW
bridge C4
(Hay's R 2 R 3R 4 r1 = R3
L1 = C2
bridge)
(1 + ω2R 42C42 )
Dissipation factor
ω2 R 2 R 3 R 4 C 24 D = ωC1r1 = ωC 4 R 4
R1 =
(1 + ω2 R 42C42 )
Fme efyeÇpe Éeje
ωL1 1 mebOeeefj$e,
Q= =
R 1 ωR 4 C 4 Dissipation factor,
Fme efyeÇpe keâe GheÙeesie hejeJewÅegle neefve, meehes#e
kegâC[ueer kesâ GÛÛe Q kesâ heejiecÙelee Deewj
ceeheve kesâ efueS efkeâÙee efJeÅeglejesOeer heoeLeeX kesâ
peelee nw iegCe keâe ceeheve efkeâÙee
DeesJeve mesleg meblegueve keâer efmLeefle ceW peelee nw~
(Owen's L1 = R 2 R 3C 4 DeeJe=efòe keâe ceeheve (Measurement of Frequency)–
bridge)
C Jesve mesleg meblegueve keâer efmLeefle ceW
R1 = 4 R 3
C2
(Wien's 1
f=
ωL1 bridge) 2π R1R 2 C1C2
Q= = ωR 2 C 2
R1
Fme efyeÇpe Éeje DeeJe=efòe
Fme efyeÇpe kesâ Éeje keâe ceeheve efkeâÙee peelee
De%eele ØesjkeâlJe Deewj nw~
incremental
inductance Deewj
Current Sensitivity-
heejiecÙelee keâe ceeheve
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ θ
Si = mm / µA
ig
SC[jmeve mesleg meblegueve keâer efmLeefle ceW
(Anderson's R 2R 3 Voltage Sensitivity-
bridge) R1 = – r1
R4 θ
Sv = mm / v
R
L1 = C 3 ( r ( R 4 + R 2 ) + R 2 R 4 ) Vth
R4

Fme efyeÇpe keâe GheÙeesie Bridge Sensitivity-

keâjkesâ kegâC[ueer ceW efvecve θ
SB = mm
Q keâe ceeheve efkeâÙee ∆R
peelee nw~ R

Electrician Capsule 81 YCT

š^ebme[Ÿetmej (Transducer)– Svee@ueeie Deewj ef[efpešue š^ebme[Ÿetmej ceW Devlej–
Svee@ueeie š^ebme[Ÿetmej ef[efpešue š^ebme[Ÿetmej
Jes š^ebme[Ÿetmej pees O/P Jes š^ebme[Ÿetmej pees O/P ef[efpešue kesâ
Sveeuee@ie kesâ ™he ceW oslee ™he ceW oslee nw~ ef[efpešue š^ebme[Ÿetmej
nw~ Svee@ueeie š^ebme[Ÿetmej keânueelee nw~
keânueelee nw~
efJeke=âefle iespe (Strain Gauges)–
∆R / R
iespe Hewâkeäšj ( G f ) =
∆L / L
∆L
ε = strain =
meef›eâÙe š^ebme[Ÿetmej (Active Transducer)– L
Jess š^ebme[Ÿetmej efpeveceW DeeGšhegš Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâmeer Yeer yeenjer iespe Hewâkeäšj = 1 + 2µ + ∆ρ / ρ
mehueeF& keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer nw~ meef›eâÙe š^ebme[Ÿetmej keânueeles nw~ ε
lateralstrain
µ= Poisson's ratio =
longitudinalstrain
meef›eâÙe š^ebme[Ÿetmej kesâ Øekeâej (Active Type Transducer)–
jsKeerÙe heefjJeleeaÙe, efJeYesoer heej›eâcekeâ (Linear Variable
1. Leceexkeâheue SJeb LeceexheeFue Differential Transducer (LVDT) –
2. Ûeue kegâC[ueve pevejsšj Ùen yengØeÛeefuele ØesjefCekeâ š^ebme[Ÿetmej nw~ FmeceW jsefKeÙe ieefle keâe
3. efhepees Fuesefkeäš^keâ JewÅegle efmeiveue ceW ™heevlejCe neslee nw~
4. heâesšes JeesušeFkeâ mesue LVDT keâe DeeGšhegš Je›eâ met#ce efJemLeeheveeW (5mm) lekeâ
efveef<›eâÙe š^ebme[Ÿetmej (Passive Transducer)– ueieYeie jsKeerÙe neslee nw~ Fmekeâer meg«eeefnlee Deefle GÛÛe 40 V/mm
nesleer nw
Jess š^ebme[Ÿetmej efpeveceW DeeGšhegš Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâmeer yeenjer
Fmekeâer hegvejeJe=efòe iegCe Gòece nesleer nw leLee 10-3 mm lekeâ efJeYeso
mehueeF& keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~ efveef<›eâÙe š^ebme[Ÿetmej keânueeles nw~
kesâ LVDT yeveevee mebYeJe nw~
efveef<›eâÙe š^ebme[Ÿetmej kesâ Øekeâej (Passive Type Transducer)–
LVDT keâe DevegØeÙeesie- yeue, Yeej Je oeye Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee pee
1. ØeeflejesOeerÙe Øee™heer efJeYeJeceeheer ÙegefòeâÙeeB, ØeeflejesOe, mš^sve mekeâlee nw leLee kegâÚ mm mes kegâÚ cm kesâ efJemLeeheve veeheves ceW
heej›eâcekeâ (Resistive iespe, efhejeveer iespe Ùee iece& leej, ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ~
type transducer) ØeeflejesOe-leeheceeHeer, Leceexceeršj, heâesšes leeheceeve keâe ceeheve (Measurement of temperature)–
Ûeeuekeâ mesue~ ØeeflejesOe leeheceeheve RTD mes 6000C lekeâ keâe leehe ceehee
2. OeeefjleerÙe Øee™heer heefjJeleea OeeefjleerÙe oeyeiespe, OeeefjleerÙe ef[šskeäšj (RTD) peelee nw~
heej›eâcekeâ (Capacitive ceeF›eâesheâesve, [eF&-Fuesefkeäš^keâ iespe ~ Leceeamšj Ùen–Ve mes +Ve leeheceeve jspeeW keâes
type transducer) (Thermistor) ceeheves kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ neslee nw~
3. ØesjkeâlJeerÙe Øee™heer ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe heej›eâcekeâ, Fmekeâe jWpe –150 mes +1800C lekeâ
heej›eâcekeâ (Inductive efjuekeäšWme efhekeâ-Dehe, ef[heâjWefMeÙeue neslee nw~
type transducer) š^ebmeheâece&j, YeBJej iespe Leceexkeâheue Ùen meeryewkeâ ØeYeeJe kesâ efmeæeble hej
cewivesšesefmš^keäMeve iespe ~ (Thermocouple) keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
4. Jeesušspe Je Oeeje efveef<›eâÙe ne@ue ØeYeeJe efhekeâ-Dehe,DeeÙeveve Ùen 14000C lekeâ kesâ leeheceeve keâes
heej›eâcekeâ (Voltage Ûewcyej, heâesšes Glmepe&keâ mesue ~ ceeheves keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
and current heeÙejesceeršj Ùen Deefle GÛÛe leehe keâes ceeheves kesâ
transducer) (Pyrometer) keâeÙe& ceW Deelee nw~
JÙegl›eâce š^ebme[Ÿetmej (Inverse Transducer)– Ùen yee@Ùeuej kesâ leehe keâes ceeheves kesâ
Jes š^ebme[Ÿetmej pees efJeÅegle jeefMeÙeeW keâes DevÙe Øekeâej keâer jeefMeÙeeW ceW keâece Deelee nw~
heefjJeefle&le keâjles nw~ JÙegl›eâce š^ebme[Ÿetmej keânueeles nw~ Ùen yee@Ùeuej kesâ leeheceeve keâes efyevee
mheMe& efkeâS ceehelee nw~
GoenjCe– efhepees Fuesefkeäš^keâ~
Electrician Capsule 82 YCT
 15
Cathode ray oscilloscope
(kewâLees[-js-Deeefmeueesmkeâeshe)

kewâLees[-js-Deeefmeueesmkeâeshe (CRO)– heâeskeâefmebie Svees[ keâe cegKÙe keâeÙe& yeerce keâes mebkesâvõerle keâjvee nw~
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efJeefJeOe lejbieeW keâes oMee&ves ceeheves Je efJeMues<eCe nsleg heâeskeâefmebie Svees[ hej neF& Jeesušspe DC keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efkeâÙee peelee nw, pees efkeâ Fueskeäš^eveeW kesâ efkeâjCeesJeeueer (Rays) kesâ Svees[ leLee ef[heäueskeäMeve huesšeW kesâ efueS DC mehueeF& keâer
Skeâ Øeefleefohle heox (Fluorescent Screen) hej škeâjeves mes DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~
GlheVe neslee nw~ Fmemes Jeesušlee, DeeJe=efòe, keâueevlej Deeefo CRO keâer m›eâerve hej nesves Jeeuee deflection (efJe#esheCe)
ÙeLeeLe&lee, heefjMegælee Je met#celeehetJe&keâ ceehee pee mekeâlee nw~ L ℓ d .E d
D=
CRO Leefce&Deesefvekeâ Glmepe&ve kesâ efmeæevle hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw, 2dEa
leLee Ùen Skeâ ueerefveÙej Ùetefòeâ nw~ CRO keâer efJe#esheCe meg«eeefnlee (Deflection Sensitivity)
CRO kesâ ØecegKe Debie Deewj Gvekesâ keâeÙe&–
D
(Main part of C.R.O. and their work) S= m/V
Ed
Fueskeäš^eve ieve-
Deflection factor (ef[heäuewkeäMeve iegCeebkeâ) (G):
ceOÙe leeheceeve hej Fueskeäš^eveeW kesâ GÛÛe Glmepe&ve keâes Øeehle keâjves kesâ
efueS kewâLees[ kesâ Deble ceW yesefjÙece Deewj mš^ebefmeÙece DeekeämeeF[ keâer 1 2dE a
G= = V/m
S Lℓ d
Skeâ uesÙej pecee keâer peeleer nw~
Fueskeäš^eve ieve Fueskeäš^eve yeerce keâe Glheeove keâjleer nw leLee Ùen peneB,
m›eâerve keâer lejheâ heâeskeâme keâjves keâe keâeÙe& keâjleer nw~ L = Heäueesjsmesvš m›eâerve mes ef[HeäueskeäMeve huesšes kesâ kesâvõ lekeâ keâer
kebâš^esue ef«e[ keâes kewâLees[ keâer Dehes#ee $e+Ceelcekeâ efJeYeJe hej jKee uecyeeF&
peelee nw~ d = ef[HeäueskeäMeve huesšes kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer

Electrician Capsule 83 YCT

Ed = ef[HeäueskeäMeve huesšeW kesâ yeerÛe efJeYeJeevlej (g) Skeämeeruejsefšbie Svees[ (Accelerating Anode)– Fmes lJeefjle
ld = ef[HeäueskeäMeve huesš keâer uecyeeF& Oeveeso Yeer keânles nw~ Ùen Yeer yesueveekeâej neslee nw~ Fmes Yeer kewâLees[
Ea = Ješeakeâue ef[HeäueskeäMeve huesšeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer lJejCe Jeesušlee keâer Dehes#ee Deefle GÛÛe efveÙele Jeesušlee (Very high fixed
C.R.O keâes cetue ™he mes efvecve leerve DebieeW ceW efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ voltage) hej jKee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe keâeÙe& Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce keâes
(i) kewâLees[-js-šŸetye (Cathode-Ray-Tube) leer›elee keâjvee nw~
(ii) hee@Jej mehueeF& (Power Supply) h. Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce keâer Heâeskeâefmebie (Focusing of electron
(iii) ØeJeOe&keâ (Amplifier) beam)– kewâLees[ js-šŸetye ceW Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce keâer Heâeskeâefmebie kesâ
(i) kewâLees[-js-šÙetye (C.R.T)– Fmes $e+Ceeso efkeâjCe veueer Yeer keânles efueÙes Heâeskeâefmebie Svees[ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Fmekeâer efvecve oes ØecegKe
nw~ Ùen CRO keâe Skeâ ØecegKe Debie neslee nw~ Ùen iueeme keâer efJeefOeÙeeB nw~
efveJee&le veueer nesleer nw, Fmekesâ ØecegKe Debie efvecveefueefKele nw~ I. efJeÅegle mLeweflekeâ Heâeskeâefmebie (Electrostatic Focusing)–
1. Fueskeäš^e@ve ieve (Electron Gun) FmeceW Heâeskeâefmebie Svees[ hej GÛÛe efo°Oeeje Jeesušspe ueieeÙee peelee
2. efJe#esheCe huesš (Deflection Plate) nw~ FmeceW Fuesefkeäš^keâ Heâeru[ GlheVe neslee nw, pees Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce
3. Øeefleoerefhle-m›eâerve (Fluorescent Screen) hej yeue ueielee nw Fmes heox hej Heâeskeâme nesves kesâ efueS yeeOÙe keâjlee
1. Fueskeäš^e@ve ieve (E.G)– Fmes Fueskeäš^e@ve Øe#esheer Yeer keânles nw~ Ùen nw~
Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce keâe Glheeove keâjleer nw Deewj Gmes Øeefleoerefhle hej II. efJeÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe Heâeskeâefmebie (Electromagnetic

Heâeskeâme keâjves keâe keâeÙe& keâjleer nw~ Fmekesâ ØecegKe Debie efvecveefueefKele Focusing)– FmeceW Heâeskeâefmebie Svees[ hej Fueskeäš^escewivesefškeâ
nw- keäJeeFue ueieeÙee peelee nw Fmemes Fueskeäš^escewivesefškeâ Heâeru[ GlheVe
(a) yesme-efhevme (Base Pins)– Fueskeäš^e@ve ieve kesâ DeeOeej hej kegâÚ neslee nw~
efhevme ueieer jnleer nw, pees CRT keâes heefjheLe mes mebÙeesefpele keâjleer veesš- Heâeskeâefmebie kesâ efueS ØeeÙe: Heâeskeâefmebie Svees[ hej ne[&
nw~ [er.meer. Jeesušspe keâe ner ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(b) neršj (Heater)– Fmes T<cekeâ Ùee leehekeâ Yeer keânles nw~ Ùen 2. ef[HeäueskeäMeve huesš (Deflection Plate)– Fmes efJe#eshe huesš Yeer
kewâLees[ keâes iece& keâjves keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw, leeefkeâ kewâLees[ iece& neskeâj keânles nw~ Fvekeâer mebKÙee Ûeej nesleer nw~ Fvekeâe cegKÙe keâeÙe&
Fueskeäš^e@ve Glmeefpe&le keâj mekeâlee nw~ Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce keâes efJe#eshe Øeoeve keâjvee nw Fve ÛeejeW huesšeW keâes
(c) kewâLees[ (Cathode)– Fmes $e+Ceelcekeâ Fueskeäš^es[ (Negative efvecve oes mecegÛÛeÙeer (Sets) ceW efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
electrode) Yeer keânles nw~ Fmekeâe keâeÙe& iece& neskeâj Fueskeäš^e@veeW keâer (a) TOJee&Oej efJe#eshe huesš (Vertical Deflection Plate)– Ùes
yeerce keâes Glmeefpe&le keâjlee nw~ Ùen DeØelÙe#e ™he mes iece& oesveeW huesš Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce kesâ ›eâceMe: Thej leLee veerÛes #eweflepe
(Indirectly heated) efkeâÙee peelee nw Deewj Ùen Dee@keämeeF[ efmLeefle ceW neslee nw hejvleg Ùes oesveeW huesšs Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce keâes
uesefhele neslee nw~ TOJee&Oej efJe#eshe (Vertical deflection) Øeoeve keâjleer nw, m›eâerve
(d) keâvš^esue ef«e[ (Control Grid)– Fmes efveÙev$eCe peeueer Yeer hej mhee@š keâe efJe#eshe oesveeW huesšeW kesâ yeerÛe ueieeÙes ieÙes efJeYeJeevlej
keânles nw~ Fmes kewâLees[ keâer Dehes#ee $e+Ceelcekeâ efJeYeJe hej jKee peelee kesâ meceevegheeleer neslee nw~
nw~ Fmekeâe cegKÙe keâeÙe& kewâLees[ Éeje Glmeefpe&le efkeâÙes ieÙes Fueskeäš^e@ve (b) #eweflepe efJe#eshe huesš (Horizontal Deflection Plate)– Ùes
yeerce keâes efveÙeefv$ele keâjvee nw~ oesveeW huesš Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce kesâ ›eâceMe: FOej-GOej DeLee&led oesvees
(e) Skeämeeruejsefšbie ef«e[ (Accelerating Grid)– Fmes DeeJejkeâ lejHeâ GOJee&Oej efmLeefle (Vertical position) ceW nesleer nw hejvleg
peeue DeLeJee lJeefjkeâ peeueer Yeer keânles nw~ Fmes ØeeLeefcekeâ lJejCe Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce keâes #eweflepe efJe#eshe ner Øeoeve keâjleer nw, m›eâerve hej
Oeveeso (Pre-accelerating Anode) Yeer keânles nw Fmes kewâLees[ mhee@š keâe #eweflepe efJe#eshe Yeer oesveeW huesšeW kesâ S›eâe@me ueieeÙes
keâer Dehes#ee Oeveelcekeâ efJeYeJe hej jKee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe keâeÙe& Jeesušspe kesâ meceevegheeleer neslee nw~
Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce keâes hetJe&-lJeefjle keâjvee nw~ efJe#eshe (deflection) ∝ efJeYeJeevlej (Potential difference)
(f) Heâeskeâefmebie Svees[ (Focusing anode)– Fmes Heâeskeâme Oeveeso 3. Heäueesjsmesvš m›eâerve (Fluorescent Screen)– Fmes Øeefleoerefhle
Yeer keânles nw~ Fmes Yeer kewâLees[ keâer Dehes#ee heefjJele&veerÙe Oeveelcekeâ heoeLe& Ùee Ûecekeâves Jeeuee heoeLe& Yeer keânles nw, keâeBÛe keâer veefuekeâe
efJeYeJe hej jKee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe ØecegKe keâeÙe& Fueskeäš^e@ve yeerce keâes (CRT) kesâ ÛeewÌ[s efmejs kesâ Devoj keâer melen hej ØeefleoerefhleMeerue
mebkesâefvõle (focus) keâjvee nw~ heoeLe& Heâe@mHeâj keâer Deefle heleueer len uesefhele (Coated) nesleer nw~
Electrician Capsule 84 YCT
(i) hee@Jej mehueeF& (Power Supply)–CRO kesâ efJeefYeVe DebieeW CRO ceW Fuewkeäš^esmšwefškeâ heâeskeâefmebie ØeÙegòeâ keâer peeleer nw~
(YeeieeW) ceW efmLele DeJeÙeJeeW keâes Tefpe&le keâjves kesâ efueS JewÅegle Tpee& [gDeue š^sme CRO ceW Skeâ Vertical Amplifier leLee Skeâ
keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw FmeefueÙes Fmemes efvecve Jeesušlee leLee GÛÛe Horizontal Amplifier neslee nw~
Jeesušlee oesveeW Øekeâej keâer heeJej mehueeF& Øeehle keâer peeleer nw~ CRO kesâ Ješeakeâue SchueerheâeÙej kesâ ØeLece mšspe ceW FET ØeÙegòeâ
(ii) ØeJeOe&keâ (Amplifier)– CRO keâer efJe#eshe ØeCeeueer efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(deflection System) kesâ efueS GÛÛe Jeesušlee Jeeueer [er.meer. CRO keâe efmJehe efJe[dLe Horizontal control Éeje efveÙebef$ele
mehueeF& keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~ ef[HeäueskeäMeve huesšeW keâer heeJej efkeâÙee peelee nw~
mehueeF& kesâ efueS heefjheLe ceW SchueerHeâeÙej keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee efuemeepeme hewšve& (Lissajous Patterns)-
peelee nw~
efuemeepeme hewšve& keâer DeeJe=efòe –
mJeerhe pevejsšj (Sweep Generator)– Ùes Time base
ne@efjpesWšue (#eweflepe) ueeFve keâer mheMe& jsKee efyevog fy
voltage current GlheVe keâjlee nw~ =
Jeefš&keâue (GOJee&Oej) jsKee keâer mheMe& jsKee keâs efyevog f x
efuemeepeme Deeke=âefle keâe GheÙeesie DeeJe=efòeÙeeW kesâ ceeheve Deewj
CRO hej DehueeF& efmeiveue keâe jeFpe meceÙe Deewj CRO keâer pÙeeJe›eâerÙe efmebiveue kesâ hesâpe Deblej kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
yeQ[efJe[dLe ceW mecyevOe: Phase angle (φ) efuemeepeme hewšve& Trac
t r × BW = 0.35 between Vx and Curve
Vy
kesâJeue ceeheer peeves Jeeueer De%eele pÙeeJeef›eâÙe AC Jeesušlee keâes
0º or 360º Straight
Jeefš&keâue ef[heäueskeäMeve huesšeW kesâ yeerÛe ueieeÙee peelee nw~
line
SkeäJee[wie (Aquadag coating)-
Fueskeäš^e@ve pees m›eâerve mes škeâjelee nw, meskeWâ[jer Glmeefpe&le Fueskeäše@veeW
keâes ÚesÌ[lee nw~ SkeäJee[wie kesâ ™he ceW peevee peeves Jeeuee peueerÙe 0º < φ < 90º Ellipse
or major axis
«esheâeFš Ieesue Fve meskeWâ[jer Fueskeäš^eveeW keâes Skeâef$ele keâjlee nw~
270º < φ < 360º line in I &
CRO keâe GheÙeesie–
III
CRO Éeje V, (AC/DC), f, dφ, keâe ceeheve ØelÙe#e
90º or 270º Circle
™he mes efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Meefòeâ (P) Deewj Oeeje (I) keâe ceeheve DeØelÙe#e ™he mes
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Sveeuee@ie efmeiveueeW kesâ efveÙeb$eCe kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee 90º < φ < 180º Ellipse
or major axis
peelee nw~
180º < φ < 270º line in II &
CRO kesâ cenlJehetCe& efyevog (Important Points of CRO)– IV
CRO kesâ ef[heäuewkeäMeve mesefvmeefšefJešer keâe cee$ekeâ m/V nw~
180º Straight
CRO keâe šeFce yesme efmeiveue GÛÛe DeeJe=efòe mee-štLe lejbie line
nesleer nw~
CRO ceW yeerce IevelJe keâe efveÙeb$eCe Fvšsefmešer kebâš^esue/heâeskeâme
kebâš^esue/ASTIGMATISM kebâš^esue Éeje efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efveJee&le šŸetye Jeesušceeršj (Vacuum tube voltmeter)–
ne[& yeerce ⇒ GÛÛe ieeflepe Tpee& Jeeues Fueskeäš^eveeW keâer yeerce CRO
kesâ hejer#eCe kesâ meceÙe ueesef[bie keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS CRO keâer VTVM ceW output DC Gme hej ueieeS ieS AC input
ØeefleyeeOee GÛÛe nesveer ÛeeefnS~ voltage kesâ meceevegheeleer nesleer nw~

CRO ceW vertical Amplifer keâe Gain-Horizontal š^eÙees[ meefke&âš keâer input ØeefleyeeOee Deefle GÛÛe leLee meg«eeefnlee
Amplifer kesâ Gain mes keâce neslee nw~ GÛÛe nesleer nw~
Electrician Capsule 85 YCT
 16
ILLUMINATION
(Øeoerefhle)
heÇkeâeMe keâer Øeke=âefle (Nature of Light)- heefjYeeef<ekeâ MeyoeJeueer (Terminology)–
ØekeâeMe Skeâ Øekeâej keâer Tpee& nw pees efkeâ Ssmes efheC[es mes efJekeâerCe& kewâC[suee kewâC[suee huesefšvece kesâ "esmeerkeâjCe
nesleer nw efpevekeâe leeheceeve yeÌ{e ngDee neslee nw~ (Candela) leeheceeve (2045K) hej, efkeâmeer keâeues
he=LJeer hej metÙe& Tpee& keâe meyemes yeÌ[e Øeeke=âeflekeâ Œeesle nQ~ heoeLe& kesâ efJeefkeâjCe kesâ Øeefle Jeie& mesceer. ceW
ØekeâeMe cegKÙele: JewÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe lejbie nesleer nw~ pÙeesefle leer›elee keâe 1/60JeeB Yeeie nw~
ØekeâeMe keâe jbbie, lejbieowOÙe& Deewj DeeJe=efòe oesveeW hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~ kewâC[suee pÙeesefle leer›elee keâer FkeâeF& nw~
ØekeâeMe DevegØemLe lejbie nesleer nw~ uÙetefceveme efkeâmeer uÙetefceveme Jemleg keâe pÙeesefle Jemleg
metÙe& mes efvekeâueves Jeeueer kegâue Tpee& keâer kesâJeue 40³ Tpee& ØekeâeMe Heäuekeäme Ùee ceW Øeefle meskesâC[ uÙetefceveme ØekeâeMe lejbieeW
kesâ ™he ceW he=LJeer hej hengBÛeleer nww~ pÙeesefle Heäuekeäme kesâ ®he ceW pees ØekeâeMe Tpee& GlheVe nesleer
Deehesef#ekeâ mebJesoveMeeruelee (Relative sensitivity)– (Luminous nw Gmes uÙetefceveme Heäuekeäme keânles nw~
Jen lejbie uecyeeF& pees DeeBKees keâes Âef°ieesÛej (Visible) Flux) uÙetefceveme Heäuekeäme keâe cee$ekeâ uÙetceve
nesleer nw, 4000 mes 7500 Å keâer hejeme ceW Deeleer nw~ (lumen) neslee nw~
DeeBKe 5500 Å lejbie uecyeeF& kesâ efueS DelÙeefOekeâ 1 uÙetceve = 0.0016 Jeeš
mebJesoveMeerue nw~
uÙetceve IeCše Skeâ uÙetceve Heäuekeäme kesâ Éeje Skeâ IeCše
efkeâmeer Yeer lejbie uecyeeF& kesâ efueS Deehesef#ekeâ
(Lumen ceW efJeleefjle ØekeâeMe keâer cee$ee ‘uÙetceve
mebJesoveMeeruelee keâes Deehesef#ekeâ pÙeesefle iegCekeâ (Relative
Hour) IeCše’ keânueeleer nw~
Luminosity Factor) (kλ ) keânles nw~
"esme keâesCe efkeâmeer r Deæ&JÙeeme Jeeues ieesues kesâ kesâvõ
Âef°ieesÛej nesves Jeeuee jbie heerueeheve efueS nje jbie neslee
nw, efpemes keâueF& jbie Yeer keânles nw~ (Solid Angle) hej, Gmekesâ efkeâmeer #es$e Éeje yeves keâesCe
keâes "esme keâesCe (Solid Angle) keânles
lejbie uecyeeF& leLee DeeJe=efòe ceW mecyevOe
nw~
(Relation between wave length and frequency) –
"esme keâesCe keâer FkeâeF& mšsjsef[Ùeve nesleer
8
v = λ × n = 3 × 10 m / s nw~
efJekeâerCe& Jesie = lejbie uecyeeF& × DeeJe=eflòe A
ω = 2 mšsjsef[Ùeve
›eâ.meb. lejbie uecyeeF& (wave length) jbie (colour) r
o
(A) pÙeesefle leer›elee Fmekeâes kewâC[ue Meefòeâ (C.P.) kesâ veece
(Luminous mes Yeer peevee peelee nw~
1. 3900 – 4500 yewieveer
(Violet)
Intensity) efkeâmeer ØekeâeMe Œeesle mes efkeâmeer efJeMes<e
2. 4500 – 5000 veeruee (Blue) efoMee ceW Øeefle FkeâeF& meesefue[ keâesCe ceW
GlheVe uÙetefceveme flux, pÙeesefle leer›elee
3. 5000 – 5700 nje (Green)
Ùee kewâC[ue hee@Jej keânueelee nw~
4. 5700 – 5900 heeruee
pÙeesefle leer›elee keâe cee$ekeâ uÙetceve Øeefle
(Yellow)
mšsjsef[Ùeve Ùee kewâC[suee neslee nw~
5. 5900 – 6200 veejbieer
(Orange) uÙetefceveme heäuekeäme
pÙeesefle leer›elee =
6. 6200 – 7600 ueeue (Red) mšsjsef[Ùeve
Electrician Capsule 86 YCT
 Øeoerheve Øeefle Jeie& FkeâeF& ceW Øeehle nesves Jeeues kegâue pÙeesefle leer›elee (I)
(Illumination) uÙetefceveme Heäuekeäme keâes Øeoerheve keânles nw~ Ûecekeâerueeheve (B) =
kegâue Øe#eshe #es$e (A)
Øeoerheve keâe cee$ekeâ uÙetceve/ceer2 Ùee Fmekeâer FkeâeF& kewâC[ue/ceeršj2 nesleer nw~
uekeäme Ùee ceeršj-kewâC[ue neslee nw~
ÛeeQOe (Glare) Ùeefo leer›e ØekeâeMe efpemekeâer Deesj osKeves mes
Fmekeâe yeÌ[e cee$ekeâ heâesš neslee nw~
DeeBKees keâes DeJeebÚveerÙe keâ° nes Gmes ÛeeQOe
1 phot = 104 uekeäme
keânles nw~
uekeäme (Lux) Ùeefo KeesKeuee ieesuee 1 ceeršj Deæ&JÙeeme ÛeeQOe kesâ keâejCe DeeBKees hej leveeJe, efmej
keâe nes leLee Fmekesâ kesâvõ hej Skeâ oo& nesves ueielee nw~
kewâC[ue Meefòeâ keâe ØekeâeMe jKe efoÙee
peeS lees Øeoerheve 1 ceeršj kewâC[ue nesieer 1. heefjJele&ve heefjJele&ve iegCeebkeâ Deewmele ieesueekeâej
leLee Fmes uekeäme keânWies~ iegCeebkeâ kewâC[ue Meefòeâ leLee Deewmele #eweflepe
(Reduction kewâC[ue Meefòeâ ceW Deewmele keâe Devegheele
Deewmele ØekeâeMe œeesle kesâ keWâõ efyevog mes iegpejves Jeeues factor) neslee nw~
#eweflepe #eweflepe leue hej meye efoMeeDeeW ceW kewâC[ue
M.S.C.P
kewâC[ue MeefòeâÙeeW keâe Deewmele ceeve nw~ Fmes M.H.C.P. f =
Meefòeâ mes JÙeòeâ keâjles nw~ M.H.C.P
(Mean #eweflepe meceleue cesW efJekeâerCe& keâgue pÙeesefle Heäuekeäme hejeJeleea keâejkeâ hejeJeefle&le ØekeâeMe leLee Deeheeflele ØekeâeMe
Horizont = (Refraction keâe Devegheele hejeJeleea keâejkeâ keânueelee
al #eweflepe leue Éeje keâsvõ hej Ieve keâesWCe
φ
Factors) nw~
Candle M.H.C.P. = uÙetcesve/mšsjsef[Ùeve
power) ω Fmekeâe ceeve 0.6 mes 0.8 lekeâ nesiee~
DeheJÙeÙe ØekeâeMe DeeÙeleekeâej #es$e kesâ efueS ØekeâeMe
Deewmele Øeoerheve efyevog kesâ Oejeleue keâer meYeer efoMeeDeeW ceW keâejkeâ DeheJÙeÙe keâejkeâ keâe ceeve 1.2 leLee
ieesueekeâej keQâC[ue Meefòeâ keâe Deewmele ceeve M.S.C.P. (Waste Light Demeceleue #es$e kesâ efueS Fmekeâe ceeve
keânueelee nw~’’ Factor) 1.6 lekeâ efueÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
kewâC[ue
Meefòeâ yeerce keâejkeâ yeerce keâejkeâ keâe ceeve 1 mes keâce leLee
uÙetceve Heäuekeäme
(Mean M.S.C.P = (Beam Factor) 0.3 mes 0.6 kesâ yeerÛe neslee nw~
Spherica
4π
Beam lumen
l Candle Beam factor =
Lamp Lumen
Power)
Deewmele Ùen ØekeâeMe efyevog ceW peeves Jeeues #eweflepe melen GheÙeesefielee ØelÙe#e ØekeâeMe kesâ efueS GheÙeesefielee
Deæ& kesâ Thej Ùee veerÛes kesâ Oejeleue keâer meye efoMeeDeeW keâejkeâ keâejkeâ keâe ceeve 0.4 mes 0.6 lekeâ neslee
ieesueekeâej keâer kewâC[ue Meefòeâ keâe Deewmele ceeve neslee nw~ (Utilization nw~
kewâC[ue Factors) DeØelÙe#e ØekeâeMe kesâ efueS 0.1 mes 0.5
Deæ&ieesueekeâej cesW GlhevVe Heäuekeäme
Meefòeâ M.H.S.C.P = lekeâ neslee nw~
2π keâeÙe& mLeeve hej GheÙeesie efkeâÙes ieÙes keâgue uÙetceve
(Mean GheÙeesefielee keâejkeâ ( η) ·
Hemi- uewche Éeje efJeefkeâjCe efkeâÙee ieÙee keâgue uÙetceve
Spherica
l Candle Devegj#eCe iegCekeâ meeceevÙe efmLeefle cesW Deewmele Øeoerefhle
Power) M.F.=
(Maintenance DeeoMe& efmLeefle cesW Deewmele Øeoerefhle
uewche o#elee DeLeJee pÙeesefle o#elee (Lamp Efficiency)- Factor)
meeceevÙe ceeve · 0.4 mes 0.8
efveie&le uÙetefceveme Heäuekeäme DeJe#eÙe Ùee Üeme Ùen Devegj#eCe iegCekeâ keâe efJeueesce neslee
uewche o#elee =
efveefJe° efJeÅegle Meefkeäle iegCekeâ nw~
Fmekeâer FkeâeF& uÙetceve/Jeeš leLee Jeeš/kewâC[ue Meefòeâ nesleer (Depreciations JeemleefJekeâ oMee cesW Øeoerheve
Üeme keâejkeâ (P) =
nw~ Factor) peye meYeer JemlegSb hetCe& ™he mes meeheâ nes
Ûecekeâerueeheve efkeâmeer ØekeâeMe Œeesle kesâ Oejeleue kesâ Üeme keâejkeâ keâe meeceevÙe ceeve 1.2 mes
(Brightness) mecekeâesCe hej Glmeefpe&le nesves Jeeues Heäuekeäme 1.4 kesâ yeerÛe neslee nw~
keâes Ûecekeâerueeheve (pÙeeseflece&Ùelee/ Üeme keâejkeâ keâe ceeve meeceevÙele: 1 mes
Luminance) keânles nw~ DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
Electrician Capsule 87 YCT
mhesme TBÛeeF& Devegheele (Space Height Ratio)– I
E∝
Ùen uewchees kesâ ceOÙe #eweflepe otjer leLee uewchees kesâ ueieeves d2
keâer TBÛeeF& keâe Devegheele neslee nw~ uewcyeš&me Fme efveÙece kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ melen kesâ efkeâmeer
mheWme TBÛeeF& Devegheele keâe ceeve 1 Deewj 2 kesâ yeerÛe jnlee nw~ keâespÙee efyevog hej Øeoerheve (E) Gme efyevog hej uecye
uewcheesW keâs ceOÙe #eweflepe otjer efveÙece Deewj uÙetefceveme Heäuekeäme keâer efoMee kesâ yeerÛe
mhesme TBÛeeF& Devegheele =
uewcheesW keâs ueieves keâer TBÛeeF& (Lambert's kesâ keâespÙee kesâ meceevegheeleer neslee nw~
cosine law)
Øeoerheve kesâ efveÙece (Law of Illumination)– E ∝ cos θ
JÙegl›eâce keâe Fme efveÙece kesâ Devegmeej, ‘‘ efkeâmeer ØekeâeMe- Icos θ
Jeie& efveÙece œeesle Éeje efkeâmeer ØekeâeefMele leue hej hengBÛeves E=
d2
(Inverse- Jeeueer Øeoerefhle, Gme leue mes ØekeâeMe œeesle keâer
square otjer (d) kesâ Jeie& kesâ JÙegl›eâceevegheeleer leLee
law) Øeoerefhle leer›elee (I) kesâ Deveg›eâceevegheeleer neslee
nw~
ØekeâeMe ÙeespeveeDees kesâ Øekeâej (Lighting schemes) –
ÙeespeveeSb ØekeâeMe Ùeespevee GheÙeesie
ØelÙe#e ØelÙe#e ØekeâeMe Ùeespevee ceW uewche keâer 90³ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie IejeW leLee DeewÅeesefiekeâ
ØekeâeMe lekeâ efveie&le, keâeÙe&mLeue hej Øeehle nesleer nw~ Øeefle<"eveeW ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ÙeespeveeSb
(Direct
Lighting
Scheme)
DeØelÙe#e FmeceW ØeÙegòeâ uewchees keâer ueieYeie 90³ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efmevescee neue, [ebefmebie
ØekeâeMe efveie&le, Gvekesâ veerÛes ueies DeheejoMeea ne@ue, [^eFbie Dee@efheâme, Jeke&âMee@he SJeb
Ùeespevee ØekeâeMe#esheer Éeje Thej keâer Deesj Úle hej mepeeJešer keâeÙeeX kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee
(Indirect efJemeefjle hejeJele&ve (diffuse reflection) nw~
Lighting Éeje efJemeefjle nes peeleer nw~
Scheme)
Fme Ùeespevee ceW ÚeÙee jefnle ØekeâeMe Øeehle
neslee nw~
Deæ&- Deæ&-ØelÙe#e ØekeâeMe Ùeespevee ceW ØeeÙe: 60³ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie, DeefOekeâ TBÛeeF& Jeeues
ØelÙe#e mes 90³ lekeâ ØekeâeMe veerÛes hengBÛelee nw keâ#eeW ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ØekeâeMe peyeefkeâ 10³ mes 40³ lekeâ ØekeâeMe Thej
Ùeespevee leLee oerJeejeW hej hewâuelee nw~
Deæ&- Fme efJeefOe ceW ØekeâeMe keâe DeefOekeâlej Yeeie Ùen Ùeespevee mepeeJeš
GösMÙe
DeØelÙe#e (60–90)% Úle hej meerOee efJemeefjle (Decoration purpose) kesâ efueS
ØekeâeMe hejeJele&ve kesâ efueS peelee nw, leLee Deefleefjòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ùeespevee Yeeie keâeÙe& leue hej meerOee hengBÛe peelee nw~
meeceevÙe Fme efJeefOe ceW, yeuye kesâ Thej Skeâ Je=òeekeâej Fmekeâe GheÙeesie YeJeveeW kesâ cegKÙe Éej kesâ
ØekeâeMe SJeb efIemes keâeBÛe keâe Keesue ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee KecYeeW hej, GÅeeve ceW leLee DevÙe
JÙeJemLee peelee nw, efpemekesâ Éeje ØekeâeMe Úvekeâj mepeeJešer keâeÙeeX ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ÛeejeW Deesj Skeâ meceeve cee$ee ceW hewâuelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 88 YCT

uewcheeW kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Lamps) – Halogen Lamp keâer o#elee 25
uewche Jen ØekeâeefMekeâ œeesle nw, pees efJeÅegle Oeeje ØeJeeefnle nesves hej ØekeâeMe lumen/W – 33 lumen /W nesleer nw~
GlheVe keâjlee nw~ Dele: JewÅegeflekeâ ØekeâeMe-JÙeJemLee ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeves Fvekeâer o#elee nwueespeve iewme ØeÙegòeâ keâjves mes
Jeeues uewcheeW kesâ Øekeâej efvecveJeled nw- meeOeejCe uewchees mes 50% lekeâ DeefOekeâ
nesleer nw~
Ùen Kesue kesâ cewoeve, heeke&â, SÙejheesš&,
hewâkeäš^er Deeefo ceW ØeÙeessie neslee nw~
keâeye&ve Deeke&â ØekeâeefMele pJeeuee keâe leeheceeve 3500 0C
uewche mes 4000 0C lekeâ nes mekeâlee nw~
(Carbon Deeke&â uewche efÛe$e Øe#esheCe (Cinema)
HeäueesjesmesWš Arc Lamp) JeCe&heš ceeheer leLee ØekeâeMe ie=nes ceW lespe
ØekeâeMe kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeles nw~
cejkeâjer Deeie&ve Ùes uewche 250W leLee 400W ceW yeveeS
uewche peeles nQ~
(Mercury Fvekeâer o#elee 30 mes 40 uÙetceve Øeefle Jeeš
argon lamp) nesleer nw~
Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie meÌ[keâeW keâer ØekeâeMe JÙeJemLee
leLee heekeâeX Deeefo ceW lespe ØekeâeMe GlheVe keâjves
kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâeye&ve levleg Fmekeâer o#elee 3.5 lm/W nesleer nw~ Fme uewche ceW mš^wyeesmkeâesefhekeâ ØeYeeJe efoKeeF&
uewche oslee nw~
Fvekeâer keâeÙe&keâejer DeeÙeg 600–800 keâeÙe&
(Carbon IeCšs nesleer nw~ kewâheeefmešj keâe ceeve 250W uewche kesâ efueS
20µF leLee 400W uewche kesâ efueS 33µF
filament keâeye&ve keâe ieueveebkeâ 34000C neslee nw~
Lamp) jKee peelee nw~
keâeye&ve keâe efceleJÙeÙeer keâeÙe&keâejer leeheceeve
20000C lekeâ neslee nw, hejvleg 18000C
cejkeâjer Deeie&ve Ùen 200 mes 250V, AC leLee DC hej
kesâ heMÛeele efheâueeceWš Jeeef<hele neskeâj uewche šbiemšve uewche ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ~
keâes keâeuee keâjves ueielee nw~ (Mercury Ùes 300 mes 500W lekeâ yeveeÙes peeles nQ~
argon
šbiemšve–levleg šbiemšve-lebleg uewchees ceW Megæ šbiemšve keâe tungston Fme uewche kesâ ØekeâeMe ceW mš^wyeesmkeâesefhekeâ
JeeÙeg MetvÙe efHeâueeceWš neslee nw efpemekeâe ieueveebkeâ lamp) ØeYeeJe efJeÅeceeve veneR neslee nw~
uewche 3370 0C neslee nw cejkeâjer Jeshej cejkeâjer Jeshej uewche keâe jbie nukeâe veeruee
(Tungston šbiemšve efheâueeceWš uewche keâes efveJee&le uewche neslee nw~
filament ceeOÙece ceW ueieYeie 24000C hej ØeÙeesie (Mercury Ùen ØeeÙe: 80 mes 125 Jeešspe ceW yeveeÙes
vacuum efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, Fme leeheceeve hej vapour
lamp) peeles nQ~
Fmekeâer o#elee (8–10) lm/W nesleer nw, lamp)
pees Dehes#eeke=âle GÛÛe nw~ FmeceW yee¢e heefjheLe ceW ØeÙegòeâ kewâheeefmešj
keâe ceeve 10µF neslee nw~
Fmekeâer keâeÙe&keâejer DeeÙeg 750–850 keâeÙe&
IeCšs nesleer nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie ÛeewjeneW, GÅeesieMeeueeDeeW
Ùes uewche ØeeÙe: 25W leLee 250W lekeâ leLee GlmeJe mLeueeW keâer ØekeâeMe–JÙeJemLee ceW
yeveeS peeles nQ~ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Øeefleoerefhle Ùen Skeâ mes 4 Hegâš uecyeer šŸetye nesleer nw~
iewme mes Yejs ngS Ùes uewche 40W mes 1500W lekeâ kesâ yeveeS šŸetye Øeefleoerefhle šŸetye keâer o#elee 60 lumen/
uewche peeles nQ~ (Fluorescent watt nesleer nw~
(Gas filled Fve uewcheeW keâer keâeÙe&keâejer DeeÙeg 1000 mes tube) Ùen Self started veneR nesleer nw~
lamp) 1200 keâeÙe& IeCšs lekeâ nesleer nw~ Ùen A.C. Deewj D.C. oesveeW hej ØeÛeeefuele
nwueespeve uewche nwueespeve uewche Göerhle uewchees keâer ßesCeer keâe nesleer nw~
(Halogen Skeâ veJeervelece uewche nw~ FmeceW efvecve-DeeJe=efòe hej Flicker ØeYeeJe
Lamp) efoKelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 89 YCT
 Fmekeâe meeceevÙe peerJevekeâeue 7500 Iebše efpebkeâ yesjsefueÙece efmeefuekesâš heeruee-mehesâo
neslee nw~ kewâ[efceÙece efmeefuekesâš heeruee-iegueeyeer
Fmecebs mš^esyeesmkeâesefhekeâ ØeYeeJe osKeves keâes kewâ[efceÙece yeesjsš iegueeyeer
efceuelee nw~
šŸetyees ceW efJeefYeVe jbie Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS FmeceW efJeefYeVe iewmes
keâe@chewkeäš Fme uewche keâer keâeÙe& ØeCeeueer HeäueesjesmeWš Yejer peeleer nQ–
heäueesjesmeWš uewche kesâ meceeve ner nesleer nw~
uewche ueeue veejbieer ØekeâeMe kesâ efueS efveÙee@ve iewme
Fme uewche keâe ØeÙeesie Fvkesâv[ermeQš uewche kesâ
(Compact mLeeve hej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ heerues jbie kesâ efueS nerefueÙece iewme
Fluorescent
18W/250V AC keâe CFL 100W kesâ njs jbie kesâ efueS heerueer šŸetye ceW efveDee@ve leLee
lamp) cejkeâjer keâe efceßeCe
Fvkesâv[ermeQš uewche kesâ yejeyej ØekeâeMe oslee
nw~ veeruee-heeruee ØekeâeMe kesâ efueS Deeie&ve iewme
Ùes uewche 3W, 5W, 9W, 11W, 14W, megvenje-heeruee meesef[Ùece Jee<he
18W, 22W, 28W, 32W, 42W, veeruee cejkeâjer Jee<he
80W/250V lekeâ GheueyOe nw~
veejbieer-ueeue efveDee@ve Jee<he
Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Iejsuet/DeewÅeesefiekeâ mLeeveeW hej
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ nje efveDee@ve Je cejkeâjer keâe efceefßele Jee<he
meesef[Ùece Jee<he meesef[Ùece Jee<he uewchees keâer o#elee 40-50 Ûeeskeâ Ûeeskeâ šŸetye uewche kesâ efueS henues mes efveefMÛele
uewche lumen/W nesleer nw~ (Choke) Deeke&â Oeeje keâes yeÌ{ves mes jeskeâlee nw~
(Sodium Fmekeâe peerJevekeâeue 3500 keâeÙe& Iebše neslee mšeš&j Øeefleoerefhle šŸetye uewche mJeÛeeefuele veneR nesles
Vapour nw~ (Startar) Dele: Fvekesâ ØeÛeeueve kesâ efueS mšeš&j efmJeÛe
Lamp) Ùen uewche 220V, A.C. hej keâeÙe& keâjles keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~
nw~ iuees Øe™heer mšeš&j kesâ šŸetye ceW 200C kesâ
meesef[Ùece Jee<he uewche ØeejcYe ceW iegueeyeer ambient temperature hej šŸetye ceW
ØekeâeMe oslee nw leLee DeeÙeveerke=âle nesves hej cejkeâjer oeye 0.01 mm neslee nw~
heeruee ØekeâeMe oslee nw~ Lece&ue mšeš&j efmJeÛe ceW Skeâ neršj SefueceWš
uewche keâes hetCe& ØekeâeefMele nesves ceW 10 mes Yeer ueiee neslee nw~
15 efceveš keâe meceÙe ueielee nw~
[^ce efmJeÛe [^ce efmJeÛe Skeâ Ssmeer mepeeJešer ØekeâeMe Ùegefòeâ
Ùes uewche 45, 60, 85 SJeb 140 Jeeš nw, efpemeceW Skeâ keâce ieefle keâer ceesšj Éeje
(Drum
lekeâ Jeešspe ceW yeveeS peeles nQ~ switch) [^ce keâes IegceeÙee peelee nw, pees Skeâ meeLe keâF&
meesef[Ùece Jee<he uewche kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ heefjheLeeW keâes Skeâ efveÙele ieefle hej Dee@ve/Dee@heâ
DeeÙeveerkeâjCe Jeesušlee 5 Jeesuš neslee nw~ keâjleer jnleer nw~
efveÙee@ve šŸetye Fve šŸetyeeW keâe ØeÙeesie efJe%eeheve ØekeâeMe efueS Skeâ [^ce efmJeÛe mes meeceevÙele: 15W kesâ
uewche efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 2000 mes 3000 lekeâ yeuye efveÙebef$ele efkeâS
(Neon Tube Neon Tube lamp keâer o#elee 15-40 pee mekeâles nQ~
lamp) lm/W nesleer nw~
hee@Jej Kehele 5W lekeâ nesleer nw~ efJeefYeVe keâeÙeex kesâ efueS Øeoerefhle
efveDee@ve šŸetye keâe electrode 2kV- keâeÙe& keâe mLeeve uekeäme Ùee
6kV Jeesušlee hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ uÙetcesve/ceer2.
efveÙee@ve šŸetye keâes keâesu[ kewâLees[ uewche Yeer met#ce keâeÙeex kesâ efueS 250–500
keânles nQ~
Deefle heefjMegæ keâeÙe& pewmes– [^eFbie, IeÌ[er 1000–2000
Øeefleoerefhle uewchees ceW ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues heâe@mheâjes kesâ veece– FlÙeeefo keâer cejccele kesâ efueS
heâe@mheâj (Phosphor) Øeefleoerefhle Ùee uewche ØetHeâ jeref[bie, keâchÙetšj keâeÙe& 250–500
keâe jbie
jnves keâe keâceje, yeeLe™ce, meerÌ{er 150
kewâefuMeÙece šbiemšve veeruee
nesšue leLee YeespeveeueÙe 500–1500
cewiveerefMeÙece šbiemšve veeruee-mehesâo
ogkeâeveeW kesâ efueS 250–500
efpebkeâ efmeefuekesâš nje
Electrician Capsule 90 YCT
 17
Generation of Electrical Energy
(JewÅegeflekeâ Tpee& keâe Glheeove)
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction) meskesâC[jer Tpee& efpeme ™he ceW GheYeesòeâeDeeW keâes Gvekesâ
Œeesle GheÙeesie nsleg GheueyOe keâjeF& peeleer nw, Gmes
Tpee& keâeÙe& keâjves keâer #ecelee nw Deewj peerJeve Øeef›eâÙeeDeeW kesâ efueS
meskesâC[jer Ùee ØeÙeespÙe Tpee& (Secondary
DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ Skeâ Tpee& efjmeesme& Skeâ Ssmeer Jemleg nw pees
or Usable Energy) keânles nw~
nerš,hee@Jej, JemlegDeeW keâes mLeeveebleefjle keâjves Ùee Fuesefkeäš^efmešer keâe
pevejsMeve keâj mekeâleer nw~
hejchejeiele Tpee& Œeesle iewj hejchejeiele Tpee& Œeesle
Tpee& kesâ 10 cegKÙe efJeefYeVe meesme& nw pees ogefveÙee ceW Fuesefkeäš^efmešer
pevejsš keâjves kesâ efueS GheÙeesie efkeâS peeles nw~ pewmes– meewj Tpee&, Ùes mebmeeOeve hegve: Glheeefole vener Ùes mebmeeOeve hegve: Glheeefole efkeâÙes
heJeve Tpee&, efpeÙeesLece&ue Tpee&, neF[^espeve Tpee&, šeFšue Tpee&, efkeâÙes pee mekeâles nw~ pee mekeâles nw~

JesJe Tpee& (Wave Energy), neF[^esFuesefkeäš^keâ Tpee&, yeeÙeesceeme GoenjCe-hesš^esefueÙece, keâesÙeuee GoenjCe- meewj Tpee&, heJeve
Tpee&, vÙetefkeäueÙej hee@Jej, Heâe@efmeue HeäÙetue (keâesÙeuee, lesue Deewj Øeeke=âeflekeâ iewme Deeefo Tpee&, pJeejerÙe Tpee& Deeefo~
Øeeke=âeflekeâ iewme), Deeefo~ Ùes Tpee& kesâ DeveJeerkeâjCeerÙe Ùes Tpee& kesâ veJeerkeâjCeerÙe Œeesle
ØeeLeefcekeâ, Fvšjceeref[Sš leLee meskesâC[jer Tpee& Œeesle Œeesle nesles nw~ nesles nw~
(Primary, Intermediate and Secondary Energy
Source)–
DeveJeerkeâjCeerÙe veJeerkeâjCeerÙe
ØeeFcejer œeesle Øeeke=âeflekeâ ™he ceW heeÙes peeves Jeeues cetueYetle
œeeslees keâes ØeeFcejer Tpee& œeesle keânles nw Ùes ueieeleej Øeehle veneR efkeâS Ùes ueieeleej Øeehle efkeâS pee
pee mekeâles nQ~ mekeâles nQ~
pewmes– peerJeeMce FËOeve DeLee&le heâe@efmeue heäÙetue
(keâesÙeuee, lesue, iewme) ÙetjsefveÙece, peue Tpee& Ùes kegâÚ meceÙe yeeo meceehle Ùes keâYeer meceehle veneR nesleer nw~
Deeefo~ nes peeleer nw leLee Ùen hegve: Ùen hegve: efJekeâefmele nesleer nw~

FvnW je@ Svepeea efjmeesme& Yeer keânles nw~ efJekeâefmele veneR nesleer nw~

ØeeFcejer Svepeea mes Fvekeâe oesnve efkeâÙee peelee FvnW hejchejeiele Tpee& Œeesle FvnW Dehejchejeiele Tpee& Œeesle
Fbšjceeref[Sš
nw~ FvnW Svepeea kesâ Jeenkeâ (Vehicle of keânles nw~ keânles nw~
Œeesle
Energy) kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Ùes Øeot<eCe hewoe keâjles nw~ Ùes Øeot<eCe hewoe veneR keâjles nw~
FvnW ØeeFcejer œeesleeW mes Skeâ Ùee DeefOekeâ pewmes- keâesÙeuee, [erpeue, pewmes- meewj, JeeÙeg, yeeÙeescee@me,
ef›eâÙeeDeeW kesâ keâjves mes Øeehle efkeâÙee peelee nw hesš^esue, iewme, ÙetjsefveÙece Deeefo neF[^es, Yet-leeheerÙe Tpee& Deeefo~

Electrician Capsule 91 YCT

 leehe-Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e (THERMAL POWER PLANT)

Hot

leehe Meefòeâ mebÙev$e keâe cenlJe– Yeehe-peefve$e Ùee yee@Ùeuej (Boiler)–

efJeÅegle Meefòeâ Glheeove kesâ efueÙes Fme efJeefOe keâe GheÙeesie keâeheâer
yee@Ùeuej Jen Ùegefòeâ nw, efpemeceW FËOeve-onve kesâ heâuemJe™he Ghepeer
hegjevee nes ieÙee nw, uesefkeâve leehe Meefòeâ–mebÙev$eebs keâer GheÙeesefielee
DeYeer Yeer yeveer ngF& nw~ T<cee peue keâes Devleefjle keâj GÛÛe leeheceeve leLee GÛÛe oeye hej
Fmekeâe ØecegKe keâejCe nw efkeâ Fve mebÙev$eeW ceW keâeÙe&keâejer heoeLe& Yeehe Yeehe GhepeeF& peeleer nw~
nw pees efkeâ heeveer mes yeveeÙee peelee nw~ yee@ÙeuejeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of boilers)–
Fve mebÙev$eeW keâe cegKÙe FËOeve keâesÙeuee nw~
yee@ÙeuejeW keâes cegKÙe ™he mes efvecve oes Jeieex ceW yeeBše pee mekeâlee nw~
leehe-Meefòeâ mebÙev$eeW keâe DeefYevÙeeme
(Lay-out of Thermal Power Plants)– peue veueer yee@Ùeuej Oetceü veueer yee@Ùeuej
leehe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e cetue ™he mes jQefkeâve (Rankine) Ûe›eâ hej peue veueer yee@ÙeuejeW ceW Oetceü veueer yee@ÙeuejeW kesâ Devoj Yeóer ceW
DeeOeeefjle nesles nw~ peue veueer kesâ Devoj Ghepeer oiOe iewmeW Oetceü veefueÙeeW mes
FmeceW hegve: leeheve leLee hegveÙeexpeer Ûe›eâ mebÙegòeâ ™he mes GheÙeesie
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Deewj oiOe iewme veueer kesâ iegpejleer nw Deewj peue Fve veefueÙeeW kesâ
Yeejle ceW ØeÙegòeâ Jee<he Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e ceW Jee<he oeye (200-250) yeenj mes Øeoeve keâer peeleer yeenj jnlee nw~
efkeâ«ee/mesceer. neslee nw~
2
nw~
Jee<he Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e ceW ØeÙegòeâ peue keâe Debefkeâle pH ceeve ueieYeie Fmekesâ Devleie&le yewyekeâe@keâ Fmekesâ Devleie&le jsue Fbpeve yee@Ùeuej,
(nominal pH Value) 8.5 neslee nw~
Deewj efyeuekeâe@keäme yee@Ùeuej keâe@keâjve yee@Ùeuej leLee uebkeâeMeeÙej
leehe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e ceW meneÙekeâ ÙegefòeâÙeeW ceW Meefòeâ JÙeÙe mechetCe&
Meefòeâ Glheeove keâe (2–5)% JÙeÙe neslee nw~ mšefueËie Deeefo Deeles nw~ yee@Ùeuej Deeefo Deeles nw~

Electrician Capsule 92 YCT

 Jee<he Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e keâer meJeeËie o#elee 29³ nesleer nw~ keâesÙeuee Deewj T<cee hegve&mLeeheve (Heat Recovery)
o#elee ceW keâceer mebÙeb$e kesâ efJeefYeVe YeeieeW ceW ne@efve mes nesleer nw– GhekeâjCe keâe ØeÙeesie keâjves mes DeeOegefvekeâ Boiler keâer o#elee
(85-90)³ nesleer nw~
pewmes- 1. Boiler loss = 16%, 2. Turbine loss = 55%, 3.
meghej ef›eâefškeâue yee@Ùeuej 218 kg/cm2 oeye Deewj 5400C
Condenser losses = 54%
leehe mes Thej ØeÛeeefuele nesles nw~
4. Alternator loss = 1%
efkeâmeer leeheerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e ceW Heäuet iewme kesâ ØeJeen kesâ efueS mener
mebIeefve$e ceW oeye keâce keâjves hej leeheerÙe o#elee yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ Deveg›eâce nw-
šjyeeFve ceW Jee<he keâes ØeJesMe keâjves mes hetJe& leehe Deewj oeye yee@Ùeuej > efceleesheÙeespekeâ > JeeÙeghetJe&leehekeâ > DeeF&[erHewâve
yeÌ{ekeâj leeheerÙe o#elee yeÌ{eÙeer pee mekeâleer nw~ (Id fan) > efÛeceveer
yee@ÙeuejeW kesâ ØecegKe Debie (Main parts of Boilers)– Yeejle keâe henuee leeheerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e ngmewve meeiej leeheerÙe Meefòeâ
yee@Ùeuej GhemeeOeve (Boiler Accessories) kesâvõ nw pees nwojeyeeo lesuebieevee ceW efmLele nQ~
yee@Ùeuej keâer o#elee (efficiency) yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS efpeve ÙegefòeâÙeeW Yeejle keâe meyemes yeÌ[e Meefòeâ kesâvõ efJeOÙeebÛeue leeheerÙe Meefòeâ kesâvõ
pees ceOÙe ØeosMe kesâ efmebiejewueer efpeues ceW efmLele nw~
keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, GvnW yee@Ùeuej GhemeeOeve keânles nw~
leeheerÙe mebÙeb$e jepÙe
yee@ÙeuejeW kesâ ØecegKe GhemeeOeve efvecveefueefKele nw–
cegbõe Lece&ue heeJej hueebš iegpejele
Deefleleehekeâ efceleesheÙeespekeâ JeeÙeg-hetJe&leehekeâ GkeâeF& Lece&ue heeJej hueebš iegpejele
Deefleleehekeâ keâe keâeÙe& efceleesheÙeespekeâ keâe JeeÙeg hetJe&leehekeâ Jen leueÛej Lece&ue heeJej hueebš Deesef[Mee
yee@Ùeuej ceW Ghepeer keâeÙe& mecYejCe-peue Ùegefòeâ nw, efpememes keâesjyee Lece&ue heeJej hueebš ÚòeermeieÌ{
Yeehe keâes Meg<keâ (feed water) keâes JeeÙeg keâes yee@Ùeuej yejewveer Lece&ue heeJej hueebš efyenej
keâjvee leLee meble=hle yee@Ùeuej ceW Yespeves mes Yeóer ceW Yespeves mes efjnbo Lece&ue heeJej hueebš Gòej ØeosMe
leeheceeve mes heÙee&hle hetJe& iece& keâjvee nw~ hetJe& iece& efkeâÙee
yesuueejer Lece&ue heeJej hueebš keâvee&škeâ
GÛÛe mlej lekeâ Yeehe peelee nw~
peue efJeÅegle Meefòeâ kesâvõ (Hydro Electric Power Stations)-
kesâ leeheceeve ceW Je=efæ
pees Glheeove kesâvõ JewÅegeflekeâ Tpee& kesâ efueS GÛÛe mlej hej peue keâer
keâjvee nQ~
keâeÙe&#ece Tpee& keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ GvnW peue efJeÅegle Meefòeâ kesâvõeW
leehe-Meefòeâ mebÙev$eeW efceleesheÙeespekeâ kesâ JeeÙeg hetJe&leehekeâ keâes kesâ ™he ceW peevee peelee nw~
ceW 350 C mes ØeÙeesie mes yee@Ùeuej efceleesheÙeespekeâ kesâ peue-efJeÅegle Meefòeâ mebÙev$eeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of
0

5500C lekeâ mebÙeb$e keâer T<ceerÙe Deeies leLee efÛeceveer Hydro-Electric Power-Plants )–
Deeflelehle Yeehe o#elee 10-12% lekeâ mes henues mLeeefhele GheueyOe peue-Meer<e& kesâ DeeOeej hej JeieeakeâjCe–
ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~ yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ efpememes efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (According to Availability of water head)–
F&Oeve keâer 5% mes šjyeeFve keâe peue Meer<e& ieefle
15% lekeâ yeÛele efJeJejCe
nesleer nw~
keâheueeve šjyeeFve 30 m lekeâ GÛÛe
keâv[svmej– (efvecve-Meer<e& mebÙev$e)
Yeehe Fbpeve Ùee Yeehe šjyeeFve ceW mes efvekeâueves Jeeueer Yeehe kesâ Éeje øeâebefmeme šjyeeFve 30-150 lekeâ ceOÙece
Øeehle peue keâes Skeâef$ele keâjves Jeeueer Ùegefòeâ keâv[svmej keânueeleer nw~ (ceOÙece Meer<e& mebÙeb$e)
efmLej JewÅegle DeJe#eshekeâ (Electrostatic Precipitator) hesušve Jnerue 150ceer. mes Thej efvecve
šjyeeFve (GÛÛe Meer<e& mebÙeb$e)
FmeceW Oetue mes Yejer heäuet iewme keâes efJehejerle DeeJesMe Jeeues efJeÅegle
šjyeeFve Deewj Gmekesâ ØeJeen–
ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ yeerÛe ceW mes iegpeeje peelee nw~
Fve ÛeeuekeâeW keâe efJeYeJe GÛÛe Jeesušlee (30000 mes 60000 šjyeeFve kesâ Øekeâej Flow (ØeJeen)
Jeesuš) hej jKee peelee nw~ keâheueeve šjyeeFve De#eerÙe ØeJeen
FveceW Oeve leLee $e+Ce oesveeW Øekeâej kesâ DeeÙeve nesles nQ~ øeâebefmeme šjyeeFve jseq[Ùeue ØeJeen Ùee efcekeäm[ ØeJeen
Oeve DeeÙeve kegâue DeeÙeveeW keâe ueieYeie 80³ nesles nw~ hesušve Jnerue šjyeeFve mheMe& jsKeerÙe ØeJeen
93
 DeeJesieer šjyeeFve Deewj Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFve ceW Devlej– 5. yeneJe šbkeâer Yeej ceW Gleej-ÛeÌ{eJe kesâ ØeYeeJe keâes
DeeJesieer šjyeeFve Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFve (Surge tank) hesvemšekeâ ceW water hammer leLee
hesušve Jnerue šjyeeFve øeâebefmeme šjyeeFve DeebefMekeâ-efveJee&le (partial vacuum) mes
yeÛeeves kesâ efueS mepe& šQkeâ keâe ØeÙeesie
keâheueeve šjyeeFve
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
GÛÛe Meer<e&, heeveer keâer keâce cee$ee efvecve Meer<e&, heeveer keâer heÙee&hle
mepe& šQkeâ efvecve Yeej kesâ meceÙe heeveer keâes
cee$ee
mšesj keâj ueslee nw leLee GÛÛe Yeej kesâ
efvekeâeme hej heeveer MetvÙe Jesie efvekeâeme hej heeveer GÛÛe Jesie Deewj meceÙe DeeJeMÙekeâ Deefleefjòeâ heeveer keâer
Deewj GÛÛe oeye efvecve oeye Deehetefle& šjyeeFve keâes keâjlee nw~
N P 6. hesvemše@keâ peue-œeesle mes šjyeeFve lekeâ heeveer heng@Ûeeves
• šjyeeFve keâer efJeefMe° ieefle =
H1.25 (Penstock) Jeeues yeÌ[s JÙeeme keâer heeFhe-ueeFve keâes
• efJeÅegle Meefòeâ ( P ) = WQHη× 9.81× 10−3 kW hesvemše@keâ Ùee DeJeOeejkeâ-veueer keânles nw~
W = heeveer keâe Yeej (kg/m3), Q = heeveer kesâ yeneJe keâer oj hewvemše@keâ meeceevÙeleÙee mšerue (Fmheele) kesâ
(m3/sec.), H = GBâÛeeF&, η = Glheeove o#elee yeves nesles nw Deewj Øeyeefuele kebâ›eâerš
meb«en Øekeâej keâer peue-Meefòeâ heefjÙeespevee keâer meeceevÙe JÙeJemLee (Reinforced concrete) mes {kesâ jnles
Deewj Fmekeâe heefjÛeeueve (General Arragement of storage nw~
Type Hydro-Electric Project and its operation)–
7. GceÌ[-ceeie& [wce kesâ efueÙes GceÌ[-ceeie& Skeâ Øekeâej keâe
(spillway) megj#ee-JeeuJe (safety valve) neslee nw~
yeeÌ{ keâer efmLeefle ceW heeveer keâer DeefOekeâlee nes
peeves hej Ùen Deefleefjòeâ heeveer keâe efJemepe&ve
keâjlee nw, Deewj meeLe-meeLe peueeMeÙe ceW
heeveer keâes JeeBefÚle meercee ceW yeveeÙess jKelee
nw~
meb«en Øekeâej kesâ peue-Meefòeâ mebÙeb$eeW kesâ DeJeÙeJe (component 8. [^eheäš šŸetye Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFveeW ceW [^eheäš-šŸetye
of storage type hydro power plant)– (Draft Tube) šjyeeFve jvej kesâ efueÙes Skeâ meneÙekeâ
1. peueeMeÙe peueeMeÙe keâe cegKÙe keâeÙe& Je<ee&-$e+leg ceW Ùegefòeâ nQ~
(Reservoir) peue YeC[ej keâjvee Deewj Meg<keâ-ceewmece ceW Øeefleef›eâÙee šjyeeFve mes yeenj efvekeâeueves
mehueeF& keâjvee nw~ Jeeues heeveer keâer Mes<e yeÛeer ieeflepe-Tpee& keâe
2. [wce (Dam) [wce keâe cegKÙe keâeÙe& heeveer keâes jesskeâkeâj GheÙeesie keâjvee ner [^eheäš-šŸetye keâe cegKÙe
peue-mlej keâer GBâÛeeF& keâes yeÌ{evee nw~ keâeÙe& nw~
[wce, peue-Meefòeâ mebÙev$e kesâ keâeÙe&keâejer-Meer<e& Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e keâe Yeej kesâ DeeOeej hej JeieeakeâjCe–
keâes yeÌ{eves ceW Yeer meneÙekeâ neslee nw~
cetue-Yeej mebÙev$e efMeKej-Yeej mebÙev$e
3. keâÛeje-jwkeâ [wce DeLeJee De«eslej KeeÌ[er mes heeveer keâes
(Trash «enCe keâjves Jeeueer ÙegefòeâÙeeW ceW keâÛeje-jwkeâ 1. leehe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e, 1. heche[ mšesjspe neF[^es
Rack) ueieeÙes peeles nw, efpememes heeveer kesâ meeLe 2. neF[^es Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e, Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e
ketâÌ[e-keâjkeâš Deeefo GmeceW ØeJesMe ve keâj 3. vÙetefkeäueÙej Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e, 2. [erpeue Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e
mekesâ~
4. JeeÙeg Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e, 3. iewme Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e
4.De«eslej KeeÌ[er heâesjyesÙe efveÙeb$ekeâ peueeMeÙe kesâ ™he ceW 4. meesuej Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e
(Forebay) keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ 5. DeheJeen veoer mebÙeb$e (leeueeye
meefnle)
heâesjyesÙe keâer meneÙelee mes veoer Ùee venj kesâ
heeveer ceW Gleej-ÛeÌ{eJe keâe Demej mebÙev$e keâer 6. YetleeheerÙe mebÙeb$e
keâeÙe& ØeCeeueer hej veneR heÌ[lee~ 7. yeeÙeesiewme Ùee yeeÙeesceeme mebÙeb$e

94
 Yeejle keâe henuee heveefyepeueer mebÙeb$e oeefpe&efuebie, pees heef§ece yebieeue yeeueercesuee peueefJeÅegle Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e GÌ[ermee
ceW mLeeefhele efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee~
meueeue peueefJeÅegle Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e peccet Deewj keâMceerj
keâesÙevee peueefJeÅegle heefjÙeespevee Yeejle keâe meyemes yeÌ[e heveefyepeueer
mebÙeb$e nw, pees ceneje°^ ceW nw~ veeefYekeâerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e (Nuclear Power Plant)–
heveefyepeueer mebÙeb$e jepÙe heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)
veeefYekeâerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e ceW efJeÅegle Meefòeâ Ghepeeves kesâ efueS
YeeKeÌ[e veebieue peueefJeÅegle Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e efnceeÛeue ØeosMe DeeJeMÙekeâ T<ceerÙe Tpee& hejceeCegDeeW kesâ vÙetkeäueerÙej ™heevlejCe
efšnjer peueefJeÅegle Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e GòejeKeC[ (nuclear transformation to atoms) kesâ heâuemJe™he Øeehle
nerjekegâC[ peueefJeÅegle Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e GÌ[ermee keâer peeleer nw~
veeefYekeâerÙe Meefòeâ Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS ØecegKe FËOeve ÙetjsefveÙece leLee
veeieepeg&ve meeiej peueefJeÅegle Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e DeevOeÇ ØeosMe LeesefjÙece nw~
mejoej mejesJej peueefJeÅegle Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e iegpejele Skeâ Devegceeve kesâ Devegmeej nceejs osMe ceW 52000 šve ÙetjsefveÙece
keâesÙevee peueefJeÅegle Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e ceneje°^ leLee 320000 šve LeesefjÙece kesâ YeC[ej nw~

Bus bars

95
veeefYekeâerÙe Tpee& (Nuclear Energy)– Fmekesâ efueÙes nukesâ hejceeCegDeeW Jeeues heoeLe&
yevOekeâ Tpee& kesâ DeeOeej hej ner veeefYekeâerÙe heefjJele&veeW mes Tpee& pewmes –neF[^espeve, iesÇheâeFš, Yeejer heeveer],
Øeehle nesleer nw efpemes veeefYekeâerÙe Tpee& keânles nw~ yesjerefueÙece Deeefo ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeless nw~
Ùes DeefYeef›eâÙeeSB oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw– cee@[jsšj kesâ nukesâ hejceeCeg peye FËOeve kesâ
mebueÙeve efJeKeC[ve vÙetš^e@veeW mes škeâjeles nw lees Gvekeâer ieefle
Oeerceer keâj osles nQ~
1. oes nukesâ veeefYekeâ hejmhej 1. yeÌ[s veeefYekeâ hej vÙetš^e@ve keâer
pegÌ[keâj yeÌ[s veeefYekeâ keâe yeewÚejeW mes Ùen Úesšs-Úesšs 3. hejeJele&keâ vÙetš^e@veeW keâes keâesj mes yeenj efvekeâueves mes
efvecee&Ce keâjles nw leLee Øeef›eâÙee meceeve õJÙeceeve kesâ veeefYekeâeW (Reflector) jeskeâves kesâ efueS hejeJele&keâ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
ceW Tpee& Glmeefpe&le nesleer nw~ ceW yeš peelee nw~ leLee Fme peelee nw~
Øeef›eâÙee ceW Yeer Tpee& cee@[jsšj ceW ØeÙeesie nesves Jeeues heoeLe&
efvekeâueleer nw~ meeceevÙele: hejeJele&keâ ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles
nw~
2. mJeemLÙe kesâ efueS keâce 2. GÛÛe jsef[ÙeesSefkeäšJelee kesâ
neefvekeâejkeâ nseleer nw~ keâejCe mJeemLÙe keâer Âef° mes hejeJele&keâ kesâ ØeÙeesie mes FË&Oeve keâer Kehele
neefvekeâejkeâ nesleer nw~ keâce nesleer nw~
4. efveÙeb$eCe ÚÌ[ kewâ[efceÙece (cadmium) leLee yeesje@ve
3. efveÙebef$ele mebueÙeve DeefYeef›eâÙee 3. Fme Øeef›eâÙee kesâ efueS
(control rod) (boron`) efJeKeC[ve ceW Ghepes Deefleefjòeâ,
kesâ efueS efjSkeäšj keâe efvecee&Ce efjSkeäšj keâe efvecee&Ce keâjvee vÙetš^e@veeW keâes meesKe ueslee nw~
keâjvee yeÌ[e cegefMkeâue neslee nw~ Deemeeve neslee nw~
ÚÌ[ keâes peye veerÛes efkeâÙee peelee nw lees
4. mebueÙeve Øeef›eâÙee kesâ efueS 4. FmeceW meerefcele ØeyevOekeâ DeefOekeâ cee$ee ceW vÙetš^e@ve meesKeles nw~
DeeJeMÙekeâ leeheceeve yengle leeheceeve neslee nw~ ÚÌ[ keâes peye Thej keâjles nw lees vÙetš^e@ve
GÛÛe neslee nw~ keâce cee$ee ceW meesKes peeles nw~
veeefYekeâerÙe Meefòeâ–mebÙeb$e kesâ lelJe (Element of Nuclear 5. Meerleuekeâ keâYeer–keâYeer Meerleuekeâ keâes vÙetš^e@ve
Power Plant)– cee@[jsšj kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
(Coolant)
veeefYekeâerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e kesâ cegKÙe lelJe efvecve Øekeâej nQ– nw~
1. vÙetkeäueerÙej efjSkeäšj (nuclear reactor) Ùes meeceevÙele: iewmeerÙe leLee õJeerÙe Øekeâej
2. T<cee efJeefveÙeefce$e (heat exchanger) kesâ nesles nw~ pewmes CO2, He, N2 iewmeW
3. Yeehe šjyeeFve (steam turbine) leLee JeeÙeg
4. mebIeefve$e (condenser) õJeerÙe pewmes-meeOeejCe peue, Yeejer peue,
5. efJeÅegle peefve$e (generator) Ùee Deušjvesšj (alternator) keâeye&efvekeâ õJe
lejue OeelegÙeW (liquid metals) pewmes
leehe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e ceW Yeehe Ghepeeves kesâ efueS yee@Ùeuej keâe
lejue meesef[Ùece, lejue meermee, lejue
ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ peyeefkeâ veeefYekeâerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e ceW
efjSkeäšj leLee T<cee efJeefveÙeefce$e keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ efyemceLe (bismuth)
6. efJeefkeâjCe efjSkeäšj hee$e keâer megj#ee kesâ efueS Fmheele
vÙetefkeäueÙej efjSkeäšj (Nuclear Reactor)– keâer Ûeeoj keâe DeeJejCe ueieeÙee peelee nw
Meeru[
keâeÙe&– Skeâ vÙetkeäueerÙej efjSkeäšj kesâ cetue ™he mes efvecve keâeÙe& nw– (Radiation efpemes T<ceerÙe DeeJejCe keânles nw~
Yeejer hejceeCegDeeW kesâ vÙetefkeäueÙeme keâe efJeKeC[ve keâjkesâ yeÌ[er cee$ee ceW shield) efjSkeäšj ÛeeuekeâeW keâer megj#ee kesâ efueS
T<cee GlheVe keâjvee~ efjSkeäšj keâes ceesšer kebâ›eâerš keâer oerJeej mes
cegòeâ T<cee Tpee& keâe GheÙeesie keâjvee SJeb efveÙev$eCe keâjvee~ Iesj efoÙee peelee nw~
mJeÙeb OeejCeerÙe (self sustaining) Ûesve Øeef›eâÙee yeveeÙes jKevee~ efJeefkeâjCe ceW DeeJesefMele leLee DeveeJesefMele
vÙetefkeäueÙej efjSkeäšj kesâ ØecegKe Debie– oesveeW Øekeâej kesâ Ûeepe& nesles nw~
(Main parts of Nuclear Reactor) veeefYekeâerÙe FËOeve (Nuclear Fuels)–
Fmekesâ ØecegKe Debie efvecve Øekeâej nw– veeefYekeâerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e ceW efvecve keâes veeefYekeâerÙe FËOeve kesâ ™he ceW
1. efjSkeäšj Ùen veeefYekeâerÙe efjSkeäšj keâe cegKÙe Yeeie ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâesj (Reactor neslee nw pees veeefYekeâerÙe FËOeve keâe
U 239 keâes Øeke=âefle ceW ÙetjsefveÙece DeÙemkeâ kesâ ™he ceW heeÙee
core) efJeKeC[veerÙe Ûewve Øeef›eâÙee keâjlee nw Deewj
T<cee kesâ ™he ceW Tpee& hewoe keâjlee nw~ peelee nw FmeceW 0.70% U235 ueieYeie neslee nw~
235
yengle lespe ieefle Jeeues vÙetš^eveeW keâes Oeercee U , Pu 239 ,Pu 241 ,Th 232 keâes FËOeve kesâ ™he ceW Yeer
2. cee@[jsšj
keâjves kesâ efueS cee@[jsšj keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(cebokeâ)
peelee nw~ LeesefjÙece keâe 80% YeC[ej Yeejle osMe ceW nw~
(Moderator)
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kegâÚ ØecegKe GheÙeesie ceW DeeveW Jeeues efjSkeäšj– hejceeCeg Tpee& mebÙeb$e jepÙe efjSkeäšj kesâ
oeyeevegketâefuele FËOeve hej megj#eelcekeâ ueshe kesâ ™he ceW Øekeâej
peue efjSkeäšj Fmheele Ùee efpejkeâesefveÙece efceefßele OeelegSB keâuehekeäkeâce hejceeCeg Tpee& mebÙeb$e leefceuevee[g
P.H.W.R
ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~ kegâ[vekegâuece hejceeCeg Tpee& mebÙeb$e leefceuevee[g
V.V.E.R
oeyeevegketâefuele peue efjSkeäšj ceW nukeâe Ùee kewâiee hejceeCeg Tpee& mebÙeb$e keâvee&škeâ
P.H.W.R
Yeejer heeveer Meerlekeâ (coolant) leLee vejesje hejceeCeg Tpee& mebÙeb$e Gòej-ØeosMe
P.H.W.R
cebokeâ kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ keâekeâjeheej hejceeCeg Tpee& mebÙeb$e iegpejele
P.H.W.R
efjSkeäšj keâesj ceW Meerlekeâ keâe heefjÛeeueve jeJeleYeeše hejceeCeg Tpee& mebÙeb$e jepemLeeve
P.H.W.R
GÛÛe oeye (ueieYeie 140 efkeâ«ee/mesceer2) leejehegj hejceeCeg Tpee& mebÙeb$e ceneje°^
B.W.R and
hej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ P.H.W.R
P.H.W.R = Pressurized Heavy water Reactor
Gyeueles peue Gyeueles peue Jeeuee efjSkeäšj kesâ meeLe B.W.R = Boiling water Reactor
Jeeuee efjSkeäšj T<cee–efJeefveceefÙe$e keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee vener V.V.E.R = Voda Voda Energo Reactor
nesleer~ keäÙeeWefkeâ Yeehe keâe Øepeveve efjSkeäšj [erpeue Fbpeve Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e (Diesel Engine Power Plant)-
ceW ner neslee nw~ efpememes Ûe›eâ keâer T<ceerÙe Fme mebÙeb$e ceW Fbpeve keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, pees efkeâ efJeÅegle Tpee& keâes GlheVe
o#elee yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ keâjlee nw~
efjSkeäšj ceW peue keâe oeye efvecve jnlee nw~ [erpeue DeeOeeefjle Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e keâe ØeÙeesie heerkeâ uees[ hueebš kesâ ™he
Yeehe keâe oeye Je leeheceeve Yeer efvecve jnlee nw~ ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
veesš–T<ceerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙev$e kesâ Devleie&le Yeehe-Meefòeâ mebÙev$e kesâ yeeo
meesef[Ùece– meesef[Ùece «esheâeFš efjSkeäšj ceW meesef[Ùece
[erpeue Meefòeâ mebÙev$e ner ØecegKe nw~
iesÇheâeFš efjSkeäšj efheIeueer DeJemLee ceW Meerlekeâ (coolant)
kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ iewme šjyeeFve Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e (Gas Turbine Power Plant)–
meesef[Ùece «esheâeFš efjSkeäšj ceW «esheâeF[ iewme šjyeeFve Meeòf eâ mebÙeb$e GheÙeesie
(Gas Turbine Power
cevokeâ kesâ ™he ceW leLee meesef[Ùece Meerlekeâ Plant)
(Application)
kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
meesef[Ùece mes Fvekeâer megj#ee kesâ efueS Fve iewme šjyeeFve keâes ØeLece (i) efJeÅegle peefve$e Ûeueeves kesâ
hej efpejkeâesefveÙece (zirconium) keâe Ûeeuekeâ kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie efueÙes~
ueshe efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fme efjSkeäšj ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (ii) heerkeâ uees[ kesâ meceÙe Yeehe
mece=æ ÙetjsefveÙece U235 FËOeve kesâ ™he ceW šjyeeFve kesâ meeLe efJeÅegle Meefòeâ mebÙev$e, [erpeue Meefòeâ
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ peefve$e Ùee Deušjvesšj mebÙev$e, peue Meefòeâ mebÙev$e
ueieekeâj efJeÅegle Meefòeâ kesâ meeLe efJeÅegle Meefòeâ keâer
Øepeveve efjSkeäšj Øepeveve efjSkeäšj ceW Øeeke=âeflekeâ ÙetjsefveÙece GhepeeF& peeleer nw~ hetefle& kesâ efueS~
keâes efJeKeC[veerÙe huetšesefveÙece iewmeerÙe FËOeve ceW Øeeke=âeflekeâ (iii) mebÙev$e keâer meneÙekeâ ÙegefòeâÙeeB
(Plutonium) ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjkesâ iewme, yueemš Yeóer iewme, keâes Ûeueeves kesâ efueÙes~
FËOeve kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee Øees[Ÿetmej iewme ØecegKe ™he
nw~ mes ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles nw~
LeesefjÙece Yeer Fme efjSkeäšj ceW FËOeve kesâ lesue FËOeveeW ceW hesš^esefueÙece
™he ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ FmeceW Glheeo pewmes Deemegle lesue
nerefueÙece iewme Meerlekeâ kesâ ™he ceW ØeÙeesie Ùee DeJeefMe° lesue ØeÙeesie
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efkeâÙes peeles nw~
Øepeveve efjSkeäšj iewme Meereflele (gas iewme šjyeeFve keâe ef›eâÙee efmeæeble cegKÙe Ûeej T<ceeieeeflekeâer Øe›eâceeW hej
DeeOeeefjle neslee nw–
cooled) Ùee õJe Oeeleg Meereflele
1. Ûet<eCe 2. mecheer[ve 3. efJemleej 4. efvekeâeme
(Molten metal cooled) Øekeâej kesâ
nesles nw~ FmeceW cebokeâ keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee Fve Øe›eâceeW ceW JeeÙeg keâe Ûet<eCe leLee mecheer[ve Skeâ mebheer[keâ ceW
veneR nesleer nw~ neslee nw efheâj Ùen mebheer[keâ JeeÙeg onve keâ#e ceW peeleer nQ peneB
T<cee kesâ keâejCe JeeÙeg kesâ leeheceeve ceW Je=efæ nesleer nw~
Yeejle keâe ØeLece hejceeCeg Mebefòeâ mebÙeb$e leejehegj nw pees ceneje°^ ceW onve keâ#e ceW GÛÛe oeye hej FËOeve keâe ØeppeJeueve efkeâÙee peelee
efmLele nw~ nw efpememes oiOe iewmes GlheVe nesleer nw efpevekeâeW vee@peue Éeje GÛÛe
meyemes yeÌ[e hejceeCeg Tpee& mebÙeb$e kegâ[vekegâuece (2000 MW) ieefle hej šjyeeFve kesâ heâuekeâeW hej [euee peelee nw~ Fme hej
Yeejle ceW henuee hejceeCeg efjÙekeäšj Dehmeje nw~ pees š^ecyes (cegcyeF&) šjyeeFve Meeheäš keâes IetCe&ve ieefle Øeehle nesleer nw Deewj efJeÅegle
ceneje°^ ceW efmLele nw~ Tpee& keâer Øeeefhle nesleer nw~
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 Particular leeheerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e peue Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e [erpeue Meefòeâ mebÙeb$e veeefYekeâerÙe Meefòeâ
(efJeMes<e) mebÙeb$e
ØeejefcYekeâ ueeiele efvecve GÛÛe yengle efvecve Deefle GÛÛe
ØeÛeeueve ueeiele GÛÛe Deefle efvecve Deefle GÛÛe efvecve
Øeot<eCe DeefOekeâ Deefle efvecve DeefOekeâ efvecve
FËOeve š^evmeheesšxMeve ueeiele Deefle GÛÛe MetvÙe GÛÛe efvecve
GheÙeesie cetue Yeej cetueYeej leLee heerkeâ Yeej heerkeâ Yeej cetue Yeej
mhesMe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee efvecve Deefle GÛÛe Deefle efvecve GÛÛe
peerJevekeâeue 30–40 Je<e& 100 Je<e& mes DeefOekeâ 10–15 Je<e& 30–40 Je<e&

o#elee 29%–35% 80%–90% 35%–42% 35%–40%

yeeÙeesceeme Tpee& (Biomass Energy)– pJeejerÙe Meefòeâ hueebš (Tidal Power Plant)–
keâeye&efvekeâ heoeLeeW& DeLee&led Je=#eeW Deewj heMegDeeW mes Øeehle nesves Jeeueer
mecegõ ceW pJeej kesâ keâejCe peue keâer Tpee& efmLeeflepe Tpee& kesâ ™he ceW
Tpee& keâes yeeÙeesceeme Tpee& keânles nw~
Øeehle nesleer nw~
ØekeâeMe mebMues<eCe Øe›eâce cetue ™he mes, yeeÙeesceeme Tpee& GlheVe
keâjves Jeeuee keâejkeâ nw~ peefve$e kesâ Éeje Fme Tpee& keâes JewÅegle Tpee& ceW yeouekeâj JewÅegle
meewj Tpee& keâe 0.5–1.0³ ner yeeÙeesceeme Tpee& ceW ™heevlejCe Glheeove keâj uesles nQ~
neslee nw~ pJeejerÙe Tpee& kesâ DeJeÙeJe (Component of Tidal Energy)
Skeâ Devegceeve kesâ Devegmeej yeeÙeesceeme keâe 90³Yeeie Je=#eeW
pJeejerÙe Meefòeâ hueebš kesâ leerve ØecegKe DeJeÙeJe nw–
mes ner Øeehle neslee nw~
1. heeJej neGme (Power House)
2. yeeÙeesiewme (Biogas)–
2. yeeBOe (Dam/Barrage)
yeeÙeesiewme mebÙeb$e ceW muejer keâe PH ceeve 6.5-8.5
lekeâ jKee peelee nw~ 3. peue keâheeš ceeie& (Sluice Ways)
yeeÙeesiewme ceW cegKÙele: CH4 nesleer nw~ YetleeheerÙe Tpee& Ùee Yet-T<ceerÙe Tpee& (Geothermal Energy)–
yeeÙeesiewme CH4, CO2, H2, H2S FlÙeeefo iewmees
keâe efceßeCe nesleer nw~ he=LJeer keâer melen kesâ Devoj oyeer ngF& T<cee DeLee&led T<ceerÙe–
pJeejerÙe Tpee& (Tidal Energy)– Tpee& (Thermal Energy) keâes Yet-leeheerÙe Tpee& keânles nQ~
he=LJeer keâer melen mes ueieYeie 10 km. keâer ienjeF& lekeâ Ùen
Tpee& GheueyOe nesleer nw~
YetleeheerÙe Tpee& keâe Deewmeleve leeheceeve 10 km. keâer ienjeF& hej
2000C neslee nw~

mecegõer pJeej Skeâ melen keâe DeeJele&veerÙe G"vee Deewj efiejvee nw Yet-T<ceerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$eeW keâe Jeeef<e&keâ uees[ hewâkeäšj 85 mes 90
pees efkeâ ØelÙeskeâ DeceeJemÙee Je hetefCe&cee keâes Ieefšle neslee nw~ ØeefleMele lekeâ neslee nw, peyeefkeâ peerJeeMce FËOeve mebÙeb$e keâe 45
mecegõ kesâ heeveer ceW pJeej SJeb Yeeše kesâ Devlej kesâ mes 50 ØeefleMele lekeâ neslee nw~
heefjCeecemJe™he mecegõer pJeejerÙe Tpee& hewoe nesleer nw~
peerJeeMce FËOeve mebÙeb$eeW keâer o#elee 35-40³ keâer leguevee ceW Yet-
pJeej kesâ keâejCe heeveer keâer efmLeeflepe Tpee& DeefOekeâ nes peeleer nw~
Ùen efmLeeflepe Tpee& ner mecegõer pJeejerÙe Tpee& keânueeleer nw~ G<ceerÙe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$eeW keâer o#elee 15³ nesleer nw~

98
ceeF›eâes neFef[ue Tpee& (Micro Hydel Energy)– JeeÙeg mes Øeehle Meefòeâ–
heefjÙeespevee #ecelee 1
P = ρAv3
2
heerkeâes neF[^es heefjÙeespevee 5kW lekeâ
peneB ρ = JeeÙeg IevelJe
ceeF›eâes neF[^es heefjÙeespevee 5–100 kW
A = #es$eHeâue
efceveer neF[^es heefjÙeespevee 100 kW-1MW V = JeeÙeg keâe Jesie
ueIeg neF[^es heefjÙeespevee 1.0–15 MW GheueyOe heJeve Tpee& jesšj kesâ JÙeeme kesâ meceevegheeleer nesleer nw~
heJeve Tpee& JeeÙeg IevelJe kesâ meceevegheeleer nesleer nw~
ceeref[Sce neF[^es heefjÙeespevee 15MW – 100 MW
heJeve Tpee& JeeÙeg Jesie kesâ Ieve kesâ meceevegheeleer nesleer nw~
Vertical axis wind mill keâer mebjÛevee Horizontal axis
oerIe& neF[^es heefjÙeespevee 100 MW mes Thej
wind mill mes mejue nesleer nw~
met#ce peue JewÅegle Tpee& heefjÙeespevee Skeâ Ssmeer efJeefOe nw efpemekesâ
FËOeve mesue (Fuel Cell)–
Éeje efceleJÙeÙeer ™he mes leLee met#ce peue cee$ee mes Yeer Tpee& keâe
F&Oeve mesue Fuel-cell ceW heesšwefMeÙece neF[^eskeämeeF[
Glheeove efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(KOH) mes Yejs yevo yele&ve ceW jemeeÙeefvekeâ
met#ce peue-JewÅegle heefjÙeespevee 1.5 ceeršj nw[ hej Yeer lejerkesâ mes efveefce&le keâeye&ve kesâ oes KeesKeues leLee
meheâueleehetJe&keâ keâeÙe& keâj mekeâleer nw~ efÚefõle Fueskeäš^es[ ØeJesefMele jnles nw~
Ùeefo peue keâe nw[ efvecve nw lees meeOeejCeleÙe: ›eâeme heäueeW Fme mesue ceW FËOeve kesâ ™he ceW keâesÙeuee (keâeye&ve)
šjyeeFve, šŸetye šjyeeFve Je Øeesheuej šjyeeFve keâes ØeÙeesie ceW ÛetCe& Deeefo "esme heoeLe&, hesš^esefueÙece, efceóer keâe
ueeles nQ~ lesue Deeefo õJe heoeLe& leLee neF[^espeve, ceerLesve,
Øeeshesve, neF[^eskeâeye&ve, keâeye&ve ceesveesDee@keämeeF[,
Ùeefo peue keâe nw[ ceOÙece nw leye mesceer keâheueeve šjyeeFve DeLeJee neF[^espeve-Dee@keämeerpeve, cesLesveesue-Deekeämeerpeve,
yeuye šjyeeFve GheÙeesie ceW ueeles nQ~ efueefLeÙece-keäueesjerve, Dee@keämeerkeâjCe Deeefo iewmeerÙe
GÛÛe peue nw[ keâer oMee ceW keâheueeve DeLeJee hesušve Jnerue heoeLe& ØeÙegòeâ nesles nQ~
Deeefo keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ Fuel-cell keâer Conversion efficiency
heJeve–Tpee& mes efJeÅegle-Glheeove– ueieYeie 65% nesleer nw~

(Electric Generation from wind-energy) GheÙeesie neF[^espeve-Dee@keämeerpeve FËOeve mesue keâe GheÙeesie
JeeÙegÙeeveeW ceW efJeÅegle Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueÙes neslee
heJeve–Tpee& GheÙeesie
nw~
heJeve keâer ieeflepe Tpee& keâes, 1. yewšjer DeeJesMeve Fvekeâe meJee&efOekeâ GheÙeesie Devleefj#eÙeeveeW ceW efkeâÙee
efJeÅegleerÙe Tpee& ceW ™heevleefjle 2. kegâSB mes heeveer heche keâjves peelee nw~
keâjves kesâ efueÙes heJeve-Ûekeäkeâer ceW meesuej mesue (Solar Cell)–
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 3. efyepeueer yeveeves ceW meesuej mesue Skeâ Ssmeer Ùegefòeâ nw, pees meewj Tpee& keâes JewÅegle Tpee&
efieÙe[& heJeve-Ûekeäkeâer keâer ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjleer nw~
Ùeebef$ekeâ Tpee& keâes efJeÅegleerÙe meesuej mesue keâes meesuej heâesšesJeesušeFkeâ mesue Yeer keânles nQ~
Tpee& ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjlee nw~ meesuej mesue keâer o#elee 10-20% nesleer nw~

99
meesuej mesue keâe efmeæeble (Principle of Solar Cell)– (iv) FvJeš&j Ùen meesuej HeâesšesJeesušeFkeâ efmemšce Éeje
meesuej mesue heâesšesJeesušeFkeâ ØeYeeJe hej keâeÙe& keâjleer nw, efpemekesâ Øeehle [er.meer. Fvehegš keâes S.meer. DeeGšhegš
Devegmeej, ‘‘peye meewj Tpee& efkeâmeer efveefMÛele heoeLe& mes škeâjeleer nw, ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjlee nw~
lees efJeÅegle Tpee& GlheVe nesleer nw~
(v) yuee@efkebâie heâesšesJeesušeFkeâ heefjheLe ceW Oeeje kesâ
FmeceW ØeÙegòeâ efmeefuekeâe@ve Deæ&ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ p-n mebefOe hej peye meewj
[eÙees[ Gl›eâce ØeJeen keâes jeskeâves kesâ efueS Skeâ
Tpee& heÌ[leer nw, lees metÙe& kesâ ØekeâeMe ceW GheefmLele heâesše@ve keâes
[eÙees[ ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw, efpemes
DeJeMeesef<ele keâj uesleer nw, efpememes cegòeâ Fueskeäš^e@ve (n-#es$e kesâ) p-
yuee@efkebâie [eÙees[ Ùee yeeF&heeme [eÙees[
#es$e keâer Deesj yenves ueieles nQ leLee p-#es$e kesâ nesume (holes) n-
#es$e keâer Deesj yenves ueieles nQ, heefjCeecele: Ùen ef[heäÙetpeve Skeâ keânles nQ~
JewÅegle #es$e GlheVe keâjlee nw, pees efkeâ n-#es$e mes p-#es$e keâer Deesj (vi) Ûeepe& Jen Ùegefòeâ pees yewšjer keâes DeefOekeâ Ûeepe& Ùee
ueielee nw~ keâvš^esue efmemšce DeefOekeâ ef[mÛeepe& nesves mes yeÛeeleer nw~
cegòeâ DeeJesMeeW kesâ GlheVe nesves kesâ keâejCe p-n mebefOe kesâ Fueskeäš^es[es
mes pegÌ[s heefjheLe ceW efJeÅegle Oeeje ØeJeeefnle nesves ueieleer nw~ Fme
(vii) Tpee& Tpee& meb«eenkeâ Ùegefòeâ kesâ ™he ceW ØeeÙe:
Øekeâej meewj Tpee& efJeÅegle Tpee& ceW heefjJeefle&le nes peeleer nw, Fme
meb«eenkeâ Ùegefòeâ yewšjer keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ØeYeeJe keâes heâesšesJeesušeFkeâ ØeYeeJe keânles nQ~
meesuej heâesšesJeesušeFkeâ efmemšce kesâ DeJeÙeJe–
(Components of Solar Photovoltaic System)
meesuej efveÙeleebkeâ (Solar Constant)
Fmekesâ efvecve DeJeÙeJe nesles nQ– Deeheeflele meewj Tpee&
meesuej efveÙeleebkeâ · petue/ceer2 mes. Ùee Jeeš/ceer2
#es$eheâue × meceÙe
(i) meesuej hewveue DeefOekeâ ceeve keâer efJeÅegle Oeeje Øeehle keâjves
kesâ efueS meesuej mesuees keâe Skeâ mecetn
yeveeles nQ efpemes meesuej hewveue keânles nQ~ Ûegcyekeâ õJe ieeflekeâer (MHD)–
meesuej hewveue efmeefuekeâe@ve Oeeleg Deewj keâeBÛe (Mageneto Hydro Dynamic)
kesâ yeves nesles nw~ MHD Generator keâe Ûeeuekeâ õJeerÙe Oeeleg Ùee iewme neslee
(ii) meesuej peye efJeefYeVe meesuej mesuees keâes DeefOekeâlece nw~
cee@[dÙetue [er.meer. heeJej GlheVe keâjves kesâ efueS MHD Generator keâer o#elee 48³ mes 53³ lekeâ
ßesCeer–›eâce ceW peesÌ[e peelee nw lees meesuej heefjJeefle&le nesleer nw~
cee@[dÙetue yevelee nw~
MHD Generator ceW OeeeflJekeâ DeecexÛej ›eâes[ leLee Ûeeuekeâes
(iii) meesuej Ssjs DeeJeMÙekeâleevegmeej DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer~
DeLeJee meesuej Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS meesuej cee@[dÙetueeW keâes
MHD Generator Éeje kesâJeue Megæ D.C. keâe Glheeove
peefve$e ßesCeer›eâce ceW peesÌ[ves hej Øeehle mebjÛevee
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
meesuej Ssjs Ùee meesuej peefve$e keânueelee nw~
MHD Generator (25 mes 30) MW lekeâ kesâ Deekeâej ceW
GheueyOe nesles nw~
MHD Generator ceW ØeÙegòeâ Ûeeuekeâ heoeLe& keâes Seeding
material keânles nw~

100
 18
Transmission and Distribution
of Electrical Power
(JewÅegle Meefòeâ keâe heejs<eCe Deewj efJelejCe)
efJeÅegle peveve mebÛejCe SJeb efJelejCe keâe Skeâ jsKeerÙe DeejsKe nesleer nw~ 440/220V, leLee 33 kV 765kV lekeâ
(Single line diagram of electric generation and Deeefo D.C. leerve Deeefo ceevekeâ keâer JeesušleeÙeW
distribution)– leej ceevekeâ ØeoeÙeer JeesušleeÙeW Deeles nw~
JeesušleeÙeW Deeleer nw~ Deeleer nw~
Ùen ceOÙece Jeesušlee Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie Deefle GÛÛe
meeceevÙele: meeceevÙele: Iejes ceW meeceevÙele: Jeesušlee
IejeW ceW Meefòeâ GhekeâjCe efJelejCe cegKÙe ™he mes
DevegØeÙeesie pewmes- neršj Deeefo ØeCeeueer leLee mebÛejCe
keâer peeleer ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ meefJe&me cesvme ueeFveeW ceW
nw~ Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee ØeÙeesie nesleer
peelee nw~ nw~
ceevekeâ DeeJe=efòe (Standard Frequency)–
ceevekeâ DeeJe=efòe Jen DeeJe=efòe nesleer nw pees Yeejle ceW mebÛejCe leLee
efJelejCe Jeesušlee ceW ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
Yeejle ceW ceevekeâ DeeJe=efòe 50 Hz nesleer nw~ peyeefkeâ Decesefjkeâe
Deeefo efJekeâefmele osMeeW ceW DeeJe=efòe 60 Hz ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ceevekeâ DeeJe=efòe ceW DeefOekeâlece ±3% lekeâ keâe heefjJele&ve
mJeerke=âle nw~
ceevekeâ Jeesušlee (Standard Voltage)–
Jeesušspe Jeesušspe ceW
Devegceve heefjJele&ve
JewÅegle ueeFveeW keâe DeefYekeâuheve (Design of Electrical Lines)- efvecve Jeesušspe ± 6%
(250V lekeâ)
e fv e c v e ceOÙece Jeesušlee G ÛÛe D e e fl e G Û Û e
J e e su š l e e J e e su š l e eJ e e su š l e e ceOÙece Jeesušspe ± 6%
(650V lekeâ)
250 Jeesuš 250 Jeesuš leLee 650V mes meeceevÙele:
mes veerÛes keâer 650 Jeesuš kesâ ueskeâj 33 kV mes GÛÛe Jeesušspe ± 6% ± 9%
Jeesušlee keâes yeerÛe keâer Jeesušlee 33kV lekeâ Thej keâer (33 kV lekeâ)
efvecve keâes ceOÙece Jeesušlee Jeesušlee keâes Jeesušlee keâes
Jeesušlee keâne peelee nw~ GÛÛe DeefleGÛÛe Deefle GÛÛe Jeesušspe 1
± 12 %
keânles nw~ Jeesušlee Jeesušlee (33 kV mes Thej) 2
keânles nw~ keânles nw~
Fmekesâ Fmekesâ Devleie&le Fmekesâ Gmekesâ ØeeLeefcekeâ leLee efÉleerÙekeâ mebÛejCe Jeesušlee ceW efJeMes<eleeS–
Devleie&le 346/200V, Devleie&le Devleie&le ØeeLeefcekeâ mebÛejCe Jeesušlee efÉleerÙekeâ mebÛejCe Jeesušlee
200V, 300/220V,
1.1 kV, 33kV, Fme mebÛejCe Jeesušlee keâes GÛÛe efÉleerÙekeâ mebÛejCe Jeesušlee
400/230V Deeefo 66kV, oeye mebÛejCe Jeesušlee keânles nw~ 66kV mes 33 kV kesâ yeerÛe
220V, 2.2kV, 3.3
A.C. 3–φ Ûeej kV, 6.6 132kV, ØeeLeefcekeâ mebÛejCe Jeesušlee 800 nesleer nw~
230V,
240V,
leej leLee kV, 11 220kV, kV, 220 kV, 400 kV, 132
400/200V, kV, 22 kV 400kV leLee kV, leLee 66 kV nesleer nw~
Electrician Capsule 101 YCT
ØeeLeefcekeâ, efÉleerÙekeâ efJelejCe ueeFve leLee Meefòeâ, efJelejCe heefjCeeefce$e keâer efJeMes<eleeSb–
ØeeLeefcekeâ ef[mš^eryÙetMeve ueeFve meskesâC[jer ef[mš^eryÙetMeve Meefòeâ heefjCeeefce$e efJelejCe heefjCeeefce$e
Primary Distribution line ueeFve (Power transformer) (Distribution
Secondary Distribution transformer)
line
meye mšsMeve hej efJeÅegle Meefòeâ keâes meye–mšsMeveeW hej 11 kV keâer Ùen heefjCeeefce$e meeceevÙele: peveve Ùen heefjCeeefce$e Skeâ Øekeâej keâe
33 kV/11 kV mšshe–[eGve ueeFve keâes 400 V ceW mšshe– kesâvõ hej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ mšshe [eGve heefjCeeefce$e neslee
š^ebmeheâece&j kesâ Éeje 11 kV [eGve š^ebmeheâece&j Éeje heefjJeefle&le nw~
mehueeF& ceW heefjJeefle&le keâj efoÙee efkeâÙee peelee nw~
peelee nw~
Ùen 11 kV ueeFve ‘ØeeFcejer Ùen 400 V keâer ueeFve Meefòeâ heefjCeeefce$e keâe ØeÙeesie efJelejCe heefjCeeefce$e mebÛejCe
ef[mš^eryÙetMeve ueeFve’ keânueeleer nw~ meskesâC[jer ef[mš^eryÙetMeve ueeFve Jeesušspe keâes mšshe–Dehe keâjves Jeesušlee keâes Skeâ ceevekeâ
keânueeleer nw~ nsleg efkeâÙee peelee nw~ meefJe&me Jeesušspe hej mšshe
[eGve keâjlee nw~
ØeeFcejer ef[mš^eryÙetMeve ueeFve keâe meskesâC[jer ef[mš^eryÙetMeve ueeFve Meefòeâ heefjCeeefce$e keâer DeefOekeâlece efJelejCe heefjCeeefce$e keâer o#elee
ØeÙeesie veiej/Gheveiej/keâmyes kesâ kesâ efueS 3-hesâpe, 4-leej ØeCeeueer o#elee hetCe&Yeej hej nesleer nw~ DeefOekeâlece leye nesleer nw, peye
DeewÅeesefiekeâ #es$eeW leLee cegKÙe efJelejCe ØeÙegòeâ keâer peeleer nw, efpemekesâ Ùen 50% uees[ hej keâeÙe& keâj
kesâvõeW lekeâ efJeÅegle Meefòeâ keâes Éeje efJeÅegle Meefòeâ keâes GheYeesòeâe jne nes~
hengBÛeeves ceW neslee nw~ lekeâ hengBÛeeÙee peelee nw~
FmeceW meeceevÙele: 3–hesâpe, 3– Meefòeâ heefjCeeefce$e keâe #ejCe efJelejCe heefjCeeefce$e keâe #ejCe
JeeÙej ueeFve keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee ØeefleIeele GÛÛe jKee peelee nw~ ØeefleIeele efvecve jKeles nw~
peelee nw~
h¸ ees<ekeâ, efJelejCe, meefJe&me cesvme keâer efJeMes<eleeSB–
hees<ekeâ (Feeder) efJelejkeâ (Distributer) meefJe&me cesvme (Service Mains)
Jes Ûeeuekeâ pees Ghe–kesâvõ keâes Meefòeâ mehueeF& Jen Ûeeuekeâ pees hees<ekeâ leLee meefJe&me cesvme kesâ Ùen Skeâ Ûeeuekeâ leej kesâefyeue nesleer nw, pees
uesves Jeeues #es$e mes mebÙeesefpele keâjles nw, Gvns yeerÛe ceW mebÙeesefpele nesleer nw~ GheYeesòeâe keâes efJeÅegle efJelejkeâ efmejs mes
hees<ekeâ keâne peelee nw~ peesÌ[leer nw~
hees<ekeâ ceW keâesF& šwefhebie vener nesleer nw~ efJelejkeâ ceW peien–peien hej šwefhebie keâer peeleer efJeÅegle KecYeeW keâes ceeršj mes pees[Ì ves Jeeueer
nw~ kesâefyeue meefJe&me cesvme kesâefyeue nesleer nw~
hees<ekeâ keâer Oeeje ueesef[bie efmLej jnleer nw~ efmebieue kesâefyeue kesâ efueS meefJe&me cesvme keâer
efJelejkeâ keâer Oeeje ueesef[bie yeoueleer jnleer nw~
DeefOekeâlece uecyeeF& 40 ceeršj nesleer nw~
hees<ekeâ keâes OeejeJeener #ecelee (current efJelejkeâ keâes Jeesušspe [^e@he kesâ efnmeeye mes
carrying capacity)kesâ efnmeeye mes ef[peeFve ef[peeFve efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efJelejCe ceW ± 6% keâe Jeesušspe heefjJele&ve
Devegcele nw~

efJelejCe ØeCeeueer (Distribution System)– (b) S.meer. efmebieue

leeByes keâer cee$ee, DeeJeMÙekeâlee kesâ DeeOeej hej- hesâpe efmemšce
efmemšce DeefOekeâlece DeefOekeâlece i.oes leej 2/cos2φ 2/cos2φ
Jeesušspe Jeesušspe efkeâvner oes ii.oes leej ceOÙe efyevot 0.5/cos2φ 2/cos2φ
Ûeeuekeâ Deewj Ûeeuekeâes keâs yeerÛe Yet-Ùeesefpele
DeLe& keâs yeerÛe
iii.leerve leej 0.625/cos2φ 2.5/cos2φ
(a) [er.meer. efmemšce
(c) S.meer. oes hesâpe
i.oes leej 1 1
efmemšce
ii.oes leej ceOÙe efyevot 0.25 1
i.oes-hesâpe,Ûeej-leej 0.5/cos2φ 2/cos2φ
Yet-Ùeesefpele
ii.oes-hesâpe,leerve-leej 1.457/cos2φ 2.91/cos2φ
iii.leerve leej 0.3125 1.25

Electrician Capsule 102 YCT

 (d) S.meer. leerve hesâpe ØelÙeeJeleea leLee efo°Oeeje keâer leguevee–
efmemšce (Comparision of A.C. and D.C.)–

i.leerve-hesâpe,leerve-leej 0.5/cos2φ 1.5/cos2φ A.C. leLee D.C. mebÛejCe keâer leguevee

ii.leerve hesâpe- Ûeej leej 0.583/cos2φ 1.75/cos2φ
S.N. legueveelcekeâ Ieškeâ A.C. D.C.
ØeCeeueer ØeCeeueer
GÛÛe Jeesušlee mebÛejCe ØeCeeueer kesâ ueeYe– 1. keâuee keâuee meefnle keâuee jefnle
Advantage of High Voltage system– 2. ÛeeuekeâeW keâer mebKÙee oes,leerve,Ûeej oes Ùee leerve
3. Ûeeuekeâ heoeLe& keâer yeÛele keâce DeefOekeâ
P2 ρ .l 2
Volume = . 4. ØeeflejesOe/ØeefleyeeOee Z–DeefOekeâ R–keâce
V cos φ w
22
5. Jeesušlee heele I.Z–DeefOekeâ I R–keâce
Ghejesòeâ met$e kesâ Devegmeej– 6. ÛeeefpeËie Oeeje nesleer nw~ kesâJeue
1. efvecveOeeje–efveÙele Meefòeâ mebÛejCe leLee efveÙele Meefòeâ iegCeebkeâ keâer efmJeefÛebie kesâ
DeJemLee ceW GÛÛe Jeesušlee keâer mebÛejCe ueeFve ceW Oeeje keâe ceeve meceÙe
efvecve neslee nw~ 7. Ûece& ØeYeeJe mecYeJe DemecYeJe
8. keâesjesvee ØeYeeJe DeefOekeâ keâce
P 1
I= I∝ 9. DeeJe=efòe f>0 f=0
V cos φ V
10. Meefkeäle iegCekeâ cos φ < 1 cos φ = 1
2. efvecve Jeesušlee heele– GÛÛe Jeesušlee leLee efvecve Oeeje kesâ keâejCe 11. ueeFve keâer uecyeeF& meerefcele Demeerefcele
mebÛejCe ueeFve ceW Jeesušlee heele efvecve neslee nw~ 12. cejccele SJeb Devegj#eCe keâce DeefOekeâ
keâercele
Jeesušlee heele ∆V = IR cos φ ± IX sin φ
13. peveve Jeesušlee GÛÛe efvecve
Ùeefo I ↓ leye ∆V ↓ 14. ØeÙegkeäle GhekeâjCe keâce DeefOekeâ
3. GÛÛe Jeesušlee kesâ ØeÙeesie mes mebÛejCe ueeFve ceW Ûeeuekeâ keâe 15. Jeesušlee efveÙeceve Kejeye ßes<"
DevegØemLe #es$e Iešlee nw, efpememes ueeFve Ûeeuekeâ keâe Yeej keâce neslee 16. efJeÅegle jesOeve mlej pÙeeoe keâce
nw~ 17. leefÌ[le keâe ØeYeeJe pÙeeoe neslee nw~ keâce neslee nw~
18. efJeYeJe Øeefleyeue DeefOekeâ keâce
1
∵ ↓ A∝ efJeÅegle efJelejCe ØeCeeueer keâe JeieeakeâjCe–
V ↑ 2

(Classification of Electric Distribution System)

4. Ûeeuekeâ keâe Yeej keâce nesves mes Ûeeuekeâ hej hebtpeeriele ueeiele KeÛe&
jsef[Ùeue Fme efJelejCe ØeCeeueer ceW ØelÙeskeâ efJelejCe kesâvõ keâes
keâce Deelee nw~
ØeCeeueer Skeâ Deesj mes mehueeF& Øeoeve keâer peeleer nw~
5. mebÛejCe ueeFve ne@efveÙee@ Iešleer nw
(Radial Fme ØeCeeueer ceW efkeâmeer ceneveiej kesâ efYeVe–efYeVe #es$eesb
1 System) ceW efJelejCe kesâvõ (Ghekesâvõ) mLeeefhele efkeâÙes peeles nQ~
∵ Loss ( w) ∝
V 2 cos 2 φ Fme ØeCeeueer keâer efJeMes<elee Ùen nw efkeâ Skeâ meefke&âš
yeÇskeâj kesâ Debleie&le ueeFve ceW oes<e hewoe nes peeves hej
6. Jeesušlee efveÙeceve (Voltage Regulation)– ueeFve kesâ kesâJeue Gmeer KeC[ ceW yeÇskeâ [eGve neslee nw
GÛÛe Jeesušlee kesâ ØeÙeesie mes Jeesušlee efveÙeceve ceW megOeej neslee nw~ Deewj Mes<e ueeFve Ûeeuet jnleer nw~
VS − VR efjbie Fme ØeCeeueer ceW ØelÙeskeâ efJelejCe kesâvõ keâes oes Deesj
%Vreg = × 100
VR ØeCeeueer mes mehueeF& Øeoeve keâer peeleer nw efpememes efkeâ Skeâ Deesj
(Ring mes mehueeF& yevo nes peeves hej, otmejer Deesj mes
 IR cos φR ± IX sin φR 
=  ×100 System) mehueeF& Ûeeuet jnleer nw~
 VR  Fme ØeCeeueer ceW 11 kV ueeFve keâe Skeâ yevo Je=òe
7. GÛÛe Jeesušlee kesâ ØeÙeesie mes Øeoes<e Oeeje (fault current) keâce nes yeve peelee nw, FmeefueS Ùen ØeCeeueer efjbie ØeCeeueer
peeleer nw~ keânueeleer nw~
8. ne@efveÙeeW kesâ keâce nesves mes mebÛejCe ueeFve keâer o#elee yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ Deepekeâue ceneveiejeW ceW Ùener efJelejCe ØeCeeueer
9. mebÛejCe ueeFve keâer leguÙekeâeueve Meefòeâ yeÌ{leer nw~ DeheveeF& peeleer nw~

Electrician Capsule 103 YCT

 Deble: Ùen ØeCeeueer ef«e[ ØeCeeueer Yeer keânueeleer nw~ ØeCeeueer Fme Øekeâej keâer yeme–yeej ØeCeeueer ceW oes yeme–yeej
mebÙeesefpele FmeceW efJeÅegle Meefòeâ keâe GheYeesòeâeDeeW keâes nesleer nw ØeLece yeme–yeej ‘cesve yeme–yeej’ leLee
ØeCeeueer efJelejCe lees efjbie ØeCeeueer mes efkeâÙee peelee nw, efÉleerÙe yeme–yeej ‘‘mhesjer yeme–yeej’’~
(Inter- hejvleg FmeceW ØelÙeskeâ Ghekesâvõ keâes (33 kV/11 Transposition (DeOÙeejesheCe)–
connected kV) keâes ef«e[ mšsMeve mes mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee
system) peelee nw~
FmeceW efkeâmeer Ghekesâvõ keâes Ùeefo Glheeove kesâvõ
mes mehueeF& Øeehle veneR nesleer nw lees efkeâmeer otmejs
Glheeove kesâvõ mes Gme Ghekesâvõ keâes mehueeF&
Øeoeve keâer pee mekeâleer nw~
yeme–yeej ØeCeeueer cegKÙele: leerve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw–
yeme–yeej Skeâue yeme–yeej ØeCeeueer Skeâ meeOeejCe yeme–yeej
ØeCeeueer ØeCeeueer nw, Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie meeceevÙele: heeJej Transposition (DeOÙeejesheCe) mes jsef[ÙeeW FCšjheâjsvme keâce
mšsMeveeW hej efkeâÙee peelee nw~ nes peelee nw~
meskeäMeveueeFp[ Fme ØeCeeueer ceW oes Skeâue yeme–yeej keâes Skeâ ueeFve kewâheeefmešsvme, hesâpe kewâheeefmešsvme keâe DeeOee neslee nw~
Skeâue yeme– meeLe ueieeÙee peelee nw~
yeej ØeCeeueer Fmekeâe GheÙeesie yeÌ[s–yeÌ[s mšsMeveeW ceW efkeâÙee peelee
nw~
[ghueerkesâš Fme Øekeâej keâer yeme–yeej ØeCeeueer keâe ØeÙeesie yeÌ[s
yeme–yeej mšsMeveeW ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ueeFve DeeuecyeeW kesâ Øee™he
ueeFve DeeuecyeeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe efJeefMe°leeSB
A. keâe° KecYee (Wooden pole)
(i) A- Øee®heer keâe‰ keâce TBÛeeF& (9 mes 11 ceeršj) kesâ Skeâue keâe‰ KecYeeW keâe ØeÙeesie 22 kV Jeesušlee hej, efvecve
efJemle=efle (60m) lekeâ kesâ efueÙes neslee nw~
(ii) H- Øee™heer keâe‰ KecYee
DeefOekeâ TBÛeeF& (11mes 15 ceeršj ) kesâ oesnjs keâe<" KecYeeW keâe ØeÙeesie GÛÛe Jeesušlee (132kV) hej,
DeefleoerIe& efJemle=efle (150m) kesâ efueÙes neslee nw~
H Øe™heer keâe<" KecYeeW keâe ØeÙeesie efMejesheefj ueeFve kesâ ØeejcYe SJeb Deefvlece efmejeW leLee ceesÌ[ hej,
ueeFve keâer efoMee heefjJele&ve kesâ efueÙes neslee nw~
B. Fmheele KecYeeW
(i) veefuekeâekeâej Fmheeleer veefuekeâe keâej Fmheeleer KecYees keâer He=LJeer kesâ Thej TBÛeeF& 8 mes 12 ceeršj nesleer nw~
veefuekeâekeâej Fmheeleer KecYees keâe mheeve 100 ceeršj neslee nw~
veefuekeâe keâej Fmheeleer KecYees keâer DeefOekeâlece ueeFve Jeesušlee 11 kV nesleer nw~
Fvekeâer peerJeve keâeue 50 Je<e& lekeâ nesleer nw~
Fvekeâer vÙetvelece megj#ee iegCekeâ 2.5 nesleer nw~
(ii) "esme KecYee Skeânje "esme Fmheeleer KecYee–
He=LJeer kesâ Thej keâer TBÛeeF& 10 mes 13.5 ceeršj nesleer nw~
DeefOekeâlece ueeFve Jeesušlee 33 kV lekeâ nesleer nw~
DeefOekeâlece mheeve 150 ceeršj neslee nw~
DeefOekeâlece peerJeve keâeue 80 Je<e& neslee nw~
vÙetvelece megj#ee iegCekeâ 2 neslee nw~
oesnje "esme Fmheeleer KecYee–
he=LJeer kesâ Thej TBÛeeF& = (12–15) ceeršj nesleer nw~
DeefOekeâlece ueeFve Jeesušlee = 66 kV
DeefOekeâlece efJemle=efle (span) = 200 ceeršj
megj#ee iegCekeâ (safety factor) = 2
(iii) peeuekeâ Fmheeleer KecYee he=LJeer mes Thej keâer TBÛeeF& 9 mes 11 ceeršj nesleer nw~
DeefOekeâlece ueeFve Jeesušlee 11KV nesleer nw~
DeefOekeâlece mhee@ve 150 ceeršj neslee nw~
Electrician Capsule 104 YCT
 DeefOekeâlece peerJeve keâeue 50 Je<e& neslee nw~
vÙetvelece megj#ee iegCekeâ 2 neslee nw~
C. meerceWš kebâ›eâerš KecYee Fvekeâer ÙeeBef$ekeâ meeceLÙe& DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~
Fvekeâer he=LJeer kesâ Thej keâer TBÛeeF& 7 mes 12 ceeršj nesleer nw~
Fvekeâer DeefOekeâlece ueeFve Jeesušlee 11 kV lekeâ nesleer nw~
Fvekeâer DeefOekeâlece mhee@ve 100 ceeršj nesleer nw~
Fvekeâe Deewmele peerJeve keâeue 100 Je<e& neslee nw~
vÙetvelece megj#ee iegCekeâ 2.5 neslee nw~
D. mšerue šeJej
(i) Narrow base tower he=LJeer kesâ Thej TÛeeF& 15 - 30 ceeršj lekeâ nesleer nw~
(mebkeâerCe& DeeOeej še@Jej) he=LJeer hej DeeOeej keâe ceehe 2 × 2 ceeršj neslee nw~
Fvekeâe oes mlecYeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer 200 mes 500 ceeršj lekeâ nesleer nw~
Fvekesâ DeefOekeâlece peerJeve keâeue 100 Je<e& mes Thej neslee nw~
vÙetvelece megj#ee – iegCekeâ 1.5 neslee nw~
(ii) Broad base tower Fvekeâe DeefOekeâlece peerJeve keâeue 100 Je<e& mes Thej nesles nw~
(efJemle=le DeeOeej šeJej) Fvekeâe vÙetvelece megj#ee iegCekeâ 1.5 neslee nw~
Fvekeâe (span) mheeve 300 mes 1000 ceeršj lekeâ neslee nw~
Fvekeâe DeeOeej keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& 5 × 5 ceeršj neslee nw~
Ùes he=LJeer kesâ Thej 20 mes 40 ceeršj keâer TBÛeeF& lekeâ kesâ nesles nw~

Ûeeuekeâ (Conductor)–
Ûeeuekeâ kesâ Øekeâej efJeefMe°leebS
(i) ceevekeâ keâ"esj keâef<e&le leeceü GÛÛe Ûeeuekeâlee leLee GÛÛe levÙe meeceLÙe& kesâ keâejCe leeceü Oeeleg keâe Ûeeuekeâ efMejesheefj ueeFve kesâ efueÙes
Ûeeuekeâ DeefOekeâ GheÙegkeäle nessles nw~
keâ"esj keâef<e&le leeceü ÛeeuekeâeW keâe efvecee&Ce keâjles meceÙe Delehle yesueve kesâ keâejCe, ÙeÅeefhe leeceü Oeeleg keâer
Ûeeuekeâlee kegâÚ keâce nes peeleer nw~
(ii) kewâ[efceÙece leeceü Ûeeuekeâ leeceü ceW 1% mes 2% lekeâ kewâ[efceÙece efceueeves mes leeceü keâer levÙe meeceLÙe& 40 mes 50% yeÌ{ peeleer nw~
hejvleg Ûeeuekeâlee 15-17% lekeâ Ieš peeleer nw~
kewâ[efceÙece leeceü efceßeOeeleg keâ"esj nesves kesâ keâejCe leej yeveeves ceW keâef"veeF& nesleer nw~
leveve meeceLÙe& GÛÛe neslee nw~ efpemekesâ keâejCe uecyeer mheeve ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
(iii) ceevekeâ keâ"esj keâef<e&le FmeceW 99.5% Megæ Al keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
SuÙegceerefveÙece Ûeeuekeâ meceeve ØeeflejesOe kesâ efueÙes Al keâer ceesšeF& leeByee mes 60% pÙeeoe nesleer nw~ Deewj Fmekeâe Jepeve leeByee keâe
efmeHe&â 48.3% neslee nw~ efpemekesâ keâejCe (Sag) Peesue Deewj šeJej hej keâce Yeej ueiesiee~
(iv) SuÙegceerefveÙece Ûeeuekeâ efceße efmeuceeueskeâ Suceeueskeâ Deeefo Al efceßeOeeleg keâer Ûeeuekeâlee levÙe meeceLÙe& keâ"esjlee leLee efškeâeGheve
Oeeleg Megæ Al keâer Dehes#ee GÛÛe nesles nw~
efmeuceeueskeâ keâe efvecee&Ce 99% Al ceW 0.5 cewiveerMeerÙece leLee 0.5 efmeefuekeâeve efceueekeâj efkeâÙee peelee
nw~
(v) Fmheele ›eâesef[š SuÙegefceefveÙece Fme Ûeeuekeâ ceW ceOÙe keâe Ûeeuekeâ Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ Jeefuele pemleerke=âle Fmheele ›eâes[ keâe neslee nw~ Deewj
Ûeeuekeâ (ACSR) DevÙe meYeer Ûeeuekeâ Al kesâ nesles nw~
Fmheele leLee Al kesâ efueÙes Ùen Devegheele 1 : 4 ceW jKee peelee nw~
(vi) Fmheele ›eâesef[š leeceü Ûeeuekeâ Ùen Fmheele ›eâesef[le Al ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ meceeve neslee nw~ Devlej kesâJeue Flevee neslee nw efkeâ yesefuele Al
Ûeeuekeâ keâer hele& kesâ mLeeve hej yesefuele leeceü ÛeeuekeâeW keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
(vii) pemleerke=âle Fmheele ueewn ÛeeuekeâeW keâes meb#eejCe pebie Deeefo JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe kegâØeYeeJeeW mes jeskeâves kesâ efueÙes efpebkeâOeeleg Éeje
pemleerke=âle keâj efoÙee peelee nw~
Ûeeuekeâ kesâ Øekeâej (Types of counductor)
"esme Ûeeuekeâ (Solid FmeceW lJeefÛekeâ ØeYeeJe GÛÛe neslee nw~
conductor)
KeesKeuee Ûeeuekeâ Ùen GÛÛe Oeeje (1000 amp) mes Thej Oeeje kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ nw~
(Hollow conductor)
Electrician Capsule 105 YCT
 mebÙegòeâ ceevekeâ Ûeeuekeâ 220 KV lekeâ kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ neslee nw~
(composite standard
conductor)
yeb[ue Ûeeuekeâ (Bundle Ùen 275 kesâ.Jeer. mes DeefOekeâ Jeesušspe kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ neslee nw~
conductor)
Fbmeguesšj kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Insulator)–
ueeFve Fvmeguesšj efJeefMe°leeS
1. keâerueer Ùee Oegje efJeÅegle Ùen ØeeÙe: heesme&ueerve keâe yevee neslee nw~
jesOekeâ efheve šeFhe efJeÅegle jesOekeâ keâes 33 kV mes Thej ØeÙeesie vener efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Pin type Insulator) 33 kV mes Thej keâer Jeesušlee kesâ efueÙes Skeâ efJeÅeglejesOekeâ keâer mebKÙee ye{ekeâj ØeÙeesie keâjles nw~
2. efveuecyeve efJeÅegle Ùeneb yengle meejer Disc keâes Skeâ–otmejs mes cesšseefuekeâ efuebkeâ Éeje peesÌ[ keâjkesâ Skeâ String yevee ueer peeleer nw~
jesOekeâ ØelÙeskeâ Disc keâes 11 kV kesâ efueÙes yeveeÙee peelee nw~
(Suspension Or Ùeefo YeefJe<Ùe ceW GÛÛe Jeesušspe mebÛejCe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nes lees Deefleefjòeâ ef[mkeâ mebÙeesefpele keâjkesâ keâer pee
Disc type
Insulator)
mekeâleer nw~
3. efJeke=âle efJeÅegle jesOekeâ efveuecyeve efJeÅeglejesOekeâ ner #ewefleefpekeâ efmLeefle ceW efJeke=âefle efJeÅegle jesOekeâ keânueelee nw~
(Strain Insulator) Ùen efJeÅegle jesOekeâ leveeJe efmLeefle ceW jnlee nw, FmeefueÙes Fmes leveeJe efJeÅegle jesOekeâ keânles nw~
4. Mewkeâue Ùee heeMe Fmekeâe efJeÅegle jesOeve heoeLe& heesme&ueerve mes efveefce&le neslee nw~
efJeÅeglejesOekeâ Ùen kesâJeue efJelejCe ØeCeeueer ceW ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
(Shackle or Reel Ùen efJeÅegle jesOekeâ efoMee yeoueves kesâ efueÙes ØeejcYe leLee Deefvlece efmeje nsleg ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Insulator)
5. mšs efJeÅegle jesOekeâ Ùen heesme&ueerve mes efveefce&le neslee nw~
(Stay Insulator) Ùen DeC[ekeâej neslee nw~
Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie leeve–leej (Gay wire) kesâ meeLe KecYees keâes meeOeves kesâ efueÙes TOJe&mLeeÙeer JÙeJemLee ceW neslee nw~
6. heesmš Ùee Deeuecye Fmekeâer mebjÛevee ueieYeie efheve FvmegueWšj kesâ meceeve nesleer nw~
efJeÅegle jesOekeâ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie ØeeÙe: veeFheâ efmJeÛe efJeueiekeâeefjÙeeW (Isolators) kesâ ØeeflemLeeheve kesâ efueS efJeÅegle kesâvõeW leLee
(Post or support GhekesâvõeW hej neslee nw~
Insulator)
ef[mkeâ keâer mebKÙee %eele keâjvee–
Phase Voltage
No of insulator = or
11
Line Voltage
No. of Insulator =
3 × 11

vÙetvelece efJeÅegle jesOekeâ keâer mebKÙee mebÛejCe ueeFve ceW shunt capacitance(CS )
string constant (k) =
ØeÛeeueve Jeesušspe ef[mkeâ keâer mebKÙee self capacitance (C)
efveuecyeve Øekeâej leveeJe Øekeâej efJeÅegle veesš- [er.meer. š^ebmeefceMeve ceW mš^eRie o#elee 100³ nesleer nw~
efJeÅegle jesOekeâ jesOekeâ megj#ee iegCekeâ (Safety Factor)–
11 kV 1 1
mebjÛevee megj#ee iegCekeâ
33 kV 2 3
66 kV 5 6 ueewn Ùee Fmheele Oeeleg kesâ KecYees ceW 2.0
132 kV 8 9 ceMeerve mes yeves kebâ›eâerš kesâ KecYeeW ceW 2.5
220 kV 14 15 neLe mes Ì{ues ngS kebâ›eâerš kesâ KecYees ceW 3.0
400 kV 21 to 23 22 to 23 uekeâÌ[er kesâ KecYeeW ceW 3.5
765 kV 42 43 šskeâ leej (stay-wire), j#ekeâleej 2.5
efmš^bie o#elee (String efficiency) :- (guard wire) ceW
ηS =
Voltageacross wholestring meyemes veerÛes kesâ Ûeeuekeâes keâer Yetefceleue mes T@ÛeeF&–
No.of insulator × voltageacross near the conductor (Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor) –
V
meefJe&me ueeFve peye meÌ[keâ keâes heej keâjleer ngF& ueieeF& peeÙes lees
%ηS = × 100 Ûeeuekeâ keâe keâesF& Yeer Yeeie Yetefceleue mes efvecve TBÛeeF& mes keâce hej
n × Vcond
veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Electrician Capsule 106 YCT
 1. efvecve Je ceOÙece Jeesušlee ueeFveeW kesâ efueS– 2. ieesuee ieesuee Deblejeue leefÌ[le efvejesOekeâ ceW ÚÌ[eW
5.791 ceeršj (19hegâš) Deblejeue leefÌ[le kesâ oesveeW efmejeW efpevekesâ ceOÙe JeeÙeg
2. GÛÛe Jeesušspe (HV) ueeFve kesâ efueS– efvejesOekeâ Deblejeue ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw, hej
6.096 ceeršj (20hegâš) (Sphere Gap ieesueekeâj Deeke=âefle Øeoeve keâer peeleer nw~
meefJe&me ueeFve peye meÌ[keâeW kesâ efkeâveejs ueieeF& peeÙes lees Ûeeuekeâ keâe Lightning DeefOeJeesušlee hej mheeke&â ØeÛeeefuele efvecve
keâesF& Yeer Yeeie Yetefceleue mes efvecve TBÛeeF& mes keâce veneR nesvee Arrester) Jeesušlee hej Yeer ØeÛeeefuele jnlee nw,
ÛeeefnS~ Dele: Deeke&âve mJele: Meeefceue veneR neslee
1. efvecve Je ceOÙece Jeesušlee ueeFveeW kesâ efueS– nw, efpemekesâ efueS ueeFve ØeoeÙeve keâes
5.485 ceeršj (18hegâš) kegâÚ meceÙe nsleg DeJe™æ jKevee heÌ[lee
2. GÛÛe Jeesušspe (HV) ueeFve kesâ efueS– nw~
5.791 ceeršj (19hegâš) 3. ëe=bie Deblejeue
Deeke&â kesâ mJele: Meceve nsleg ÚÌ[eW keâes ëe=bie
Ùeefo meefJe&me ueeFve keâneR Kegues #es$e ceW nes peneB meÌ[keâ vee nes lees leefÌ[le efvejesOekeâ kesâ ™he ceW cees[Ì efoÙee peelee nw leLee ëe=bieeW
Gmekeâer TBÛeeF& efvecve nesveer ÛeeefnS~ (Horn Gap keâes TOJee&Oej leue ceW jKee peelee nw~
1. 11000 Jeesuš lekeâ vebieer leej– Lightning Skeâ ëe=bie keâes, ßesCeer ceW DeØesjefCekeâ
4.572 ceeršj (15hegâš) Arrester)
ØeeflejesOe ØeÙegòeâ keâj ueeFve mes mebÙeesefpele
2. 11000 Jeesuš lekeâ efJeÅeglejesefOele leej–
efkeâÙee peelee nw leLee otmejs keâes Yet-
3.953 ceeršj (13hegâš)
mecheefke&âle efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ëe=bie Deblejeue
GÛÛe leLee Deefle GÛÛe Jeesušlee keâer FceejleeW mes otjer keâes Ssmes meceeÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw efkeâ
(clearance from building of high and extra high
voltage line)–
Deeke&â ØemeeceevÙe Jeesušlee kesâ 1.50 mes 2
iegveer Jeesušlee hej GlheVe nes~
peye GÛÛe Ùee Deefle GÛÛe Jeesušlee efkeâmeer YeJeve kesâ Thej mes neskeâj
iegpejleer nw lees YeJeve kesâ meyemes TÛes efnmmes mes Ûeeuekeâ kesâ 4. yeng Deblejeue yeng Deblejeue leefÌ[le efvejesOekeâ ceW pemles
DeefOekeâlece Peesue kesâ yeerÛe keâer KeÌ[er otjer efvecve mes keâce veneR nesveer leefÌ[le efvejesOekeâ keâer efceße Oeeleg mes efveefce&le yesueveeW kesâ ceOÙe
ÛeeefnS– (Multi Gap LeesÌ[e JeeÙeg Deblejeue jKeles ngS yesueveeW
1. GÛÛe Jeesušspe (HV) 33000 Jeesuš lekeâ– Lightning keâes ßesCeer ceW JÙeJeefmLele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Arrester Øeieeceer lejbieeW ceW j#eCe keâer ßesCeer GVele
3.658 (12hegâš)
2. Deefle GÛÛe Jeesušspe (EHV) ueeFveeW kesâ efueS– keâjves nsleg kegâÚ DeblejeueeW kesâ heeMJe& ceW
3.658 ceer.±0.305 ceer. ØelÙeskeâ Skeâ heeMJe& ØeeflejesOe ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee
33000 Jeesuš Ùee Gmekesâ Yeeie kesâ efueS nw~
peye ueeFve YeJeve kesâ heeme mes neskeâj iegpejleer nw lees efvecve mes keâce 5. efJe]Åegle FmeceW SuÙegceerefveÙece neF[^ekeämeeF[ (Al
otjer veneR nesveer ÛeeefnS– DeheIešveer leefÌ[le (OH)3 keâer heleueer efheâuce efJeÅegle
1. GÛÛe Jeesušspe 11000 Jeesuš lekeâ– 1.829 (4 hegâš) efvejesOekeâ DeheIešŸe ceW [tyeer jnleer nw, ØeÙegòeâ nesleer
2. HV 11000 Jeesuš mes DeefOekeâ uesefkeâve 33000 Jeesuš mes (Electrolytic nw~
keâce – 1.829 (6 hegâš) Lightning Fme efheâuce keâe critical rupturing
3. EHV ueeFve Arrester) voltage ueieYeie 400V nesleer nw~
1.829 ceer] ± 0.1829 ceer. 6. LeeÙejeFš leefÌ[le efJeÅegle kesâ keâejCe Deefle GÛÛe
ØelÙeskeâ 33000 Jeesuš Ùee Gmekesâ efkeâmeer Yeeie hej leefÌ[le efvejesOekeâ JeesušleeDeeW keâer GheefmLeefle mes GlheVe mepe&
leefÌ[le efvejesOekeâ Ùee mepe& [eFJeš&j– (Thyrite kesâ meceÙe efvejesOekeâ ceW GÛÛe ceeve keâer
(Lightning Arrester or surge diverter) Lightning Oeeje ØeJeeefnle nesleer nw hejvleg efnuueesue
1. ÚÌ[ Deblejeue • DeefOeJeesušlee hej mheeefkeËâie ØeÛeeefuele nesves kesâ Arrester) lejbie ØeJeeefnle nes peeves kesâ Ghejevle
leefÌ[le efvejesOekeâ Ghejevle Ùen kegâÚ meceÙe lekeâ efvecve Jeesušlee ØemeeceevÙe Oeeje lejbie nsleg LeeÙejeFš hegve:
(Rod gap pewmes 50 Jeesuš hej Yeer ØeÛeeefuele jn mekeâlee GÛÛe ØeeflejesOe OeejCe keâj ueslee nw~
lighting nw, efpemekesâ keâejCe kegâÚ meceÙe kesâ efueS LeeÙejeFš leefÌ[le efvejesOekeâ efyevee meceÙe
Arrester) ØeoeÙeve keâeÙe& DeJe™æ nes peeÙesiee leLee JeeÙeg he§eele kesâ keâeÙe& keâjlee nw Deewj yengle GÛÛe
Deblejeue kesâ DeeÙeveve kesâ Ghejeble ner ØeoeÙeve Ieelekeâ JeesušleeDeeW mes j#eCe nsleg Fmekeâe
mecYeJe nes heelee nw~ GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
• Dele: Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Dehes#eeke=âle keâce 7. Dee@keämeeF[– Fme Øekeâej kesâ leefÌ[le Ûeeuekeâ ceW efJeMes<e
PegkeâeJe De«e Yeeie Jeeueer efnuueesue lejbieeW nsleg efheâuce leefÌ[le Øekeâej mes yeveeF& ieF& ‘ef[mkeâ’ ØeÙeesie keâer
ner GheÙegòeâ nw~ peeleer nw~
Electrician Capsule 107 YCT
 efvejesOekeâ FmeceW ØelÙeskeâ ef[mkeâ 300 V hej keâeÙe&  0.3 
(Oxide–film keâjves kesâ efueS yeveeF& peeleer nw~ gV = g o ρ 1 +
  kV / cm
Lightning FmeceW ØeÙegòeâ ef[mkeâes keâes ßesCeer ›eâce ceW  r ρ 
Arrester) peesÌ[keâj DeefOekeâ Jeesušspe kesâ efueS pene@ gV = ÂMÙe keâesjesvee kesâ efueS ØeJeCelee
ef[peeFve efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Fve ef[mkeâes keâe GheÙeesie 220 kV lekeâ Ùeefo Ûeeuekeâ melen Demeceeve Deewj Kegjoje nw lees efJeOJebmekeâejer
keâer mehueeF& ueeFve kesâ efueS efkeâÙee pee Jeesušspe
mekeâlee nw~ d
8. hewuesš leefÌ[le Ùen Dee@keämeeF[ efheâuce leefÌ[le Øe«eener keâe VC = rg o .m.ρ.log
r
efvejesOekeâ ner heefjJeefle&le ™he nw~
(Pallet FmeceW Skeâ Ûeerveer efceóer mes yeveer ueieYeie peneB m = (0.8 − 1) neslee nw
Lightning 6.5 cm Deebleefjkeâ JÙeeme keâer veueer ceW m = Roughness factor (Kegjoje iegCeebkeâ)
Arrester) uew[ hejekeämeeF[ keâer 0.63 mesceer JÙeeme
keâer ieesefueÙeeB Yejer peeleer nQ~ Fve ieesefueÙeeW Ùeefo Ûeeuekeâ melen Demeceeve Deewj Kegjoje nw lees ÂMÙe efJeOJebmekeâejer
hej efueLeepe& veecekeâ Oeeleg keâer Skeâ Jeesušspe
efÚõÙegòeâ hele& ÛeÌ{er nesleer nw~ d
Fme leefÌ[le Øe«eener keâe ØeÙeesie 66 kV VV = r.gV mV log
r
lekeâ keâer ueeFve kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
kegâÚ cenlJehetCe& efyevog (Some Important Point)– mV = (0.72 mes 0.75) ueeskeâue keâesjesvee kesâ efueS
Deeke&â Meceve mJele: ner nes peelee nw~ =(0.82 mes 0.85) efveOee&efjle keâesjesvee kesâ efueS
mheeefkeËâie kesâ Ghejeble ØemeeceevÙe Jeesušlee hej Deeke&â ØeÛeeefuele
veneR jnlee nw~ Ùeefo Ûeeuekeâ veÙee nw lees m=1 uesles nw~
Fvekeâe DeeJesie Devegheele (impulse ratio) 2 mes 3 lekeâ neslee
nw~ ueeskeâue keâesjesvee keâce Jeesušspe hej ner efoKeeF& osves ueielee nw~
Deeke&â Meceve keâeue ueieYeie 3 meskesâC[ neslee nw~ keâesjesvee Meefòeâ neefve–
efnuueesue DeJeMees<ekeâ (Surge Absorber) –
Jen Ùegefòeâ pees lejbie De«e keâer ØeeJeCÙelee (steepness of ( f + 25) r
PC = 244 × 10−5 × . (VP − VC ) 2
wave from) keâes keâce keâjleer nw~ efnuueesue DeJeMees<ekeâ ρ d
(surge absorber) keânueeleer nw~
›eâebeflekeâ efJeOJebmekeâejer Jeesušspe (Critical disruptive Voltage)– keâesjesvee keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjves Jeeues keâejkeâ–
Ùen Skeâ vÙetvelece Jeesušspe nw, efpeme hej keâesjesvee ØeejcYe nes peelee nw~ (A) ueeFve keâer Yeeweflekeâ heefjefmLeefleÙeeB–
(i) ueeFve Jeesušlee
d
VC = r g o ρ.log (ii) Ûeeuekeâebs kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer
r
(iii) Ûeeuekeâ keâer Deeke=âefle SJeb Øeceehe
r= Ûeeuekeâ keâer ef$epÙee (iv) Ûeeuekeâebs kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer leLee Fvekesâ Deæ&JÙeeme keâe Devegheele (d/r)
ρ = JeeÙeg IevelJe megOeej keâejkeâ (v) Ûeeuekeâebs keâer he=<" keâer oMee~
go = DeefOekeâlece [eF&Fuesefkeäš^keâ meeceLÙe& (vi) Ûeeuekeâ kesâ Ûeejes Deesj DeeÙeveeW keâe Deekeâej
go = 30 kV/cm (maximum) (vii) DeeÙeveeW keâer Deewmele ieefle
= 21.1 kV/cm (r.m.s.) (B) JeeÙegceC[ueerÙe heefjefmLeefleÙee@–
(i) leeheceeve (Temprature)–
3.92b 1
ρ= ∵ PC ∝ t ↑ ρ ↓ Dele: keâesjesvee neefve ↑
273 + t ρ
b = yewjesceeršj
keâe hee"Ÿeebkeâ Deewj t ↓ mes ρ ↑ Dele: keâesjesvee neefve ↓
ÂMÙe ›eâebeflekeâ efJeOJebmekeâejer Jeesušspe keäÙeeWefkeâ
(Visual critical distrubtive Voltage)–
›eâebeflekeâ efJeOJebmekeâejer Jeesušspe hej keâesjesvee Ieefšle neslee nQ hejvleg 3.92b
↓ρ=
Ùen ÂMÙe veneR neslee~ 273 + t ↑

Electrician Capsule 108 YCT

(ii) oeye (Pressure)– (v) Øeefle keâuee Ghe-Ûeeuekeâes keâer mebKÙee –
Pressure ↑ lees b ↑ lees ρ ↑ Øeeflekeâuee Ghe-Ûeeuekeâes keâer mebKÙee yeÌ{eves mes r ↑ efpememes
Dele: Pc ↓ VC ↑ efpememes (VP − VC ) ↓ efpememes keâesjesvee neefve
( PC ) ↓ nw~ Dele: yeb[ue Ûeeuekeâ ØeÙeesie keâjves mes
1 1
∵ PC ∝ ∝ keâesjesvee neefve Iešleer nw~
ρ b
(vi) Yeej-Oeeje keâe ØeYeeJe-
1 Yeej Oeeje yeÌ{ves hej Ûeeuekeâ keâe leeheceeve yeÌ{lee nw,
↓ PC ∝ efpememes Ûeeuekeâ kesâ heeme keâer JeeÙeg Meg<keâ nes peeleer nw,
b↑
efpememes keâesjesvee keâce yevelee nw~
Dele: oeye yeÌ{ves hej keâesjesvee neefve Iešleer nw~ keâesjesvee ØeYeeJe keâes vÙetvelece keâjves keâer efJeefOeÙeeB–
(iii) Oetue Deewj ieboieer – yeC[ue Ûeeuekeâ keâe ØeÙeesie keâesjesvee neefve keâes keâce keâjves kesâ
efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Oetue Deewj ieboieer ↑ keâesjesvee neefve ↑ Oetue Deewj ieboieer yeÌ{ves hej 220 kV mes Thej Jeesušspe kesâ efueS yeC[ue Ûeeuekeâ keâe ØeÙeesie
›eâebeflekeâ Jeesušspe VC Iešlee nQ, efpememes keâesjesvee neefve yeÌ{lee nw~ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Distance and dust ↑ efpememes VC ↓ yeC[ue Ûeeuekeâ kesâ ØeÙeesie mes Jeesušspe ØeJeCelee Iešleer nw,
keäÙeeWefkeâ Ûeeuekeâ keâe ØeYeeJeer JÙeeme yeÌ{ peelee nw~
efpememes (VP − VC ) ↑ Dele: PC ↑ V
g=
d
(iv) Je<ee&, yehe&â Deewj kegânje – r.log
r
Je<ee&, yehe&â Deewj kegânje yeÌ{ves mes ›eâebeflekeâ Jeesušspe VC↓ nQ, yeC[ue Ûeeuekeâ kesâ ØeÙeesie mes ueeFve keâe ØesjefCekeâ ØeefleIeele
efpememes PC (keâesjesvee neefve) yeÌ{lee nw~ Iešlee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Ûeeuekeâ keâer ØeYeeJeer ef$epÙee yeÌ{ peeleer nw~
PC ∝ (VP − VC ) D
L = 2 × 10−7 ln
R
VC ↓ than (VP − VC ) ↑ yeC[ue Ûeeuekeâ kesâ ØeÙeesie mes ueeFve keâe OeeefjleerÙe ØeefleIeele yeÌ{
peelee nw~
Than PC ↑
2π ∈
(C) efJeÅegleerÙe Ieškeâ (Electrical Factor)– C=
GMD
(i) ueeFve Jeesušlee– log
GMR
yeC[ue-Ûeeuekeâ ceW Oeeefjlee keâe ceeve GÛÛe nesves mes ueeFve
keâesjesvee ∝ Jeesušlee PC ∝ VP Ûeeuekeâ keâe mepe&-ØeefleyeeOee Iešlee nw~
L
(ii) ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer– Z0 =
C
mepe&-ØeefleyeeOee Iešves mes mepe& ØeefleyeeOee ueesef[bie SIL yeÌ{ peelee
1 nw~ Dele: DeefOekeâ Meefòeâ keâe mLeeveevlejCe efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
keâesjesvee ∝
ÛeeuekeâesW keâer yeerÛe keâer otjer
V2
SIL =
Z0
(iii) ÛeeuekeâeW keâer Deeke=âefle SJeb Øeceehe–
lJeefÛekeâ ØeYeeJe Ùee Ûece& ØeYeeJe (skin effect)
1 ueeFve ÛeeuekeâeW ceW ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje keâe JeeåÙe hejleeW ceW mebkesâefvõle
keâesjesvee ∝
ÛeeuekeâesW keâe DeOe&JÙeeme neskeâj ØeJeeefnle nesves keâer Øeeke=âeflekeâ Iešvee keâes lJeefÛekeâ Ùee
efmkeâve ØeYeeJe keânles nw~
d/r Devegheele–keâesjesvee keâe ceeve d/r Devegheele kesâ JÙegl›eâceevegheeleer D.C. keâer efmLeefle ceW lJeefÛekeâ ØeYeeJe vener neslee nw~
neslee nw~ ØeoeÙeer DeeJe=efòe kesâ yeÌ{ves mes ueeFve Ûeeuekeâ ceW lJeefÛekeâ ØeYeeJe
yeÌ{lee nw~ lJeefÛekeâ ØeYeeJe ∝ ØeoeÙeer DeeJe=efòe~
(iv) Ûeeuekeâ keâer JeeåÙe ™he-jsKee – 50Hz DeeJe=efòe Ùee Fmemes keâce DeeJe=efòe hej 1 cm. JÙeeme lekeâ kesâ
Ûeeuekeâ kesâ Ûeejes Deesj keâe efJeÅegle #es$e, Ûeeuekeâ kesâ Jee¢e Ûeeuekeâ ceW lJeefÛekeâ ØeYeeJe mes yeÌ{s ngÙes ØeeflejesOe kesâ keâejCe nesves
™he-jsKee hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~ Jeeueer neefveÙeeB veieCÙe ceeveer peeleer nw~
Ûeeuekeâ keâe DevegØemLe keâeš–#es$e kesâ yeÌ{ves mes GmeceW lJeefÛekeâ ØeYeeJe
Ùeefo Ûeeuekeâ melen Kegjoje Deewj mece™he veneR nw lees yeÌ{lee nw~
keâesjesvee neefve DeefOekeâ nesiee~ ÛegcyekeâMeeruelee keâe ceeve yeÌ{ves hej GmeceW lJeefÛekeâ ØeYeeJe yeÌ{lee nw~
Electrician Capsule 109 YCT
H.V.D.C ØeCeeueer kesâ Øekeâej
(Types of H.V.D.C System)–
ceesveesheesuej yeeF&heesuej nesceesheesuej
(Monopolar) (Bipolar) (Homopolar)

FmeceW oes Ûeeuekeâ nesles nw Skeâ Oeveelcekeâ

neslee nw Deewj otmeje $e+Ceelcekeâ neslee nw~
FmeceW $e+Ceelcekeâ OeÇgJeerÙelee keâe Skeâ Skeâue
pees «eeGC[s[ neslee nw~ FmeceW oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ leej keâe
Ûeeuekeâ neslee nw~ Deewj Ùen Oeeje kesâ
oesveeW ÛeeuekeâeW kesâ yeerÛe keâe Jeesušspe Ûeeuekeâ GheÙeesie keâjles nw~ meYeer leej keâer
Jeehemeer heLe kesâ efueS «eeGC[/DeLe& keâe
Deewj DeLe& kesâ yeerÛe kesâ Jeesušspe keâe oes iegvee heesuesefjšer meceeve nesleer nQ
keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
neslee nw~ FmeceW oesvees Ûeeuekeâ meowJe Yet Ùee
FmeceW heesueeW keâe Yet-mecheke&âve šefce&veue
ØeeÙe: meYeer GÛÛe Meefòeâ HVDC ØeCeeueer ceW OeeeflJekeâ efjšve& kesâ meeLe meowJe
mšsMeve mes 15 mes 55 km otj DeLe&
Bipolar link keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ØeÛeeefuele nesles nw~
Fueskeäš^es[es Éeje efkeâÙee peelee nw~
FmeceW Yet-Fueskeäš^es[ keâes šefce&veue mšsMeve mes
(5-25) km keâer otjer hej mLeeefhele efkeâÙee
peelee nw~

hewâjevšer ØeYeeJe (Ferranti Effect)- Peesue (Sag)–

mebÛejCe ueeFveeW ceW peye ueeFves efveYee&j Ùee nukeâer-Yeej hej nesleer nw efMejesheefj ueeFve kesâ oes DeeuecyeeW kesâ yeerÛe efJeÅeglejesOekeâes mes keâmes
lees Fme efmLeefle ceW Øeehle efmeje Jeesušspe, Øes<eCe efmeje Jeesušspe mes ngÙes #ewefleefpekeâ Ûeeuekeâ keâer ueškeâve keâes Peesue keânles nw~
DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ ueeFve ceW Jeesušspe Je=efæ keâer Fme Iešvee keâes Fmes ‘ceeršj’ cee$ekeâ ceW ØeoefMe&le keâjles nw~
hewâjevšer ØeYeeJe keânles nw~
Hewâjebšer ØeYeeJe kesâJeue ceOÙece Ùee oerIe& mebÛejCe ueeFveeW ceW efveYee&j WL2
Ùee keâce Yeej keâer efmLeefle ceW neslee nw, ueIeg mebÛejCe ueeFveeW ceW Ùen Peesue (S) · ceeršj
8T
ØeYeeJe veneR neslee nw~
hewâje@všer ØeYeeJe ueeFve kesâ DeeJesMeve Oeeje kesâ keâejCe neslee nw~ Peesue keâes ØeYeeefJele keâjves Jeeues keâejkeâ–
(Factor Affecting Sag)
H.V.A.C Deewj H.V.D.C ceW Devlej–
Ûeeuekeâ kesâ Yeej yeÌ{ves mes ueeFve keâe mewie yeÌ{lee nw~ S∝ W
H.V.A.C H.V.D.C
FmeceW efjSefkeäšJe heeJej keâer FmeceW efjSefkeäšJe heeJej keâer Ûeeuekeâ hej yeHe&â kesâ Yeej (wi) kesâ yeÌ{ves mes ueeFve keâe mewie yeÌ{lee
DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~ DeeJeMÙekeâlee vener nesleer nw~ nw~ S ∝ w i
FmeceW efvecve Oeeje Jenve FmeceW GÛÛe Oeeje Jenve oes DeeuecyeeW kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer kesâ yeÌ{ves mes ueeFve keâe mewie Yeer
#ecelee nesleer nw~ #ecelee nesleer nw~
FmeceW mkeâerve Fhesâkeäš neslee nw FmeceW mkeâerve Fhesâkeäš vener DelÙeefOekeâ yeÌ{lee nw~ S ∝ L2
neslee nw Ûeeuekeâ hej ueieves Jeeues levÙe yeue kesâ yeÌ{ves mes ueeFve keâe mewie
FmeceW hesâjevšer Fhesâkeäš neslee FmeceW hesâjevšer Fhesâkeäš vener 1
nw neslee nw Iešlee nw~ S ∝
T
FmeceW GÛÛe keâesjesvee neefve FmeceW efvecve keâesjesvee neefve
nesleer nw nesleer nw Ûeeuekeâ kesâ leehe kesâ yeÌ{ves mes ueeFve keâe mewie yeÌ{lee nw~ S ∝ t
FmeceW Ûeeuekeâes keâer mebKÙee FmeceW Ûeeuekeâes keâer mebKÙee Fme Øekeâej Mejo $e+leg keâer Dehes#ee, «eer<ce $e+leg ceW ueeFve keâe mewie
DeefOekeâ nesleer nw keâce nesleer nw DeefOekeâ nesiee~
Electrician Capsule 110 YCT
 Jeesušspe jsieguesMeve medium 4000< 80km < l < 20-100 capacit
line fl< 160km OR kV or is
VS − VR
% Jeesušspe jsieguesMeve ( Vr ) = × 100 12000 240 km lumped
VR
Hz km and
or constan
t
Vnl − Vfl
( Vr ) = × 100 Long line l > 160 km > 100 capacit
Vfl
fl = OR 240 km kV ance is
Surge Impedance (mepe& ØeefleyeeOee)- uniform
12000
Hz km ally
Z B
ZC = or distribu
Y C
ted
neefve jefnle mebÛejCe ueeFve kesâ efueS
mebÛejCe lejbie (Traveling wave) -
R = 0, G = 0
1
L mebÛejCe lejbie ieefle (V) =
ZS = LC
C
Reflection co-efficient of voltage :-
veesš- DeesJej ns[ kesâ efueS mepe& ØeefleyeeOee keâe ceeve 400 mes
Reflected voltage(Vr )
600 Ω neslee nw~ ρv =
Incident Voltage(Vi )
DeC[j «eeGC[ kesâ efueS mepe& ØeefleyeeOee keâe ceeve 40 mes 50Ω
Z t − Z0
neslee nw~ ρv =
Z t + Z0
ueeFve keâe Meefòeâ mLeeveevlejCe #ecelee-
Reflection co-efficient of current -
E.V
(p) = sin δ Reflected Current(I r )
Z ρi =
Incident Current(Ii )
Ùeefo δ = 90°, E=V
Z0 − Z t
V2 ρi =
p= Z0 + Z t
Z
mepe& ØeefleyeeOee ueesef[bie (SIL) veesš :- ρi = −ρv
Transmission co-efficient or Refraction co-
VSVR ( kV )
2
SIL = = MW efficient-
ZS Z0
2Zt
veesš- SIL, otjer hej efveYe&j vener keâjlee nw peyeefkeâ Jeesušspe hej efveYe&j τ=
Z t + Z0
keâjlee nw~
Zt = ∞ (ueeFve Keguee heefjheLe nw)
ueeFveeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of Line) -
Zt = 0 (ueeFve ueIeg heefjheLe nw)
Type of Classifi Classificati Based Effect
Transmi cation on based on of peye ueeFve Øeeefhle efmeje hej Keguee heefjheLe nes lees
ssion line based on lenght oprat capaci Zt = ∞ ρv = 1 leLee τ = 2 ρi = −1
on f ×l if Line is ing tance
power line volta peye ueeFve Øeeefhle efmeje ueIeg heefjheLe nes lees
i.e f = ge
Zt = 0 ρv = −1 ρi = +1
50Hz
Short line fl < l< 80 km 0-20 Neglect peye Zt = Z0 Dele: ueeFve Deheves DeefYeuee#eefCekeâ ØeefleyeeOee mes
4000Hz kV ed
šefce&vesšs[ nes lees τ = 1 ρv = 0 ρi = 0
km

Electrician Capsule 111 YCT

 19
D.C. Generators (efo<š Oeeje peefve$e)
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)– OeÇgJe-veeue heesue-keâesj leLee heesue-Met keâes leeheevegMeerleve
ueIeg hewceeves hej efo<šOeeje keâe Glheeove, converter Éeje efkeâÙee (Magnetic Fmheele keâer heefòeÙeeW (stampings of
peelee nw, pees ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje keâes efo<šOeeje ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjlee nw; pole core annealing steel) mes hešefuele
hejvleg GÛÛe hewceeves hej efo<šOeeje keâe peveve, efo<šOeeje peefve$e and (laminated) yeveeÙee peelee nw~
magnetic
(d.c. generator) Éeje efkeâÙee peelee nw, pees Ùeeefv$ekeâ Tpee& keâes
pole shoe)
efo<šOeeje Tpee& ceW yeouelee nw~ ÛegcyekeâerÙe Ùen cegKÙe ÛegcyekeâerÙe heesue Éeje Glhevve
[er.meer. peefve$e keâe efmeæevle (Principle of DC Generator)– OegÇJe-veeue heäuekeäme keâes DeecexÛej keâer heefjefOe hej meceeve
[er.meer. peefve$e Ùee [eÙevescees, Hewâje[s kesâ efJeÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe ØesjCe (Magnetic ™he mes efJeleefjle keâjlee nw~
efmeæevle hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ pole shoe) Ùen JeeÙeg Devlejeue (air gap) keâes keâce
Fme efmeæevle kesâ Devegmeej, ‘‘Ùeefo efkeâmeer Ûeeuekeâ keâes efkeâmeer efmLej keâjlee nw~ efpememes heäuekeäme kesâ efueS vÙetve
ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e ceW Fme Øekeâej ieefleceeve keâjeÙee peeS efkeâ Ûeeuekeâ Øeefle<šcYe heLe Glhevve nes peelee nw~
ÛegcyekeâerÙe yeue jsKeeDeeW keâes keâešlee nes, lees Gme Ûeeuekeâ ceW efJeÅegle Ùen heesue JeeFef[bie keâes meneje oskeâj heesue
Jeenkeâ yeue GlheVe nes peelee nw~’’ kesâ keâesj hej mes efheâmeueves leLee efKemekeâves mes
[er.meer. ceMeerve keâer mebjÛevee (Construction of D.C. jeskeâlee nw~
Machine)-
ÛegcyekeâerÙe ÛegcyekeâerÙe OeÇgJe kegâC[ueve Gòespekeâ kegâC[ueve
OeÇgJe- (exciting winding) Yeer keânles nQ~
kegâC[ueve Fmes keâe@hej Ùee SsuegefceefveÙece kesâ leej mes
(Magnetic yeveeÙee peelee nw~
pole
winding)
efmeje-huesš efmeje-huesš (end plates), yesÙeeEjie keâes
(End OeejCe keâjleer nQ, efpemeceW DeecexÛej keâer
plates) Meeheäš keâes šskeâ keâj IegceeÙee peelee nw~
efmeje-huesš DeecexÛej leLee heesue-Met kesâ yeerÛe
JeeÙeg Devlejeue (air gap) keâes Skeâ meceeve
mšsšj heeš& (Stator Part ) yeveeÙes jKeleer nw~
Ùeeskeâ (Yoke) Úesšer ceMeerve kesâ efueS {ueJeeB ueesns (cost jesšj heeš& (Rotor Parts)–
iron) keâe yeveeÙee peelee nw, hejvleg yeÌ[er DeecexÛej keâesj DeecexÛej keâesj, [er.meer. ceMeerve keâe
ceMeerve kesâ efueS Fmes cost steel keâer (Armature core) Skeâ Ietceves Jeeuee yesueveekeâej Debie nw~
Ûeeojes mes yeveeÙee peelee nw~
Ùen ceMeerve kesâ Devoj ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe Fmes 0.35 mes 0.5 efceueerceeršj lekeâ
(magnetic circuit) DeLee&led heäuekeäme ceesšer efmeefuekeâeve Fmheele keâer Je=òeekeâej
heeLe keâes hetCe& keâjlee nw~ heefòeÙeeW mes yeveeÙee peelee nw~
Ùen ceMeerve keâes Ùeebef$ekeâ megj#ee Øeoeve keâjlee Ùen Deheves KeeBÛeeW ceW kegâC[ueer
nw DeLee&led Ùen ceMeerve keâes yeenjer DeeIeeleeW JeeFbef[bie keâes OeejCe keâjkesâ, ÛeeuekeâeW
(Oetue, Oethe, heeveer Deeefo peueJeeÙegJeer keâes meneje Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
kegâØeYeeJeeW) mes yeÛeelee nw~ efokedâheefjJele&keâ Ùen Skeâ efJeÅegle-Ûeeuekeâ heoeLe& keâ"esj
ÛegcyekeâerÙe DeefleueIeg ceMeerve kesâ heesue-keâesj leLee heesue- (Commutator) keâef<e&le leeceü (hard drawn copper)
OegÇJe-›eâes[ Met keâes {ueJeeB ueesns keâes {eue keâj "esme kesâ šsefhele KeC[eW (tappered
leLee yeveeÙee peelee nw~ segments) mes yesueveekeâej yevee neslee
ÛegcyekeâerÙe ceOÙece leLee yeÌ[er meeFpe keâer ceMeerveeW kesâ nw~
Electrician Capsule 112 YCT
 Ùen Oeeje ™heevlejCe (current yesefyeš cesšue yesefyeš cesšue yegMe oes YeeieeW ceW yeveeÙee
(iv)
conversion) keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw yegMe yesÙeeEjie peelee nw Deewj Fme yesÙeeEjie keâe GheÙeesie
DeLee&led Ùen S.meer. keâes [er.meer. leLee (Babbit metal yengle yeÌ[er ceMeerveeW ceW neslee nw~
[er.meer. keâes S.meer. ceW ™heevleefjle bush
(convert) keâjlee nw~ bearing)
yeÇMe-efieÙej (Brush yeÇMeeW keâes megÛee® ™he mes keâeÙee&efvJele efo<šOeeje peefve$e kesâ efJeÅegle-Jeenkeâ yeue keâe meceerkeâjCe
gear) leLee efveÙeefv$ele keâjves Jeeueer Ùegefòeâ keâes (Electromotive force equation of d.c. generator)
yeÇMe-efieÙej keânles nQ~ φPN Z
Eg = × volts
yeÇMe-efieÙej keâe cegKÙe Debie brush 60 A
holder neslee nw~ uewhe JeeFbef[bie keâer efmLeefle ceW
Ùen meYeer efmLeefleÙeeW ceW keâeye&ve-yeÇMe keâe A=P
keâ@cÙetšsšj keâer melen mes ÂÌ{ mecheke&â φZN
yeveeÙes jKelee nw~ El = volt
60
keâeye&ve-yeÇMespe keâeye&ve, keâ@cÙetšsšj kesâ efueS Skeâ JesJe JeeFbef[bie keâer efmLeefle ceW
(Carbon DeÛÚs mvesnkeâ (lubricant) keâe keâeÙe& A=2
brushes) keâjlee nw~
φPNZ
Fmemes keâeye&ve-yeÇMe leLee keâ@cÙetšsšj keâer Ew = volt
120
melen kesâ yeerÛe Ie<e&Ce (friction) keâce
nes peelee nw~ meceerkeâjCe (ii) leLee (iii) mes
Fme Øekeâej keâeye&ve, keâ@cÙetšsšj keâer P
Wave winding e.m.f. = × Lap winding e.m.f.
melen keâes Dehes#eeke=âle keâce efIemelee nw~ 2
uewhe JeeFbef[bie Deewj JesJe JeeFbef[bie ceW Devlej–
Meeheäš (Shaft)– JewÅegle ceMeerve keâer Meeheäš ØeeÙe: ce=og uewhe JeeFbef[bie JesJe JeeFbef[bie
Fmheele keâer yesueveekeâej yeveer nesleer nw, keäJeeÙeue-ueer[dme Skeâ-otmejs hej keäJeeÙeue-ueer[dme ßesCeer heefjheLe
efpeme hej Yeejer-Yejkeâce DeecexÛej leLee ÛeÌ{er ngF& nesleer nw~ keâer Yee@efle pegÌ[er ngF& nesleer nw~
keâ@cÙetšsšj Deejesefhele jnles nQ~ Ùen meceevlej JeeFbef[bie keânueeleer Ùen ßesCeer JeeFbef[bie keânueeleer nw
DeecexÛej-kegâC[ueer Ùen kegâC[ueer keâF& JeleeX (turns) keâes nQ~
(Armature coil) ef ceueekeâj yeveeF& peeleer nw Deewj ØelÙeskeâ keâce efJe.Jee.ye. Deewj DeefOekeâ DeefOekeâ efJe.Jee.yeue. keâce Oeeje
Jele& oes ÛeeuekeâeW (conductors) mes Oeeje GlheVe neslee nw~ GlheVe neslee nw~
efceueekeâj yevelee nw, meceevlej heLeeW keâer mebKÙee- meceevlej heLeeW keâer mebKÙee–
yesÙeefjbie kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Bearing) – A=P A=2
(i) mueerJe Ùen ieve cewšue keâer yeveer ngF& Skeâ Øekeâej [er.meer. peefve$eeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe–
yesÙeeEjie keâer yegMe yesÙeeEjie nesleer nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie (Classification of D.C. Generatiors)
(Sleev DeefleueIeg ceMeerveeW ceW neslee nw, efpevekesâ
bearing) IetCe&keâeW (rotors) keâe Yeej Deeflekeâce neslee
nw
(ii) yeeue yesÙeeEjie FmeceW ØeÙegòeâ ieesefueÙeeB (balls), Fmheele
(Ball bearing) Oeeleg (steel metal) keâer nesleer nQ~ Fmekeâe
GheÙeesie ueIeg leLee ceOÙece Deekeâej keâer
ceMeerveeW ceW neslee nw, efpevekesâ IetCe&keâ
(rotors) keâe Yeej meeceevÙe neslee nw~
(iii) jesuej FmeceW ØeÙegòeâ yesueve (rollers) Yeer ØeeÙe:
yesÙeeEjie Fmheele Oeeleg kesâ nesles nQ~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie
(Roller ceOÙece meeFpe keâer ceMeerveeW ceW neslee nw,
bearing) DeLee&led meeceevÙe IetCe&keâ Yeej (normal
rotor weight) Jeeueer ceMeerveeW ceW neslee
nw~
Electrician Capsule 113 YCT
 [er. meer. pevejsšj (D.C. Generator) Deevleefjkeâ DeefYeue#eCe Eg/Ia kegâue DeefYeue#eCe
meshejsšueer (Internal (Total
SkeämeeFšs[ characteristics) Characteristics)
pevejsšj yee¢e DeefYeue#eCe Vt/IL Yeej DeefYeue#eCe
(Seperately (External (Load
excited characteristics) Characteristics)
generator)
Ia = IL, VT = Eg–IaRa = Eg–IaRa- yeÇMe [^ehe [er.meer. pevejsšj kesâ DeefYeue#eCe (Characteristics of D.C.
[er.meer. Mebš
Generator)–
pevejsšj
(D.C. Shunt [er.meer Mebš
generator) pevejsšj

Ia = Ish + IL
VT = Eg–IaRa = Eg–IaRa–yeÇMe [^ehe
[er.meer. meerjerpe
pevejsšj
(D.C. Series
generator) [er.meer
meerjerpe
pevejsšj
Ia = Ise = IL , VT = Eg – Ia (Ra+Rse)
= Eg – Ia (Ra+Rse) – yeÇMe [^ehe
Mee@š& Mebš Ish
pevejsšj
(Short Shunt
generator) Rsh keâcÙetuesefšJe
keâcheeGC[
pevejsšj
Ia = Ish + Ise
VT = Eg – IaRa –IseRse
Or Eg–IaRa –IseRse – yeÇMe-[^e@he
uee@ie Mebš
ef[HeâjWefMeÙeue
pevejsšj
(Long Shunt keâcheeGC[
generator) pevejsšj

Ia = Ish + IL
VT = Eg – Ia (Ra + Rse)
Or Eg – Ia (Ra + Rse) -yeÇMe-[^ehe DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee (Armature Reaction)
[er.meer. pevejsšj kesâ DeefYeue#eCe (Characateristics of D.C. cegKÙe ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e hej DeecexÛej ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e (heäuekeäme) kesâ
Generator)– ØeYeeJe keâes DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee keânles nQ~ DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee oes
DeefYeue#eCe mecyevOe peevee peelee nw Øekeâej keâe neslee nw–
(Characteristics) (Relation) (Known as)
(i) efJeÛegcyekeâve Jen DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee, pees cegKÙe
Keguee heefjheLe E go /If ÛegcyekeâerÙe DeefYeue#eCe
DeefYeue#eCe (Magnetic DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e keâe efJejesOe keâjlee nw,
(Open circuit Characteristics) (Demagnetising D.M.A.R. keânueelee nw
characteristics) Ùee Armature
efveYee&j DeefYeue#eCe reaction)
Electrician Capsule 114 YCT
 (ii) ›eâe@me
Ûegcyekeâve Jen DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee, pees cegKÙe (iii)Øeefle heesue  l θ 
ATc / pole = ZI  − 
DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e keâes efJeke=âefle (distroted) ›eâe@me  2P 3600 
(Cross keâjlee nw, ›eâeme cewivesšeFefpebie DeecexÛej cewivesšeFefpebie
magnetising Øeefleef›eâÙee keânueelee nw~ Fmes C.M.A.R. SsefcheÙej-šve&
armature Øeleerkeâelcekeâ De#ejeW mes JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee (iv) Øeefle heesue ATc/ pole = 0.7 × ATt / pole
reaction)
nw~ keâcheWmesefšbie
JeeFbef[bie
DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee keâer keâefceÙee@ ATc/ pole =
Pole Arc
× ATt / pole
SsefcheÙej-šve&– Pole Pitch
(Drawback of armature reaction
heefjCeeceer air gap flux Iešlee nw~
Glheeefole E.M.F. ceW Harmonical component yeÌ{ efokeâdheefjJele&ve (Commutation)-
peelee nw~ [er.meer. peefve$e keâer DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie ceW Øesefjle (GlheVe) ØelÙeeJeleeaOeeje
ceMeerve keâer keâesj neefve yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ keâes, efokeâdheefjJele&keâ leLee yeÇMe keâer meneÙelee mes efo°Oeeje ceW yeouekeâj,
OeÇgJe efšhees hej ÛegcyekeâerÙe meble=efhle nes mekeâleer nw~ yee¢e heefjheLe DeLee&led Yeej keâes Øeoeve efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fme mechetCe& Øe›eâce
keâes efokeâdheefjJele&ve (commutation) keânles nQ~
ceMeerve ceW mšs^ neefve Deewj ueewn neefve yeÌ{ peeleer nw~
keâcÙetšsMeve kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Commutation)–
DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee keâes otj keâjves kesâ GheeÙe
keâcÙetšsMeve efvecve oes Øekeâej keâe neslee nw~
(Remedies of A.R.)
(i) mcetLe keâcÙetšsMeve peye DeecexÛej keäJee@Ùeume ceW efJeÅegle Oeeje
ÛegcyekeâerÙe OegÇJeeW hej Deefleefjòeâ SsefcheÙej-JeleeX (extra ampere-
(Smooth ØeJeen keâer efoMee ceW heefjJele&ve Oeerjs-Oeerjs
turns) keâer JÙeJemLee keâjkesâ~ commutation) neslee nw, lees Jen mcetLe keâcÙetšsMeve
ÛegcyekeâerÙe OeÇgJe veeueeW (magnetic pole shoes) keâer uecyeeF& keânueelee nw~
yeÌ{ekeâj, leeefkeâ JeeÙeg Devlejeue kesâ Devoj heäuekeäme efJelejCe
(ii) jHeâ keâcÙetšsMeve peye DeecexÛej keäJee@Ùeume ceW efJeÅegle Oeeje
Skeâmeceeve nes~ (Rough ØeJeen keâer efoMee ceW heefjJele&ve, leer›elee mes
jesšsefšbie ceMeerve kesâ Devoj cegKÙe OeÇgJeeW kesâ yeerÛe, Devle: OegÇJeeW commutation) neslee nw, lees Ùen jHeâ keâcÙetšsMeve keânueelee
(inter poles) keâes ØeeflemLeeefhele keâjkesâ~ nw~
jesšsefšbie ceMeerve kesâ Devoj, cegKÙe OegÇJeeW hej Øeeflekeâejer kegâC[ueve keâcÙetšsMeve megOeejves keâer efJeefOeÙeeB
(compensating winding) keâer JÙeJemLee keâjkesâ~ (Methods of Improving Commutation)
JewÅegle DebMe leLee Ùeebef$ekeâ DebMe ceW mecyevOe– (i) ØeeflejesOe Fme efJeefOe ceW DeefOekeâ ØeeflejesOe Jeeues keâeye&ve
θe 2.θe efJeefOe yeÇMeeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
θ Ùee θm = = DebMe
P/2 P (Resistance yeÇMeeW keâe ØeeflejesOe DeefOekeâ nesves kesâ keâejCe
θm = Machnical Angle method) Mee@š&-meefke&âš keäJee@Ùeue ceW Oeeje Oeerjs-Oeerjs
θe = Electrical Angle heefjJeefle&le nesleer nw, efpemekesâ heefjCeecemJe™he
#ejCe iegCeebkeâ (Leakage coefficient)– efÛebieejer veieCÙe nes peeleer nw~
Ùen mechetCe& heäuekeäme leLee GheÙeesieer heäuekeäme keâe Devegheele nw~ GÛÛe ØeeflejesOe keâeye&ve yeÇMe keâe GheÙeesie
keâjkesâ mcetLe keâcÙetšsMeve Øeehle efkeâÙee pee
mechetCe& heäuekeäme mekeâlee nw~
#ejCe iegCeebkeâ ( λ ) = >1
GheÙeesieer heäuekeäme (ii) efJeÅegle- Fme efJeefOe Éeje efjSkeäšsvme Jeesušspe kesâ
SefcheÙej-šveeX keâe heefjkeâueve (Calculation of Ampere Jeenkeâ yeue ØeYeeJe keâes Kelce keâjves kesâ efueS Fmekesâ
Turn)- efJeefOe efJehejerle efoMee ceW Fvšjheesue keâer meneÙelee
(i) Øeefle heesue kegâue ZI (E.M.F. mes efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue GlheVe efkeâÙee peelee
ATt / Pole =
SsefcheÙej-šve&– 2P Method) nw~
[er.meer. peefve$eeW ceW cegKÙe heesume kesâ ceOÙe
(ii) Øeefle heesue  θ  Úesšs-Úesšs Fvšjheesue ueieeS peeles nQ~
ATd / Pole = ZI  
[ercewivesšeFefpebie  3600  Fvekeâer mebKÙee cegKÙe heesume kesâ meceeve ner
SsefcheÙej-šve&– nesleer nw~

Electrician Capsule 115 YCT

Fbšjheesue leLee keâchevmesefšbie JeeFbef[bie Ùeeefv$ekeâ neefve (i) mš^s neefve = ueewn neefve + Ùeebef$ekeâ neefve
(Interpoles and Compensating Winding)– (Machnical (ii) efveÙele neefve = ueewn neefve + Ùeebe$f ekeâ neefve
Fvšjheesue [er.meer. peefve$eeW ceW keâcÙetšsMeve kesâ losses) + Mebš Heâeru[ neefve
(Interpoles) keâejCe keâcÙetšsšj leLee yeÇMeeW kesâ yeerÛe yeÇMe mechekeâ& keâeye&ve «esHeâeFš yeÇMe keâs efueS 1V Øeefle yeÇMe
GlheVe nesves Jeeueer mheeefkeËâie kesâ efveJeejCe ØeeflejesOe neefve leLee cewšue ieÇsHeâeFš yeÇMe keâs efueS 0.5 Jeesuš
kesâ efueS cegKÙe Heâeru[-heesume kesâ yeerÛe (Brush Øeefle yeÇMe Jeesušspe [^ehe neslee nw~
mLeeefhele efkeâS ieS Úesšs heesume, contect
Fvšjheesume keânueeles nw~ resistance
losses)
Ùes heesume, DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie leLee
[er.meer. pevejsšjeW kesâ DevegØeÙeesie (Applications of D.C.
meerjerpe-Heâeru[ JeeFbef[bie kesâ ßesCeer-›eâce
Generators)–
ceW mebÙeesefpele efkeâS peeles nw~
meshejsšueer efJeÅegle-efJeMues<eCe kesâ keâeÙeeX, efJeÅegle-
FvnW meneÙekeâ OegÇJe (auxiliary
SkeämeeFšs[ jemeeÙeefvekeâ keâeÙeeX, efJeÅegle-DeefYeJeæ&ve keâeÙeeX,
poles), efokeâdheefjJele&ve OegÇJe
ieefle efveÙev$eCe keâer Jee[& efueÙeesvee[& efJeefOe
(commutator poles), Deefleefjòeâ
Deeefo~
OegÇJe (extra poles), ueIeg OegÇJe
(small poles) Deeefo veeceeW mes Yeer
Mebš pevejsšj yewšer ÛeeefpeËie pevejsšj , [erpeue pevejsšj
peevee peelee nw~ mesš, hesš^esue pevejsšj mesš Deeefo
meerjerpe pevejsšj DeefYeJeOe&keâ (series booster), Deeke&â
keâchevmesefšbie keâcheeGC[ peefve$eeW ceW ›eâe@me-Ûegcyekeâve
oerhleve peefve$e (arc lighting generator),
JeeFbef[bie ØeYeeJe keâes meceehle keâjves kesâ efueS
hegvepe&veveerÙe DeejesOeve (regenerating
(Compensating meerjerpe-Heâeru[ JeeFbef[bie kesâ ßesCeer-›eâce
braking) ceW #es$e Gòespekeâ (field
Winding) ceW Skeâ Deefleefjòeâ JeeFbef[bie mebÙeesefpele
exciter) Deeefo
keâer peeleer nw, efpemes keâchevmesefšbie
DeC[j keâcheeGC[ DeC[j keâcheeGC[ pevejsšj keâe ØeÙeesie,
JeeFbef[bie keânles nQ~
pevejsšj efvekeâšlece efJeÅegle-Meefòeâ mehueeF& kesâ efueS
Ùen JeeFbef[bie Yeer meerjerpe-Heâeru[
Mebš pevejsšj kesâ mLeeve hej neslee nw
JeeFbef[bie keâer YeeBefle Heâeru[-heesume hej
mLeeefhele keâer peeleer nw Deewj Fmekeâe
mebÙeespeve, DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie kesâ ßesCeer- heäuewš keâcheeGC[ uesJeue DeLee&led heäuewš keâcheeGC[ pevejsšj
›eâce ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pevejsšj keâe ØeÙeesie, keâce otjer keâer efJeÅegle-Meefòeâ
mehueeF& kesâ efueS neslee nw ~
Øeeflekeâejer kegâC[ueve keâe ØeÙeesie Gve oerIe&
ceMeerveeW ceW neslee nw, efpevekesâ Yeej ceW
DeefOekeâ Gleej-ÛeÌ{eJe neslee nw~ DeesJej keâcheeGC[ keâcÙetcÙetuesefšJe keâcheeGC[ pevejsšj keâe
pevejsšj ØeÙeesie [er.meer. mehueeF& kesâ efueS meJee&efOekeâ
[er.meer. peefve$ees ces neefveÙeeB–
neslee nw~ ØeeÙe: DeesJej keâcheeGC[ pevejsšj
leeceü neefve (i) Deeces&Ûej neefve = Ia2 R a keâe ØeÙeesie, DeefOekeâ otjer keâer efJeÅegle-Meefòeâ
(Copper veesš– keâgue neefve keâe = 30–40% nesleer nw~ mehueeF& kesâ efueS neslee nw~
losses)
(ii) Mebš Heâeru[ neefve = Ish2 R sh ef[heâjsefvMeÙeue Fme pevejsšj keâe ØeÙeesie Deeke&â Jesefu[bie keâer
(iii) meerjerpe Heâeru[ neefve = Ise2 R se keâcheeGC[ efJeÅegle-Meefòeâ mehueeF& kesâ efueS neslee nw,
pevejsšj keäÙeeWefkeâ Deeke&â Jesefu[bie kesâ efueS vÙetve
(iv) FCšj heesue neefve = Ia2 R ip
Jeesušlee (60 to 80 V) leLee GÛÛe Oeeje
ueewn neefve (i) efnmšsjsefmeme neefve (Wh ) = η.B1.6
m fV (300 to 600 A) keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer
(Iron losses) (ii) YeBJej Oeeje neefve (We ) = K e B2m f 2 t 2 V nQ~

Electrician Capsule 116 YCT

 20
DC Motor
(efo° Oeeje ceesšj)
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)– [er.meer. ceesšj keâer N ∝ Eb
[er.meer. mehueeF& mes Ùeeefv$ekeâ Tpee& GlheVe keâjves Jeeueer ceMeerve, ieefle
1
[er.meer. ceesšj keânueeleer nw~ (Speed of D.C. N∝
φ
Motor)–
efo° Oeeje ceesšj keâer meeceevÙe mebjÛevee–
yewkeâ emf, jesšj E b2 φ2 N 2
(General Construction of D.C. motor) =
mheer[ ceW mecyevOe E b1 φ1 N1
mebjÛevee kesâ Âef°keâesCe mes efo° Oeeje ceesšj leLee peefve$e ceW keâesF&
efJeMes<e Devlej veneR nw~ [er.meer. ceesšme& keâe JeieeakeâjCe-
Ùen efo° Oeeje ceMeerve keâes ceesšj leLee peefve$e oesveeW Øekeâej mes ØeÙeesie (Classification of D.C. Motors)
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Jemlegle: Skeâ ner ceMeerve keâes Ùeebef$ekeâ Tpee&
oskeâj [er.meer. pevejsšj kesâ ™he ceW leLee JewÅegeflekeâ Tpee& oskeâj
[er.meer. ceesšj kesâ ™he ceW ØeÛeeefuele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
keâeÙe& efmeæeble (Working Principle)–
peye efkeâmeer Oeeje ØeJeen keâjles ngS Ûeeuekeâ keâes ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e ceW
jKee peelee nw leye Gme hej Ùeebef$ekeâ yeue (Mechanical Force)
keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ efpemes heäuesefcebie kesâ yeeSB neLe kesâ efveÙece Éeje %eele
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, Fme yeue kesâ keâejCe Ûeeuekeâ yeue keâer efoMee
ceW ieefleMeerue nes peelee nw~ [er.meer. ceesšj
Ûeeuekeâ Éeje DevegYeJe efkeâÙee ieÙee yeue F = BIL Sinθ vÙetšve meshejsšueer
neslee nw~ SkeämeeFšs[
[er.meer. ceesšj mes mecyeefvOele ØecegKe mebyebOe– ceesšj
yewkeâ F&.Sce.Sheâ. φZNP
Eb =
(Back EMF)– 60A

E b = V − Ia R a

yeueeIetCe& T = F.r Is = Ia , Eb = Vs –IaRa = Vs–IaRa–yeÇMe [^e@he

(Torque) [er.meer. Mebš
DeecexÛej še@ke&â φZPIa
ceesšj
Ta =
(Armature 2πA
Torque)
0.159φZP
Ta = × Ia
A

Mee@Heäš še@ke&â BHP × 60 × 735.5

Tsh = N–M
2πN Is = Ia + Ish , Eb = Vs – IaRa

Electrician Capsule 117 YCT

 meerjerpe ceesšj ueebie Mebš
ceesšj

Ia = Ise = IL , Eb = Vs – Ia (Ra+ Rse)

Mee@š& Mebš
ceesšj

Is = Ish + Ia

Eb = Vs – Ia (Ra+Rse)

or Vs –Ia (Ra+Rse) – yeÇMe [^e@he.

Is = Ia+Ish
Eb = Vs –IaRa–IseRse

[er.meer. ceesšj keâe DeefYeue#eCe (Characteristics of D.C. Motor)–

ieefle/DeecexÛej Oeeje
(N / Ia)

šeke&â/DeecexÛej Oeeje (T /Ia)

Ta Ta Ta

ieefle/šeke&â
(N /Ta)

Ta Ta Ta

Electrician Capsule 118 YCT

[er.meer. ceesšj kesâ efueS hejer#eCe (Testing of D.C. Machine)– [er.meer. ceesšj mšeš&j kesâ Øekeâej–
hejer#eCe hejHeâeceXme (Type of D.C. Motor Starter)

efmJeveyeve& šsmš (vees uees[ šsmš) efveÙele neefve

efjše[xMeve šsmš (jefvebie [eGve Mebš ceesšj keâe mš^s-uee@me
šsmš).
ne@heefkeâvmeve šsmš Ùee keâcÙetšsMeve Deewj leeheceeve Je=efæ kesâ
(Hegâue uees[ šsmš) mecyevOe ceW ceMeerve keâe hejHeâeceXme
(efjpevejsefšJe šsmš). oes efyevog Jeeuee Ùen kesâJeue meerjerpe ceesšj keâes Ûeeuet
(nerš-jve šsmš). mšeš&j keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Two Point št–hJeeFbš mšeš&j ceW ØeeÙe: keâesF&
Heâeru[ šsmš (meerjerpe ceesšj šsmš). [er.meer. ßesCeer ceMeerve kesâ efueS mš^s
Starter DeesJejuees[ megj#ee Ùegefòeâ ØeÙeesie veneR keâer
neefve %eele keâjvee
peeleer nw~
yeÇskeâ šsmš ([eÙejskeäš šsmš). Úesšs ceesšj kesâ o#elee kesâ efueS
leerve–efyevog Jeeuee Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie Mebš leLee keâcheeGC[
Deeshesve meefke&âš šsmš. keâesj neefve
mšeš&j (Three- ceesšj keâes Ûeeuet keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
Mee@š& meefke&âš šsmš keâe@hej neefve
point starter) peelee nw~
[er.meer. ceesšj keâe efJeefYeVe Ûele&gLeebMe ceW Dee@hejsMeve– Fme Øekeâej kesâ mšeš&j ceW NVC keâes
HebâkeäMeve Ûeleg&LeebMe ieefle šeke&â DeeGšhegš Mebš–heâeru[ JeeFbef[bie Deewj mšeefšËie
hee@Jej ØeeflejesOe kesâ ßesCeer ›eâce ceW mebÙeesefpele
Heâe@jJe[& I + + + efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ceesšefjbie Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efJeMes<e ™he mes Mebš
Heâe@jJe[& II + + – ceesšj kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
yeÇsefkebâie Ûeej–efyevog Jeeuee Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie Mebš leLee keâcheeGC[
efjJeme& III – – + mšeš&j (Four- ceesšj keâes Ûeeuet keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee

ceesšefjbie point starter) peelee nw~

Fme Øekeâej kesâ mšeš&j ceW NVC keâes
efjJeme& yeÇsefkebâie IV – + –
Mebš–heâeru[ JeeFbef[bie Deewj mšeefšËie–
efo<š Oeeje ceesšj ceW DeefOekeâlece Ùeeefv$ekeâ Meefkeäle kesâ efueS Mele&
ØeeflejesOe kesâ ßesCeer ›eâce ceW mebÙeesefpele
(Condition for maximum mechanical power in D.C.
efkeâÙee peelee nQ~
Motor)–
DeefOekeâlece Ùeeefv$ekeâ Meefkeäle Gme meceÙe efJekeâefmele nesieer peye efJejesOeer Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efJeMes<e ™he mes
efJe.Jee.yeue keâe ceeve ØeÙegkeäle Jeesušlee (V) keâe DeeOee nesiee~ keâcheeGC[ ceesšj kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee
nw~
V
Eb =
2 [er.meer. ceesšme& keâe ieefle efveÙeb$eCe–
efo<š Oeeje ceesšj mšeš&j (D.C. Motor startor)– (Speed control of D.C. Motors)
ØeejefcYekeâ Oeeje keâes meerefcele keâjves kesâ efueS mšeš&j keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ceesšj keâer ieefle keâes DeeJeMÙekeâlee kesâ Deveg™he Ieševee–yeÌ{evee, ieefle
peelee nw~ efveÙeb$eCe keânueelee nw~
119
Mebš leLee meerjerpe ceesšj kesâ ieefle efveÙeb$eCe kesâ efJeefOe Øekeâej DeefYeue#eCe DevegØeÙeesie
Mebš ceesšj meerjerpe ceesšj (Type) (Characteristics) (Applications)
1. Heäuekeäme kebâš^esue efJeefOe 1. Heäuekeäme kebâš^esue efJeefOe Mebš (i) ueieYeie efmLej ieefle
heche, hewâve, yueesDej,
2. DeecexÛej kebâš^esue Ùee Heâeru[ [eÙeJeš&j efJeefOe (constant speed) uewLe, ef[^ue Deeefo
efjÙeesmšsš efJeefOe DeecexÛej [eÙeJeš&j efJeefOe (ii) mecebpeveerÙe ieefle keâeÙe&Meeuee leLee GÅeesieeW
3. Jeesušspe kebâš^esue efJeefOe šwh[ Heâeru[ kebâš^esue efJeefOe (adjustable speed) keâer ceMeerveW~
Paralleling field coil (iii) ceOÙece DeejefcYekeâ
ceušerheue Jeesušspe 2. heefjJele&veerÙe ØeeflejesOe efJeefOe yeueeIetCe&
kebâš^esue (ceesšj kesâ meerjerpe ceW) (medium starting
Jee[& efueÙeesvee[& efmemšce torque)

veesš– meerjerpe (i) heefjJele&veerÙe ieefle efueheäš SJeb ›esâve,

(variable speed) ne@Ùemš SJeb neGuespe,
Heâeru[ kebâš^esue DeeOeej ieefle mes Thej
(ii) mecebpeveerÙe heefjJele&veerÙe š^sve, š^e@ce-Jes, š^e@ueer,
(Constant power mode) (Above base Speed)
DeecexÛej kebâš^esue DeeOeej ieefle mes veerÛes ieefle š^skeäMeve Jeke&â Deeefo ~
(Below base Speed) (adjustable variable
(Constant torque mode)
speed)
Jee[& efueÙeesvee[& kebâš^esue ieefle keâer efJemle=le jWpe
(iii) GÛÛe DeejefcYekeâ
(Wide range of Speed)
yeueeIetCe&
[er.meer. ceesšj keâer o#elee (Efficiency of D.C. Motor)–
(high starting
[er.meer. ceesšj keâer o#elee keâes efvecve leerve ™heeW ceW JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee pee
torque)
mekeâlee nw–
keäÙetcuesefšJe (i) heefjJele&veerÙe ieefle KeeveeW leLee keâejKeeveeW
DeeGšhegš Ùeebef$ekeâ Meefòeâ keâcheeGC[ ceW, MeerÙeefjbie SJeb hebefÛebie
Ùeebef$ekeâ o#elee · (variable speed)
1. GlheVe Ùeebef$ekeâ Meefòeâ
(ii) mecebpeveerÙe heefjJele&veerÙe ceMeerveW, keâveJesÙeme& SJeb
BHP × 735.5
ηm = ieefle SefueJesšme&, huesveme&,
E b Ia
(adjustable variable jesueme& Deeefo~
2. GlheVe Ùeebef$ekeâ Meefòeâ speed)
JewÅegeflekeâ o#elee ·
Fvehegš JewÅegeflekeâ Meefòeâ (iii) GÛÛe DeejefcYekeâ
E b Ia yeueeIetCe&
ηe =
V.I (high starting
torque)
3. DeeGšhegš Ùeebef$ekeâ Meefòeâ
JÙeeJemeeefÙekeâ o#elee · ef[heâjsefvMeÙeue Mebš leLee ßesCeer oesveeW Fmekeâe GheÙeesie
Fvehegš JewÅegeflekeâ Meefòeâ
keâcheeGC[ kegâC[efueÙeeW ceW Oeeje efJehejerle ØeÙeesieMeeueeDeeW ceW efkeâÙee
BHP × 735.5
ηc =
V.I
ceesšj efoMee ceW ØeJeeefnle nesleer nw~ peelee nw~

o#eleeDeeW ceW mecyevOe (Relation between Efficiencies)

JÙeeJemeeefÙekeâ o#elee · Ùeebef$ekeâ o#elee × JewÅegeflekeâ o#elee
ηc = ηm × ηe

[er.meer. ceesšjeW kesâ DeefYeue#eCe leLee DevegØeÙeesie mecyevOeer

leeefuekeâe

120
 21
Transformer
(š^ebmeheâe@ce&j)
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)– ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe leLee efJeÅegle heefjheLe ceW neefve MetvÙe neslee nw~
š^ebmeHeâece&j Skeâ mLeweflekeâ ceMeerve nw, efpemeceW oes Ùee oes mes DeefOekeâ ÛegcyekeâerÙe Oeeje leLee ueewn neefve MetvÙe neslee nw~
efJeÅegle heefjheLe ÛegcyekeâerÙe ™he mes peg[Ì s nesles nw, pees DeeJe=efòe Deewj ™heevlejCe Devegheele (Transformation ratio)–
Meefòeâ ceW heefjJele&ve efkeâÙes efyevee Skeâ heefjheLe mes otmejs heefjheLe ceW N V I
k= 2 = 2 = 1
Tpee& keâes mLeeveevleefjle keâjles nw~ N1 V1 I2
š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j keâe keâeÙe& efmeæevle– DeeoMe& š^ebmeHeâece&j kesâ efueS -
(Working principle of Transformer) P1 = P2
I1 Z2
=
I2 Z1
š^ebmeheâe@ce&j
keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of
Transformer)–

Primary

š^ebmeHeâece&j heejmheefjkeâ ØesjkeâlJe (Mutual Inductance) kesâ

efmeæevle hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
FmeceW oes ØesjkeâerÙe kegâC[ueer nesleer nw pees efvecve Øeefle°cYe heeLe Éeje
ÛegcyekeâerÙe ™he mes Ùegeficele nesleer nw~
ØeeLeefcekeâ leLee efÉleerÙekeâ kegâC[ueve JewÅegleerÙe mebÙeesefpele veneR nesles nw
FmeefueS Gvekesâ ceOÙe Devevle ØeeflejesOe neslee nw~
 MdI 
 heejmheefjkeâ efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue ( e ) = volt 
 dt 
š^ebmeheâece&j keâe efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue meceerkeâjCe (EMF GÛÛeeÙekeâ š^ebmeHeâece&j DeheÛeeÙekeâ š^ebmeHeâece&j
equation of transformer)– (Step up Transformer) (Step down
Transformer)
Øeefle Jele&ve GlheVe efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue keâe Deewmele ceeve
(Eavg) = 4f φm Jeesuš
Øeefle Jele&ve efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue keâe Jeie& ceeOÙe cetue ceeve
(Erms) = 4.44 f φm N Jeesuš (N = 1)

peye NS > NP nesiee leye ES peye NS < NP nesiee leye

DeeoMe& š^ebmeheâece&j (Ideal transformer)–
> EP Yeer nesiee~ Fme DeJemLee ES < EP Yeer nesiee~ Fme
DeeoMe& š^ebmeheâece&j ceW efvecveefueefKele iegCe neslee nw– ceW š^ebmeheâece&j keâes mšshe-Dehe DeJemLee ceW š^ebmeheâece&j
kegâC[ueve keâe ØeeflejesOe MetvÙe neslee nw~ š^ebmeheâece&j keânles nw~ keâes mšshe-[eGve
#ejCe heäuekeäme MetvÙe neslee nw~ š^ebmeheâece&j keânles nw~
Electrician Capsule 121 YCT
keâesj šeFhe leLee Mewue šeFhe š^ebmeHeâece&j ceW Devlej– Fme š^ebmeheâe@ce&j ceW FmeceW mewC[efJeÛe SJeb
(Difference between core type and shell type T/F) Concentric FCšjefueJ[ Øekeâej
keâesj šeFhe Mewue šeFhe yewjer šeFhe š^ebmeheâe@ce&j winding nesleer keâer kegâC[ueve nesleer
š^ebmeheâe@ce&j š^ebmeheâe@ce&j (Barry Type nw~ nw~
(Core type (Shell type Transformer)
Transformer) transformer) eEmeieue-Hesâpe š^ebmeHeâece&j 3-Hesâpe š^ebmeHeâece&j (Three
(Singal phase phase Transformer)–
Transformer)–

FmeceW L-Deeke=âefle FmeceW E leLee I FmeceW L DeLeJee U Je I

keâer hešueeW keâe Deeke=âefle keâer hešueeW Øee™heer hešueeW keâe
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Skeâ Hesâpe Jeeueer A.C. mehueeF& 3-φ Jeeueer A.C. mehueeF& hej
nQ~ peelee nw~ hej keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeues keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeues T/F 3-φ
kegâC[ueer keâesj keâer kegâC[ueer keâesj keâer FmeceW keâF& DeeÙeleekeâej š^ebmeHeâece&j eEmeieue-Hesâpe T/F T/F keânueeles nQ~
oesveeW YegpeeDeeW hej ceOÙe Yegpee hej øesâce Fme Øekeâej ueieeS keânueeles nQ~
mLeeefhele neslee nw~ mLeeefhele efkeâÙee peelee peeles nw efkeâ meYeer øesâceeW
FmeceW keâesj, nw~ keâer Skeâ Yegpee, cegKÙe Ùes ØeeÙe: 250 Jeesuš hej keâeÙe& FmeceW leerve ØeeFcejer Deewj leerve
JeeFef[bie mes ÛeejeW FmeceW JeeFef[bie keâesj kesâ ceOÙe Yeeie mes keâjves Jeeues nesles nw~ meskesâC[jer JeeFbeE[ie nesleer nw~
Deesj efIejer nesleer nw~ keâesj mes ÛeejeW Deesj iegpejW~
FmeceW Skeâ ØeeFcejer leLee Skeâ
efIejer nesleer nw~
meskesâC[jer nesleer nw~
Fme T/F ceW Fme T/F ceW cegKÙe keâesj hej ØeeFcejer
ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe kesâ JeeFbeE[ie leLee Fmekesâ
keâe Skeâ ner ceeie& oes ceeie& nesless nw~ Thej meskesâC[jer JeeFbeE[ie Fmekeâe GheÙeesie Jeesušspe Fmekeâe GheÙeesie 11 kV keâer
neslee nw~ mLeeefhele keâer peeleer nw~ mšwyeueeFpej, jsef[ÙeeW Jeseušlee Glheeove kesâvõeW hej
efjmeerJej,šer.Jeer. efjmeerJej, 66 kV, 110 kV, 132 kV,
FmeceW keâesj keâer oes FmeceW keâesj keâer leerve 220 kV leLee 400 kV lekeâ
FvJeš&j Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee peelee
efuecye leLee oes efuecye leLee oes Ùeeskeâ
nw~ mšshe-Dehe keâjkesâ heejs<eCe keâjves
Ùeeskeâ neslee nw~ neslee nw~
nsleg efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâesj keâer oesveeW keâesj kesâ ceOÙe Yegpee
GheÙeb$e š^ebmeheâe@ce&j (Instrument Transformer)–
YegpeeDeeW keâe keâe #es$eHeâue DevÙe
#es$eHeâue meceeve oes YegpeeDeeW mes oes GÛÛe ceeve keâer Jeesušspe leLee efJeÅegle Oeeje ceehekeâ Ùev$eeW ceW ØeÙeesie
neslee nw~ iegvee neslee nw~ efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee š^ebmeHeâece&j GheÙeb$e š^ebmeHeâece&j keânueelee nw~
Fme Øekeâej kesâ Fme Øekeâej kesâ Ùes oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw-
š^ebmeheâe@ce&j ceW š^ebmeheâe@ce&j ceW neefveÙeeB Oeeje š^ebmeHeâece&j heesšwefvMeÙeue š^ebmeHeâece&j
neefveÙeeB DeefOekeâ keâce nesleer nw~ (Current transformer) (Potential
nesleer nw~ Transformer)

Ùen š^ebmeheâe@ce&j Fme š^ebmeHeâece&j keâer Ùen Skeâ Jeesušspe mšshe-Dehe Ùen Skeâ Jeesušspe DeheÛeeÙekeâ
DeefOekeâ #ecelee kesâ #ecelee keâce nesleer nw~ DeLee&led Oeeje DeheÛeeÙekeâ Øekeâej Øekeâej keâe Úesše š^ebmeHeâece&j
nesles nw~ keâe Úesše š^ebmeHeâece&j neslee nw~ neslee nw~
Fme š^ebmeheâe@ce&j ceW Fme š^ebmeheâe@ce&j ceW Fmekeâer ØeeFcejer ceW kesâJeue Skeâ- Fmekeâer ØeeFcejer JeeFbeE[ie heleues
ueerkesâpe Heäuekeäme ueerkesâpe Heäuekeäme keâce oes šve& DeLeJee Skeâ meerOee Je leej keâer leLee Deveskeâ šve& keâer
DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ neslee nw~ ceesše leej neslee nw~ yeveeF& peeleer nw~

Electrician Capsule 122 YCT

 peyeefkeâ meskesâC[jer JeeFbeE[ie, peyeefkeâ meskesâC[jer JeeFbeE[ie ceW I0 Cos φ0 keâeÙe&keâejer Ieškeâ (working component)–
heleues leej keâer leLee Deveskeâ šve& ceesšs leej kesâ kesâJeue Skeâ-oes Ùen efveYee&j Oeeje (I0) keâe keâeÙe&keâejer Ieškeâ neslee nw, pees ØeoeÙeer
keâer yeveeF& peeleer nw~ šve& nesles nw~ Jeesušlee (V1) keâer keâuee ceW neslee nw~
Fme š^ebmeHeâece&j Éeje ØeeFcejer FmeceW ØeeFcejer heefjheLe kesâ 11 Iw = I0 Cos φ0
heefjheLe keâer 100-200 SsefcheÙej kV–22 kV Jeesuš keâes 0– I0 Sin φ0 ÛegcyekeâerÙe Ieškeâ (Magnetic component)–
keâes 0-5 SsefcheÙej ceW ceehee 110 Jeesuš lekeâ mšshe [eGve
Ùen ØeoeÙeer Jeesušlee V1 mes 900 he§eieeceer neslee nw DeLee&le
peelee nw~ keâjkesâ ceehee peelee nw~
heejmheefjkeâ heäuekeäme φ keâer keâuee ceW neslee nw~
GheÙeesefielee kesâ DeeOeej hej š^ebmeHeâece&j–
Ùen Ieškeâ ueewn ›eâes[ ceW ØelÙeeJeleea ÛegcyekeâerÙe heäuekeäme keâes mLeeefhele
heeJej š^ebmeHeâece&j efJelejCe š^ebmeHeâece&j
keâjlee nw Deewj melele keâeÙece jKelee nw~
(Power Transformer) (Distribution
Transformer)
heeJej š^ebmeHeâece&j keâer KVA efJelejCe T/F keâer KVA Iµ = I0 Sin φ0

#ecelee meeceevÙele: 250KVA #ecelee meeceevÙele:

leLee Fmemes DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~ 200KVA lekeâ nesleer nw~ I 0 = I w 2 + Iµ 2

heeJej šebmeheâece&j ceW leeceü neefve efJelejCe š^ebmeheâece&j ceW leeceü ØeeLeefcekeâ keâer lejheâ efveefo&<š meceleguÙe ceeve (Equivalent
keâce nesleer nw~ neefve DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~ values referred to primary sides) –
hetCe& Yeej hej Fme š^ebmeHeâece&j keâer DeOe& Yeej hej Fme š^ebmeheâece&j 2
N  R
o#elee DeefOekeâlece nesleer nw~ keâer o#elee DeefOekeâlece nesleer → R e1 = R 1 + R '2 = R 1 + R 2  1  = R 1 + 2 2
nw~
N
 2 (K)
2
Glheeove mšsMeve Je GÅeesieeW kesâ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efJelejCe N  X
→ X e1 = X1 + X = X1 + X 2  1  = X1 + 2 2
'

(K)
2
meye mšsMeveeW hej heeJej T/F keâe ØeCeeueer ces efkeâÙee peelee nw~  N2 
GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ 2
N  Z
vees uees[ hej š^ebmeHeâece&j keâe ØeÛeeueve– → Ze1 = Z1 + Z = Z1 + Z2  1  = Z1 + 2 2
'

(K)
2
 N2 
(Operation of Transformer)
N 
→ Ie1 = I1 + I'2 = I1 + I 2  2  = I1 + I 2 ( K )
V1=-E1  N1 
I w =I0cos φ 0

N  E
I0 → E e1 = E1 + E '2 = E1 + E 2  1  = E1 + 2
 N2  (K )
heefjCeeefce$e keâe Jeesušlee efveÙeceve–
(Voltage regulation of Transformer)
Iµ=I0sinφ0
efmLej ØeeLeefcekeâ Jeesušlee hej efveYee&j mes hetCe&Yeej lekeâ
š^ebmeHeâece&j keâer efÉleerÙekeâ Jeesušlee ceW nesves Jeeuee heefjJele&ve
Jeesušlee efveÙeceve keânueelee nw~
| VNL | − | VFL |
ØeefleMele Jeesušlee efveÙeceve (VR%) = × 100
E2=V2 | VFL |

φ0 = ØeeLeefcekeâ he#e keâe efveYee&j keâueekeâesCe, pees Jeesušlee V1 leLee Oeeje → Jeesušlee efveÙeceve meowJe hetCe& Yeej hej %eele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
I0 kesâ yeerÛe mLeeefh ele neslee nw~ Ùen keâueekeâesCe ueieYeie 75 0 lekeâ → Jeesušlee efveÙeceve efpelevee nes mekesâ keâce mes keâce nesvee
neslee nw~ ÛeeefnS~
P0 = V1 I0 Cos φ0 Jeeš

Electrician Capsule 123 YCT

 he§eieeceer Meefòeâ iegCekeâ De«eieeceer Meefòeâ iegCekeâ FkeâeF& Meefòeâ iegCekeâ
E 2 = [(V2 + I 2 R 02 cos φ2 + I2 X 02 sin φ2 ) 2 E 2 = [(V2 + I 2 R 02 cos φ2 − I 2 X 02 sin φ2 ) 2 E 2 = [(V2 + I2 R 02 ) + (I2 X 02 )
2 2

(I 2 X 02 cosφ2 − I 2 R 02 sin φ2 ) 2 ] (I 2 X 02 cosφ2 + I 2 R 02 sin φ2 ) 2 ]

• DeefOekeâlece Jeesušlee efveÙeceve š^ebmeheâece&j kesâ • MetvÙe Jeesušlee efveÙeceve De«eieeceer Meefòeâ • FkeâeF& Meefòeâ iegCekeâ hej
Øeefle Ùetefveš meceleguÙe #ejCe ØeefleyeeOee kesâ iegCekeâ hej neslee nw~ Jeesušlee efveÙeceve
yejeyej neslee nw~ • DeefOekeâlece Jeesušlee efveÙeceve kesâ efueS IR
· 2 02
• DeefOekeâlece Jeesušlee efveÙeceve he§eieeceer Meefòeâ ( φ = 90 − θ ) neslee nw~ V 2 ( rated )

iegCekeâ hej neslee nw~ R

φ = tan −1  
• DeefOekeâlece Jeesušlee efveÙeceve kesâ efueS x
( φ = θ ) neslee nw~ X
cos φ2 =
R Z
cos φ2 =
Z R
sinφ2 =
X Z
sinφ2 =
Z
š^ebmeheâece&j neefveÙeeB (Transformer losses)– Note :
hetCe& Yeej hej kegâue #eefleÙeeB = wi + wcu
ueewn neefveÙeeB (Iron losses)– YeBJej Oeeje leeceü neefveÙeeB 1
neefve ± MewefLeuÙe neefve (Copper
DeOe& Yeej hej kegâue #eefleÙeeB = wi + wcu
4
MewefLeuÙe Ùee ceboeÙeve YeBJej Oeeje neefveÙeeB losses)– oesiegvee Yeej hej kegâue #eefleÙeeB = wi + 4wcu
efveYee&j hej kegâue neefveÙeeB = wi + zero(0)
neefveÙeeB (Eddy current
losses)– š^ebmeheâece&j hejer#eCe (Transformer Testing) –
(Hysteresis
losses)–
Deesheve-meefke&âš Meeš&-meefke&âš yewkeâ št yewkeâ
hejer#eCe (Open hejer#eCe (Short šsmš (Back to
Wh = k h .Bm1.6 .f.v We = k e .Bm 2 .f 2 .t 2 .v š^ebmeheâece&j keâer circuit test) ckt test) Back test)
Jeeš ØeeLeefcekeâ SJeb • Ùen hejer#eCe efveOee&efjle • Ùen hejer#eCe • Fme hejer#eCe
Jeeš
efÉleerÙekeâ oesveeW Jeesušlee Deewj efveOee&efjle efveOee&efjle Oeeje hej keâes mechevej šsmš
V V
uesefkeâve, ] Bm ∝ uesefkeâve, ] Bm ∝ kegâC[ueveW ØeeÙe: DeeJe=efòe hej efkeâÙee peelee efkeâÙee peelee nw~ leLee efjpevejsefšJe
f f nw leLee efveYee&j Oeeje •FmeceWb DeefOekeâlece šsmš kesâ veece mes
→ Ùeefo leeceü-leej keâer
→ Ùeefo
V
= efveÙeleebkeâ
efveOee&efjle Oeeje keâe 3³ Jeesušlee keâe kesâJeue Yeer peevee peelee
V kegâC[efueÙeeW mes mes 5³ neslee nw~ nw~
= efveÙeleebkeâ
f 5³ Jeesušspe ner
f yeveer nesleer nw • Fme hejer#eCe kesâ Éeje Øeoeve efkeâÙee peelee • Fme hejer#eCe ceWb
leye Pe ∝ f 2
leye Ph ∝ f FmeefueS FmeceW efveYee&j MeeKee kesâ nw~ oes DeeoMe&
→ Ùeefo
V
≠ efveÙeleebkeâ nesves Jeeueer JewÅegle hewjeceeršj Ro Deewj Xo • Fme hejer#eCe kesâ š^ebmeheâece&j keâe
→ Ùeefo f keâes %eele efkeâÙee peelee GheÙeesie efkeâÙee
neefveÙeeW keâes leeceü Éeje leeceü neefve keâes
V
≠ efveÙeleebkeâ leye Pe ∝ V 2 nw~ %eele efkeâÙee peelee peelee nw~
neefveÙeeB keânles
f  PI' = VOC Io cos φo  nw~ • Fme hejer#eCe kesâ
leye nQ~ Éeje yeÌ[s
Jeeš R eq =
PSC
[kegâue leeceü š^ebmeheâece&j kesâ
( ISC )
1.6 −0.6 2
Ph ∝ V f cos φo =
PI
neefveÙeeB VOC Io
leeheceeve keâes ceehee
[efmeefuekeâe@ve VSC peelee nw~
= I12 R1 + I 22 R 2 ] Zeq =
mšerue kesâ efueS x I W = Io cos φo ISC
DeLee&le Ùes Iµ = Io sin φo
= 1.6] X eq = Zeq
2
− R eq
2

ne@efveÙeeB Oeeje kesâ VOC

Ro =
Jeie& kesâ IW
R eq
Deveg›eâceevegheeleer V os φ =
X m = OC Zeq
nesleer nw~ Im

Electrician Capsule 124 YCT

š^ebmeheâece&j keâer o#elee (Efficiency of Transformer)– (Parallel operation of Transformer)
efkeâmeer T/F kesâ efueS DeeGšhegš Meefkeäle leLee Fvehegš Meefkeäle keâe Skeâue keâuee heefjCeeefce$e kesâ efueS meceevlej ØeÛeeueve keâer Mele&s-
Devegheele Gmekeâer o#elee keânueeleer nw~ DeefveJeeÙe& MeleX JeebefÚle Melex
efveie&le Meefkeäle (essential condition) (Desirable condition)
%η = × 100
efveJesMe Meefkeäle š^ebmeHeâece&jeW keâer OeÇgJelee keâe š^ebmeheâece&j kesâ S›eâeme hetCe& Yeej
efveie&le Meefkeäle mebÙeespeve meceeve nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Jeesušlee hej Deebleefjkeâ ØeefleyeeOee
%η = × 100 meceeve nesvee ÛeeefnS~
efveie&le Meefkeäle + neefveÙee@B
meceevlej ceW ØeÛeeefuele efkeâS
š^ebmeheâece&j keâe   Devegheele
%η = efveie&le Meefkeäle X
×100
efveie&le Meefkeäle + ueewn neefve + hetCe& Yeej hej leeceü neefve peeves Jeeues š^ebmeheâece&j keâe R
hetCe& Yeej kesâ efkeâmeer X DeebefMekeâ Yeej hej o#elee– šve& jsefMeÙees (Turn Ratio) meceeve nesvee ÛeeefnS~
%η = X ( efveie&le Meefkeäle ) meceeve nesvee ÛeeefnS~
×100
X ( efveie&le Meefkeäle ) + ueewn neefve + X 2 ( hetCe& Yeej hej leeceü neefve ) ef$e-keâuee heefjCeeefce$e kesâ efueS meceevlej ØeÛeeueve keâer Mele&s -
meceevlej-ØeÛeeueve keâer MeleX–
DeefOekeâlece o#elee keâer MeleX– (Condition of parallel operation)
DeefveJeeÙe& MeleX JeebefÚle Melex
leeceü neefve · ueewn neefve
(essential condition) (Desirable condition)
PI
Iη max = š^ebmeHeâece&jeW keâer OeÇgJelee keâe š^ebmeheâece&j kesâ S›eâeme hetCe& Yeej
R eq
mebÙeespeve meceeve nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Jeesušlee hej Deebleefjkeâ ØeefleyeeOee
DeefOekeâlece o#elee kesâ efueS KVA Yeej– meceeve nesvee ÛeeefnS~
meceevlej ceW ØeÛeeefuele efkeâS
š^ebmeheâece&j keâe   Devegheele
PI X
Smax = Sfℓ
P( Cu )fℓ peeves Jeeues š^ebmeheâece&j keâe R
šve& jsefMeÙees (Turn Ratio) meceeve nesvee ÛeeefnS~
hetCe& efoJeme o#elee (All day efficiency)– meceeve nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Ùen hetCe& efoJeme (24 hours) kesâ efueS š^ebmeheâece&j keâer keâuee Deveg›eâce (Phase
efkeâueesJeeš IeCše cee$ekeâ ceW efveie&le leLee efveJesMe JewÅegle Tpee& keâe Sequence) meceeve nesvee
Devegheele neslee nw~ ÛeeefnS
kwh output ØeeLeefcekeâ leLee efÉleerÙekeâ
η=
kwh input Jeesušlee kesâ yeerÛe keâueevlej
š^ebmeheâece&j keâe MeerleueerkeâjCe (Cooling of transformer) – meceeve nesvee ÛeeefnS~
Øeeke=âeflekeâ JeeÙeg Meerleueve (Air Natural Cooling) (5-10 mJeheefjCeeefce$e (Auto Transformer)–
KVA)
efJemheâesš JeeÙeg Meerleueve (Air Blast Cooling) (upto
25KVA)
Øeeke=âeflekeâ lesue Meerleueve (Oil Natural Cooling)
Øeeke=âeflekeâ lesue, JeeÙeg Jeefuele Meerleueve (Oil Natural Air
forced Cooling)
Øeeke=âeflekeâ lesue, peue Jeefuele Meerleueve (Oil Natural
VLV
water forced Cooling) ™heevlejCe Devegheele ( K ) =
lesue Jeefuele, Øeeke=âeflekeâ JeeÙeg Meerleueve (Oil forced VHV
Natural Air cooling) K keâe ceeve 1 mess keâce neslee nw~
lesue Jeefuele, JeeÙeg Jeefuele Meerleueve (Oil forced Air mJeheefjCeeefce$e ceW ÛeeuekeâerÙe leLee ØesjkeâerÙe oesveeW lejn mes Meefòeâ keâe
forced cooling) mLeeveevlejCe neslee nw~

š^ebmeHeâece&j keâe meceevlej ØeÛeeueve–

Electrician Capsule 125 YCT
 ØesjkeâerÙe ™he mes mLeeveevleefjle Meefòeâ = (1-K) mJeheefjCeeefce$e keâe Fme mebÙeespeve keâe GheÙeesie efJelejCe ØeCeeueer ceW
mebefveOee&jCe Jeesušlee keâes mšshe [eGve keâjves kesâ efueS leLee
ÛeeuekeâerÙe ™he mes mLeeveevleefjle Meefòeâ = (K) mJeheefjCeeefce$e keâe efceefßele Yeej kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
mebefveOee&jCe Ùen mebÙeespeve GÛÛe Jeesušlee DevegØeÙeesieeW kesâ
mJeheefjCeeefce$e leLee oes kegâC[ueve heefjCeeefce$e ceW Devlej– efueS heÙee&hle Deekeâ<e&keâ nw~ Ùen meeceevÙele:
Y−Y
mJeheefjCeeefce$e ceW leeceü keâe Yeej = (1-K) oes kegâC[ueve heefjCeeefce$e efyevee šme&jer (Tertiary) JeeFbef[bie kesâ GheÙeesie
ceW leeceü keâe Yeej veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ØeefleMele leeceü yeÛele = (K) × 100 V-V mebÙeespeve ceW meeceevÙe [suše (∆–∆)
mJeheefjCeeefce$e keâe mebefveOee&jCe = (1/1-K) oes kegâC[ueve heefjCeeefce$e š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j JeeFbef[bie keâer leguevee ceW 58% šve&
keâe mebefveOee&jCe jKes peeles nw~
V-V
veesš– oes kegâC[ueve heefjCeeefce$e keâer leguevee ceW mJeheefjCeeefce$e keâer o#elee Fme mebÙeespeve efJeefOe keâe GheÙeesie efvecve
DeefOekeâ, Øeefle Ùetefveš ØeefleyeeOee keâce Deewj Jeesušlee efveÙeceve keâce neslee nw~ Jeesušspe SJeb efvecve Meefòeâ Jeeues 3-Hesâpe
leerve kegâC[ueve heefjCeeefce$e (Three winding Transformer) š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~

veesš–heume š^ebmeHeâece&j keâe ØeÙeesie je[ej, šsueerefJepeve Deewj

ef[efpešue keâhÙetšj ceW yengle DeefOekeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
mkeâe@š DeLeJee šer-šer mebÙeespeve (Scott or T-T connection)–
FmeceW ef$ekeâuee keâes efÉkeâuee ØeoeÙe leLee efÉkeâuee keâes
ef$ekeâuee ØeoeÙe ceW yeouee pee mekeâlee nw~
Ùen oes eEmeieue Hesâpe š^ebmeHeâece&jeW kesâ mebÙeespeve mes yevelee nw
• ØeefleJele&ve Jeesušlee (Voltage perturn)
efpevnW hejmhej šer-™he (T-Form) ceW peesÌ[e peelee nw~
V1 V2 V3
= = Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie oes Hesâpe mehueeF& hej keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeueer
N1 N 2 N 3
efJeÅegle Yešdšer keâes 3-Hesâpe mehueeF& mes ØeÛeeefuele keâjves kesâ
• ÛegcyekeâerÙe Jeenkeâ yeue meblegueve meceerkeâjCe (MMF efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
balance equation) š^ebmeheâece&j keâer mebjÛevee (Construction of transformer)–
N1I1 = N 2 I 2 + N3 I3
keâesj (core)–
• KVA meblegueve meceerkeâjCe (KVA Balance equation) Fmekesâ efvecee&Ce kesâ efueS ueewn ceW 3.5% lekeâ efmeefuekeâe@ve
V 1I 1 = V 2I 2 + V 3I 3 Oeeleg efceefßele keâer peeleer nw~
[S1 = S2 + S3] 50Hz DeeJe=efòe kesâ T/F kesâ efueÙes ÛegcyekeâerÙe heefjheLe
ef$ekeâuee heefjCeeefce$e kesâ mebÙeespeve (connection of 3-φ 0.35mm heleues efmeefuekeâe@ve mšerue heefòeÙeeW keâe yevee neslee nw~
Transformer)– efvecve Jeesušlee kegâC[ueve keâes mšerue keâesj kesâ heeme Deewj
Fme mebÙeespeve keâe GheÙeesie efJeefMe<š ™he mes GÛÛe Jeesušlee keâes yeenj keâer lejHeâ efJeÅeglejesOeve keâer cee$ee
∆−∆ efvecve Jeesušlee SJeb GÛÛe Meefòeâ Jeeues keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS ueieeles nw~
š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ mebj#ekeâ (Conservator)
Fme mebÙeespeve ceW efceefßele Yeej mebYeJe veneR nw~ Ùen ce=og ueesns kesâ Ûeeoj keâe yevee ngDee Skeâ Úesše
Fme mebÙeespeve keâe GheÙeesie Jeesušlee keâes mšshe yesueveekeâej meneÙekeâ Dee@Ùeue šQkeâ nw, pees cegKÙe Dee@Ùeue
Y−∆
[eGve keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ šQkeâ kesâ Thej ueiee neslee nw~
Fme mebÙeespeve keâe GheÙeesie Jeesušlee keâes mšshe Ùen cegKÙe šQkeâ ceW lesue mlej keâes yeveeS jKelee nw~
∆−Y Dehe keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (efJelejCe peye šQkeâ kesâ Devoj lesue keâce nes peelee nw lees Gme meceÙe
ØeCeeueer kesâ DeueeJee) mebj#ekeâ lesue keâer Deehetefle& keâjlee nw~
Electrician Capsule 126 YCT
yeÇeroj (Breather)– Skeämehueespeve JeWš (Explosion vent)–
yeÇeroj ceW efmeefuekeâe pesue DeLeJee kewâefuMeÙece keäueesjeF[ Fmes ØesMej efjueerpe JeeuJe (Pressure Release
(CaCl2) pewmee - JeeÙeg keâes megKeeves Jeeuee heoeLe& Yeje Valve) Yeer keânles nw~
jnlee nw~ pees š^ebmeHeâece&j keâer MJemeve ef›eâÙee kesâ meceÙe hej leeheceeheer (Thermometer)–
ueer peeves Jeeueer JeeÙeg keâer veceer (Moisture) keâes meesKe ueslee
nw~ Dee@Ùeue keâe leeheceeve ceeheves kesâ efueS leeheceeheer Ùeb$e
ueieeÙee peelee nw~ Fmes OTI kesâ veece mes Yeer peevee peelee
efmeefuekeâe pesue Meg<keâ DeJemLee ceW meeceevÙele: veeruee jbie keâe
nw~
neslee nw~ uesefkeâve peye Ùen veceer DeJeMeesef<ele keâj ueslee nw
š^ebmeheâe@ce&j Dee@Ùeue keâe leeheceeve 100°C mes DeefOekeâ veneR
lees Fmekeâe jbie iegueeyeer nes peelee nw~
yeÌ{ves osvee ÛeeefnS~
yegeEMeie (Bushing)–
Dee@Ùeue iespe (Oil gauge)–
Ùen heesme&efueve keâe yevee neslee nw efpemekesâ Devoj mes keâe@hej
keâer ceesšer ÚÌ[ heeme nesleer nw~ peye šQkeâ ceW lesue keâer keâceer nes peeleer nw Gme meceÙe Fmekesâ
lesue yegeEMeie keâe ØeÙeesie 33kV mes GÛÛe Jeesušlee hej neslee meeLe ueiee ngDee Deueece& yepeves ueielee nw~
nw~ Dee@Ùeue iespe leeheceeve 85ºC hej Deueece& oslee nw leLee
"esme yegeEMeie keâe ØeÙeesie 33kV mes vÙetve Jeesušlee hej 90ºC hej heefjheLe keâes cegKÙe heefjheLe mes efJeÙeesefpele keâj

neslee nw~ oslee nw~

yegkeânesupe efjues DeLeJee iewme efjues– JeeFef[bie iespe : (Winding Gauge)–

(Buchholz relay or Gas Relay)
Ùen JeeFbef[bie kesâ leeheceeve keâes oMee&lee nw Ùen 90ºC hej
Deeueece& oslee nw leLee 95ºC hej heefjheLe keâes cegKÙe
heefjheLe mes efJeÙeesefpele keâj oslee nw~
Dee@Ùeue mepe& efjues (Oil Surge Relay)–

Ùen O.L.T.C. (Over load tap chamber) kesâ Yeerlej

Deebleefjkeâ oes<eeW mes megj#ee Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
Ùen kesâJeue heefjheLe keâes efJeÙeesefpele keâjlee nw, Ùen Deueece&
veneR oslee nw~
š^ebmeHeâece&j keâe lesue (Oil of Transformer)–

Ùen š^ebmeHeâece&j keâer JeeFbef[bie leLee keâesj keâes Meerleueve leLee

jesOeve Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~

Ùen š^ebmeHeâece&j kesâ Deevleefjkeâ Øeoes<e keâer efmLeefle ceW keâeÙe& DeÛÚs š^ebmeHeâece&j Dee@Ùeue kesâ iegCe–
keâjlee nw~ GÛÛe efJeefMe° T<cee jKeves Jeeuee nes DeLee&led T<cee keâe DeÛÚe
Ùen š^ebmeHeâece&j kesâ Devoj Glhevve iewme kesâ oeye hej keâeÙe& Ûeeuekeâ nes~
keâjlee nw FmeefueÙes Fmes iewme ØeÛeeefuele efjues keânles nw~ GÛÛe pJeueve efyevog jKeves Jeeuee nes~
yegkeânesupe efjues keâe ØeÙeesie 500 KVA mes Thej jsefšbie efvecve MÙeevelee nesvee ÛeeefnS~
kesâ š^ebmeheâece&j ceW keâjles nQ~ JeeÙeg ceW jKes peeves hej keâce mes keâce veceer meesKeves Jeeuee nes~

Electrician Capsule 127 YCT

 22
Three Phase Induction Motor
(ef$ekeâuee ØesjCe ceesšj)

efmkeâJejue keâspe jesšj oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ– Skeâ meceeve šeke&â efJekeâefmele keâjlee nw~
1. efmebieue kesâpe 2. [yeue kesâpe mšeefšËie šeke&â ceW megOeej keâjlee nw~
efmebieue kesâpe jesšj Deewj [yeue kesâpe jesšj ceW Devlej neceexefvekeäme keâes keâce keâjlee nw~
efmebieue kesâpe jesšj [yeue kesâpe jesšj eqmkeäJejue kesâpe Deewj eqmuehe efjbie ØesjCe ceesšj ceW Devlej
mšeefšËie šeke&â keâce neslee nw~ mšeefšËie šeke&â GÛÛe neslee nw~ eqmkeäJejue kesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj eqmuehe efjbie (Hesâpe JeeGC[)
jesšj ØeeflejesOe keâce nesves kesâ Ûeeuekeâ keâer yee¢e hejle GÛÛe ØesjCe ceesšj
keâejCe ØeejeqcYekeâ Oeeje DeefOekeâ ØeeflejesOeer SJeb efvecve ØeefleIeele jesšj ceW ÚÌ[ nesles nQ pees SC[ jesšj Meeheäš hej 3-efmuehe efjbie
uesleer nw~ nesves kesâ keâejCe ceesšj keâce efjbie mes ueIegheefLele nesles nw~ nesles nw pees 3-heâspe JeeFbef[bie mes
ØeejeqcYekeâ Oeeje uesleer nw~ mebÙeesefpele neslee nw~
meceeve jsefšbie kesâ efueS ueeiele meceeve jsefšbie kesâ efueS [yeue Ùen mLeeÙeer ™he mes ueIegheefLele ØeeflejesOe keâes yee¢e ™he mes
keâce nesleer nw~ kesâpe kesâ keâejCe ueeiele DeefOekeâ neslee nw, efpememes yee¢e ØeeflejesOe mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
nesleer nw~ veneR pees[Ì e pee mekeâlee nw~
eflejÚe jesšj kesâ ueeYe (Advantage of Skewing Rotor)- mšeefšËie šeke&â keâce Deewj Meefòeâ mšeefšËie šeke&â DeefOekeâ Deewj
iegCekeâ keâce neslee nw, uesefkeâve Meefòeâ iegCekeâ DeefOekeâ neslee nw,
ÛegcyekeâerÙe uee@efkebâie (keâeefiebie) keâes keâce keâjlee nw~ jefvebie šeke&â DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ uesefkeâve jefvebie šeke&â keâce neslee
ÛegcyekeâerÙe YeveYeveenš (Humming) keâes keâce keâjlee nw~ nw~
Electrician Capsule 128 YCT
 jesšj ØeeflejesOe mšeš&j keâe GheÙeesie jesšj ØeeflejesOe mšeš&j keâe leerve Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj Deewj heefjCeeefce$e kesâ yeerÛe Deblej
veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ GheÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ (Difference between 3-φ Induction Motor and
Transformer)
jesšj ØeeflejesOe Éeje ieefle efveÙeb$eCe jesšj ØeeflejesOe Éeje ieefle
mebYeJe veneR nw~ efveÙeb$eCe mebYeJe nw~ leerve Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj heefjCeeefce$e
mejue efvecee&Ce kesâ keâejCe jesšj jesšj yengle cenBieW nesles nQ~ efJeleefjle kegâC[ueve ØeÙeesie keâer mebkesâeqvõle kegâC[ueve ØeÙeesie keâer
peeleer nw~ peeleer nw~
memles nesles nw~
kegâC[ueve keâejkeâ 'Kw' = Kp. kegâC[ueve keâejkeâ 'Kw' = 1
ueieYeie 95³ ØesjCe ceesšme& Fme DeewÅeesefiekeâ #es$e ceW Fme Øekeâej Kd
Øekeâej kesâ jesšj keâe GheÙeesie keâjles kesâ ceesšj keâe GheÙeesie 5³ lekeâ Fmekeâe Yeej efJeÅegle, ÛegbyekeâerÙe Fmekeâe Yeej efJeÅegle Deewj ÛegbyekeâerÙe
nw~ meerefcele nw~ Deewj Ùeebef$ekeâ Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw~ Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw~
DevegØeÙeesie–ef[^ue ceMeerve, Jeešj DevegØeÙeesie–efueHeäš, ne@Ùemš, leerve Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj ceW heefjCeeefce$e ceW Heäuekeäme, DeefOekeâlece
heche, uesLe ceMeerve, Deeše Ûekeäkeâer ›esâve, keâcØesMej, keâvJesÙej Heäuekeäme, Deewmele Heäuekeäme neslee nw~ Heäuekeäme neslee nw~
Deeefo~ Deeefo~ efveYee&j Oeeje 'Io' = 25 to efveYee&j Oeeje 'Io' = 3-5%
kegâÚ cenòJehetCe& efyevog 40%
mšsšj #es$e keâer ieefle kesâ jesšj #es$e keâer ieefle kesâ mecyevOe E = 4.44 φavg f.Kw.N. E = 4.44 φmfN
mecyevOe ceW ceW Ùen IetCeea ceMeerve neslee nw~ Ùen mLeweflekeâ Ùegefòeâ nesleer nw~
(The speed of stator (The speed of rotor field LeÇer-hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj keâe keâeÙe& efmeæeble (Working Principle
field with respect to) w.r.t.) of three-phase Induction Motor)-
mšsšj mš^keäÛej → NS mšsšj mš^keäÛej → NS peye FC[keäMeve ceesšj keâer LeÇer hesâpe mšsšj JeeFbef[bie ceW LeÇer
jesšj mš^keäÛej → NS jesšj mš^keäÛej → NS – Nr hesâpe mehueeF& oer peeleer nw lees Fme JeeFbef[bie ceW Oeeje ØeJeeefnle
nesves ueieleer nw Deewj Fme Oeeje kesâ ØeJeen mes Skeâ melele IetCeea
– Nr = S.NS jesšj #es$e → NS – NS = 0
jesšj #es$e → NS – ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e GlheVe neslee nw Fmes mšsšj keâe IetCeea ÛegcyekeâerÙe
NS = 0
ieefle keânles nw~
120 f
NS = (r.p.m.)
P
3-φ ØesjCe ceesšj ceW jesšj Oeeje Éeje GlheVe MMF mšsšj
MMF kesâ meehes#e efmLej jnlee nw~
leerve Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj kesâ efueS kegâÚ cenòJehetCe& leLÙe
(Some Important facts for 3-φ I.M.)
efmuehe– Ùen Skeâue Gòesefpele Deewj mJe-ØeejcYeve ceesšj nesleer nw~
Ùen Skeâ heefjCeeefce$e neslee nw, efpemekeâe efÉleerÙekeâ kegâC[ueer
mšsšj keâer leguÙekeâeueer ieefle (Ns) leLee jesšj keâer JeemleefJekeâ ieefle ueIegheefLele neslee nw~ efpemes IetCe&ve š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j kesâ ™he ceW peevee
(N) ceW Devlej efmuehe keânueeleer nw~ peelee nw~
 Ns − N  DeleguÙekeâeefuekeâ ceesšj kesâ ™he ceW peevee peelee nw keäÙeeWefkeâ Ùen
efmuehe (S)% =   × 100 efmeb›eâesveme mheer[ (Ns) keâe DevegmejCe keâjlee nw~
 Ns 
Fmekeâe mšeefšËie šeke&â (Tst), [er.meer. Mebš ceesšj mes keâce neslee nw~
Fb[keäMeve ceesšj keâer ØeejefcYekeâ DeJemLee ceW efmuehe keâe ceeve 1
ØeejcYe ceW (efmLej efmLeefle hej) 3-φ ØesjCe ceesšj keâe meceleguÙe
neslee nw~ heefjheLe, efÉleerÙekeâ ueIegheefLele nesves hej š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j kesâ meceleguÙe
Fb[keäMeve ceesšj keâer leguÙekeâeefuekeâ ieefle hej efmuehe keâe ceeve 0 heefjheLe kesâ meceeve neslee nw~
neslee nw~ efmuehe-še@ke&â Je›eâ kesâ cees[ (Modes of Slip-Torque Curve)-
mehueeF& DeeJe=efòe, jesšjer DeeJe=efòe Je efmuehe ceW mecyevOe–
ceesšefjbie cees[ yeÇsefkebâie cees[ pevejsefšbie cees[
f r = Sf 0≤S≤1 S>1 0 > S or S= – Ve
[yeue kesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj keâer efJeMes<eleeSB Ns > Nr Ns Deewj Nr Skeâ Nr > Ns
(Features of Double Cage Induction Motor) otmejs mes efJehejerle
nesles nw, uesefkeâve
DeeGšj kesâpe Fvej kesâpe Ns > Nr
(Outer Cage) (Inner Cage) efmuehe (S), 1 efmuehe (S) keâe efmuehe (S), efveiesefšJe
R>X X>R Deewj 0 kesâ yeerÛe ceeve Skeâ (1) mes neslee nw~
DeefOekeâ ØeejeqcYekeâ Oeeje~ keâce ØeejeqcYekeâ Oeeje~ nesleer nw~ DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
Electrician Capsule 129 YCT
LeÇer-hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj keâe še@ke&â-efmuehe DeefYeue#eCe (Torque- ›eâeGefuebie efveOee&efjle ieefle keâe (10-15)% neslee nw~
Slip Characteristics of 3-φ I.M.)- kegâÚ cenlJehetCe& efyevog-
›eâeGefuebie keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS mkeäÙet[ (Skewed) jesšj
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
›eâeGefuebie keâes hee@ÛeJeW (5 JeW) Deewj meeleJeW (7 JeW) neceexefvekeäme
keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS keâe@[x[ (chorded) Ùee Meeš& efheÛe
JeeFbef[bie keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâeefiebie (Cogging)-
keâeefiebie leye nesleer nw peye mšsšj muee@šdme keâer mebKÙee jesšj
mueešdme keâer mebKÙee kesâ yejeyej nesleer nw~
Fmes ÛegcyekeâerÙe uee@efkebâie kesâ ™he ceW Yeer peevee peelee nw~
keâeefiebie kesâ keâejCe ceesšj mšeš& nesves ceW DemeceLe& nesleer nw~
keâeefiebie meeceevÙe leewj hej muee@š neceexefvekeäme kesâ keâejCe GlheVe
LeÇer-hesâpe ceesšj ceW ne@efveÙeeB (Losses in 3-φ Induction nesleer nw~
motor)- kegâÚ cenlJehetCe& efyevog-
keâeefiebie keâes keâce keâjves kesâ efueS, mšsšj muee@š keâer mebKÙee
keâYeer Yeer jesšj muee@š kesâ yejeyej veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~
meefkeËâue [eÙe«eece (Circle Diagram)-
meefke&âue DeejsKe keâe GheÙeesie DeeGšhegš heeJej, Fvehegš heeJej
uee@me, efmuehe, še@ke&â, hee@Jej Hewâkeäšj leLee o#elee keâes %eele
keâjves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
DeeJe=efòe efveOee&efjle veneR keâer pee mekeâleer nw~
fV LeÇer-hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj keâe ieefle efveÙeb$eCe (Speed Control of 3-
φ I.M.)-
mšsšj keâer lejheâ mes jesšj keâer lejheâ mes
(From Stator Side) (From Rotor Side)
3-Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj keâe hejer#eCe (Test of 3-φ Induction 1. OeÇgJeeW keâer mebKÙee ceW heefjJele&ve 1. jesšj efjnesmšsš efveÙeb$eCe
motor)- Éeje ieefle keâes heefjJeefle&le efkeâÙee efJeefOe Éeje–
efveYee&j hejer#eCe yueekeâ jesšj hejer#eCe peelee nw~ Fme efJeefOe keâe ØeÙeesie
(No load test) (Block rotor test) 1 kesâJeue JeeGC[ jesšj
N∝
Ùen heefjCeeefce$e kesâ ‘‘Keguee heefjheLe Ùen heefjCeeefce$e kesâ ‘‘ueIeg P Øekeâej keâer ceesšj ceW keâer
hejer#eCe’’ kesâ meceeve neslee nw~ heefjheLe hejer#eCe’’ kesâ meceeve peeleer nw~
neslee nw~ FmeceW yee¢e jesšj ØeeflejesOe
Fme hejer#eCe ceW ueewn ne@efve %eele Fme hejer#eCe ceW keâe@hej ne@efve keâes yeÌ{ekeâj ceesšj kesâ
keâer peeleer nw~ %eele keâer peeleer nw~ IetCe&ve ieefle keâes keâce
Fme hejer#eCe ceW Mebš yeÇebÛe Fme hejer#eCe ceW meerjerpe yeÇebÛe efkeâÙee peelee nw~
hewjeceeršj, Ro Deewj Xo %eele keâer hewjeceeršj, R01 Deewj Xo1 %eele
2. DeeJe=efòe ceW heefjJele&ve mes ceesšj 2. e.m.f. Fbpeskeäš efJeefOe Éeje
peeleer nw~ keâer peeleer nw~
keâer ieefle keâes heefjJeefle&le efkeâÙee
LeÇer-hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj ceW ›eâeGefuebie Deewj keâeefiebie (Crawling peelee nw~
and Cogging in 3-φ I.M.)-
NS ∝ f
›eâeGefuebie (Crawling)-
3.Jeesušspe efveÙebef$ele efJeefOe Éeje– 3. meesheeveer efveÙeb$eCe efJeefOe
peye ceesšj Deheves hetCe& ieefle keâe 1/7 Ùee 1/7JeW Yeeie mes Yeer
keâce ieefle hej ueieeleej Ietcelee nw lees Gmes ›eâeGefuebie keânles nw~ T ∝ V2 Éeje
Ùen ceesšj ceW efJekeâefmele mhesme neceexefvekeäme kesâ keâejCe GlheVe V
4. efveÙeb$eCe efJeefOe Éeje
neslee nw~ f
Electrician Capsule 130 YCT
kegâÚ cenlJehetCe& efyevog- mšeš&me& kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Starters)–
heesue ÛeWefpebie efJeefOe kesâJeue efmkeäJejue kesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj kesâ [eÙejskeäš Deeve Fmes meeceevÙele: 3HP mes 5HP lekeâ kesâ ØesjCe
efueS GheÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~ ueeFve mšeš&j ceesšj ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
FmeceW 2-Normal Switch, ON Deewj
jesšj keâer lejheâ mes ieefle efveÙeb$eCe pewmes-efjDeesmšsš, F&.Sce.Sheâ.
OFF kesâ efueS ueies nesles nw~ nje (ON),
Fbpeskeäšs[ Deewj kewâmkesâ[ kebâš^esue meYeer keâe GheÙeesie efmkeäJejue leLee ueeue (OFF) efmJeÛe neslee nw~
kesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj kesâ efueS veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fme mšeš&j keâe ØeÙeesie ØeeÙe: mšej mebÙeesefpele
Deehetefle& DeeJe=efòe heefjJele&ve Deewj Jeesušspe efveÙeb$eCe efJeefOe ceesšj ceW neslee nw~
SCIM Deewj SRIM oesveeW kesâ efueS GheÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~ Tst  Ist 
2

=   .Sfℓ
Tfℓ  Ifℓ 
ØeeÛeue ØeejcYeve DeJemLee OeeJeer DeJemLee
(Parameter) (Starting Condition) (Running Condition)
mšej-[suše 5HP mes 20HP Meefkeäle Jeeues ceesšj keâes
mšeš&j mšeš& keâjves kesâ efueS mšej-[suše mšeš&j
jesšj Oeeje E2 SE 2
I2 = I2 = keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nw~
Z2 Z2
mšej ›eâce kesâ mebÙeespeve ceW ØelÙeskeâ JeeFbeE[ime
jesšj keâes ueeFve Jeesušlee keâe
1
Jeesušspe
Z2 = R 22 + ( SX 2 )
2
Z2 = R 22 + X 22
3
ØeefleyeeOee
Øeehle neslee nw~
jesšj keâe R2 R2 2
cos φ2 = cos φ2 = Tst 1  Ist 
Meefkeäle R 22 + X 22 R 22 + ( SX 2 )
2
=   .Sfℓ
Tfℓ 3  Ifℓ 
iegCeebkeâ
efmuehe eEjie Ùes mšeš&j kesâJeue efmuehe efjbie ØesjCe ceesšj
kE 22 R 2 kSE 22 R 2 ceesšj mšeš&j keâer mšee\šie kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
TS = Tr = Fmes jesšj ØeeflejesOe mšeš&j Yeer keânles nw~
R 22 + X 22
( )
2
R 22 + SX 2
Dee@šes- Fme mšeš&j keâe ØeÙeesie 20HP mes DeefOekeâ
TS ∝ V 2 Tr ∝ V 2
š^ebmeHeâece&j Meefkeäle Jeeueer ceesšj kesâ efueS neslee nw~
yeueeIetCe&
mšeš&j mšej-[suše Ùee Dee@šes š^ebmeHeâece&j mšeš&j
1 1 keâe ØeÙeesie FmeefueS efkeâÙee peelee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ
TS ∝ Tr ∝
f3 f2 3-φ ØesjCe ceesšj mšee\šie kesâ meceÙe hetCe&
Oeeje keâe (5-7) iegvee DeefOekeâ Oeeje uesleer nw~
efvecve efmuehe #es$e Tr ∝ S FmeceW mšee\šie Jeesušspe jeEveie Jeesušspe keâe
efmuehe #es$e 58% efoÙee peelee nw~
1
GÛÛe efmuehe #es$e Tr ∝ 2
S Tst I 
= K 2  st  .Sfℓ
Tfℓ  Ifℓ 
še@ke&â meceerkeâjCe T ∝ φI 2 cos φ 2

R 2 = X 2 DeefOekeâlece ØeejcYeve yeueeIetCe& keâer jesšj keâe@hej }e@me = jesšj Fvehegš − jesšj DeeGšhegš

efmLeefle ceW jesšj keâe@hej uee@me N s − N

= =S
DeefOekeâlece šeke&â jesšj Fvehegš Ns
R 2 = SX 2 DeefOekeâlece yeueeIetCe& keâer efmLeefle ceW
keâer Melex
jesšj keâe@hej uee@me = S × jesšj Fvehegš
IetCe&keâ keâer ieefle, S ∝ 1 N
N jesšj o#elee =
Ns
efmuehe keâer efveYe&jlee Yeej S ∝ Load efveJesMe : leeceü neefveÙeeB : efveie&le : = 1: S : (1 − S)

Electrician Capsule 131 YCT

 23
Single-Phase Induction Motors
(Skeâue-hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšme&)
Skeâue Heâspe heÇsjCe ceesšj Ùee øesâkeäMeveue Üe@me& heeJej (FHP) ceesšj–

efJeMes<e ØeÙeespeve ceesšj (Special Purpose Motor)– DeeJeMÙekeâ mhesme keâce DeefOekeâ
1. mšshej ceesšj 2. meJeex ceesšj kegâC[ueve Skeâue keâuee yengkeâuee
efmebieue Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj keâer kegâÚ efJeMes<eleeSB– DeejefcYekeâ yeueeIetCe& MetvÙe GÛÛe
Skeâue Hesâpe ceesšj mJe ØeejcYe vener nesleer nw~
jefvebie yeueeIetCe& meeceevÙe GÛÛe
FmeceW yevo muee@š keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
hee@Jej Hewâkeäšj ueieYeie 0.6 uewefiebie neslee nw~ MeefòeâiegCekeâ vÙetve GÛÛe
ØeejefcYekeâ Deewj jefvebie kegâC[ueve kesâ yeerÛe ueieYeie 900 keâe Hesâpe Devegj#eCe keâercele keâce DeefOekeâ
efJemLeeheve neslee nw~ ØeÛeeueve keâercele keâce DeefOekeâ
Ùen 230 V, 50Hz Skeâue Hesâpe mehueeF& hej ØeÛeeefuele neslee nw~ DevegØeÙeesie JÙeehekeâ DeewÅeesefiekeâ
kegâÚ cenlJehetCe& efyevog– Skeâue keâuee ceesšjeW ceW IetCeea ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e keâe Glheeove DeLeJee
efmebieue Hesâpe ceesšj meeceevÙele: oes-Hesâpe ceMeerve neslee nw~ peveve–
mšsšj, cegKÙe kegâC[ueve Deewj meneÙekeâ kegâC[ueve mes efceuekeâj yevee
(i) efÉ#es$e heefj›eâeceer efmeæeble (Double field revolving theory)
neslee nw~
(ii) ›eâe@me #es$e efmeæeble (Cross field Theory)
Fme Øekeâej keâer ceesšj keâe jesšj efmkeäJejue kesâpe kesâ meceeve neslee nw~
Skeâue Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj Deewj leerve-Hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj ceW Devlej– De«eieeceer efmuehe (Sf ) =
Ns − N r
=S
Ns
legueveelcekeâ keâejkeâ Skeâue Hesâpe leerve Hesâpe ØesjCe
ØesjCe ceesšj ceesšj he§eieeceer efmuehe (Sb ) = ( 2 − S)
mebjÛevee mejue peefšue DeLee&led, Sf + Sb = S + 2 − S
Øeceehe (Size) ueIeg oerIe& Sf + Sb = 2
DeÕe-Meefòeâ øesâkeäMeveue Fefvš«eue S.meer efmebieue Hesâpe Fb[keäMeve ceesšj ceW efJekeâefmele yeueeIetCe& (T) =
Yeej keâce DeefOekeâ Kφmφs sinδ vÙetšve ceer.

Electrician Capsule 132 YCT

Skeâue keâuee ØesjCe ceesšj kesâ efueS Ûeeš&–
efmhueš Hesâpe ØesjCe kewâheeefmešj ØeejcYe ceesšj mLeeÙeer kewâheeefmešj ceesšj kewâheeefmešj mšeš& kewâheeefmešj jve ceesšj
ceesšj

mšeefšËie JeeFbef[bie kesâ Fme Øekeâej kesâ ceesšj kesâ mšeefšËie Fme Øekeâej kesâ ceesšj ceW mLeeÙeer Fme Øekeâej kesâ ceesšj ceW oes Øekeâej kesâ
ßesCeer–›eâce ceW JeeFbef[bie ceW mesefvš^HeäÙetieue efmJeÛe kewâheeefmešj keâes mšeefšËie JeeFbef[bie kewâheeefmešj peesÌ[s peeles nw~
mesvš^erheäÙetieue efmJeÛe kesâ ßesCeer›eâce ceW kewâheeefmešj pegÌ[e kesâ ßesCeer ›eâce ceW pees[Ì e peelee (i) jefvebie kewâheeefmešj (CR) – jefvebie
mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee neslee nw~ nw~ JeeFbef[bie ceW pees[Ì e peelee nw~
nw~ (ii) mšeefšËie kewâheeefmešj (CS) –mšeefšËie
JeeFbef[bie ceW mesefvš^HeäÙetieue efmJeÛe kesâ ßesCeer
ceW peesÌ[e peelee nw~
Fvekeâer #ecelee 1/20 HP Fmekeâer #ecelee 1/8 HP mes 1HP Fmekeâer #ecelee 1/8 HP mes 1 1
Fvekeâer #ecelee– HP mes HP Ùee 1
mes ½ HP lekeâ nesleer lekeâ nesleer nw~ 1/12HP lekeâ nesleer nw~ 8 4
nw~ HP lekeâ nesleer nw~

Fvekeâer DeejefcYekeâ šeke&âFmekeâe DeejefcYekeâ yeueeIetCe& Hegâue Fvekeâer DeejefcYekeâ šeke&â Hegâue DeejefcYekeâ yeueeIetCe&– GÛÛe (Ts = 1.5 T)
hegâue uees[ šeke&â keâe uees[ šeke&â keâe 1.5 iegvee neslee uees[ šeke&â mes kegâÚ keâce nesleer DeejefcYekeâ Oeeje- hetCe& Oeeje keâer oes iegveer
0.8 iegvee neslee nw~ nw~ Fmekeâe DeejefcYekeâ Oeeje nw~ (Is = 2I)
hetCe&Yeej Oeeje keâer 2 iegveer nesleer
nw~
Fvekeâer hee@Jej hewâkeäšj Fmekeâe Meefòeâ iegCekeâ 0.7 mes 0.9 Fmekeâer Meefòeâ iegCekeâ ueieYeie Meefòeâ iegCekeâ– Deefle GÛÛe (0.9 mes 1
0.3 mes 0.4 uewefiebie kesâ lekeâ meowJe heMÛeieeceer neslee nw~ 0.9 uewefiebie neslee nw~ lekeâ) meowJe heMÛeieeceer nesleer nw~
yeerÛe neslee nw~
Fvekeâer o#elee ueieYeie Fvekeâer o#elee ueieYeie 60% lekeâ Fmekeâer o#elee 65–70% lekeâ o#elee leLee Deefle Yeej #ecelee GÛÛe nesleer
50% lekeâ nesleer nw~ nesleer nw~ nesleer nw~ nw~ ØeÛeeueve yeueeIetCe& GÛÛe SJeb Meeble
ØeÛeeueve neslee nw~
DevegØeÙeesie– Úesšs DevegØeÙeesie– yesuš Ûeeefuele DevegØeÙeesie– Úle Je cespe kesâ DevegØeÙeesie–«eeFb[me&, yueesDeme&,
heche, JeeefMebie ceMeerve, hebKes, yueesDej, [^eÙej, heche, hebKes, FC[keäMeve jsieguesšj, jseføeâpejsšj, SÙej keâefv[meveme&, efjkeâe[&
Jeg[ JeefkeËâie ceMeerve leLee JeeefMebie ceMeerve, iewmeesueerve heche, Deeke&â Jesefu[bie keâvš^esue Deeefo~ huesÙeme&, šsueerefØevšme&, SÙej keâC[erMevej,
hebKee Deeefo~ mcee@ue SÙej keâcØesmeme&, SÙej ef[^efuebie ceMeerve Deeefo~
keâC[erMeveme&, jseføeâpejWš Deeefo~
JeeFbef[bie kewâheeefmešj
jefvebie JeeFbef[bie mšeefšËie JeeFbef[bie jefvebie kewâheeefmešj (CR) mšeefšËie kewâheeefmešj (CS)
• Fme Øekeâej kesâ JeeFbef[bie keâes • Fme Øekeâej kesâ JeeFbef[bie keâes • Ùen kewâheeefmešj jefvebie JeeFbef[bie • Ùen kewâheeefmešj mesefvš^heäÙetieue
cegKÙe JeeFbef[bie (Main meneÙekeâ JeeFbef[bie (Auxiliary kesâ ßesCeer ›eâce ceW pegÌ[e neslee nw~ efmJeÛe kesâ ßesCeer ›eâce ceW pegÌ[e
winding) Ùee efÉleerÙekeâ JeeFbef[bie winding) Ùee ØeeLeefcekeâ JeeFbef[bie FmeceW mesefvš^heäÙetieue efmJeÛe keâe neslee nw~
Yeer keâne peelee nw~ Yeer keâne peelee nw~ ØeÙeesie vener efkeâÙee peelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 133 YCT

 • jefvebie JeeFbef[bie keâes ceesšs leej mes • mšeefšËie JeeFbef[bie keâes heleues • FmeceW CR keâe ceeve ueieYeie 40 • FmeceW CS keâe ceeve 250 µF
yeveeÙee peelee nw leLee Fmekeâe leej mes yeveeÙee peelee nw leLee µF neslee nw~ - 300 µF neslee nw~
ØeeflejesOe efvecve Deewj Fb[keäšWme Fmekeâe ØeeflejesOe GÛÛe Deewj • Ùen Deekeâej ceW yeÌ[e neslee nw~ • Ùen Deekeâej ceW Úesše neslee
GÛÛe neslee nw~ Fb[keäšWme efvecve neslee nw~ nw~
Xm > X A RA > Rm
RA Rm XA Xm
> <
XA Xm RA Rm

• jefvebie JeeFbef[bie ceW šve& keâer • mšeefšËie JeeFbef[bie ceW šve& keâer • Ùen DeeÙeue Heâeru[ heshej mhesm[ • Ùen Fueskeäš^esueeFš Øekeâej keâe
mebKÙee DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~ mebKÙee keâce nesleer nw~ kewâheeefmešj neslee nw~ kewâheeefmešj neslee nw~
• FmeceW mesefvš^heäÙetieue efmJeÛe veneR • FmeceW mesefvš^heäÙetieue efmJeÛe • Ùen keâeefvšvÙetDeme [Ÿetšer • Ùen Meeš& [Ÿetšer meeÙeefkeâue
peesÌ[e peelee nw~ peesÌ[e pee mekeâlee nw~ meeÙeefkeâue (cycle) kesâ efueS (cycle) kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie neslee
ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ nw~

veesš– yeÌ{les ØeejefcYekeâ yeueeIetCe& Mes[s[ heesue ceesšj < hejceeveWš

jefvebie Deewj mšeefšËie JeeFbef[bie Skeâ-otmejs mes 900 JewÅegeflekeâ DebMe hej ›eâce kesâ Devegmeej Skeâue kewâheeefmešj < kewâheeefmešj mšeš&
mLeeefhele keâer peeleer nw, leLee S.meer. Œeesle mes mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ keâuee ØesjCe ceesšj kewâheeefmešj jve < kewâheeefmešj
Mes[s[ heesue ceesšj (Shaded Pole motor)– mšeš&
Skeâue Hesâpe leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj Deewj leerve-Hesâpe leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj
ceW Devlej–
Skeâue Hesâpe leerve Hesâpe leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj
leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj
mJeÛeeefuele nesleer nw~ mJeÛeeefuele vener nesleer nw~
efmuehe efjbie keâer #es$e Deehetefle& (field supply) osves kesâ efueS
DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR oes efmuehe efjbie keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Fme Øekeâej keâer ceesšj keâe jesšj efmkeäJejue kesâpe Øekeâej keâe neslee nesleer nw~
nw leLee mšsšj mesefueSvš heesue Øekeâej keâe neslee nw~ Skeâue Gòesefpele nesleer oesnje Gòesefpele nesleer nw~
Mes[s[ heesue ceesšj 3 Jeeš mes 40 Jeeš #ecelee ceW yeveeF& nw~
peeleer nw~ efJeleefjle kegâC[ueve mekesâefvõle kegâC[ueve keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
Fmekeâer mšeefšËie šeke&â, hegâue uees[ šeke&â keâe 25-30% keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee nw~
neslee nw~ peelee nw~
Fmekeâer o#elee yengle keâce 5³ mes 35³ lekeâ nesleer nw~ Skeâue keâuee leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj–
Mes[s[ heesue ceesšj keâer IetCe&ve keâer efoMee DeveMes[s[ heesue mes efjuekeäšWme ceesšj efnmšsefjefmeme ceesšj
Mes[s[ heesue keâer Deesj nesleer nw~
jesšj ÛegcyekeâerÙe
Fmekeâer efoMee heefjJeefle&le veneR keâer pee mekeâleer nw~ yeej jesšj Mee@Heäš heoeLe&
Fmekeâe DevegØeÙeesie– Úesšs cespe hebKes, nsÙej [^eÙej, efKeueewves, mšsšj
efJeÅegle IeÌ[er Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~

yeÌ{leer keâercele ›eâce kesâ Mes[s[ heesue ceesšj < hejceeveWš

DeÛegcyekeâerÙe
Devegmeej Skeâue keâuee ØesjCe kewâheeefmešj < kewâheeefmešj mšeš& heoeLe&

ceesšj < kewâheeefmešj mšeš& kewâheeefmešj efjuekeäšsvme ceesšj mšshej ceesšj keâe efnmšsefjefmeme ceesšj Skeâ lejn
jve ner Skeâ Øekeâej nesleer nw~ keâer efmev›eâesveme ceesšj nesleer nw~
Electrician Capsule 134 YCT
 Fvekeâe MeefòeâiegCekeâ vÙetve 0.6 mes Fvekeâer o#elee ueieYeie 80% DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie keâes keâeye&ve– meeJe&Yeewefcekeâ ceesšj keâes S.meer.
0.8 lekeâ neslee nw~ Fvekeâer o#elee leLee šeke&â keâce neslee nw~ yeÇMespe kesâ Éeje Meeš&–meefke&âš keâj leLee [er.meer. oesveeW Øekeâej keâer
70 mes 80³ lekeâ nesleer nw~ FmeceW [er.meer. SkeämeeFšsMeve efoÙee peelee nw~ Deehetefle& hej ÛeueeÙee pee mekeâlee
keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer
nw~
nw~
Fme Øekeâej keâer ceesšjeW keâes efmhueš Fmekeâer ØeÛeeueve DeefYeue#eCe Ùen ceesšj 10 HP #ecelee lekeâ Fmekeâer #ecelee 1/2 HP mes
hesâpe Øee™heer efjuekeäšsvme ceesšj ueieYeie efmev›eâesveme ceesšj kesâ yeveeÙeer peeleer nw~ 1/200 HP lekeâ leLee Fmekeâer
keânles nQ~ meceeve ner nesleer nw~ ieefle 3000 mes 10000 RPM
lekeâ nesleer nw~
Fmekesâ jesšj ceW keâesF& kegâC[ueve ØeejefcYekeâ Oeeje keâce leLee hee@Jej Fmekeâer ØeejefcYekeâ Oeeje hetCe& uees[
veneR neslee nw Deewj ve ner keâesF& hewâkeäšj GÛÛe neslee nw~ Oeeje keâer 2 iegvee nesleer nw~
KeeBÛee (slot) nesleer nw~
efveÙele ieefle DeefYeue#eCe neslee nw~ efnmšsefjefmeme ceesšj keâe jesšj
ÛegcyekeâerÙe heoeLe& pewmes– ›eâesce Fme ceesšj keâe ØeejbefYekeâ šeke&â Fmekeâer DeejefcYekeâ yeueeIetCe& Hegâue
mšerue mes yeveeÙee peelee nw~ hegâue uees[ šeke&â keâe 3 mes 3.5 uees[ yeueeIetCe& keâe 300% neslee
mšsšj OeÇgJeeW leLee jesšj kesâ oeBleeW mšsšj keâer IetCeea ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e iegvee neslee nw~ nw~
(teeth) kesâ ceOÙe efjuekeäšsvme mes jesšj ceW Ye@Jej Oeeje SJeb Fme ceesšj keâe ØeÛeueve DeefOekeâ DevegØeÙeesie– efcekeämej «eeFC[j,
heefjJele&ve mes ner jesšj Ietcelee nw, efnmšsefjefmeme ØeYeeJe oesveeW
nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Fmekeâe iegCe D.C. JewkeäÙetce keäueervej, heesš&syeue ef[^ue
FmeefueS Fmes efjuekeäšsvme ceesšj GlheVe nesles nQ~
keâcheeGC[ ceesšj kesâ meceeve neslee ceMeerve, efmeueeF& ceMeerve,
keânles nQ~
nw~ jmeesF&Iej kesâ GheÙeb$e, hetâ[
DevegØeÙeesie– efmeiveue DevegØeÙeesie– OJeefve
GhekeâjCeeW, DeefYeuesKeve, ceeheve GhekeâjCeeW, efJeÅegle IeefÌ[ÙeeW, efcekeämej, nsÙej [^eÙeme& leLee
Ùeb$eeW, heâesvees«eeheâ Deeefo~ metÛekeâ Ùeb$eeW Je efieÙej ØeCeeueer, efveJee&led ceepe&keâ Deeefo~
DevegØeÙeesie– «eeFC[j, uesLe
šshe efjkeâe&[j, heâesvees«eeheâ ceMeerve, jseføeâpejsšj, iewmeesueerve
Deeefo~
heche, SÙej keâC[erMeveme&, JewkeäÙetce
Skeâue Hesâpe efokeäheefjJele&keâ ceesšj–
keäueerveme&, JeeefMebie ceMeerve leLee
Øeeflekeâ<e&Ce ceesšj ÙetefveJeme&ue ceesšj heesšxyeue ne@Fmš Deeefo~

Skeâue keâuee S.meer. ßesCeer ceesšj (Single phase A.C. Series

motor)–
S.meer. meerjerpe ceesšj [er.meer. meerjerpe ceesšj keâe efJekeâefmele ™he nw~
FmeceW Devlej Ùen nw efkeâ [er.meer. Jeesušspe kesâ mLeeve hej S.meer.
Jeesušspe oer peeleer nw~ Ùen Yeer Skeâ efokeäheefjJele&keâ Øekeâej keâe
jesšj, muee@efš[ ›eâes[ Øee™heer Jen Skeâue–hesâpe ØesjCe ceesšj, ceesšj nw~
nesleer nw efpemeceW ef[efmš^yÙetšs[ pees ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje leLee efo°
JeeFbef[bie (uewhe Ùee JesJe) nesleer nw~ Oeeje hej meceeve ieefle mes keâeÙe&
keâjW ÙetefveJeme&ue ceesšj Ùee
meeJe&Yeewefcekeâ ceesšj keânueeles nQ~
mšsšj kesâ yeerÛe Skeâ DeecexÛej, Fvekeâer mebjÛevee [er.meer. meerjerpe
keâcÙetšsšj leLee oes keâeye&ve yeÇMespe ceesšj kesâ meceeve nesleer nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efjkeâe@[& huesÙej, SÙej keâefv[Mevej jseføeâpejsšj,
nesles nQ~ JewkeäÙetce keäueerveme& Deeefo ceW neslee nw~
Electrician Capsule 135 YCT
mhesMeue hejhepe ceesšj– ØesjCe ceesšj ceW yeÇsefkebâie ØeCeeueer–
mšshej ceesšj meJeexceesšj (Braking system in induction motor)
yeÇsefkebâie ØeCeeueer oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw–
Fmekesâ jesšj hej yeÇMe, meJeexceesšj Skeâ jesšjer SkeäÛetÙesšj
kegâC[ueve Deewj efokeäheefjJele&keâ Ùee jwefKekeâ SkeäÛetÙesšj nw pees Ùeebef$ekeâ yeÇsefkebâie JewÅegeflekeâ yeÇsefkebâie
veneR neslee nw keâesCeerÙe Ùee jsKeerÙe efmLeefle, Jesie
Ùeebef$ekeâ yeÇsefkebâie cesW ceesšj keâes Fme efJeefOe ceW ceesšj kesâ jesšsefšbie
Deewj lJejCe kesâ mešerkeâ efveÙeb$eCe
jeskeâves kesâ efueS jesšsefšbie Yeeie YeeieeW mes mebefÛele Tpee& keâes
keâer Devegceefle oslee nw~
SJeb yeÇskeâ Met kesâ ceOÙe Ie<e&Ce efJeÅegle Tpee& ceW yeouekeâj Gmes
Ùen ef[efpešue št Sveeuee@ie S.meer. meJeexceesšj meeceevÙele:
yeue keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ leehe kesâ ™he ceW ØeeflejesOe ceW
keâveJeš&j neslee nw~ keâce efJeÅegle Meefòeâ kesâ efueS
Kehele keâjles nQ~
Fme ceesšj keâe jesšj yesueveekeâej GheÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~
neslee nw, FmeefueS Fme ceesšj Ùeebef$ekeâ yeÇsefkebâie ceW Ie<e&Ce yeue FmeceW efJeÅegle Tpee& Jeeheme Yespeves
keâes Ùetveerheesuej ceesšj Yeer keânles jesšsefšbie Yeeie keâer ieefle kesâ kesâ efueS Ûeefuele ceesšj keâes yeÇsefkebâie
nw~ efJehejerle efoMee ceW neslee nw~ DeJeefOe ceW ner peefve$e kesâ meceeve
mšshej ceesšj keâes mšsefhebie ceesšj [er.meer. meJeexceesšj meeceevÙele: ØeÛeeefuele keâjvee ÛeeefnS~
DeLeJee mšshe ceesšj kesâ veece mes DeefOekeâ efJeÅegle Meefòeâ kesâ efueS
efJeÅegle yeÇsefkebâie leerve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw–
peevee peelee nQ GheÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~
Fmekeâe ØeÛeeueve ef[efpešue Ùen yengle ner keâce ieefle hej hueefiebie yeÇsefkebâie efjnesmšsefškeâ efjpevejsefšJe yeÇsefkebâie
heumeeW ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ØeÛeeefuele neslee nw~ yeÇsefkebâie

Fme efJeefOe ceW Fme efJeefOe ceW efjpevejsefšJe yeÇsefkebâie

mšshej ceesšj leerve Øekeâej kesâ meJeex ceesšj cegKÙele: oes Øekeâej
ceesšj keâes jeskeâles ceesšj keâes efJeÅegle ØeCeeueer ceW yeÇsefkebâie kesâ
nesles nw– keâer nesleer nw–
meceÙe Gmekeâer mehueeF& mes meceÙe ceesšj, peefve$e keâer
(i) mLeeÙeer ÛegcyekeâerÙe mšshej (i) S.meer. meJeexceesšj
mehueeF& šefce&veue efJemebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee YeeBefle ØeÛeeefuele neskeâj
ceesšj (ii) [er.meer. meJeexceesšj
keâes Gl›eâce peelee nw~ mehueeF& keâes Tpee& Øeoeve
(ii) heefjJeleea efjuekeäšsvme ceesšj
(reverse) keâj keâjleer nw~
(iii) neFefyeÇ[ mšshej ceesšj
osles nQ~
DevegØeÙeesie– mceeue DevegØeÙeesie– j[ej, keâchÙetšj,
jesyeesefškeäme, X-Y hueešme&, meer.[er./[er.Jeer.[er. huesÙej, hueefiebie kesâ oewjeve yeÇsefkebâie keâer Fme peye ceesšj keâer ieefle
ef[efpešue IeÌ[er, keâchÙetšj jesyeesefškeäme Deeefo~ ceesšj keâes Tpee& efJeefOe ceW jesšj leguÙekeâeueer ieefle mes
efØeefšbie [^eFJe Deeefo~ osves keâer yeÇsefkebâie kesâ efueS DeefOekeâ nes peeleer nw, lees
mšshe keâesCe (Step Angle)– DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer mJele: ner JewÅegle efjspevejsefšJe yeÇsefkebâie
nw~ DeLee&led Ùen Tpee& GlheVe keâjleer keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
meyemes nw~ hueefiebie efJeefOe
keâgue efjJeesuÙetMeve
mšshe keâesCe (β ) = × 3600 Inefficient keâer Dehes#ee Ùen
mšshe keâer mebKÙee
efJeefOe nw~ efJeefOe DeefOekeâ
ΤR N − Nr
Ùee × 3600 = s × 3600 cenBieer nesleer nw~
N N s .N r
N s = Stator slot hueefiebie kesâ meceÙe Fme yeÇsefkebâie kesâ Fme yeÇsefkebâie kesâ oewjeve
N r = Rotot slot efmuehe keâe ceeve oewjeve efmuehe keâe efmuehe keâe ceeve
(2-S) nesleer nw~ ceeve (1-S) nesleer $e+Ceelcekeâ neslee nw~
360º
β= m = Number of Stator phase nw~
mN r

Electrician Capsule 136 YCT

 24
Synchronous Generator or Alternator
(leguÙekeâeueer peefve$e Ùee Deušjvesšj)

heefjÛeÙe (Introduction) keâeÙe& efmeæevle (Working Principle)

leerve-keâueerÙe, leguÙekeâeueer ceMeerve Skeâ ognje-Gòesefpele (doubly-
excited) S.meer. ceMeerve nesleer nw keäÙeesefkeâ Fmekeâer Heâeru[ JeeFbef[bie
(jesšj) [er.meer. Œeesle leLee DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie (mšsšj) S.meer. Œeesle
mes keâveskeäšs[ jnleer nw~

leguÙekeâeueer-ceMeerve ceW mšsšj JeeFbef[bie ncesMee mšej ceW mebÙeesefpele Deušjvesšj hewâje[s kesâ efJeÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe ØesjCe kesâ efmeæevle hej
jnleer nw~ keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie mšsšj ceW leLee Heâeru[ JeeFbef[bie jesšj ceW efmev›eâesveme ceMeerve (Deušjvesšj Ùee ceesšj) ceW oes efmuehe efjbie keâer
mLeeefhele jnleer nw~ DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~
Deušjvesšj Ùeebef$ekeâ Tpee& keâes JewÅegle Tpee& ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjlee peye jesšj keâes efmuehe efjbieeW Éeje [er.meer. mehueeF& oskeâj DeeÅe-
nw~ Ûeeuekeâ (prime mover) Éeje IegceeÙee peelee nw, lees jesšj kesâ
Deušjvesšj ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje (A.C.) GlheVe keâjves Jeeuee efJeÅegle Fueskeäš^escewivesefškeâ heesue mes GlheVe heäuekeäme, DeecexÛej kesâ ÛeeuekeâeW
peefve$e (generator) nw~ DeefOekeâebMe Meefòeâ mebÙeb$eeW (power Éeje keâš peeles nw~ ØelÙeeJele&keâ kesâ mšsšj ceW ieeflekeâerÙe Øesefjle
plants) ceW efJeÅegle Glheeove keâe keâeÙe& Deušjvesšj Éeje efkeâÙee efJeÅegle-Jeenkeâ yeue (dynamically induced e.m.f.) GlheVe
peelee nw~ neslee nw~ Ùener Deušjvesšj Éeje GlheVe S.meer. Jeesušspe neslee nw~
efpemes mšshe-Dehe š^ebmeheâe@ce&j Éeje GÛÛe Jeesušlee ceW heefjJeefle&le
efkeâÙee peelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 137 YCT

Deušjvesšj kesâ Yeeie (Parts of Alternator)–
yee@[er (Body) mšsšj (Stator) jesšj (Rotor) SkeämeeFšj (Exciter)
Ùen ceMeerve keâe yee¢e Yeeie Ùen Deušjvesšj keâe efmLej Deušjvesšj kesâ Ietceves Jeeues SkeämeeFšj keâes jesšj
nw~ Ùen ueesns keâe yevee Skeâ Yeeie nw efpemeceW DeecexÛej DebieeW keâes IetCe&keâ (rotor) keânles Meeheäš hej mLeeefhele efkeâÙee
Je=òeekeâej {eBÛee nw~ keâesj nesleer nw~ Fve keâesjeW nw~ Ùen oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ– peelee nw pees Skeâ MeCš
Úesšs ØelÙeeJele&keâ kesâ efueS keâer Deevleefjkeâ heefjefOe hej (a) mecegVele Ùee Øe#esefhele OeÇgJe JeeGC[ [er.meer. peefve$e
Fmes {ueJeeB ueesns keâe Kee@Ûes (slots) keâšs nesles nw Øee®heer IetCe&keâ– neslee nw~
yeveeÙee peelee nw~ efpeveceW DeecexÛej keâesjs (Salient or Fme peefve$e Éeje GlheVe
Fmekeâe cegKÙe keâeÙe& DeecexÛej mLeeefhele keâer peeleer nw~ projected pole type efkeâÙee ieÙee [er.meer.
keâes OeejCe keâjkesâ, Deeuecye mšsšj-keâesj keâes efpeme øesâce rotor)– efJe.Jee.yeue (250 volt
Øeoeve keâjvee Deewj ceMeerve hej mLeeefhele efkeâÙee peelee nw (b) efÛekeâvee yesueveekeâej OegÇJe lekeâ) oes efmuehe-efjbieeW kesâ
kesâ Deevleefjkeâ DebieeW Gmes efmeefuekeâe@ve mšerue keâer Øee®heer IetCe&keâ– Éeje jesšj keâes Øeoeve
(parts) keâes megj#ee Øeoeve hešefuele heefòeÙeeW (non-salient or efkeâÙee peelee nw, efpeme
keâjvee nw~ (laminated strips) mes smooth cylindrical keâejCe jesšj Ietcelee nw~
pole types rotor)–
GÛÛe #ecelee Jeeues yeveeÙee peelee nw pees
efJeÅeglejesOeer Jeeefve&Me mes ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâe jesšj
heÇlÙeeJele&keâ keâs mšsšj øesâce meeceevÙele: neF[^espeve Éeje
ceW Meerleueve JeeefnefveÙeeB uesefhele (coated) jnleer nw~
"b[e efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(cooling ducts) Yeer
Øeoeve keâer peeleer nw~
mecegVele Ùee Øe#esefhele OegÇJe Øee®heer IetCe&keâ leLee efÛekeâvee yesueveekeâej OeÇgJe Øee¤heer IetCe&keâ keâe leguevee
(Comparison to Salient or Projected Pole type Rotor and smooth Cylindrical Pole type Rotor)–
mecegVele Ùee Øe#esheCe OeÇgJe Øee®heer IetCe&keâ efÛekeâvee yesueveekeâej OeÇgJe Øee¤heer IetCe&keâ
(Salient or projected pole type rotor) (Non-salient or smooth cylindrical pole type
rotor)

E V V2  1 1  
P =  f t sin δ +  −  sin 2δ  E f Vt
 X d 
2  Xq Xd   P= sin δ
Xs
Fme jesšj kesâ heesue GYejs nesles nw~
Fme IetCe&keâ keâer ieefle (50 to 500 r.p.m.) nesleer nw~ Fme jesšj kesâ heesue efÛekeâves leLee yesueveekeâej nesles nw~
Fme hej heesueeWs keâer mebbKÙee DeefOekeâ (12 to 120) nesleer nw~ Fmekeâer ieefle DeefOekeâ (1000 to 3000 r.p.m.) nesleer nw~
Fvekeâe JÙeeme DeefOekeâ (3 to 6 m) neslee nw~ heesueeW keâer mebKÙee (2 to 6) keâce nesleer nw~
Fmekeâer De#eerÙe uecyeeF& keâce (0.5 to 1.5 m) nesleer nw~ Fmekeâe JÙeeme keâce (0.5 to 1.5 m) neslee nw~
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie ØeeÙe: vÙetve ieefle hej Jee@šj Deušjvesšj ceW efkeâÙee Fmekeâer De#eerÙe uecyeeF& DeefOekeâ (3 to 6m) nesleer nw~
peelee nw~ Fmekesâ 2/3 efnmmes hej muee@š keâšs nesles nw~
Fmekeâer running OJeefve DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie mšerce šyeex leLee iewme šyeex Deušjvesšj ceW neslee
mecegVele OeÇgJe Øee™heer IetCe&keâ ceW mekesâefvõle (concenterated) nw~
kegâC[ueve keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nw~ Fmekeâer running OJeefve keâce nesleer nw~
[eÙejskeäš De#e (d-axis) Deewj keäJee[jWÛej De#e (q-axis) Skeâ Fme jesšj ceW Heâeru[ kegâC[ueve efJeleefjle (Distributed) Deewj
ogmejs mes 900 JewÅegleerÙe ™he mes efJemLeeefhele jnles nw~ meYeer kegâC[ueve ßesCeer ceW pegÌ[s jnles nw~
Fme IetCe&keâ ceW SÙej iewhe Demeceeve jnlee nw~ d-axis hej keâce Fme jesšj ceW JeeÙeg Devlejeue meceeve jnlee nw~
leLee q-axis hej JeeÙegDeblejeue pÙeeoe neslee nw~
Electrician Capsule 138 YCT
ØelÙeeJele&keâ Éeje peefvele ØelÙeeJeleea Jeesušlee keâer DeeJe=efòe (Frequency)-
PN
f= Hz
120
ØelÙeeJele&keâes keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of Alternators)–
ØeeFce-cetJej kesâ DeeOeej hej Ietceves kesâ DeeOeej hej hesâpees kesâ DeeOeej hej Gòespevee kesâ DeeOeej hej

(a) peue šjyeeFve ØelÙeeJele&keâ (a) jesšsefšbie DeecexÛej ØelÙeeJele&keâ (a) efmebieue hesâpe ØelÙeeJele&keâ (a) mJe-Gòesefpele ØelÙeeJele&keâ
(b) mšerce šjyeeFve ØelÙeeJele&keâ (b) jesšsefšbie heâeru[ ØelÙeeJele&keâ (b) hee@ueer-hesâpe ØelÙeeJele&keâ (b) he=Lekeâ Gòesefpele ØelÙeeJele&keâ
(c) Dee@Ùeue Fbpeve ØelÙeeJele&keâ
DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee (Armature Reaction)–
DeecexÛej Heäuekeäme (φa) keâe Heâeru[ Heäuekeäme (φf) hej ØeYeeJe DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee keânueelee nw~ DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee uees[ kesâ heefjceeCe Deewj Yeej kesâ
Meefòeâ iegCekeâ hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~
P.F. ØelÙeeJele&keâ (Alternator) ceesšj (Motor)
Unity Purely cross magnetizing Purely cross magnetizing
ZPF lag Purely demagnetizing Purely magnetizing
ZPF lead Purely magnetizing Purely demagnetizing
0.8 lag Partly demagnetizing + Partly cross magnetizing Partly magnetizing + Partly cross
magnetizing
0.8 lead Partly magnetizing + Partly cross magnetizing Partly demagnetizing + Partly cross
magnetizing
kegâC[ueer efJemleej (Coil Pitch)–
efkeâmeer kegâC[ueer kesâ he#eeW (Sides of coil) keâer yeerÛe keâer otjer keâes keâe@Fue efheÛe keânles nw~
(i) hetCe& efJemleej kegâC[ueer Jen kegâC[ueer, efpemekeâe efJemleej, ÛegcyekeâerÙe OeÇgJe efJemleej kesâ yejeyej neslee nw~ Fmekeâe ceeve 1800
efJeÅegleerÙe neslee nw~
(ii) ueIeg efJemleej kegâC[ueer Jen kegâC[ueer, efpemekeâe efJemleej ÛegcyekeâerÙe OeÇgJe efJemleej mes keâce neslee nw~
(iii) oerIe& efJemleej kegâC[ueer Jen kegâC[ueer efpemekeâe efJemleej, ÛegcyekeâerÙe OeÇgJe efJemleej mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
mebkesâefvõle kegâC[ueve mebkesâefvõle kegâC[ueve ceW ØelÙeskeâ OeÇgJe kesâ Devleie&le kegâC[ueer meeF[ kesâ mecemle ÛeeuekeâeW keâes efkeâmeer Skeâ
efveef§ele KeeBÛes ceW mLeeefhele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
mebkesâefvõle kegâC[ueve keâer KeeBÛeeW keâer mebKÙee, ÛegcyekeâerÙe OeÇgJeeW keâer mebKÙee kesâ yejeyej nesleer nw~
efJeleefjle kegâC[ueve FmeceW ØelÙeskeâ OeÇgJe kesâ Devleie&le kegâC[ueer-meeF[ kesâ ÛeeuekeâeW keâes meceeve ™he mes efJeYeeefpele keâj, keâF&
mebefVekeâš KeeBÛeeW ceW mLeeefhele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efJeleefjle kegâC[ueve ceW KeeBÛeeW keâer mebKÙee, OeÇgJeeW keâer mebKÙee keâe iegCekeâ nesves kesâ keâejCe, DelÙeefOekeâ nesleer
nw~

efheÛe hewâkeäšj Ùee Øemeej iegCekeâ efJelejCe iegCekeâ (Distribution factor)

( Pitch Factor or Span factor )

Øeefle kegâC[ueer Øesefjle efJe.Jee.yeueesW keâe meefoMe Ùeesie Kd =

kP = efJeleefjle keâgC[ueer cesW Øesefjle efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue
Øeefle kegâC[ueer Øesefjle efJe.Jee.yeueesW keâe DebkeâieefCeleerÙe Ùeesie
mebkeâsefvõle keâgC[ueer cesW Øesefjle efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue
α
2Ecos
kp = 2 = cos α
2E 2

Electrician Capsule 139 YCT

 number of slots in coil short pitch sin mβ / 2
α= × 1800 ( kd ) =
number of slots in pole pitch msin β / 2
Fmekeâe keâesF& cee$ekeâ veneR neslee nw~ m = Number of slots per pole per
Fmekeâe ceeve 1 mes keâce neslee nw~ phase
β = Angular displacement
hetCe& efheÛe kegâC[ueer (Full pitch coil)–
between the adjacent slots
Coil span = Pole pitch=1800 Electrical
1800
= Slots/Pole =
n
Short pitch coil or Fractional pitch
n = Number of slots per
coil or chorded coil< pole pitch
magnetic pole
< 1800 Electrical
< Slots/Pole
n neceexefvekeäme keâes nševee
th Fmekeâe ceeve 1 mes keâce neslee nw~
(Eliminate of nth harmonics)– Fmekeâe keâesF& cee$ekeâ vener neslee nw
180
α=
n
n=Number of harmonics
 n −1 
Coil span ( β ) = 180  
 n 

ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâe efJe.Jee. yeue meceerkeâjCe– ueIeg leLee ceOÙece #ecelee (small and medium capacity)
(EMF Equation of an Alternator) kesâ ØelÙeeJele&keâeW keâe efveOee&jCe, efkeâuees Jeesuš-SefcheÙej cee$ekeâ
hewâje[s kesâ efJe.Ûeg. ØesjCe kesâ efmeæevle kesâ Devegmeej Skeâ Ûeeuekeâ ceW (kVA unit) ceW JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
GlheVe Deewmele efJe. Jee. ye. oerIe& #ecelee (large capacity) Jeeues ØelÙeeJele&keâeW keâes cesiee
E = 2φfZ Jeesuš Jeesuš–SefcheÙej cee$ekeâ (MVA unit) ceW JÙeòeâ efkeâÙee peelee
Erms / phase = 2.22 φ.fZ Jeesuš nw~
EP = 4.44 φfT Jeesuš ( ∵ Z = 2T ) 1 MVA = 1000 kVA = 106 VA cee$ekeâ~
efheÛe hewâkeäšj (kp) leLee ef[mš^eryÙetMeve hewâkeäšj (kd) keâes Yeer ieCevee 1. Skeâ S.meer. peefve$e keâe šefce&veue Jeesušspe Yeej hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw
ceW Meeefceue keâjs lees
leLee Glheeefole Jeesušspe mes pÙeeoe Ùee keâce nes mekeâlee nw~
EP = 4.44 kP kd φ. fT Jeesuš
2. peye Meefòeâ iegCekeâ De«eieeceer neslee nw~ lees šefce&veue Jeesušspe
ueeFve Jeesušspe Glheeefole Jeesušspe mes pÙeeoe neslee nw~
E l = 3 × 4.44 k p .k d φ fT Jeesuš 3. he§eieeceer Meefòeâ iegCekeâ kesâ efueÙes šefce&veue Jeesušspe Glheeefole
JeeFbef[bie Hewâkeäšj (Winding factor (kω)– Jeesušspe mes keâce neslee nw~
kω = k P kd E f = V t + Ia R a + jIa X ℓ + jIa X a

kf = Megæ pÙeeJe›eâerÙe lejbie kesâ efueS ™he iegCekeâ DeecexÛej ØeeflejesOe [^ehe = IaRa
kp = Deušjvesšj kesâ DeecexÛej kesâ efueS efheÛe hewâkeäšj DeecexÛej #ejCe ØeefleIeele = IaXl
kp = 1 Deušjvesšj kesâ Hegâue efheÛe DeecexÛej kesâ efueS DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee [^ehe = IaXa
kp < 1 DeecexÛej keâer Mee@š& efheÛe Deušjvesšj kesâ efueS leguÙekeâeueer ØeefleIeele (XS) =Xl+Xa
kd = Deušjvesšj kesâ DeecexÛej kesâ efueS ef[mš^eryÙetMeve hewâkeäšj leguÙekeâeueer ØeefleyeeOee (ZS) = Ra+jXs
kd = 1 DeecexÛej keâer mekeWâefõle JeeFbef[bie kesâ efueS
E f = V a + I a ZS
kd < 1 DeecexÛej keâer ef[efmš^yÙetMeve Deušjvesšj kesâ efueS

Electrician Capsule 140 YCT

ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâer Jeesušlee efveÙeceve– veesš–
(Voltage Regulation of an Alternator)–
jefpemšWme hej Hesâpe kesâ efueS–
E −V
%V.R. = 0 × 100 (i) mšej mebÙeesefpele Deušjvesšj–
V
E0 → Keguee heefjheLe Jeesušlee R a = 0.5R L
V → efveOee&efjle Jeesušlee
(ii) [suše mebÙeesefpele Deušjvesšj–
Jeesušlee efveÙeceve keâe ceeve, Yeej keâer Øeke=âefle DeLee&led Yeej keâer Oeeje
leLee Yeej kesâ Meefòeâ iegCekeâ, oesveeW hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~ R a = 1.5R L
FkeâeF& DeLeJee he§eieeceer Meefòeâ iegCekeâ hej Jeesušspe efveÙeceve ncesMee ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâer DeØelÙe#e Yeej efJeefOe (Indirect Loading
Oeveelcekeâ neslee nw~
Method) efvecve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw-
De«eieeceer MeefòeâiegCekeâ hej Jeesušspe efveÙeceve MetvÙe, Oeveelcekeâ leLee
$e+Ceelcekeâ leerveeW nes mekeâlee nw~ Jeesušlee efveÙeceve Iešles ›eâce ceW
DeefOekeâlece Jeesušspe jsieguesMeve uewefiebie heeJej Hewâkeäšj uees[ hej EMF > ASA > ZPF > MMF
neslee nw~
ASA– American Standard Association
DeefOekeâlece Jeesušspe jsieguesMeve kesâ efueS–
Excitation Alternator Synchronous Motor
Load P.f .angle (φ) = Impedance angle (θ)
Ef cos δ = Neither Neither absorbs nor
MetvÙe Ùee efceefvecece Jeesušspe jsieguesMeve kesâJeue ueeref[bie hee@Jej Hewâkeäšj
Vt absorbs nor delivers 'Q' and
uees[ hej neslee nw~
normal delivers 'Q' operate Unity power
ØelÙeeJele&keâ ceW Jeesušlee efveÙeceve %eele keâjves keâer efJeefOeÙeeB-
excitation and operate factor
Unity power
factor
ors
Ef cos δ > Delivers 'Q' Delivers 'Q' and
Vt and operate operate leading
over lagging power power factor
Excitation factor

E.M.F. Method M.M.F. Method Potier Ef cos δ < Absorbs'Q' and Absorbs'Q' and
Method Vt operate leading operate lagging
Jeesušlee efveÙeceve Jeesušlee efveÙeceve Jeesušlee Under power factor power factor
%eele keâjves keâer meyemes %eele keâjves keâer efveÙeceve %eele Excitation
GheÙegòeâ efJeefOe nw~ M.M.F. efJeefOe keâjves keâer ØelÙeeJele&keâ ceW Meefòeâ neefveÙeeB (Power Loss in Alternator)–
Jeesušlee efveÙeceve DeeMeeJeeoer efJeefOe meyemes Megæ
efJeefOe Poiter ueewn neefveÙeeB YebJej Oeeje neefveÙeeB
%eele keâjves keâer (Optimistic
leguÙekeâeueer ØeefleyeeOee method) keânueeleer method nw, (Iron losses) We = K e Bm2 f 2 t 2 V Watt
efJeefOe efvejeMeeJeeoer efJeefOe nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Fme efJeefOe Fmes MetvÙe MewefLeuÙe neefveÙeeB
(Pessimistic mes Øeehle Jeesušlee Meefòeâ iegCekeâ
method) keânueeleer nw, efveÙeceve keâe ceeve efJeefOe Wh = K h B1.6
m fV Watt
Yeer
keäÙeeWefkeâ Fmemes Øeehle JeemleefJekeâ ceeve mes keânles nw~ leeceü neefveÙeeB DeecexÛej leeceü neefveÙeeB ( Ia2 R a )
Jeesušlee efveÙeceve keâe keâce neslee nw~
(Copper #es$e leeceü neefveÙeeB ( If2 R f )
ceeve Dehes#eeke=âle meowJe losses)
DeefOekeâ Deelee nw~ yeÇMe leeceü neefveÙeeB ( 2Vbd If )

Electrician Capsule 141 YCT

 Ùeebef$ekeâ neefveÙeeB efyeÙeefjbie Ie<e&Ce neefveÙeeB oes ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâes meceevlej ØeÛeeueve keâjves hej-

(Mechanical yeÇMe Ie<e&Ce neefveÙeeB (Ùeefo ceMeerve 1 keâe Gòespeve yeÌ{eles nw Deewj efveefJe° Meefòeâ efmLej
losses) jKeles nw leye)-
JeeÙeg Ie<e&Ce neefveÙeeB
DeJeebefÚle Yeej FvnW ØelÙe#e ™he mes %eele veneR efkeâÙee pee ceMeerve- 1 ceMeerve-2

neefveÙeeB mekeâlee nw~ FmeefueS efJeefYeVe #ecelee Jeeues

kW1 kW2
(Stray load ØelÙeeJele&keâeW ceW Fvekeâe Devegceeve ueieeÙee
kVAR1 ↑ kVAR2 ↓
losses) peelee nQ~
kVA1 ↑ kVA2 ↓
ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâer o#elee (Efficiency of Alternator)–
ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâer ØeefleMele o#elee (percentage efficiency) Ia 1 ↑ Ia 2 ↓

efveie&le Meefòeâ
%η = × 100 P.f1 ↓ P.f2 ↑
efveie&le Meefòeâ + keâgue Meefòeâ neefveÙee@B
ceMeerve 1 keâe efveefJe° Meefòeâ yeÌ{eles nw Deewj Gòespeve efmLej jKeles
meceevlej ØeÛeeueve keâer MeleX–
nw leye-
(Condition for Parallel Operation)–
Machine 1 Machine 2
meceevlej ceW Deeves Jeeues ØelÙeeJele&keâ (incoming
kVAR1 kVAR2
alternator) keâer efmeje Jeesušlee (terminal
kW1 ↑ kW2 ↓
voltage) yemeyeej Jeesušlee kesâ leguÙe nesvee ÛeeefnS~
kVA1 ↑ kVA2 ↓
meceevlej ceW Deeves Jeeues ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâer DeeJe=efòe, Ia 1 ↑ Ia 2 ↓
yemeyeej keâer DeeJe=efòe kesâ meceeve nesveer ÛeeefnS~
P.f1 ↑ P.f2 ↓
meceevlej ceW Deeves Jeeues ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâe keâuee leguÙekeâeefuekeâlee keâer efJeefOeÙeeB
Deveg›eâce (phase sequence) yemeyeej keâer keâuee (Method of Synchronization)–
Deveg›eâce kesâ mece™he (identical) nesvee ÛeeefnS
efmebieue hesâpe (i) DeØekeâeefMele oerhe efJeefOe (Dark lamp
DeLee&led meceevlej ceW ›eâceyeæ efkeâÙes peeves Jeeues ØelÙeeJele&keâ method)
ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâer OeÇJelee (polarity) kesâ Devegmeej nesvee kesâ efueS (ii) ØekeâeefMele oerhe efJeefOe (Bright lamp
ÛeeefnS~ method)

meceevlej ceW Deeves Jeeues ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâer Jeesušlee lejbie 3-φ (i) leerve DeØekeâeefMele oerhe efJeefOe (Three Dark
ØelÙeeJele&keâ lamp method)
(voltage wave) yemeyeej keâer Jeesušlee lejbie kesâ
kesâ efueS– (ii) Skeâ DeØekeâeefMele leLee oes ØekeâeefMele oerhe efJeefOe
Deveg™he nesvee ÛeeefnS DeLee&led GveceW efJemLeeheve Ùee
(one Dark and two Bright lamp
keâeueevlej veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Fme Øekeâej Fve oesveeW method)
keâer Jeesušlee lejbieeW ceW keâesF& efkeâmeer Øekeâej keâe Devlej (iii) leguÙekeâeueoMeea efJeefOe (Synchroscope
veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~ method)

Electrician Capsule 142 YCT

ØelÙeeJele&keâ kesâ DeefYeue#eCe (Characteristics of Alternator)– Fmekeâes terminal voltage (Vt)
Keguee heefjheLe leLee uees[ Oeeje (IL) kesâ yeerÛe KeeRÛee
DeefYeue#eCe peelee nw~

(open circuit Deušjvesšj keâe Devevle yemeyeej ØeÛeeueve (Infinite Busbar

characteristics)
Operation of Alternator)

Devevle yeme-yeej keâer efJeMes<eleeSB heefjCeece

Keguee heefjheLe DeefYeue#eCe (O.C.C.)
pevejsšj keâer mebKÙee Devevle
keâes ÛegcyekeâerÙe DeefYeue#eCe (magnetic
characteristic) Yeer keânles nw~ heefjCeeceer ØeefleyeeOee MetvÙe
Ùen ØelÙeeJele&keâ Éeje GlheVe Jeesušspe JewÅegle #ecelee Devevle
(E) leLee #es$e Oeeje (If) kesâ yeerÛe KeeRÛee
JewÅegle peÌ[lJe Devevle
peelee nw~
Jeesušlee efmLej
If kesâ yeÌ{ves hej E keâe ceeve yeÌ{lee nw
E p ∝ 4.44 K p K d φfT , E∝φ DeeJe=efòe efmLej

( ∵ E ∝ If ) Mee@š& meefke&âš jsefMeÙeeW (Short Circuit Ratio) –

efveOee&efjle Deeshesve meefkeâ&š Jeesušspe keâs efueS If

ueIeg heefjheLe SCR =
efveOee&efjle Meeš& meefkeâ&š keâjbš keâs efueS If
DeefYeue#eCe
I SC 1
(Short circuit SCR = = ISC (P.U.) SCR =
characteristics)
Irated XS(saturated)P.U.

1
SCR ∝
Armature Reaction
Ùen DeefYeue#eCe Meeš& meefke&âš Oeeje
leLee #es$e Oeeje (If) kesâ yeerÛe 1
(ISC) SCR ∝
Voltage regulation
KeeRÛee peelee nw~
V V SCR∝ Air gap length ∝ size ∝ cost ∝ Pout∝Psy∝
=R = ISC
I Ra
Stability∝ Excitaition
Yeej DeefYeue#eCe
V
(load
Type of Machine SCR Value
characteristics)
For cylindrical rotor synchronous 0.6 – 0.9
machine

For salient pole synchronous machine 0.9 – 1.5

For synchronous condenser 0.4

Electrician Capsule 143 YCT

 25
Synchronous Motor
(leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj)
leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj (Synchronous Motor)–
Jen ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje ceesšj, pees meYeer DeJemLeeDeeW ceW leguÙekeâeueer ieefle hej Ûeueleer nw, leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj keânueeleer nw~
DeLeJee
Jen ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje ceesšj, efpemeceW mšsšj kesâ ÛegcyekeâerÙe #es$e keâer ieefle Deewj ceesšj kesâ IetCe&keâ keâer ieefle meceeve nesleer nw, DeLee&le meheea (Slip) keâe ceeve
(S= 0) neslee nw, leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj keânueeleer nw~
leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj hej uees[ heefjJele&ve keâe ØeYeeJe–
(Effect of Change of Load on Synchronous Motor)–

MetvÙe uees[ hej ceMeerve keâe ØelÙeeJele&keâ MetvÙe uees[ hej ceMeerve keâe ceesšj keâer Yeej-efmLeefle (Load condition)–
keâer lejn JÙeJenej- lejn JÙeJenej–

peye MetvÙe Yeej hej efmev›eâesveme

ceMeerve, ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâer lejn keâeÙe&
keâjleer nw, leye Yeej keâesCe (α) = 0 Ùeefo MetvÙe Yeej hej ØelÙeeJele&keâ keâer lejn
neslee nw~ keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeueer efmev›eâesveme ceMeerve kesâ
Øesefjle efJe.Jee.yeue (Eb) leLee ØeoeÙeer prime-mover Deueie keâj efoÙee Torque angle ∝ Load, yeueeIetCe&
Jeesušlee (V) Skeâ otmejs kesâ yejeyej peeS, leye ceMeerve efveYee&j hej ceesšj keâer keâesCe, Yeej kesâ yeÌ{ves mes yeÌ{lee nw~
efkeâvleg efJehejerle keâuee ceW nesles nQ~ lejn keâeÙe& keâjsieer~ Œeesle mes efveYee&j neefve yeueeIetCe& keâesCe yeÌ{ves kesâ keâejCe, DeecexÛej
DeecexÛej kesâ S›eâeme (Deej-heej) (No load loss) kesâ leguÙe JewÅegle- kesâ S›eâeme (Deej-heej) heefjCeeceer Jeesušlee
Meefkeäle uesves ueiesieer~ (Er) Yeer yeÌ{ peelee nw~ cegKÙe œeesle mes ueer
heefjCeeceer Jeesušlee (Er) = 0 nesves kesâ
JeemleJe ceW efveYee&j efmLeefle ceW, jesšj ieÙeer Oeeje keâe ceeve Yeer yeÌ{ peelee nw~
keâejCe DeecexÛej Oeeje (Ia) = 0 nesiee~
heâeru[ mšsšj heâeru[ mes, Skeâ Úesšs mes efpememes JewÅegle neefve keâe ceeve Yeer yeÌ{ peelee
ceMeerve ceW JewÅegle neefveÙeeB (I R )
2
a a
keâesCe mes heMÛeieeceer neslee nw], Ùen Úesše nw~
Yeer MetvÙe nesleer nw~ Dele: mšsšj Je ceesšj hej Yeej yeÌ{ves kesâ keâejCe- keâueekeâesCe
mee keâesCe (α) Torque angle
jesšj heâeru[ heesue kesâ keWâõ kesâ yeerÛe
keânueelee nw, leLee Fmeer keâesCe mes Øesefjle (φ) keâe ceeve Yeer yeÌ{ peelee nw Deewj keâueekeâesCe
keâesCeerÙe efJemLeeheve (α) še@ke&â Svieue
efJe.Jee.yeue (Eb) Yeer ØeoeÙeer Jeesušlee yeÌ{ves mes Meefkeäle iegCekeâ (power factor) keâe
keânueelee nw~
(V) mes heMÛeieeceer neslee nw~ ceeve keâce nes peelee nw, efkeâvleg DeecexÛej (Ia) keâe
ceMeerve keâe Ùen keâC[erMeve heäueesefšbie
Fme efmLeefle ceW V leLee Eb Skeâ otmejs meef›eâÙe Ieškeâ (active-component) Iacosφ
keâC[erMeve kesâ veece mes peevee peelee nw~
keâer keâuee kesâ efJehejerle ve neskeâj GveceW meowJe efmLej jnlee nw~
keâuee Deblej 180–α ceW nesiee~
V − Eb
E r = V − E b and Ia =
zs

Electrician Capsule 144 YCT

leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj hej Gòespeve kesâ heefjleJe&ve keâe ØeYeeJe–
(Effect of Change of Excitation on Synchronous Motor)–
(i) meeceevÙe Gòespeve DeJemLee (ii) Deuhe Gòespeve DeJemLee (iii) Deefle Gòespeve DeJemLee
(Normal excitation (Under excitation condition)– (Over-excitation condition)–
condition)–

Fme DeJemLee ceW Øesefjle efJe.Jee.yeue (Eb) Fme DeJemLee ceW Øesefjle efJe.Jee.yeue (Eb) keâe
Fme DeJemLee ceW, Øesefjle efJe.Jee.yeue
keâe ceeve, ØeÙegkeäle Jeesušlee (V) mes ceeve ØeÙegkeäle Jeesušlee (V) mes DeefOekeâ neslee
(Eb) keâe ceeve, ØeÙegkeäle Jeesušlee (V)
keâce neslee nw~ DeLee&led E b < V nw~ DeLee&led E b > V
kesâ leguÙe jnlee nw~ DeLee&le
Fme DeJemLee ceW heMÛeieeceer keâuee keâesCe Fme DeJemLee ceW DeecexÛej Oeeje (Ia),
Eb = V
keâe ceeve yeÌ{ peelee nw~ heâuemJe™he ØeÙegkeäle Jeesušlee (V) mes De«eieeceer neslee
DeecexÛej Oeeje keâe heefjceeCe keâce neslee
heMÛeieeceer Meefkeäle iegCekeâ cosφ Ieš nw~
nw, Deewj Ùen ØeÙegkeäle Jeesušlee mes
peelee nw~ Deefle Gòespeve keâer DeJemLee ceW Øeehle Meefòeâ
Deefle ueIeg keâesCe (φ) mes heMÛeieeceer
DeecexÛej Oeeje (Ia), ØeÙegòeâ Jeesušlee iegCekeâ De«eieeceer neslee nw~
neslee nw~ efpememes heMÛeieeceer Meefkeäle
(V) mes heMÛeieeceer neslee nw~ Fme DeJemLee ceW De«eieeceer keâuee keâesCe (φ)
iegCekeâ keâe ceeve Deefle GÛÛe neslee nw,
keâe ceeve keâce neslee nw~ heâuemJe™he
ueieYeie FkeâeF& DeLee&le cos φ = 1
De«eieeceer Meefkeäle iegCekeâ (cos φ) keâe ceeve
Fme DeJemLee ceW DeecexÛej kesâ S›eâeme
yeÌ{ peelee nw~
heefjCeeceer Jeesušlee (Er = IaZs) keâe
ceeve meeceevÙe neslee nw~

Je›eâ (Curve) efmev›eâesvme ceesšj Deušjvesšj (Alternator)

(Synchronous motor)

V- Je›eâ
[If & Ia]

Electrician Capsule 145 YCT

 FveJešx[ V-Je›eâ
[If & cosφ]

Meefkeäle iegCekeâ megOeejves keâer efJeefOeÙeeB –

(Methods of improvement of power factor)

mLeweflekeâ mebOeeefj$e (Static capacitor)– leguÙekeâeueer kebâ[svmej (Synchronous Hesâpe S[Jeevmej (Phase Advancer)–
Fmekesâ Éeje Meefòeâ iegCekeâ mebMeesOeve ceW condenser)– Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie kesâJeue efmuehe efjbie ØesjCe
mehueeF& Éeje oer ieF& Meefòeâ iegCekeâ Ùen Skeâ leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj nesleer nw ceesšj ceW ner efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Power Factor) mebMeesOeve kesâ henues pees efyevee efkeâmeer Yeej kesâ Ûeueleer nw~ Ùen efJeefOe 200 H.P. mes Thej kesâ efmuehe
Deewj yeeo ceW meceeve ner jnleer nw~ leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj kesâ #es$e kegâC[ueve efjbie ØesjCe ceesšj ceW ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee
FmeceW ØeÙegòeâ mebOeeefj$e keâe ceeve Yeej kesâ keâe Gòespeve efveÙeb$eCe keâjves hej Ùen nw~
R leLee L keâer leguevee ceW yengle keâce nesleer ØeefleIeeleer Meefkeäle keâes Glheeefole Ùee Fme efJeefOe ceW ØesjCe ceesšj kesâ jesšj keâes
nw, Dele: Fmes Shunt mebÙeespeve keânles DeJeMeesef<ele keâj mekeâleer nw~ JeeåÙe mehueeF& Fme Øekeâej osles nw efkeâ jesšj
nw~ efveYee&j hej Deefle-Gòesefpele leguÙekeâeueer Oeeje ceW Oeveelcekeâ Je=efæ nes~ Dele: uees[
meeceevÙele: JeebefÚle Oeeefjlee nsleg yengle ceesšj keâe ØeÙeesie MeefòeâiegCekeâ mebMeesOeve yeÌ{ves hej ØesjCe ceesšj keâe jesšj yeme-yeej
meejs mebOeeefj$e keâes ßesCeer leLee meceevlej ceW ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ mes Oeeje keâer ceebie keâes keâce keâj oslee nw,
mebÙeesefpele keâjkesâ jKeles nw~ efpememes yeme-yeej keâe MeefòeâiegCekeâ efvecve
Fmes kewâheeefmešj yeQkeâ Yeer keânles nw~ veneR nesves heelee~
kewâheeefmešj yeQkeâ keâe efveOee&jCe kVAR ceW
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
kegâÚ cenlJehetCe& efyevog (Some Important Point)– leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj keâes Ûeeuet keâjves keâer efJeefOeÙeeB–
keâce Jeesušspe hej keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeueer Úesšer leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj ceW (Starting Method of Synchronous Motor)

jesšj JeeFbef[bie keâes meerOes ‘SkeämeeFšj’ mes peesÌ[ efoÙee peelee nw~
efpememes ÛeWpe DeesJej efmJeÛe keâe ØeÙeesie veneR keâjvee heÌ[lee nw~
peye efkeâmeer meeceevÙe leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj Ùee Dee@šes leguÙekeâeueer
ceesšj keâes Meefkeäle iegCekeâ mebMeesOeve kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
nw lees Gmes leguÙekeâeueer kebâ[svmej Yeer keânles nQ~
DeecexÛej keâjWš keâe ceeve FkeâeF& Meefòeâ iegCekeâ keâer efmLeefle ceW
meyemes keâce neslee nw~
meeceevÙe Øekeâej kesâ leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj kesâ heefjÛeeueve
DeecexÛej keâjbsš keâe ceeve meeOeejCe Gòespeve mes yeÌ{eves hej yeÌ{lee
kesâ efueS ØeeÙe: dc keâcheeGC[ ceesšj keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie
nQ leLee meeOeejCe Gòespeve mes keâce Gòesefpele keâjves hej Yeer yeÌ{lee
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
nw~
mesuheâ mšeefšËie efJeefOe Éeje ceesšj (leguÙekeâeueer) keâes
DeecexÛej keâjWš keâe ceeve De«eieeceer Deewj heMÛeieeceer MeefòeâiegCekeâ Ûeeuet keâjves kesâ efueS ØeeÙe: Gmekesâ jesšj keâer
hej DeefOekeâlece neslee nw~ mebjÛevee heefjJeefle&le keâer peeleer nw~
Electrician Capsule 146 YCT
 leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj ceW ØeeÙe: nbefšbie Ùeebef$ekeâ Meefòeâ SJeb yeueeIetCe& mecyevOeer DeejsKe–
ceW nbefšbie veecekeâ oes<e efJeÅeceeve jnlee nw~
(Hunting in uees[ heefjJele&ve SJeb jesšj ceW Øesefjle
synchronous efJe.Jee.yeue kesâ hesâpe Sbieue heefjJele&ve
motor) keâer Øeefleef›eâÙee kesâ keâejCe, jesšj
keâchevve keâjves ueielee nw~ Deewj Ùener
oes<e nbefšbie (hunting) keânueelee nw~
nbefšbie keâe keâejCe DeÛeevekeâ Yeej ceW heefjJele&ve mes
(Cause of DeÛeevekeâ mes #es$e Oeeje ceW heefjJele&ve mes
Hunting) uees[ šeke&â keâe ›eâefcekeâ yeoueeJe nesves
mes (cyclic variation in load Ε b .V
torque) efJekeâefmele Meefòeâ ( Pm ) = sin α
XS
nbefšbie keâe ØeYeeJe ceesšj kesâ leguÙekeâeueve kesâ hesâue nesves
Ùeefo α = 0, lees Pm = 0
(effects of keâer mecYeeJevee yeÌ{ peeleer nw~
hunting) Devegveeo (resonance) keâer Ùeefo α = 900, lees Pm= DeefOekeâlece
mecYeeJevee yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ efmev›eâesveme ceesšj kesâ iegCe efmev›eâesveme ceesšj kesâ oes<e
oesueve keâes keâce ÛegcyekeâerÙe OegÇJe veeueeW (pole shoes) efmev›eâesveme ceesšj Éeje JewÅegle Fmekeâe DeejefcYekeâ yeueeIetCe& MetvÙe
keâjves keâer efJeefOeÙeeB hej DeJecebove (damper) kegâC[ueve Meefòeâ ØeCeeueer kesâ Meefòeâ iegCekeâ neslee nw~ DeLee&le Ùen mJeÛeeefuele
(method of kesâ mLeehevee (ØeeefJeOeeve) Éeje~
keâes mebMeesefOele efkeâÙee pee veneR nw~ FmeefueS Fmes Yeej hej
hunting Oegjer hej ieefle heeuekeâ Ûe›eâ kesâ ØeÙeesie
reduction)
mekeâlee nw~ mšeš& veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Éeje (by use of fly wheel on
efveYee&j mes hetCe& Yeej lekeâ ieefle DeJecevove kegâC[ueve (damper
the shaft)
leguÙekeâeueer ceMeerve kesâ mener meceeve jnleer nw~ FmeefueS winding) jefnle efmev›eâesveme

DeefYekeâuheve Éeje (by proper Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efmLej ieefle kesâ ceesšj kesâ mšeefšËie ceW meceÙe ueielee
designing of synchronous efueS meJee&efOekeâ GheÙegòeâ neslee nw~ FmeefueS Fmes yeej-yeej Ûeueeves
machine). nw~ ceW DeefOekeâ meceÙe ueielee nw~
leguÙekeâeueer leLee ØesjCe ceesšj keâer leguevee– Fmekeâer ieefle, meeceevÙe Yeej mes FmeceW efmuehe efjbie leLee yeÇMeeW keâer
(Comparision of Synchronous and Induction Motor) ØeYeeefJele veneR nesleer~ DeLee&le DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~
leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj ØesjCe ceesšj FmeceW efmuehe keâe ceeve MetvÙe
Fmekeâer IetCe&ve ieefle, ØelÙeskeâ Fmekeâer IetCe&ve ieefle, uees[ yeÌ{ves neslee nw~
uees[ hej efmLej jnleer nw~ hej Ieš peeleer nw~ FmeceW ieefle efveÙev$eCe keâer Ùen oesueve (Hunting) kesâ ØeYeeJe
Ùen meYeer Øekeâej kesâ Meefkeäle Ùen uewefiebie hee@Jej hewâkeäšj DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer nw~ mes cegòeâ veneR nw~
iegCekeâ (Leading, Lagging (heMÛeieeceer Meefkeäle iegCekeâ) hej FC[keäMeve ceesšj keâer leguevee Fmekesâ efueS oes Øekeâej keâer mehueeF&
leLee unity) hej keâeÙe& keâjlee keâeÙe& keâjleer nw~ ceW Fmekeâer o#elee GÛÛe nesleer keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw~
nw~ nw~
Ùen mJeÙeb Ûeeuet veneR neslee nw~ Ùen mJeÙeb Ûeeuet neslee nw~ efmev›eâesveme ceesšj kesâ GheÙeesie (Uses of Synchronous
motor)– efmLej ieefle kesâ keâejCe, Fmekeâe GheÙeesie– SÙej keâcØesmej,
ØeejefcYekeâ šeke&â MetvÙe neslee nw~ ØeejefcYekeâ šeke&â GÛÛe neslee nw~
ceesšj pevejsšj mesš, heshej, jyej, šskeämešeFue, meerceWš kesâ keâejKeeveeW,
Ùen cenBieer ceesšj nw~ Dehes#eeke=âle memleer ceesšj nw~ ueeFve Mee@Heäš [^eFJe, yueesDej, ceeFve Deeefo ceW neslee nw~

Electrician Capsule 147 YCT

 26
Converting Apparatus
(heefjJele&vekeâejer GhekeâjCe)
Converting Devices- Fmekesâ Éeje ØelÙeeJeleea Fmekeâs Skeâ pevejsšj keâes
Machine Converters Rectifier Converters Oeeje œeesle keâer JewÅegle efmueheefjbie FC[keäMeve efceueekeâj yeveeF&
1. Motor- Generator 1. Mercury Arc Rectifier Tpee& keâes Ùeebef$ekeâ ceesšj keâes [er.meer. ieF& Skeâ S.meer.
Set Tpee& ceW ™heevleefjle keâcheeGC[ pevejsšj jesšsefšbie ceMeerve
2. Motor Converter 2. "Metal Plate" Rectifier efkeâÙee peelee nw efheâj kesâ meeLe Ùeebef$ekeâ nesleer nw~
3. Rotary Converter 3. Electronic Valve Rectifier Ùeebef$ekeâ leLee Ùegeficele leLee efJeÅegleerÙe ™he IetCeea heefjJele&keâ
4. Semi-conductor Rectifier [er.meer. pevejsšj Éeje mes Ùegeficele efkeâÙee leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj,
Motor –Generator Set- Fme Ùeebef$ekeâ Tpee& keâes peelee nw~ efo°Oeeje ceesšj kesâ
Type Used efo° Oeeje keâes JewÅegle ™he ceW keâeÙe& keâj
Small M.G. Set Cage wound Induction Tpee& ceW ™heevleefjle mekeâleer nw~
motor efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Medium M.G Set Phase wound Induction
motor
ceesšj-pevejsšj mesš kesâ iegCe SJeb oes<e–
Large M.G. Set Synchronous motor iegCe oes<e
Power Rectifier- Fmekeâer ieefle hejce efmLej jnleer nw; oes ceMeerveeW kesâ
Mercury Arc Metal Plate P-N Junction keäÙeeWefkeâ efmev›eâesveme ceesšj keâer ieefle, keâejCe, Ùen mesš
Rectifier Rectifier Rectifier
ØeoeÙeer Jeesušlee leLee Yeej hej efveYe&j Deekeâej cebs yeÌ[e
1. Glass Bulb 1. Copper 1. Silicon Diode
M.A.R oxide M.P.R. Rectifier veneR keâjleer nw~ neslee nw~
2. Steel Tank 2. Selenium 2.Silicon control Fmemes DeefOekeâ mLeeÙeer [er. meer. oesveeW ceMeerveeW keâer
M.A.R. M.P.R. Rectifier DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe Øeehle neslee nw~ ueeiele (initial
ceesšj-pevejsšj mesš (M-G Set)– Mebš heâeru[ jsiÙetuesšj keâer meneÙelee mes cost) DeefOekeâ
Small M.G. Fmecebs [er. meer. keâcheeGC[ pevejsšj leLee kesâpe Fmecebs [er. meer. DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe keâes nesleer nw~
Set JeeGC[ FC[keäMeve ceesšj keâer OegefjÙeeW (shafts) efveÙebef$ele keâjvee Deefle megiece neslee Fme mesš keâer
keâes hejmhej Ùegeficele (coupled) efkeâÙee peelee nw~ nw~ mechetCe& o#elee
yewšjer ÛeeefpeËie kesâ efueS ØeeÙe: mcee@ue ceesšj- FmeceW Ùeefo S.meer. mehueeF& Jeesušspe Dehes#eeke=âle keâce
pevejsšj mesš keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ DeefOekeâ ve nes, lees Fvehegš-Jeesušlee keâes nesleer nw~
Medium Fmecebs [er. meer. keâcheeGC[ pevejsšj keâer Mee@heäš efveÙebef$ele keâjves kesâ efueS š^ebmeheâe@ce&j keâer Fme mesš keâer oesveeW
M.G Set keâes hesâpe JeeGC[ FC[keäMeve ceesšj keâer Mee@heäš DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer~ ceMeerveW ueieYeie
kesâ meeLe peesÌ[e peelee nw~ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie MeefòeâiegCekeâ mebMeesOeve kesâ meceeve ™he mes
Large M.G. Fmecebs [er. meer. keâcheeGC[ pevejsšj keâes efueS Yeer efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Yeejer-Yejkeâce nesleer
Set efmev›eâesveme ceesšj kesâ meeLe Ùeebef$ekeâ ™he mes nQ~
Ùegeficele (mechanically coupled) efkeâÙee ceesšj keâvJeš&j kesâ iegCe SJeb oes<e–
peelee nw~
ceMeerve keâveJeš&j keâer efJeMes<eleeSB– iegCe oes<e
ceesšj pevejsšj mesš ceesšj keâveJeš&j jesšjer keâveJeš&j Ùen mJeÛeeefuele neslee nw~ keâce ieefle kesâ keâejCe Ùen
ÙeneB hej S.meer. Ùen Yeer ceesšj Ùen jesšsefšbie efkeâmeer DeeJe=efòe hej ØeÛeeefuele nes DeefOekeâ ueeskeâefØeÙe veneR nw~
ceesšj Skeâ prime pevejsšj mesš keâe DeecexÛej šeFhe mekeâleer nw~
mover keâe keâeÙe& Skeâ efJekeâefmele ™he efmeb›eâesveme ceesšj FmeceW heÙee&hle ™he mes GÛÛe Meefòeâ
keâjleer nw DeLee&le nw~ SJeb [er.meer. iegCekeâ neslee nw~

Electrician Capsule 148 YCT

IetCeea heefjJele&keâ kesâ iegCe SJeb oes<e– Éeje ÛeÌ{e efoÙee peelee pewmeer vÙetve ieueve efyevog Jeeueer
iegCe oes<e nw, pees Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ keâe OeelegDeeW kesâ efceße Oeeleg keâes mhesÇ-
Ùen ueIeg Deekeâej keâe Skeâ megmebieef"le Fmekesâ efueS mšshe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw leLee ceMeerve Éeje efÚÌ[keâe peelee nw, pees
Ùeb$e nw~ DeLee&led Ùen Yeejer-Yejkeâce [eGve š^ebmeheâe@ce&j Fmekesâ yeenjer melen hej counter electrode keâe keâeÙe&

veneR nesleer nw~ keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee MeerMes keâer huesš keâes keâjlee nw~
nes l eer nw ~ pecee efoÙee peelee nw Ùee Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie yewš^er DeeJesMeve,
Fmekesâ efueS efkeâmeer Øekeâej kesâ
keäÙetØeme Dee@keämeeF[ keâer leguÙekeâeueer ceesšj kesâ Gòespeve ceW,
separate prime mover keâer Fmecebs efo°Oeeje
hejle hej meermes keâes peefve$eeW ceW mJe: Gòespeve ceW, ne@efmšbie,
DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer nw DeLee&led Jeesušlee-efveÙeceve
JeeMej oeye mes mesš keâj ÛegcyekeâeW Je ÛegcyekeâerÙe huesš keâes
Ùen mJeÛeeefuele nesleer nw~ meerefcele neslee nw~
efoÙee peelee nw~ D.C. mehueeF& Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS
Ùen meowJe leguÙekeâeueer ieefle Fmecebs 600 Jeesuš mes
efo°keâejer cebs DeekeämeeF[ nesleer nw~
(synchronous speed) hej ueskeâj 1200 Jeesuš
mes keâe@hej huesš keâer Fmekeâer o#elee 78³ nesleer nw~
Ûeuelee nw DeLee&led Fmekeâer ieefle hejce lekeâ keâer meerefcele
Deesj Oeeje ØeJeeefnle
efmLej (absolute constant) jnleer efo°Oeeje Jeesušlee ner
nesleer nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Fme
nw~ Øeehle keâer pee mekeâleer
efoMee cebs ØeeflejesOe keâce
Dehes#eeke=âle Fmekeâer o#elee GÛÛe nesleer nw~
neslee nw hejvleg Fmekesâ
nw~ DemeeceevÙe efmLeefle cebs
efJehejerle ØeeflejesOe
DeecexÛej-Oeeje keâce nesves kesâ keâejCe, efokeäheefjJele&keâ hej
DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
Fmecebs DeecexÛej Øeefleef›eâÙee Yeer Deefle mhegâueve
keâce neslee nw~ (sparking) nesves mesceerkebâ[keäšj jsefkeäšHeâeÙej–
Dehes#eeke=âle Fmekeâer ØeejefcYekeâ keâercele keâer hetCe& mecYeeJevee pecexefveÙece jsefkeäšheâeÙej efmeefuekeâeve jsefkeäšheâeÙej
(initial cost) Yeer keâce nesleer nw~ jnleer nw ~
Megæ pecexefveÙece heoeLe& cebs hebÛe vÙetve Jeesušlee leLee vÙetve Oeeje
IetCeea heefjJele&keâ ceW efmuehe eEjieeW leLee hesâpeeW keâer mebKÙee ceW mebyebOe– mebÙeespeer heoeLe& keâer DeMeggefæÙeeB kesâ keâejCe pebkeäMeve [eÙees[
hesâpees keâer efmuehe eEjiees efvekeâšJeleea šseEheime kesâ efceueeves mes DeLee&led doping mes šeFhe efmeefuekeâeve jsefkeäšheâeÙej
mebKÙee keâer mebKÙee ceOÙe efJeÅegle keâesCe pecexefveÙece kesâ n-šeFhe ef›eâmšue keâer mebjÛevee Je keâeÙe&-efmeæevle
1–φ 2 180 0
keâe efvecee&Ce neslee nw~ pecexefveÙece jsefkeäšheâeÙej kesâ
3–φ 3 120 0
Megæ pecexefveÙece cebs ef$e-mebÙeespeer meceeve ner nw Deewj Fve oesveeW
6–φ 6 60 0
heoeLe& keâer DeMegælee efceueeves mes jsefkeäšheâeÙeme& keâe ØeÙeesie yengle
9–φ 9 40 0
pecexefveÙece kesâ p-šeFhe ef›eâmšue henues mes ner neslee Dee jne
12–φ 12 30 0 keâe efvecee&Ce neslee nw~ nw~
Oeeleg jsefkeäšHeâeÙej– p-šeFhe Fve ef›eâmšueeW kesâ Fvekeâe keâeÙe&keâejer leeheceeve
mutual combination mes 2000C leLee o#elee 90
keâe@hej DeekeämeeF[ mesuesefveÙece jsefkeäšheâeÙej
jsefkeäšheâeÙej pecexefveÙece kesâ p-n pebkeäMeve ØeefleMele kesâ ueieYeie neslee
[eÙees[ keâes yeveeÙee peelee nw~ nw~ FvnW hee@Jej [eÙees[
Fmecebs Megdæ keâe@hej keâer Fmecebs SuÙegefceefveÙece Ùee mšerue, Meerš
pecexefveÙece kesâ p-n pebkeäMeve keânles nw~
Skeâ efÛekeâveer Je meceleue keâer efveefkeâue uesefhele Skeâ huesš nesleer
huesš nesleer nw, efpemes nw pees base electrode keâe keâeÙe& [eÙees[ keâes heâe@jJe[& yeeÙeme cebs Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie GÛÛe-Jeesušlee
base electrode keâjleer nw~ ØeÙeesie keâjles nw, Ùen yevo efmJeÛe leLee GÛÛe Oeeje keâer
keânles nw~ FmeceW base electrode hej keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ efo°Oeeje Meefòeâ keâes Øeehle
FmeceW base mesuesefveÙece keâer heleueer (0.05 mm Ùen Skeâ jsefkeäšheâeÙej keâer lejn keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee
electrode hej ueeue thick) hejle ÛeÌ{er nesleer nw, pees keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ nw~
keäÙetØeme Dee@keämeeF[ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ keâe keâeÙe& keâjleer nw~ efmeefuekeâeve mesceerkeâC[keäšj
(Cu2O) keâer heleueer Fmekesâ Thej, yeenjer melen keâes meesefue[ mšsš ÙetefvešeW
hejle keâes T<cee GheÛeej mesuesefveÙece hej efšve leLee kewâ[efceÙece kesâ veece mes peevee peelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 149 YCT

 27
A.C. and D.C. WINDING
(S.meer. SJeb [er. meer. JeeFbef[bie)
keäJee@Ùeue Ùee JeeFbef[bie SueerceWš–
oes ‘SefkeäšJe keâC[keäšme&’ leLee oes ‘Fb[ keâveskeäMevme’ mes yevee uethe yewkeâ efheÛe
JeeFbef[bie SueerceWš keânueelee nw~ Fme SueerceWš keâes keäJeeÙeue Yeer
heefjCeeceer
keânles nw~ efheÛe
øeâbš efheÛe
Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ uehesš Jeeueer keäJee@Ùeue, ‘ceušer-šve& keäJee@Ùeue
keânueeleer nw~
keâcÙetšsšj efheÛe

øebâš efheÛe (YF) otmejer keäJee@Ùeue keâer ØeLece SefkeäšJe meeF[

leLee ØeLece keäJee@Ùeue keâer otmejer SefkeäšJe
meeF[ kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer øebâš efheÛe
keânueeleer nw~
Deewmele efheÛe (YA) øebâš efheÛe (YF) leLee yewkeâ efheÛe (YB)
keâe Deewmele, Deewmele efheÛe keânueelee nw~
YF + YB
YA =
2

JeeFbef[bie MeyoeJeueer (Winding Terminology)– heefjCeeceer efheÛe (YR) oes mebueive keäJee@Ùeume keâer ØeLece SefkeäšJe
meeF[dme keâer otjer heefjCeeceer efheÛe keânueeleer
heesue-efheÛe (YP) oes mebueive heesume kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer heesue- nw~
efheÛe keânueeleer nw~
YR = YB − YF
heesue efheÛe
keâcÙetšsšj efheÛe (YC) Skeâ keäJee@Ùeue keâer oesveeW SefkeäšJe meeF[dme
muee@šdme keâer keâgue mebKÙee
( YP ) = kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer keâcÙetšsšj efheÛe keânueeleer
heesume keâer mebKÙee nw~ Ùen otjer keâcÙetšsšj mesicesvšdme keâer
DeLeJee mebKÙee kesâ ™he ceW JÙeòeâ keâer peeleer nw~
ÛeeuekeâesW keâer keâgue mebKÙee [er.meer. DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie (D.C. Armature Winding)–
YP =
heesume keâer mebKÙee [er.meer. DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie efvecve oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw~
keäJee@Ùeue mhewve Ùee Skeâ keäJee@Ùeue keâer oes SefkeäšJe meeF[dme kesâ 1. uewhe JeeFbef[bie 2. JesJe JeeFbef[bie
keäJee@Ùeue efheÛe yeerÛe efJeÅeceeve muee@šdme DeLeJee Ûeeuekeâes uewhe JeeFbef[bie JesJe JeeFbef[bie
keâer mebKÙee, keäJee@Ùeue mhewve Ùee keäJee@Ùeue
keäJee@Ùeue ueer[dme Skeâ-otmejs hej keäJee@Ùeue ueer[dme meerjerpe heefjheLe
efheÛe keânueeleer nw~ Fmes YS mes ØeoefMe&le
ÛeÌ{er ngF& jnleer nw~ keâer YeeBefle pegÌ[er ngF& jnleer nw~
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ùen meceevlej JeeFbef[bie Ùen ßesCeer JeeFbef[bie keânueeleer nw~
yewkeâ efheÛe (YB) DeecexÛej kesâ heerÚs keâer Deesj Skeâ keäJee@Ùeue keânueeleer nw~
keâer oes SefkeäšJe meeF[dme kesâ yeerÛe keâer otjer
meceevlej heLeeW keâer mebKÙee heesue meceevlej heLeeW keâer mebKÙee 2 nesleer
yewkeâ efheÛe keânueeleer nw~
keâer mebKÙee kesâ yejeyej nesleer nw~ nw~
Electrician Capsule 150 YCT
 meceevlej heLeeW keâer mebKÙee meceevlej heLeeW keâer mebKÙee De«eieeceer leLee he§eieeceer kegâC[ueve–
(A)=heesume keâer mebKÙee × (A) = 2× huewkeäme nesleer nw~ De«eieeceer kegâC[ueve he§eieeceer kegâC[ueve
huewkeäme nesleer nw~ (Progressive winding) (Retrogressive winding)
keâcÙetšsšj efheÛe keâcÙetšsšj efheÛe peye JeeFbef[bie ueer[dme keâes peye JeeFbef[bie ueer[dme keâes
keâcÙetšsšj mesicesvšdme kesâ meeLe keâcÙetšsšj mesicesvšdme kesâ meeLe
(YC)= ±1× huewkeäme
( YC ) = YA =
(
Z ± 2 × huewkeäme ) Fme Øekeâej mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee Fme Øekeâej mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee
P nw efkeâ Jes Skeâ-otmejs keâes DeesJej nw efkeâ Jes Skeâ otmejs mes DeesJej
uewhe ve keâjW~ uewhe keâjW~
Ùen JeeFbef[bie efkeâmeer Yeer Ùen JeeFbef[bie leYeer mLeeefhele keâer pee
he§e-efheÛe De«e-efheÛe mes yeÌ[e De«e-efheÛe, he§e-efheÛe mes yeÌ[e
DeecexÛej ceW mLeeefhele keâer pee mekeâleer nw~ peye keâcÙetšsšj efheÛe
neslee nw Deewj kegâC[ueve yeeÙeW mes neslee nw Deewj kegâC[ueve oeÙeW mes
mekeâleer nw~ hetCe& mebKÙee ceW nes~ oeefnveer Deesj keâes yeÌ{lee nw~ yeebÙeer Deesj keâes yeÌ{lee nw~
Ùen DeefOekeâ efJeÅegle Oeeje leLee Ùen DeefOekeâ Jeesušspe leLee keâce Fme mebÙeespeve ceW keâcÙetšsšj efheÛe Fme mebÙeespeve ceW keâcÙetšsšj efheÛe
keâce Jeesušspe #ecelee Jeeueer efJeÅegle Oeeje Jeeueer ceMeerveeW kesâ (YC) keâe ceeve (+1) jKee (YC) keâe ceeve (-1) jKee peelee
ceMeerveeW kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ nw~ efueS GheÙegòeâ nw~ peelee nw~ nw~
FmeceW mecekeâejer keâveskeäMeve FmeceW mecekeâejer keâveskeäMeve keâer
(Equalizing DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer nw~
connections) keâer
DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~
Fme Øekeâej kesâ DeecexÛej Fme Øekeâej kesâ DeecexÛej kegâC[ueer
kegâC[ueer ceW meeceevÙele: [ceer ceW [ceer kegâC[ueer (Dummy
kegâC[ueer veneR nesleer nw~ coil) keâe ØeÙeesie nesleer nw~
«eeGuej (Growler)–

uewhe Je JesJe JeeFbef[bie kesâ efveÙece SJeb Melex–

uewhe JeeFbef[bie JesJe JeeFbef[bie
øebâš efheÛe (YF) Deewj yewkeâ keâcÙetšsšj efheÛe YC =YA
efheÛe (YB) keâe ceeve heesue nesvee ÛeeefnS
efheÛe (YP) kesâ ceeve kesâ øebâš efheÛe (YF) leLee yewkeâ
yejeyej neslee nw~ efheÛe (YB) oesveeW kesâ ceeve
øebâš efheÛe (YF) leLee yewkeâ efJe<ece nesves ÛeeefnS
efheÛe (YB) oesveeW kesâ ceeve FmeceW kesâJeue oes keâeye&ve yeÇMe
efJe<ece nesves ÛeeefnS nesles nw~ «eeGuej, Skeâ efJeÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe Ùeb$e nw, efpemekeâe GheÙeesie ceesšj kesâ
keâeye&ve yeÇMespe keâer mebKÙee, heefjCeeceer efheÛe DeecexÛej keâe FvmeguesMeve ØeeflejesOe keâes peeBÛeves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
heesume keâer mebKÙee kesâ YR = YB+YF «eeGuej keâer keäJee@Ùeue keâes 230V S.meer. mehueeF& Øeoeve keâjves hej
yejeyej neslee nw~ Deewmele efheÛe Jen Skeâ š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j keâer ØeeFcejer JeeFbef[bie keâer YeeBefle keâeÙe& keâjlee
heefjCeeceer efheÛe nw~ Deewj Ùev$e hej jKee ieÙee DeecexÛej, meskesâC[jer JeeFbef[bie keâer
YB + YF YeeBefle keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ Fme Øekeâej kesâ «eeGuej keâes yee¢e «eeGuej Yeer
YR = YB – YF YA =
2 keânles nw~
Ùeefo YB > YF nes, lees
«eeGuej kesâ DevegØeÙeesie (Application of Growler)–
Jen Øees«esefmeJe JeeFbef[bie nesiee
«eeGuej keâe GheÙeesie ceMeerve kesâ Devoj efvecve oes<eeW keâes peeBÛeves kesâ efueS
Ùeefo YB < YF nes lees Jen
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efjš^es«esefmeJe JeeFbef[bie nesiee~
(i) Mee@š&-meefke&âš hejer#eCe
Ûeeuekeâ/heesume (Z/P) keâe
ceeve efJe<ece mebKÙee nesveer (ii) Deesheve-meefke&âš hejer#eCe
ÛeeefnS~ (iii) DeLe&-hejer#eCe
(iv) keäJee@Ùeue keâe efJehejerle efoMee ceW mebÙeespeve oes<e hejer#eCe

Electrician Capsule 151 YCT

efJeefYeVe Øekeâej keâer S.meer. JeeFbef[bie (Different type of A.C. S.meer. JeeFbef[bie kesâ GheÙeesie
Winding)– S.meer. GheÙeesie/efJeMes<eleeSB
Deeke=âefle kesâ DeeOeej hej S.meer. JeeFef[bime efvecve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw– JeeFbef[bie
S.meer. JeeFbef[bie efÛe$e yeemkesâš 3-Hesâpe ceesšme& ceW meeceevÙele: Fmeer Øekeâej
yeemkesâš JeeFbef[bie JeeFbef[bie keâer JeeFbef[bie mLeeefhele keâer peeleer nw~
(Basket winding) (Basket Fmekeâer efJeMes<elee Ùen nw efkeâ FmeceW keäJee@Ùeue
winding) mebÙeespeveeW keâer peeBÛe mejuelee mes keâer pee
mekeâleer nw~
keâe@vmewefvš^keâ
keâe@vmewefvš^keâ efmebieue-Hesâpe ceesšj JeeFbef[bie ceW Deeceleewj hej
JeeFbef[bie
JeeFbef[bie keâe@vmewefvš^keâ JeeFbef[bie ner mLeeefhele keâer peeleer
(Concentric nw~
(Concentric
winding)
winding) Fmekeâer efJeMes<elee Ùen nw efkeâ FmeceW DeefOekeâ
Meerleueve-mLeeve Øeehle neslee nw~
mkeâerve JeeFbef[bie
(Skein winding)
mkeâerve Fme Øekeâej keâer JeeFbef[bie ceW Skeâ yeÌ[er
JeeFbef[bie (DeefOekeâ JÙeeme keâer) keäJee@Ùeue uehesšer peeleer
(Skein nw Deewj Gmes efJeefYeVe mšsšj KeeBÛeeW ceW
winding) mLeeefhele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Skeâ hetCe& keäJee@Ùeue uehesšves kesâ yeeo Fmes
Heäuewš uethe vee@ve- hegve: muee@š ceW uehesš osles nw~ Fme Øekeâej
Mes<e uecyeeF& keâes cees[Ì keâj keäJee@ÙeueeW keâes
DeesJej uewhe JeeFbef[bie]
[euee peelee nw~
(Flat loop non-
overlap winding) Heäuewš uethe Ùen JeeFbef[bie meeceevÙele: efmebieue-Hesâpe S.meer.
vee@ve-DeesJej hebKeeW ceW mLeeefhele keâer peeleer nw~
Heäuewš uethe
uewhe JeeFbef[bie] Fme Øekeâej keâer JeeFbef[bie ceW meceeve keäJee@Ùeue
DeesJejuewhe Ùee Ûesve
(Flat loop efheÛe keâer Úesšs Deekeâej keâer lewÙeej keâer peeleer
JeeFbef[bie non-overlap nw Deewj GvnW Fme Øekeâej mLeeefhele efkeâÙee
(Flat loop winding) peelee nw efkeâ Jes Skeâ otmejs keâes ›eâe@me ve
overlap or chain keâjs~
winding)
Heäuewš uethe Ùen JeeFbef[bie Yeer efmebieue-Hesâpe S.meer. hebKeeW
mkeäÙet JeeFbef[bie DeesJejuewhe Ùee ceW mLeeefhele keâer peeleer nw~
(Skew winding) Ûesve JeeFbef[bie Ùen JeeFbef[bie osKeves ceW pebpeerj (chain) keâer
(Flat loop YeeBefle Øeleerle nesleer nw~
overlap or
chain
[eÙeceC[ keäJee@Ùeue winding)
JeeFbef[bie mkeäÙet JeeFbef[bie Ùen JeeFbef[bie GÛÛe Jeesušspe hej keâeÙe& keâjves
(Diamond Coil (Skew Jeeueer ceMeerveeW ceW ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~
winding) winding)
[eÙeceC[ Ùen JeeFbef[bie, GÛÛe Jeesušspe hej keâeÙe& keâjves
FvJeesuÙetš keäJee@Ùeue
keäJee@Ùeue Jeeueer ceMeerveeW ceW ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~
JeeFbef[bie JeeFbef[bie Fme Øekeâej keâer JeeFbef[bie ceW keäJee@Ùeue keâes
(Involute Coil (Diamond nerje-Deeke=âefle DeLee&led <ešdYegpeekeâj Deeke=âefle
winding) Coil Øeoeve keâer peeleer nw~
winding)

Electrician Capsule 152 YCT

 FvJeesuÙetš Ùen JeeFbef[bie DeefOekeâ mLeeve Iesjleer nw Deewj 1
keäJee@Ùeue keâer kegâue mebKÙee = KeeBÛeeW keâer
keäJee@Ùeue GÛÛe Jeesušspe hej keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeueer ceMeerveeW 2
JeeFbef[bie ceW ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~ kegâue mebKÙee
(Involute efÉ-hejle ØelÙeskeâ KeeBÛes ceW oes keäJee@Ùeume keâes heeÕe& ceW
Coil JeeFbef[bie mLeeefhele efkeâS peeles nw~
winding)
keäJee@Ùeume keâer kegâue mebKÙee = muee@šes keâer
mebkesâefvõle JeeFbef[bie Deewj efJeleefjle JeeFbef[bie ceW Devlej–
kegâue mebKÙee
mebkesâefvõle JeeFbef[bie efJeleefjle JeeFbef[bie
hetCe&-efheÛe Ùeefo JeeFbef[bie-efheÛe leLee heesue-efheÛe keâe ceeve
mebkesâefvõle JeeFbef[bie keâer efJeleefjle JeeFbef[bie keâer kegâC[efueÙeeB JeeFbef[bie yejeyej nes lees hetCe& efheÛe JeeFbef[bie keânueeleer
kegâC[efueÙeeB men-De#eerÙe nesleer men De#eerÙe veneR nesleer nw~ Gvns nw~
nw DeLee&led meYeer JeeFbef[bie SÙej iewhe heefjefOe kesâ meeLe efJeefYeVe
keäJee@Ùeue ceW Skeâ ner ÛegcyekeâerÙe muee@š ceW efJeleefjle efkeâÙee peelee nw~ keäJee@Ùeue efheÛe = heesue efheÛe
De#e neslee nw~ = 1800 Fuesefkeäš^keâue ef[«eer
Fme Øekeâej keâer JeeFbef[bie keâe Fme Øekeâej keâer JeeFbef[bie keâe ueIeg-efheÛe Ùeefo efheÛe Hewâkeäšj keâe ceeve FkeâeF& mes keâce
GheÙeesie š^ebmeHeâece&j, efJeÅegle GheÙeesie Fb[keäMeve ceMeerve, JeeFbef[bie nes lees ueIeg efheÛe JeeFbef[bie keânueeleer nw~
Ûegcyekeâ Deeefo keâes yeveeves ceW efmeb›eâesveme ceMeerve, [er.meer. ceMeerve
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Deeefo keâer DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie ceW hetCe&ebkeâerÙe Ssmeer JeeFbef[bie, efpemeceW Øeefle heesue SJeb Øeefle
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ JeeFbef[bie HeWâpe KeeBÛeeW keâer mebKÙee Skeâ hetCe& mebKÙee
mebkesâefvõle JeeFbef[bie kesâ efueS heesue keâer mebKÙee muee@š keâer mebKÙee (Integral nesleer nw hetCe&ebkeâerÙe JeeFbef[bie keânueeleer nw~
Winding)
heesue keâer mebKÙee, muee@šdme keâer kesâ yejeyej veneR nesleer nw~
mebKÙee kesâ yejeyej nseleer nw~ efYeVeelcekeâ Ssmeer JeeFbef[bie, efpemeceW Øeefle heesue Øeefle muee@š
FmeceW GlheVe efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ FmeceW GlheVe efJeÅegle Jeenkeâ yeue, JeeFbef[bie leLee Øeefle heesue Øeefle Hesâpe muee@š keâer mebKÙee
yeue, efheÛe Deewj efJeleefjle efheÛe Deewj efJeleefjle Hewâkeäšj oesveeW (Fractional efYeVe nes efYeVeelcekeâ JeeFbef[bie keânueeleer nw~
Hewâkeäšj hej efveYe&j vener keâjlee hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~ Winding)
nw~ DeLee&le–
ueIeg š^ebmeheâe@ce&j keâer JeeFeEC[ie–
DeLee&le– E = 4.44 k p k d fφN
(Winding of Small Transformers)
E = 4.44fφN
ueIeg š^ebmeheâe@ce&j keâer efJeefYeVe JeeFeEC[ie lekeâveerkeâ–efJeefYeVe Øekeâej kesâ
efheÛe Hewâkeäšj (Pitch factor)– keäJee@Ùeue efheÛe Ùee JeeFbef[bie efheÛe JeeFbef[bie–
leLee heesue efheÛe keâe Devegheele, efheÛe Hewâkeäšj keânueelee nw~
ef[mkeâ Øekeâej
JeeFbef[bie efheÛe
efheÛe Heâwkeäšj = keâer JeeFbef[bie
heesue efheÛe
(Disc type
 1800 × heesueesW keâer mebKÙee 
 muee@š keâe keâesCe = winding)
 muee@š keâer keâgue mebKÙee 
meleled ef[mkeâ
mebÙeesefpele DeecexÛej JeeFbef[bie
keäJee@Ùeue
(Connected Armature Winding )–
Øekeâej keâer
Skeâue hejle Fme Øekeâej keâer JeeFbef[bie ceW, ØelÙeskeâ KeeBÛes ceW
JeeFbef[bie
JeeFbef[bie kesâJeue Skeâ keäJee@Ùeue keâes heeÕe& ceW mLeeefhele
efkeâÙee peelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 153 YCT

 efmeuesefC[^keâue meleled ef[mkeâ DeeOegefvekeâ š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j ceW Fme JeeFbef[bie keâe
JeeFbef[bie keäJee@Ùeue ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
Øekeâej keâer Fmekeâer jsefšbie 10 MW leLee DeeGšhegš
JeeFbef[bie 200 kV nesleer nw~
DeeÙeleekeâej Ûeeuekeâ keâs meeLe efmeuesefC[^keâue JeeFbe[f bie Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efvecve Jeesušspe Jeeues
š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j ceW Yeer efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efmeuesefC[^keâue Ùen DeeÙeleekeâej Ûeeuekeâ leLee Je=òeekeâej
JeeFbef[bie Ûeeuekeâ oesveeW kesâ meeLe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
nw~
DeeÙeleekeâej kesâ efueS 6 kV leLee 240
kVA DeeGšhegš kesâ efueS neslee nw~
›eâe@me DeesJej
Je=òeekeâej Ûeeuekeâ kesâ 33 kV mes leLee 300
JeeFbef[bie kVA Jeesušspe lekeâ GÛÛe efJeYeJe JeeFbef[bie
ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
›eâe@me DeesJej Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efvecve efJeYeJe SJeb efvecve Oeeje
JeeFbef[bie kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ùen GÛÛe Jeesušspe keâer JeeFefC[bie Jeeues
Úesšs š^ebmeheâece&jes ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles nw~
nsefuekeâue Fme efJeefOe ceW mechetCe& JeeFeEC[ie Deueie-
Deueie keäJee@ÙeueeW ceW efJeYeeefpele nesleer nw leLee
JeeFbef[bie
Skeâ-otmejs mes Fvmeguesefšbie mhesmej Éeje
(Helical
mebÙeesefpele jnleer nw~
winding)
nsefuekeâue Fme Øekeâej keâer JeeFbef[bie efJeefOe ceW
JeeFbef[bie DeeÙeleekeâej ›eâeme-meskeäMeve kesâ Ûeeuekeâ ØeÙeesie
mewC[efJeÛe efkeâÙes peeles nw~
(Helical
JeeFbef[bie winding) Fme JeeFbef[bie keâe ØeÙeesie DeefOekeâ Oeeje leLee
(Sandwich keâce šve& Jeeues š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j ceW efkeâÙee peelee
winding) nw~
Ùen efmLeefle GÛÛe #ecelee Jeeues š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j ceW
efvecve Jeesušspe hej efveYe&j keâjleer nw~
ueIeg š^ebmeheâe@ce&j keâer JeeFeEC[ie kesâ GheÙeesie SJeb efJeMes<eleeSB– mewC[efJeÛe Fme Øekeâej keâer JeeFbef[bie keâes kesâvõerÙe uewie
JeeFbef[bie hej mLeeefhele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ef[mkeâ Øekeâej ef[mkeâ Øekeâej keâer JeeFbef[bie ceW JeeFbef[bie Skeâ
(Sandwich Fme efJeefOe ceW efvecve Jeesušspe (LV) leLee
keâer JeeFbef[bie otmejs mes he=Lekeâ nesleer nw~
winding) GÛÛe Jeesušspe (HV) keäJeeFue keâes ›eâceMe:
(Disc type Fme Øekeâej keâer JeeFbef[bie 33 kV Ùee Skeâ kesâ yeeo Skeâ mewC[efJeÛe DeLee&led
winding) DeefOekeâ hejeme kesâ GÛÛe Jeesušspe Jeeues Skeâ-otmejs mes efceueekeâj JÙeJeefmLele efkeâÙee
š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j ceW GheÙeesie keâer peeleer nw~ peelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 154 YCT

 28
Domestic Electrical Appliances
(Iejsuet JewÅegeflekeâ GhekeâjCe)
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)– jmeesF&Iej ceW Keevee hekeâeves efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee
efJeÅegle Skeâ Øekeâej keâer Tpee& nw, efpemes Gmekesâ DevegØeÙeesieeW pewmes-T<cee, JewÅegeflekeâ GhekeâjCe efJeÅegle mšesJe keânueelee nw~
ØekeâeMe, Ùeebef$ekeâ Tpee& Deeefo ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Jele&ceeve Ùegie FmeceW efvecve cegKÙe Yeeie nesles nQ–
ceW, efJeÅegle, ceveg<Ùe keâer owefvekeâ efoveÛeÙee& keâe Skeâ DeefYeVe Debie yeve
ieF& nw~ neršj huesš Ùen Ûeerveer efceóer mes yeveer Skeâ ieesue huesš nesleer nw~
™ce neršj (Room Heater)– Ùen huesš 13000C lekeâ leeheceeve men mekeâleer nw~
T<cekeâ lebleg Ùen veeF›eâesce keâe yevee Skeâ uecyee, keäJee@Ùeuevegcee
Meerle$e+leg ceW keâcejs keâes iece& keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee
(Heating lebleg neslee nw~
neršj, ™ce neršj keânueelee nw~ element) Ùen 9000C leeheceeve lekeâ keâeÙe& keâj mekeâlee nw~
Fmekeâer Jeešspe jsefšbie 1000W Ùee 2000W jKeer
je@[ Øekeâej keâe neršj yeeGue Øekeâej keâe neršj peeleer nw~
(Rod Type Heater) (Bowl type Heater) yee@[er Ùen ieesue DeLeJee DeeÙeleekeâej Deeke=âefle ceW ueesns keâer
Meerš mes yeveeF& peeleer nw~
ef«eue Ùen ueesns keâer leej mes yeveer efveefkeâue/›eâesefceÙece
Deeuesefhele peeueer nesleer nw~ pees mšesJe kesâ Thej jKes
peeves Jeeues yele&ve keâes T<cekeâ lebleg mes Deueie keâjlee
nw~
b
mebÙeespekeâ T<cekeâ lebleg kesâ efmejeW mes vebies Je ceesšs leeByes kesâ
ueer[ leej, mee@kesâš lekeâ mebÙeesefpele efkeâS peeles nQ~ Fve
leejeW hej Ûeerveer efceóer mes yeveer ‘yeer[dme’ ÛeÌ{ekeâj
FmeceW je@[ keâer mebKÙee Skeâ Ùee oes FmeceW ueóÒ kesâ Deekeâej keâe
Fvns DeÛeeuekeâ DeeJejCe Ùegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
nesleer nw Deewj T<cekeâ levleg kesâ ™he G<cekeâ lebleg leLee
ceW veeF›eâesce leej keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee Deæ&ieesueekeâej hejeJele&keâ keâe mee@kesâš mšesJe keâer mehueeF& Œeesle mes mebÙeesefpele keâjves kesâ
efueS Œeesle keâer yee@[er hej Skeâ mee@kesâš yeveeÙee
peelee nw~ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
peelee nw~
efJeÅegle Øesme (Electric Iron)–
Skeâ lebleg keâer Jee@šspe jsefšbie Ùen neršj kesâJeue Skeâ lebleg
1000W jKeer peeleer nw~ ceeveJe Jeeuee neslee nw Deewj Fmekesâ lebleg efJeÅegle Øesme Iejsuet leLee JÙeeheeefjkeâ mlej hej meJee&efOekeâ
keâes efJeÅegle Peškesâ mes megj#ee kesâ keâer Jeešspe jsefšbie 1000W ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee JewÅegeflekeâ GhekeâjCe nw~ Iejsuet
efueS hejeJele&keâ leLee mšwC[ keâes jKeer peeleer nw~ GheÙeesie nsleg 350W mes 750W lekeâ leLee 1 efkeâ«ee mes
‘DeLe&’ keâjvee DeeJeMÙekeâ neslee nw~ 1.5 efkeâ«ee Jepeve lekeâ keâer efJeÅegle Øesme yeveeF& peeleer nw~

efJeÅegle mšesJe (Electric Stove)– efJeÅegle Øesme kesâ cegKÙe Yeeie nw

(Main parts of electric Iron)–
meesue huesš Ùen ceeFu[ mšerue mes yeveer ueieYeie ef$eYegpeekeâej
huesš nesleer nQ Fmekeâer efveÛeueer melen ›eâesefceÙece
keâer hee@efueMe keâer ngF& leLee meceleue nesleer nw~
Ùen Øesme keâe DeeOeej nesleer nw~
T<cekeâ lebleg Ùen veeF›eâesce keâe yevee neslee nw~
(Heating lebleg kesâ efmejeW mes leeByes keâer oes mebÙeesefpele heefòeÙeeB
element) ueieer nesleer nw~
Electrician Capsule 155 YCT
 ØesMej huesš T<cekeâ lebleg kesâ Thej Smyesmšme keâer Skeâ efJeÅegle kesâleueer
ef$eYegpeekeâej Meerš jKekeâj, keâe@mš DeeÙejve Ùee (Electric
ceeFu[ mšerue mes yeveer Skeâ ØesMej huesš keâmeer Kettle)
peeleer nw~
{keäkeâve Ùen ueesns keâer Meerš mes yevee Skeâ {keäkeâve nw pees
(Cover) lebleg Je ØesMej huesš keâes {keâ ueslee nw~
nwefC[ue Ùen T<cee DeÛeeuekeâ heoeLe&, pewmes– uekeâÌ[er,
yewkesâueeFš Ùee hueeefmškeâ keâe yevee neslee nw~ b
mee@kesâš lebleg keâer mebÙeespekeâ heefòeÙeeW keâes Skeâ mee@kesâš ceW Deuhe cee$ee ceW peue iece& keâjves, otOe iece&
keâme efoÙee peelee nw~ mee@kesâš keâes ‘nerue’ kesâ heeme keâjves, ÛeeÙe Ùee keâe@Heâer Deeefo yeveeves kesâ
ueieeÙee peelee nw~ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efJeÅegle Øesme kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Electric Iron)– Ùen mšwveuewme mšerue DeLeJee heerleue keâer
Deešescewefškeâ efJeÅegle Øesme Yeehe efJeÅegle Øesme Ûeeoj mes yevee Skeâ yesueveekeâej yele&ve neslee
(Automatic Electric (Steam Electric Iron) nw~
Iron) efJeÅegle Øesme keâer YeeBefle ner, FmeceW Smyesmšme
Meerš, ØesMej huesš, {keäkeâve Deeefo Yeeie
nesles nw~
ne@š huesš
(Hot Plate)

Dee@šescewefškeâ efJeÅegle Øesme ceW Fmekeâe GheÙeesie keâheÌ[es keâes

Leceexmšsš efmJeÛe ueiee neslee heeveer DeLeJee Yeehe osves kesâ jmeesF&Iej ceW Keevee hekeâeves kesâ efueS efJeÅegle
nw~ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ mšesJe kesâ Deefleefjòeâ, ne@š huesš JewÅegeflekeâ
Leceexmšsš kesâ ßesCeer ›eâce ceW Yeehe GlheVe keâjves kesâ efueS GhekeâjCe Yeer ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Skeâ Úesše yeuye leLee T<cee Øesme ceW oes efJeefOeÙeeB- FmeceW ØeeÙe: oes ne@š huesš nesleer nw~ ceeFu[
efveÙev$ekeâ vee@ye ueieer nesleer nw, yee@Ùeuej leLee HeäuewMe efJeefOe mšerue mes yeveer meceleue Je=òeekeâej huesš kesâ
efpememes Øesme keâe leeheceeve, keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ veerÛes Ùee lees efJeÅegle kesâleueer keâer YeeBefle
henues mes efveOee&efjle efkeâÙee pee T<cekeâ lebleg ueieeÙee peelee nw DeLeJee
mekeâlee nw~ heâeÙej-keäues Ùee heesme&efueve-muewye ceW yebo
Leceexmšsš (Thermostat)– T<cekeâ lebleg ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ùen ØeeÙe: oes keäJee@Ùeume Jeeuee neslee nw Deewj
Fmes ‘GÛÛe’, ‘ceOÙece’ leLee ‘efvecve’ leeheceeve
hej ØeÛeeefuele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
efJeÅegle kegâefkebâie
jWpe (Electric
Cooking
Range)

Leceexmšsš ceW oes efJeefYeVe OeelegDeeW keâer heefòeÙeeW keâes peesÌ[keâj

Skeâ efÉOeeeflJekeâ heòeer yeveeF& peeleer nw~ jmeesF&Iej ceW Keevee hekeâeves kesâ efueS efJeÅegle
efÉOeeeflJekeâ heòeer mes pegÌ[s oes mebÙeespekeâ efyevog (contact mšesJe, ne@š huesš leLee jesmšj Ùee DeesJeve
points) efkeâmeer efJeÅegle heefjheLe kesâ efueS ‘Dee@ve/Dee@heâ’ (oven) keâe mebÙegòeâ ™he efJeÅegle kegâefkebâie
efmJeÛe keâe keâeÙe& keâjles nQ~ jWpe keânueelee nw~
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efJeÅegle Øesme, mšesJe, DeesJeve Deeefo T<cee keâes FmeceW ØeeÙe: oes efJeÅegle mšesJe, oes ne@š
efveÙele DeLeJee efveÙeefv$ele keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ huesš leLee Skeâ jesefmšbie Ûewcyej neslee nw~
Electrician Capsule 156 YCT
 šesmšj lebleg kesâ oesveeW efmejeW mes Skeâ-Skeâ ceesše leeByes keâe
(Toaster) mebÙeespekeâ leej mebÙeesefpele keâj, veueer kesâ efmejes keâes
efkeâmeer GheÙegòeâ T<ceejesOeer heoeLe& mes yebo keâj efoÙee
peelee nw~
ieerpej
šesmš DeLee&led yeÇw[ heerme meWkeâves Jeeuee (Geyser)
JewÅegeflekeâ GhekeâjCe šesmšj keânueelee nw~ Ùen
ØeeÙe: 2 DeLeJee 4 yeÇw[ heermespe Skeâ-meeLe
meWkeâves nsleg yeveeÙee peelee nw~
nerefšbie SueerceWš ceeFkeâe Meerš hej veeF›eâesce
leej uehesškeâj yeveeS peeles nw~ Fmekeâer Jeešspe
jsefšbsie ØeeÙe: 600W, 750W, 1000W Ùee
1250W jKeer peeleer nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie peue keâes iece& keâjves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee
ne@š kesâme peelee nw~ Ùen IejeW ceW mveeve Iej ceW, efkeâÛeve ceW
(Hot case) Jee@Me yesefmeve nsleg iece& peue Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS
Fmes veue ceW efHeâš efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ieerpej oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw–
(a) FvmešWš ieerpej (b) mšesjspe ieerpej
hekeâer ngF& KeeÅe JemlegDees (meceesmee, hesšerpe, DeesJeve (Oven)–
jesšer, meypeer Deeefo keâes iece& jKeves kesâ efueS efJeÅegle Meefòeâ kesâ Éeje Yeespeve hekeâeves, kesâkeâ Deeefo yeveeves
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ leLee hekesâ ngS Yeespeve keâes iece& jKeves kesâ efueS DeesJeve
FmeceW efveOee&efjle leeheceeve yeveeÙes jKeves kesâ veecekeâ JewÅegeflekeâ GhekeâjCe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efueS Leceexmšsš keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ùen GhekeâjCe efvecve oes Øekeâej keâe neslee nw–
FmeceW cegKÙele: Úesšer Deeueceejer keâer Deeke=âefle
keâe Skeâ yee@keäme neslee nw~ Ùen yee@keäme ceeFu[ T<cekeâ lebleg Øekeâej keâe DeesJeve ceeF›eâes JesJe DeesJeve
mšerue Meerš keâe yevee neslee nw~ (Heating element type (Microwave oven)
oven)
Fceme&ve
FmeceW 2500W lekeâ keâe yebo FmeceW T<cee levleg keâe ØeÙeesie
neršj
Øekeâej keâe T<cekeâ levleg ØeÙeesie vener efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Immers
ion efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Heater) FmeceW 4 efmLeefleÙeeW Jeeues jesšjer FmeceW GÛÛe DeeJe=efòe Jeeueer
efmJeÛe keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ (300-3000 MHz)
efJeÅegle ÛegcyekeâerÙe lejbieeW keâe
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
peue iece& keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peeves Jeeuee
GÛÛe leeheceeve efmLeefle keâe ØeÙeesie FmeceW Yeespeve hekeâeves kesâ efueS
mejue GhekeâjCe Fceme&ve neršj Ùee Fceme&ve je@[
keânueelee nw~ meypeer Deeefo yeveeves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee keâeBÛe, Ûeerveer efceóer Deeefo
FmeceW veeF›eâesce leej mes yevee cenerve Je peelee nw~ DeÛeeuekeâ heoeLe& mes yeves yele&ve
keäJee@Ùeuevegcee T<cekeâ lebleg neslee nw~ Fmes heerleue keâer ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeles nw~
veueer ceW mLeeefhele keâj leej kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj FmeceW Leceexmšsš, T<cee efveÙeb$ekeâ Ùen [eFuesefkeäš^keâ nerefšbie
cewiveerefMeÙece Dee@keämeeF[ ÛetCe& Yej efoÙee peelee nw~ veeBye Deeefo ueies jnles nw~ efmeæevle hej DeeOeeefjle nw~

Electrician Capsule 157 YCT

 nerš keâvJeskeäšj efmeefuebie Hewâve kesâ cegKÙe Yeeie–
(Heat JewÅegeflekeâ Yeeie Ùeeefv$ekeâ Yeeie
Convector) (Electrical Part) (Mechanical part)
mšsšj- Ùen Yeeie, jesšj kesâ oes yeeue-efyeÙeefjbime
Ùen iece& nJee HeWâkeâves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee Devoj efveefnle neslee nw je@[
peelee nw~ jesšj- hebKes keâe jesšj, yee@[er
FmeceW Skeâ yueesDej leLee oes T<cekeâ lebleg efmkeâJejue kesâpe ceesšj kesâ jesšj yues[dme
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙes peeles nw FmeceW T<cekeâ lebleg kesâ meceeve neslee nw~ Deewj Ùen veš-yeesušdme
veeF›eâesce keâe yevee neslee nw~ mšsšj kesâ Ûeejes Deesj IetCe&ve oes keâhe-keâJeme&
leblegDeeW keâer Jeešspe 1000W leLee yueesDej keâjlee nw~
keâer Jeešspe 125 Jeeš nesleer nw~ jsieguesšj (Regulator)-
FmeceW leerve HeäueMe ceeGCš Øekeâej kesâ efmJeÛe efJeÅegle hebKes keâer IetCe&ve ieefle
ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeles nQ~ keâes meceeÙeesefpele keâjves kesâ efueS
nsÙej [^eÙej Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Hair Fmekeâes mšsšj kesâ ßesCeer ›eâce
Dryer) ceW ueieeÙee peelee nw~
ceWme Jeesušspe kesâ ceeve keâes
Ieševes kesâ efueS jsieguesšj ceW
meeceevÙele: ØeeflejesOekeâ ØeÙeesie
efkeâS peeles nw~
Fmekeâe GheÙeesie ieerues yeeueeW keâes megKeeves kesâ GheÙeesie kesâ DeeOeej JewÅegeflekeâ hebKes efvecve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw–
efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ šsyeue Hewâve cespe Ùee mštue Deeefo hej jKekeâj ØeÙeesie
FmeceW Skeâ Úesše yueesDej Deewj Skeâ Úesše (Table Fan) efkeâÙee peelee nw~
nerefšbie SueerceWš neslee nw, nerefšbie SueerceWš FmeceW jesšj mšsšj kesâ Devoj mLeeefhele efkeâÙee
veeF›eâesce leej keâe yevee neslee nw~ peelee nw~
FmeceW nerefšbie SueerceWš keâer Jeešspe jsefšbie mšsšj kesâ meeLe ØeeÙe: Dee@efmeuesefšbie Ùegefòeâ
ØeeÙe: 800W nesleer nw~ pegÌ[er nesleer nw pees hebKes kesâ mšsšj keâes ueieYeie
efJeefYeVe JewÅegeflekeâ hebKes (Various Electrical Fans)– 900 lekeâ Ietceeleer jnleer nw~
efmeefuebie Hewâve (Ceiling Fan)– kesâefyeve Hewâve Fmekeâe GheÙeesie yeme, jsueieeÌ[er Deeefo ceW
(Cabin Fan) efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Ùen 24 Ùee 28 Jeesušdme [er.meer. mes
ØeÛeeefuele neslee nw~
hes[smšue Hewâve Ùen Dee@efmeuesefšbie leLee vee@ve-Dee@efmeuesefšbie
(Pedestal oesveeW Øekeâej keâe yeveeÙee peelee nw~
Fan) Fmekeâe mšQ[ ueieYeie 120 mesceer. TBÛee leLee
Yeejer neslee nw~
JeeÙeg efvekeâeme Ùen nJee keâes efkeâmeer keâ#e mes KeeRÛekeâj keâ#e
hebKee mes yeenj HeWâkeâlee nQ~
(Exhaust Fmekeâe GheÙeesie jmeesF&IejeW, GÅeesieMeeueeDeeW
Fan) [wpeš& ketâueme& Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 158 YCT

 Úle kesâ hebKes kesâ mecYeeefJele oes<e Je keâejCe leLee efveJeejCe
›eâce oes<e keâejCe efveJeejCe
1. meeceevÙe mes DeefOekeâ Meesj nw~ i. ceesefyeue Dee@Ùeue/«eerme meceehle i. GheÙegòeâ Øekeâej keâe ceesefyeue Dee@Ùeue/«eerme hebKes kesâ
nes peevee~ efveefo&° mLeeve hej ØeÙeesie keâjW~
ii. efyeÙeefjbime keâe efIeme peevee ii. efyeÙeefjbime keâes heefjJeefle&le keâj oW~
iii. jesšj leLee mšsšj keâer efheâefšbie iii. hebKes keâes Keesuekeâj ogyeeje "erkeâ Øekeâej keâer efHeâefšbie
mener ve nesvee keâjW~
2. IetCe&ve ieefle keâce nw~ i. mehueeF& Jeesušspe keâce nesvee i. Jeesušspe mšwefyeueeFpej keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW~
ii. mebOeeefj$e ‘ueerkeâ’ nesvee ii. mebOeeefj$e keâes heefjJeefle&le keâj oW~
3. hebKee ‘peece’ nw~ i. mehueeF& Jeesušspe keâce nesvee i. Jeesušspe mšwefyeueeFpej keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW~
ii. efyeÙeefjbime ‘peece’ nesvee ii. efyeÙeefjbime keâer «eerefmebie keâjW,Ùeefo efIeme ieF& nes lees
heefjJeefle&le keâj os~
iii. efheâefšbie mener ve nesvee iii. hebKes keâes Keesuekeâj ogyeeje "erkeâ Øekeâej mes efheâš
keâjW~
4. Ûeeuet veneR neslee~ i. mebOeeefj$e ‘Deesheve-meefke&âš’ Ùee i. mebOeeefj$e keâer peebÛe keâjW, DeeJeMÙekeâ nes lees heefjJeefle&le
‘Mee@š&-meefke&âš’ nesvee~ keâj oW~
ii. jsieguesšj oes<eÙegòeâ nesvee~ ii. jsieguesšj "erkeâ keâjW~
iii. JeeFefCb[ie ‘Deesheve-meefke&âš’ iii. JeeFbef[bie keâer peeBÛe keâjW Deewj DeeJeMÙekeâ nes lees
nesvee efjJeeFbef[bie keâjW/keâjeSB~
5. šsefyeue hewâve keâe yengle i. jesšj šsÌ{e nes peevee i. jesšj keâer peeBÛe keâjW, DeeJeMÙekeâ nes lees Gmes
DeefOekeâ iece& nes peevee ‘DeueeFve’ keâjeSB~
ii. JeeFbef[bie ‘Mee@š&-meefke&âš’ nesvee ii. JeeFbef[bie keâer peebÛe keâjW, DeeJeMÙekeâ nes lees
efjJeeFbef[bie keâjW/keâjeÙeW~
yegMe ‘peece’ nesvee
iii. iii. yegMespe keâe DeueeFveceWš "erkeâ keâjW~
6. šsefyeue hewâve keâe Dee@efmeuesš ve i. Dee@efmeuesMeve Ùegefòeâ ‘peece’ i. Ùegefòeâ keâes meeheâ keâjkesâ veÙeer «eerme ueieeSB~
keâjvee nesvee
ii. iejejer efIeme peevee~ ii. efIemeer iejejer keâes heefjJeefle&le keâj oW~
iii. Ùegefòeâ keâer efheâefšbie ceW oes<e iii. Ùegefòeâ keâes Keesuekeâj hegve: "erkeâ Øekeâej efheâš keâjW~
nesvee

[wpeš& ketâuej (Desert Cooler)– nesšueeW, keâeÙee&ueÙeeW Deeefo meYeer mLeeveeW hej efJeÅegle hebKes
kesâ mLeeve hej efkeâÙee peelee nw~
efcekeämej-«eeFC[j (Mixer-Grinder)–

«eer<ce $e+leg ceW "b[er JeeÙeg Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS [wpeš&
ketâuej ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie IejeW,

Electrician Capsule 159 YCT

 IejeW ceW efceukeâ Meskeâ yeveeves, oner mes cekeäKeve efvekeâeueves, cemeeues Ùen Yeer Skeâ mejue efJeÅegle-ÛegcyekeâerÙe Ùegefòeâ nw~
Je Ûešveer heermeves Deeefo ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe GheÙeesie efJeÅegle Iebšer kesâ mLeeve hej S.meer.
FmeceW ÙetefveJeme&ue ceesšj ØeÙeesie keâer peeleer nw ØeÛeeefuele Ùegefòeâ kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Fmekeâer IetCe&ve ieefle ØeeÙe: 3000 mes 12000 RPM lekeâ nesleer FmeceW Skeâ ueewn ›eâes[ Ùegòeâ yeÌ[er keäJee@Ùeue Deewj
nw~ Skeâ ueewn-je@[ nesleer nw~
JeeefMebie ceMeerve (Washing Machine)– yeie&uej
Deueece&
(Burglar
Alarm)

Ùes Deueece& Yeer efJeÅegle IeCšer kesâ meceeve ner keâeÙe&

keâjles nQ~ Ûeesj kesâ Iej kesâ Deboj ØeJesMe keâjves keâer
keâesefMeMe keâjles ner Ùes efJeÅegle IeCšer heefjheLe keâes
Dee@ve keâjkesâ IeCšer keâer DeeJeepe keâes Ûeeuet keâj
osles nQ~
cewues JeŒeeW keâes Oeesves kesâ efueS JeeefMebie ceMeerve keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
Ùes efmJeÛe, ojJeepes, efKeÌ[efkeâÙeeW leLee jesMeveoeveeW
peelee nw~
kesâ heerÚs ueies jnles nQ~
meeceevÙele: JeeefMebie ceMeerve leerve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw–
(a) cewvegDeue Ùee meeOeejCe JeeefMebie ceMeerve
heâeÙej
(b) Deæ&-mJeÛeeefuele JeeefMebie ceMeerve
Deueece&
(Fire
(c) hetCe&-mJe-Ûeeefuele JeeefMebie ceMeerve
Alarm)
FmeceW oes šye ueies nesles nw– JeeefMebie šye leLee efmheve šye
JeeMe ceesšj 1/3 HP keâer mLeeÙeer kewâheeefmešj, efmkeäJejue kesâpe Ùen Deueece& ØeCeeueer Deeie ueieves hej legjvle metÛevee
Øekeâej keâer efmebieue kesâpe ceesšj nesleer nw~ osleer nw~
Ùen Deueece& ØeCeeueer YeJeveeW, FceejleeW, ØeÙeesie
efJeÅegle MeeueeDeeW, ieesoeceeW FlÙeeefo ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
IeCšer nw~
(Electric FmeceW Leefce&mšj T<cee-mebJesokeâ keâer lejn keâeÙe&
Bell)–
keâjlee nw~
DeefOekeâ leeheve keâer DeJemLee ceW Leefce&mšj keâes
Ùen Skeâ mejue efJeÅegle-ÛegcyekeâerÙe Ùegefòeâ nw, efheIeueves mes yeÛeeves kesâ efueS Fmes ceeFkeâe-šshe mes
efpemekeâe GheÙeesie IejeW, keâeÙee&ueÙeeW, nesšueeW Deeefo uesefhele keâj osles nw~
ceW hegkeâej-IeCšer kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fcejpesvmeer
FmeceW Skeâ efJeÅegle-Ûegcyekeâ ueewn-ÚÌ[, meceeÙeespekeâ ueeFš
heWÛe, uee@keâ, mš^eFkeâj, IeCšer FlÙeeefo nesleer nw~ (Emerge
ncy
yepej Light) efJeÅegle mehueeF& kesâ efJeHeâue nes peeves hej Fmekeâe
(Buzzer)
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
FmeceW cegKÙele: Skeâ ceWme š^ebmeHeâe@ce&j, efyeÇpe-
jskeäšerHeâeÙej, 6V efjues, 6V uewche, 6V yewšjer
Deeefo ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeles nw~

Electrician Capsule 160 YCT

 29
Basic Electronics
(yesefmekeâ Fueskeäš^e@efvekeäme)
JewÅegeflekeâ DeJeÙeJe (Electronics Component)
efveef<›eâÙe Ieškeâ (Passive ØeeflejesOe, mebOeeefj$e, Øesjkeâ, LDR, Øeermewš, heesšwefvMeÙeesceeršj, jsef[ÙeesDeeJe=efòe Ûeeskeâ, heefjCeeefce$e
Components) Deeefo~
meef›eâÙe Ieškeâ (Active Components) [eÙees[, š^ebefpemšj, UJT, FET Deeefo~
JewÅegeflekeâ DeJeÙeJe (Electronics Component)–
DeJeÙeJe (Elements) mebkesâle (Symbol) DeJeÙeJe (Elements) mebkesâle (Symbol)
efveÙele ØeeflejesOe DeOegÇJeerke=âle mebOeeefj$e
heefjJeleea ØeeflejesOe Øeermewš mebOeeefj$e

Øeermewš ØeeflejesOe heefjJeleea mebOeeefj$e

ieQie ØeeflejesOe ieQie mebOeeefj$e

Leefce&mšj OegÇJeerÙe mebOeeefj$e

DejsKeerÙe ØeeflejesOe Øesjkeâ

Deešes š^ebmeheâece&j [eÙees[

C C
B B
meble=hle š^ebmeheâece&j š^ebefpemšj
E E

heefjJeleea ØesjkeâlJe Øeermewš ØesjkeâlJe

DeeÙejve keâesj ØesjkeâlJe
peervej [eÙees[
LED

šveue [eÙees[ Heâesšes [eÙees[

Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ keâer Ûeeuekeâlee peneB µ = DeeJesMe Jeenkeâ keâer ieefleMeeruelee (mobility)

(Conductivity of semiconductor)–
vd cm 2
■ Ùeefo heoeLe& hej keâesF& yee¢e efJeÅegle #es$e (E) ueieeÙee peeÙes leye µ= cm 2 /sec/volt or m 2 /V - sec or
E V - sec
Fvekesâ Devegieceve Jesie (drift velocity) hej ØeYeeJe heÌ[lee nw~
Ùeefo DeeJesMe Jeenkeâ keâe ef[^Heäš Jesie (vd), cm/sec nw, ■ ef[Heäš Jesie (vd) keâer efoMee JewÅegle #es$e keâer efoMee kesâ efJehejerle
vd ∝ E nesleer nw~
v d = µE Note : Fueskeäš^e@ve keâer ieefleMeeruelee nesue keâer leguevee ceW DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~

Electrician Capsule 161 YCT

■ Fueskeäš^e@ve
kesâ keâejCe Oeeje IevelJe- neslee nw~ keâe mlej ÛeeuekeâeW
Jn = DeeJesMe IevelJe × ef[^Heäš Jesie pewmes-ÛeeBoer, SJeb DeÛeeuekeâeW kesâ
J n = nevd or J n = neµ n E leeByee, heerleue, ceOÙe neslee nw~
■ heoeLe& ceW Fueskeäš^e@ve kesâ keâejCe Ûeeuekeâlee SuÙegefceefveÙece pewmes: pejcesefveÙece
Oeeje IevelJe (J n ) neµ n E Deeefo~ (Ge), efmeefuekeâe@ve
σn = = {J = σE} (Si), mesuesefveÙece (Se)
efJeÅegle #es$e (E) E
Deeefo~
σ n = neµ n
Fueskeäš^e@ve Deewj nesue keâer ieefleMeeruelee(Mobility of
Electrons and Holes) –
(mobility) Ge Si GaAs
2
Cm /V-sec
µn (Fueskeäš^eve) 3800 1300 4600 ■ Ûeeuekeâ ceW ■ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW ■ kegâÛeeuekeâ ceW
µp (nesue) 1800 500 300 Jeefpe&le Tpee& Jeefpe&le Tpee& Jeefpe&le Tpee&
Devlejeue Devlejeue yengle Devlejeue yengle
Fvš^Wefpekeâ (Megæ) Deæ&ÛeeuekeâeW ceW Ûeeueve- (Forbidden keâce ueieYeie DeefOekeâ ueieYeie
Energy 5eV mes keâce 5eV mes DeefOekeâ
(i) ef[heäÙetpeve Oeeje (Diffusion current):-
gap) MetvÙe
■ Jen Oeeje pees meYeer peien DeeJesMe JeenkeâeW keâer meevõlee meceeve ve neslee nw~ neslee nw~
neslee nw FmeceW Jewuesvme ■ kegâÛeeuekeâeW ceW
nesves kesâ keâejCe nesleer nw ef[heäÙetpeve Oeeje keânueeleer nw~
DeLee&led Fueskeäš^e@ve keâer mebÙeespekeâ yewC[
■ ef[HeäÙetpeve Øeef›eâÙee ÛeeuekeâeW ceW veneR nesleer nw~
mebÙeespeer yewC[ mebKÙee 4 nesleer kesâ Fueskeäš^e@ve keâes
(ii) ef[^heäš Oeeje (Drift current):-
SJeb Ûeeueve nw~ Ûeeueve yewC[ ceW
■ Jen Oeeje, efpemeceW DeeJesMeeW keâe ØeJeen Deejesefhele Jeesušspe kesâ keâejCe
neslee nw ef[^heäš Oeeje keânueeleer nw~ yewC[ Skeâ ■ meYeer Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ Deeves kesâ efueS
otmejs keâes 0K hej kegâÛeeuekeâ DelÙeefOekeâ Tpee&
Tpee& yewC[ iewhe (Energy band gap) –
DeesJej uewhe keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee
EG = EC − E V
(overlap)
keâjles nw~ FmeceW nesleer nw~
peneB, EG → Tpee& yewC[ iewhe keâjles nQ~
mebÙeespeer yevOe
EC → Ûeeueve yewC[ keâe Tpee& mlej ■ ÛeeuekeâeW ceW
heeÙee peelee nw~
EV → mebÙeespeer yewC[ keâe Tpee& mlej mebÙeespeve yewC[
JewÅegeflekeâ heoeLeeX keâe JeieeakeâjCe:– ■ 300K hej
Tpee& leLee
Ûeeuekeâ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ kegâÛeeuekeâ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ,
Ûeeueve yewC[
Ûeeuekeâ heoeLe& keâer
■ Ûeeuekeâ Jen ■ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ Jen ■ kegâÛeeuekeâ Jen Tpee& meceeve
heoeLe& nesles heoeLe& nesles nQ heoeLe& nesles nQ YeeBefle JÙeJenej
nesleer nw~
nw, efpeveceW efpeveceW cegòeâ efpeveceW cegòeâ keâjlee nw~
cegòeâ Fueskeäš^e@veeW keâer Fueskeâš^e@ve veneR ■ ÛeeuekeâeW ceW ■ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW ■ kegâÛeeuekeâeW ceW
Fueskeäš^eBveeW keâer mebKÙee kegâÛeeuekeâ nesles nQ DeLee&led leeheceeve yeÌ{ves leeheceeve yeÌ{ves hej leeheceeve yeÌ{ves
mebKÙee DeefOekeâ heoeLeeX mes efJeÅegle Oeeje hej DeesJejuewhe Jeefpe&le Tpee& hej Jeefpe&le Tpee&
nesleer nw SJeb DeefOekeâ, hejvleg ØeJeen veneR nes yeÌ{lee nw~ Devlejeue keâce neslee Devlejeue keâce
efJeÅegle Oeeje Ûeeuekeâ heoeLeeX mes mekeâleer nw~ pewmes- nw~ neslee nw~
keâe ØeJeen keâce nesleer nw iueeme, jyej,
megiecelee mes DeLee&led Ûeeuekeâlee ceeFkeâe FlÙeeefo~

Electrician Capsule 162 YCT

Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ oes Øekeâej keâe neslee nw– heâceea melen (Fermi Level):–

heâceea melen efkeâmeer heoeLe& kesâ Tpee& yeQ[ Gme Tpee& mlej keâes
JÙeòeâ keâjlee nw, efpemekeâer mebÙeespeer yewC[ kesâ Fueskeäš^e@ve Éeje Yejs
peeves keâer ØeeefÙekeâlee Ùee mebYeeJevee 50% nesleer nw~
efvepe leLee yeeåÙe Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW heâceea uesJeue (melen)
efvepe Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW fermi level (EF)
EC + E V kT  N C 
efvepe Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ yee¢e Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ EF = – ℓn  
2 2  NV 
efvepe Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ Jen nesles nQ efpeveceW Skeâ Megæ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ
kesâJeue cetue heoeLe& (pewmes pecexefveÙece ceW Ùeefo [esefhebie yeendÙe Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW heâceea uesJeue (melen)
Ùee efmeefuekeâe@ve kesâ ner hejceeCeg neW (doping) keâj oer (1) N-type kesâ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW heâceea melen (fermi level)
DeLee&led Megæ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ keâes efvepe peeÙes, lees yee¢e
N 
Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ keâne peelee nw)~ (extrinsic) EF = EC – kTℓn  C 
Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ Øeehle  ND 
hejce MetvÙe leehe (Absolute zero
temperature) 0K hej Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ neslee nw~ (2) P-type kesâ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW heâceea melen (fermi level)
kegâÛeeuekeâ keâer YeeBefle JÙeJenej keâjles leehe yeÌ{eves hej yee¢e
N 
nQ~ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ keâer EF = E V + kTℓn  V 
 NA 
efvepe Deæ&ÛeeuekeâeW ceW DeeJesMe Jeenkeâ Ûeeuekeâlee keâce nes
peeleer nw~ heâceea-[eÙejwkeâ Øeesyewefyeefuešer hebâkeäMeve:-
(Charge carriers) Fueskeäš^e@ve Je
efJeJej (hole) oesveeW meceeve nesles nQ~ 1
F (E) = ( E-EF ) /kT
yee¢e (extrinsic) Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ– 1+e

p- šeFhe n- šeFhe peneB, k → yeesušdme cewve efveÙeleebkeâ (1.38×10–23J/K)

efkeâmeer Megæ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW efkeâmeer Megæ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW EF → heâceea Tpee&
le=leerÙe iegÇhe kesâ lelJe pewmes heeBÛeJeW iegÇhe kesâ lelJe (pewmes E → Fueskeäš^e@ve kesâ heeme Tpee&
SuÙegefceefveÙece (Al), yeesje@ve Svšerceveer (Sb), Deemexefvekeâ
(B), iewefueÙece (Ga), FefC[Ùece (As), heâemheâesjme (P) keâes
(In) keâes DeMegefæ kesâ ™he ceW DeMegefæ kesâ ™he ceW efceueekeâj
efceueekeâj p- šeFhe n-type Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ Øeehle
Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ Øeehle efkeâÙee pee efkeâÙee peelee nw~
mekeâlee nw~ ‘‘heeBÛe mebÙeespeer Fueskeäš^e@ve Jeeueer
leerve mebÙeespeer Fueskeäš^e@ve Jeeueer DeMegefæ efceueeÙeer peeleer nw oelee
DeMegefæ efceueeÙeer peeleer nw pees (donor) DeMegefæ keânueeleer
mJeerkeâejkeâ (acceptor) nw~’’ Megæ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW heâceea melen Tpee& iewhe kesâ ceOÙe ceW nesleer
DeMegefæ keânueeleer nw~ Skeâ n- šeFhe Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW nw~
Skeâ p- šeFhe Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW Fueskeäš^e@ve yengmebKÙekeâ Jeenkeâ
n-šeFhe Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW heâceea melen Ûeeueve yewC[ kesâ efvekeâš
efJeJej (Hole) yengmebKÙekeâ (majority carriers) leLee
nesleer nw~
Jeenkeâ leLee Fueskeäš^e@ve efJeJej (hole) Deuhe mebKÙekeâ
DeuhemebKÙekeâ Jeenkeâ nesles nQ~ Jeenkeâ (minority carriers) p-šeFhe Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ ceW heâceea melen mebÙeespeer yewC[ kesâ efvekeâš
nesles nQ~ nesleer nw~

Electrician Capsule 163 YCT

 Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ [eÙees[ (Semiconductor Diode)
p-n meefvOe [eÙees[ (p-n Junction diode)- ηVT pecexefveÙece kesâ efueS (µA) ceW
rf = nesleer nw~
Ùeefo Skeâ p-šeFhe leLee n-šeFhe heoeLe& keâes Fme Øekeâej peesÌ[e IF
peeÙes efpememes meefvOe hej Skeâue ef›eâmšue mebjÛevee Øeehle nes lees p- ØelÙeskeâ 10oC leehe yeÌ{ves hej
FmeceW ØeJeeefnle Oeeje mA
n pebkeäMeve [eÙees[ yevelee nw~ Gl›eâce Oeeje 2iegveer nes peeleer
kesâ ›eâce ceW nesleer nw~
nw~
De«e yeeÙeefmebie ceW Deejesefhele
Gl›eâce DeefYeveefle ceW ØeJeeefnle
Jeesušspe JewefjÙej keâe efJejesOe
nesves Jeeueer Oeeje keâes ‘ueerkesâpe
DeJe#eÙe hejle (Depletion layer)- keâjleer nw leLee JewefjÙej kesâ
Oeeje’ Yeer keânles nQ~ ueerkesâpe
Ùen p-n mebefOe kesâ heeme Fueskeäš^e@ve SJeb nesume kesâ hegvemeËÙeespeve efJehejerle nesleer nw~
Oeeje kesâJeue DeuhemebKÙekeâ
(Recombination) kesâ keâejCe GlheVe, Skeâ cegòeâ DeeJesMe
Jeenkeâ (minority carrier)
jefnle #es$e neslee nw~ Fmes ‘mhesme-Ûeepe& #es$e’ Yeer keâne peelee nw~
kesâ keâejCe ØeJeeefnle nesles nQ~
«eener (Acceptor) leLee oelee (donar) DeeÙeve kesâ keâejCe
GlheVe efJeÅegle #es$e, yewefjÙej keânueelee nw~ Gl›eâce Yebpeve (Reverse Breakdown):-
«eener leLee oelee DeeÙeve DeÛeue (immobile) DeeÙeve nesles nQ~ Gl›eâce Jeesušspe kesâ Skeâ efveefMÛele ceeve hej Oeeje kesâ lespeer mes yeÌ{
efmeefuekeâe@ve kesâ efueS yewefjÙej efJeYeJe keâe ceeve 0.7V leLee Ge kesâ peeves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keâes yeÇskeâ[eGve Ùee Yebpeve keânles nw Deewj efpeme
efueÙes 0.3V neslee nw~ Jeesušspe hej Ùen Iešvee Iešleer nw Gmes yeÇskeâ[eGve Jeesušspe keânles nQ~
p-n mebefOe keâe yeeÙeefmebie (Biasing of p-n Junction):- efMeKej Gl›eâce Jeesušlee (Peak Inverse Voltage or PIV)
yeeÙeefmebie keâe DeLe& heefjheLe keâes [er.meer. Jeesušlee Øeoeve keâjvee neslee PIV [eÙees[ keâer Gl›eâce DeefYeveefle (Reverse Bias) ceW Jen
nw~ DeefOekeâlece Jeesušspe nesleer nw, pees mebefOe keâes efyevee yeÇskeâ[eGve efkeâÙes,
yeeÙeefmebie oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ– (1) De«e DeefYeveefle (forward mebefOe hej Deejesefhele keâer pee mekeâleer nw~
Biasing), (2) Gl›eâce DeefYeveefle (Reverse Biasing) pebkeäMeve yeÇskeâ[eGve cegKÙele: oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–
(1) peervej yeÇskeâ[eGve (Zener breakdown)
De«e DeefYeveefle Gl›eâce DeefYeveefle (2) SJeueevÛes yeÇskeâ[eGve (Avalanche breakdown)
FmeceW p-efmejs keâes yewšjer kesâ FmeceW p- efmejs keâes $e+Ceelcekeâ
Oeveelcekeâ leLee n-efmejs keâes Jeesušlee leLee n-efmejs keâes peervej yeÇskeâ[eGve (Zener SJeueevÛes yeÇskeâ[eGve
yewšjer kesâ $e+Ceelcekeâ efmejs mes Oeveelcekeâ Jeesušlee Øeoeve keâer breakdown) (Avalanche breakdown)
peesÌ[e peelee nw~ peeleer nw~ DeefOekeâ [esefhebie mes DeefOekeâ Gl›eâce Jeesušlee hej
ef[hueerMeve #es$e yengle DeuhemebKÙekeâ Jeenkeâ keâer
heleuee nes peelee nw leLee ieeflepe Tpee& yeÌ{ peeleer nw,
Gme hej efJeÅegle #es$e yengle efpememes Jen otmejs men-
DeefOekeâ yeÌ{ peelee nw~ mebÙeespekeâ yevOeeW mes škeâjekeâj
GÛÛe efJeÅegle #es$e kesâ Fueskeäš^e@ve-nesume kesâ Ùegice
keâejCe menmebÙeespeer yebOe GlheVe keâjles nQ~ škeâjeJe
Yeejer cee$ee ceW štš peeles (Collision) kesâ keâejCe
nQ, efpememes peervej Fueskeäš^e@ve nesume kesâ ÙegiceeW keâer
yeÇskeâ[eGve nes peelee nw~ mebKÙee ueieeleej yeÌ{leer jnleer
Ùen DelÙevle keâce efjJeme& nw, efpememes GÛÛe efjJeme& Oeeje
Jeesušspe (ueieYeie 6Jeesuš ØeJeeefnle nesleer nw, Fmes
mes keâce) hej neslee nw~ SJeueevÛes yeÇskeâ[eGve keânles nQ~
leehe yeÌ{ves hej peervej Ùen 6Jeesuš mes DeefOekeâ
yeÇskeâ[eGve Jeesušspe keâe Jeesušlee hej neslee nw~
Gl›eâce DeefYeveefle ceW [eÙees[ ceeve Iešlee nw ~ leehe yeÌ{ves mes SJeueevÛes
De«e yeeÙeme ceW [eÙees[ keâe peer v ej yeÇ s
k eâ [eGve Ss mes yeÇskeâ[eGve Jeesušspe keâe ceeve
ØeeflejesOe yengle keâce ueieYeie ØeeflejesOe yengle DeefOekeâ ceW neslee
nw~ [eÙees[ ceW neslee nw efpevekesâ yeÌ{lee nw~
neslee nw~
Gl›eâce DeefYeveefle ceW ØeJeeefnle n- leLee p #es$e keâer
[eÙees[ ØeeflejesOe
Oeeje efmeefuekeâe@ve kesâ efueÙes [es efhebie yengle GÛÛe nesleer
vewvees SefcheÙej (nA) leLee nw ~
Electrician Capsule 164 YCT
[eÙees[ keâe Oeeje Jeesušspe meceerkeâjCe JÙeJenej keâjles nw efpememes [eÙees[ ef[HeäÙetpeve Oeeefjlee ØeYeeJeer nes
(Current Voltage Relationship of diode) ceW Oeeefjlee ØeYeeJeer nes peeleer nw, peeleer nw~
I = Io ( eqv / ηKT − 1) efpemekeâes ef[hueerMeve #es$e Ùee
C D ∝ Dopping
š^ebefpeMeve Oeeefjlee keâne peelee nw~
peneB, I = [eÙees[ Oeeje (SefcheÙej ceW)
εA τIF
T = leehe (kesâefuJeve ceW) CT = CD =
d ηVT
Io = efjJeme& mesÛegjsMeve Oeeje keâe ceeve (SefcheÙej ceW)
V = [eÙees[ hej Jeesušspe (De«eyeeÙeme kesâ efueÙes Oeveelcekeâ, efjJeme& 1 1 η-Recombination of
yeeÙeme kesâ efueÙes $e+Ceelcekeâ) CT ∝ ∝ Factor
VR W
q = Fueskeäš^e@ve keâe DeeJesMe = (1.6×10–19 ketâuee@ce) VT=Thermal Voltage
VR= Reverse voltage IF =Forward Current
K = yeesušdmecewve efveÙeleebkeâ = (1.38×10–23J/K)
W = Channel length τ = Mean life of minority
η = 1(pecexefveÙece [eÙees[ kesâ efueS) leLee 2 (efmeefuekeâe@ve [eÙees[ kesâ
carriers
efueS)
[eÙees[ keâe mLeweflekeâ Je ieeflepe ØeeflejesOe Ùen Oeeefjlee Gl›eâce DeefYeveefle ceW Ùen Oeeefjlee De«e DeefYeveefle ceW
(Static and Dynamic Resistance of Diode) neslee nw~ neslee nw~
mLeweflekeâ ØeeflejesOe ieeflepe ØeeflejesOe
Fmekeâes [er.meer. ØeeflejesOe Fmekeâes S.meer. ØeeflejesOe Yeer DeeoMe& [eÙees[ (Ideal Diode)–
Yeer keânles nQ~ keâne peelee nw~ De«e DeefYeveefle ØeeflejesOe (rf)=0
peye efkeâmeer [eÙees[ ceW peye efkeâmeer [eÙees[ ceW Oeeje Knee (veer) Jeesušspe = 0
efmLej [er.meer. Oeeje keâe ceeve Deheves Deewmele ceeve Gl›eâce DeefYeveefle ØeeflejesOe = ∞
(Constant D.C. mes heefjJeefle&le neslee nw, leye Gl›eâce yeÇskeâ[eGve Jeesušspe = ∞
current) ØeJeeefnle nesleer [eÙees[ kesâ Jeesušspe ceW met#ce ueerkesâpe Oeeje = 0
nw, leye Gmekesâ ØeeflejesOe heefjJele&ve (∆V) leLee Oeeje
keâes mLeweflekeâ ØeeflejesOe ceW met#Ùe heefjJele&ve (∆I) kesâ
keânles nQ~ Devegheele keâes [eÙees[ keâe
VD ieeflepe ØeeflejesOe keânles nQ~
R dc =
ID ∆V
rd =
∆I
veesš: mLeweflekeâ ØeeflejesOe keâe ceeve ieeflepe ØeeflejesOe kesâ ceeve mes DeefOekeâ peye DeeoMe& [eÙees[ heâejJe[& JeeÙeme ceW nes -
neslee nw~ Jeesušspe MetvÙe Deewj Oeeje DeefOekeâlece nesleer nw keäÙeesbefkeâ [eÙees[ Meeš&
ef[hueerMeve Oeeefjlee Ùee ef[HeäÙetpeve Oeeefjlee meefke&âš keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
š^ebefpeMeve Oeeefjlee peye DeeoMe& [eÙees[ efjJeme&& JeeÙeme ceW nes -
efjJeme& yeeÙeme [eÙees[ ceW Ùen DeeJesMe Jeenkeâ p leLee n Jeesušspe DeefOekeâlece Deewj Oeeje MetvÙe nesleer nw keäÙeesbefkeâ [eÙees[ Deesheve
ef[hueerMeve #es$e Skeâ hejeJewÅegle #es$e ceW ceeFvee@efjšer JeenkeâeW kesâ meefke&âš keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
keâer lejn leLee p Deewj n #es$e ™he ceW ØeJesMe keâjles nQ leLee
mebOeeefj$e keâer huesšeW keâer lejn Fvekesâ keâejCe [eÙees[ ceW
efo°keâejer (Rectifier) : S.meer. mehueeF& keâes [er.meer. mehueeF& ceW yeoueves keâer Øeef›eâÙee efo°keâjCe (Rectification) keânueeleer nw~
Ùen oes Øekeâej keâe neslee nw–

Electrician Capsule 165 YCT

 efo°keâejer keâe heefjheLe efÛe$e DeeGšhegš lejbie efJeJejCe
veece (Circuit Diagram) (Output wave) (Description)
Ùen Fvehegš S.meer. Jeesušspe kesâ
Deæ&lejbie 0
kesâJeue Skeâ Deæ&Ûe›eâ ceW ner Oeeje
efo°keâejer Ûeeueve keâjlee nw~
(Half FmeceW Skeâ [eÙees[ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee
Wave nw~
Rectifier) FmeceW DeeGšhegš hej kesâJeue Skeâ
0
Deæ&Ûe›eâ ner Øeehle neslee nw~
FmeceW oes [eÙees[ ueies nesles nQ, pees
Fvehegš A.C. Voltage kesâ oesveeW
0 Deæ&Ûe›eâeW ceW ›eâceMe: Oeeje Ûeeueve
hetCe& lejbie keâjles nQ~
efo°keâejer Fmes meerOes cesvme mes ØeÛeeefuele veneR
(mesvšj efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
šwh[) FmeceW Center tapped
(Full wave 0 transformer keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
rectifier)
peelee nw~
Fmekeâe Jeesušspe jsieguesMeve meyemes
DeÛÚe neslee nw~
hetCe& lejbie FmeceW Center tapped
mesleg transformer keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee
efo°keâejer 0 veneR heÌ[leer nw~
(Full wave peye Ûeej [eÙees[ keâes Jneršmšesve
Bridge mesleg heefjheLe keâer lejn efo°keâejer ceW
rectifier) ueieeÙee peelee nw, lees Gmes efyeÇpe
efo°keâejer keânles nw~
0

efJeefYeVe efo°keâeefjÙeeW keâer leguevee– [er.meer. heefjheLe ceW FC[keäšj S.meer. keâes jeskeâlee (Block) nw
(Comparison of Various Rectifier) leLee DC keâes peeves oslee nw~
∵ X L = 2πfL leLee D.C. ceW f = 0

∴ XL = 0
Tefce&keâe Ieškeâ (Ripple Factor) :
Tefce&keâe Ieškeâ (γ) efo°keâejer mes Øeehle D.C. DeeGšhegš keâer
Megælee keâe ceehe neslee nw~
AC IeškeâesW keâe r.m.s ceeve
Gefce&keâe Ieškeâ (γ) =
D.C IeškeâesW keâe Deewmele ceeve

( Form factor )
2
Ripple factor = −1
peneB -
veesš: [er.meer. heefjheLe ceW mebOeeefj$e DC keâes jeskeâlee (Block) nw leLee
RMSValue
A.C. keâes peeves oslee nw~ keäÙeeWefkeâ [er.meer. ceW DeeJe=efòe MetvÙe From Factor =
Average Value
nesleer nw~
 1  efheâušj (Filter)–
 X C = 2πfC  leLee D.C. ceW f = 0 efo°keâejer mes Øeehle DeeGšhegš ceW GheefmLele Gefce&keâeDeeW (Ripples) keâes
 
meceehle keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie keâer peeves Jeeueer ÙegefòeâÙeeb Ùee heefjheLe
∴ XC = ∞ Devevle
efheâušj keânueeles nQ~
Electrician Capsule 166 YCT
efheâušj kesâ Øekeâej (Type of Filter)–
efheâušj keâe heefjheLe efÛe$e DeeGšhegš lejbie efJeJejCe
veece (Filter (Circuit Diagram) (Output Wave) (Description)
Name)
Fme heefjheLe keâe Fvehegš Ieškeâ
kewâhesefmešj neslee nw
Mebš mebOeeefj$e Ùen mebOeeefj$e GÛÛe Oeeefjlee Jeeuee
Fvehegš efheâušj SJeb uees[ ØeeflejesOe kesâ meceevlej
(Shunt ›eâce ceW mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Capacitor
Filter) Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie neheâ JesJe SJeb
hegâue JesJe jsefkeäšheâeÙej oesveeW ceW
efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Fme heefjheLe ceW Skeâ Øesjkeâ,
jsefkeäšheâeÙej kesâ uees[ kesâ ßesCeer
ceW mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw leLee
Ùen efheâušj keâe keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
ßesCeer Ùen Oeeje ceW DeÛeevekeâ ngS
FC[keäšj heefjJele&ve keâes efmLejlee Øeoeve
efheâušj keâjlee nw~
(Series Fme efheâušj Éeje Øesjkeâ ceW
Inductor
Filter)
Jeesušspe [^ehe kesâ keâejCe
DeeGšhegš hej keâce Jeesušspe
Øeehle neslee nw~
Ùen neheâ JesJe jsefkeäšheâeÙej kesâ
efueS ØeÙegòeâ veneR nw~
Fmes Ûeeskeâ Fvehegš efheâušj Yeer
Øesjkeâ mebOeeefj$e keânles nQ~
efheâušj Fme efheâušj Éeje DeeGšhegš hej
(Inductor keâce Jeesušspe Øeehle nesles nQ~
Capacitor
Filter) Ùen efheâušj ne@heâ JesJe jsefkeäšheâeÙej
kesâ efueS GheÙegòeâ veneR nw~
efJeefYeVe Øekeâej kesâ [eÙees[ (Different Types of Diode)–
[eÙees[ keâe DeefYeue#eCe SJeb Øeleerkeâ (Characteristics and efJeJejCe SJeb DeveØeÙeesie/(Description and Uses)
veece(Name Symbol)
of Diode)
FmeceW oesveeW hejleeW keâer Doping DeefOekeâ (103 : 1)
nesleer nw~
peervej Forward Bias ceW Ùen meeceevÙe [eÙees[ keâer lejn
[eÙees[ JÙeJenej keâjlee nw~
(Ziner Jeesušspe jsieguesšj heefjheLeeW ceW ØeÙegòeâ neslee nw~
Diode) Fme [eÙees[ ceW yeÇskeâ [eGve Jeesušspe keâes p-#es$e leLee
n-#es$e keâer [esefhebie ceW heefjJele&ve keâjkesâ 2V mes
200V lekeâ heefjJeefle&le efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Jewjskeäšj [eÙees[ Ùee Jewjerkewâhe (varicap) Skeâ Ssmee
p-n meefvOe [eÙees[ neslee nw efpememes Jeesušspe Deeefßele
heefjJeleea mebOeeefj$e (voltage dependent
Jewjskeäšj variable capacitor) keâer lejn ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
[eÙees[ nw~
(Varoctor Fmes yeveeves ceW GaAs Material keâe meJee&efOekeâ
Diode ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 167 YCT
 Fmes Parametric Amplifier (Low noise
Amplifier) keâer lejn ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Jewjskeäšj [eÙees[ keâe ØeÙeesie DevegveeoerÙe heefjheLeeW ceW,
F.M. cee[guesMeve ceW, efcekeämej Deeefo ceW efkeâÙee peelee
nw~
Junction capacitance keâe ceeve meyemes keâce
neslee nw~
Ùen [eÙees[ efo°keâejer kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ veneR neslee nw~
hJeeFbš DeefYeue#eCe (Characteristics)–
keâe@všwkeäš hJeebFš keâevšwkeäš [eÙees[ kesâ De«e DeefYeue#eCe
[eÙees[ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ [eÙees[ kesâ meceeve nesles nQ efkeâvleg efjJeme&
(Point yeeÙeme ceW efjJeme& Jeesušspe yeÌ{eves hej efjJeme& Oeeje
Contact yeÌ{leer jnleer nw~
Diode) DevegØeÙeesie (Applications)–
GÛÛe DeeJe=efòeÙeeW ceW SJeb šer.Jeer. efjmeerJej ceW Fvekeâe
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
šveue [eÙees[ Jen p-n meefvOe [eÙees[ nesles nQ,
efpeveceW yengle DeefOekeâ DeMegefæ keâer [esefhebie (103:1)
kesâ keâejCe šveefuebie (tunneling) Øeef›eâÙee mebYeJe nes
peeleer nw~
šveue Fmes yeveeves ceW GaAs leLee Ge keâe DeefOekeâlej ØeÙeesie
[eÙees[ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Tunnel Fmekeâer Switching time yengle keâce (10–12 sec)
Diode) nesleer nw~
Fmekesâ Peak Point leLee Jewueer hJeeFbš keâe #es$e
$e+Ceelcekeâ ØeeflejesOe #es$e neslee nw~
Fmes LEO -Esaki [eÙees[ Yeer keâne peelee nw~
DevegØeÙeesie–
Fvekeâes GÛÛe DeeJe=efòe, ceeF›eâesJesJe oesefue$e,
Relaxation oscillator, Parametric
Amplifier ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~

L.E.D. De«e yeeÙeme ceW ØekeâeMe keâe Ûeeueve keâjlee

nw~
LED yeveeves kesâ efueS efvecve Øekeâej kesâ Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ
heoeLeeX keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~
ueeFš GaAs = IR light (Infrared light)
f b GaAsP = Orange, Yellow
Fefceefšbie
GaP = Green, Red
[eÙees[ FmeceW Direct band gap Semiconductor keâe
(Light e c
Emitting
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Diode) Ùen Skeâ Electroluminescent ef[JeeFme nw~
Fmekeâe Cut in Voltage 1.3V mes 1.5V lekeâ
neslee nw~
DevegØeÙeesie (Applications)– Fv[erkesâšjeW ceW, ef[mheues
yees[& ceW, ef[efpešue IeefÌ[Ùee, kewâuekegâuesšj, keâchÙetšj
Deeefo~

Electrician Capsule 168 YCT

 Ùen heâesšes keâv[efkeäšJe ØeYeeJe hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
heâesšes [eÙees[ meowJe efjJeme& yeeÙeme ceW keâeÙe& keâjleer
nw~
FmeceW pebkeäMeve hej heâesšes mesefvmešerJe heoeLe& keâer
heâesšes keâesefšbie keâer peeleer nw~
[eÙees[ pewmes–CdS, Se, ZnS, PbS
(Photo DevegØeÙeesie– ØekeâeMe efveÙeefv$ele efmJeÛe, ueeFš ef[šwkeäMeve
Diode) efmemšce, JemlegDeeW (objects) keâer ieCevee Deeefo ceW
efkeâÙee peelee nw~

Mee@škeâer [eÙees[ Skeâ Oeeleg Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ meefvOe nesleer

nw~
Mee@škeâer [eÙees[ keâe Skeâ Yeeie Oeeleg, meesvee ÛeeBoer,
huesefšvece Deeefo keâe yevee neslee nw leLee otmeje Yeeie
Mee@škeâer n-šeFhe Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ keâe yevee neslee nw~
[eÙees[ FmeceW Fueskeäš^e@ve yengmebKÙekeâ DeeJesMe Jeenkeâ nesles nQ~
(Schottkey Fmes Hot carrier diode keânles nQ~
Diode) FmeceW DeJe#eÙe hejle ueieYeie veieCÙe neslee nw~
Fvekeâes GÛÛe DeeJe=efòe DevegØeÙeesieeW (300MHz) ceW
ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
FmeceW Skeâ intrinsic material keâes GÛÛe [esh[ P-
šeFhe leLee N-šeFhe kesâ yeerÛe Sandwich efkeâÙee
peelee nw~
PIN [eÙees[ Ùen Skeâ oes šefce&veue leerve uesÙej Jeeueer Skeâ efmebieue
(PIN Junction ef[JeeFme nw~
Diode)
Ùen efjJeme& yeeÙeme ceW operate nesleer nw~
DevegØeÙeesie (Application)–
High Voltage Rectifier
Duplexer
Microwave mixer
In designing of anti transmit receive
switch.
Ùen transferred electron device (TED) nw~
Ùen ‘$e+Ceelcekeâ ØeeflejesOe’ characteristics hej
keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
ieve [eÙees[ Fmes yeveeves ceW GaAs, CdTe, GaN, CdS, InP
(Gun FlÙeeefo Deæ&ÛeeuekeâeW keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Diode) DevegØeÙeesie (Application)–
Oscillator Ùee Amplifier (RF and
Microwave frequency) ceW~
jsef[Ùees communication, Radar ceW~
Tachometer ceW~
Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ JeeuJe (Electronic Valve)–
Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ JeeuJe ceW oes Ùee oes mes pÙeeoe JeeuJe nesles nw, pees keâe@Ûe keâer Keesue ceW efheâš nesles nw~
keâe@Ûe keâer Keesue JeeÙeg jefnle neslee nw~
Keesue kesâ Deboj kewâLees[ keâes efheâueeceQš mes iece& keâjves mes GlheVe FueWkeäš^e@ve Svees[ Éeje Deekeâef<e&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~

Electrician Capsule 169 YCT

 30
Transistor & FET
(š^ebefpemšj Deewj Hesâš)
š^ebefpemšj keâe DeeefJe<keâej Dr. William Shockley, Walter FmeceW leerve uesÙej nesles nQ-
Brattain Deewj John Bardeen ves 1948 F&. ceW Decesefjkeâe kesâ (i) Sceeršj (E)
Bell Laboratory ceW efkeâÙee Lee~ (ii) yesme (B)
š^ebefpemšj Skeâ leerve šefce&veue (Sceeršj, yesme, keâueskeäšj) Jeeueer (iii) keâueskeäšj (C)
meef›eâÙe Ùegefòeâ nw~ (1) Sceeršj (emitter) – Fmekeâer [esefhebie GÛÛe nesleer nw~
š^ebefpemšj Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ heefjheLeeW ceW efvecve ØeeflejesOe mes GÛÛe ØeeflejesOe Ùen yengmebKÙekeâ DeeJesMe JeenkeâeW keâe Glmepe&ve keâjleer nw~
keâer Deesj Jeesušspe keâe ØeJeOe&ve keâjlee nw~ Fmekeâe Deekeâej yesme mes yeÌ[e leLee keâueskeäšj mes Úesše neslee nw~
(2) yesme (Base)- Ùen š^ebefpemšj keâer meyemes heleueer hejle (0.01) Inch
š^ebefpemšj keâe ØeLece yeej ØeÙeesie 1952 F&. ceW šsueerheâesefvekeâ
efmJeefÛebie ceW efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee~ nesleer nw, efpemekesâ keâejCe transit time keâce neslee nw~
Fmekeâer [esefhebie meyemes keâce jKeer peeleer nw leeefkeâ hetve&mebÙeespeve keâer oj
š^ebefpemšj kesâ Øekeâej: Ùen oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw-
keâes keâce efkeâÙee pee mekesâ~
Ùetveerheesuej Ùetveerheesuej š^ebefpemšj ceW efJeÅegle Oeeje keâe Ûeeueve (3) keâueskeäšj (Collector)–
š^ebefpemšj Fueskeäš^e@ve DeLeJee nesume kesâ yengmebKÙekeâ (majority) Ùen yesme mes Øeehle DeeJesMe JeenkeâeW keâes meb«en (collect) keâjlee nw~
DeeJesMe JeenkeâeW Éeje neslee nw~ Fmekeâer [esefhebie yesme mes DeefOekeâ hejvleg Sefcešj mes keâce nesleer nw~
Ex. – FET,MOSFET,JFET Fmekeâe Deekeâej yesme leLee Sefcešj oesveeW mes DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~
yeeFheesuej yeeFheesuej š^ebefpemšj ceW efJeÅegle Oeeje keâe Ûeeueve ÛeewÌ[eF& #es$e yeÌ{les ›eâce ceW- yesme < Sceeršj < keâueskeäšj
š^ebefpemšj Fueskeäš^e@ve Je nesume oesveeW Øekeâej kesâ DeeJesMe JeenkeâeW [esefhebie Devegheele yeÌ{les ›eâce ceW- yesme < keâueskeäšj < Sceeršj
(DeuhemebKÙekeâ Je yengmebKÙekeâ) Éeje neslee nw~ yesme keâer leguevee ceW Sceeršj keâe [esefhebie Devegheele-
Ex. – BJT,UJT
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)
Sceeršj : yesme
BJT Skeâ Sefmecesš^erkeâue ef[JeeFme nw~ 10 : 1
BJT Skeâ Current controlled current Device nw~ š^ebefpemšj oes yewkeâ št yewkeâ [eÙees[ keâe mebÙeespeve nw~
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efmJeÛe, ØeJeOe&keâ leLee oesefue$e kesâ ™he ceW efkeâÙee peelee
nw~
BJT ceW FET keâer leguevee ceW Power keâe dissipation pÙeeoe
neslee nw~ [esefhebie yeÌ{ves hej DeJe#eÙe hejle keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& Iešleer nw-
BJT keâe Input Impedance keâce neslee nw~ 1
BJT ceW #ejCe Oeeje exist keâjlee nw~ W∝
Doping
FET keâer leguevee ceW BJT keâe iesve yengle GÛÛe neslee nw~
W2 > W1
BJT ceW gain × BW keâe product constant neslee nw~
BJT ceW leeheceeve keâe ØeYeeJe yengle DeefOekeâ ØeYeeJeer neslee nw~
š^ebefpemšj keâer mebjÛevee (Construction of Transistor):-

BJT kesâ Øekeâej–

BJT oes Øekeâej keâe neslee nw-
0.01Inch (i) npn š^ebefpemšj, (ii) pnp š^ebefpemšj

Electrician Capsule 170 YCT

 hewjeceeršj p-n-p š^ebefpemšj n-p-n š^ebefpemšj keâe@ceve yesme ceW Oeeje ueeYe (α)
IC
α=
IE
Øeleerkeâ
IC − ICBO
α= (ueerkesâpe Oeeje kesâ meeLe)
IE
pnp š^ebefpemšj keâes oes p npn š^ebefpemšj keâes oes α keâe ceeve Skeâ mes keâce neslee nw
Øekeâej kesâ heoeLe& kesâ ceOÙe n Øekeâej kesâ heoeLe& kesâ keâe@ceve yesme DeefYeefJevÙeeme kesâ DeefYeue#eCe
ceW Skeâ n Øekeâej kesâ heoeLe& ceOÙe ceW Skeâ p Øekeâej Fvehegš DeefYeue#eCe DeeGšhegš DeefYeue#eCe
keâes meQ[efJeÛe keâjkesâ kesâ heoeLe& keâes meQ[efJeÛe IE SJeb VEB kesâ yeerÛe VCB keâes IC SJeb VCB kesâ yeerÛe IE keâes
yeveeÙee peelee nw~ keâjkesâ yeveeÙee peelee efveÙele ceevekeâj- efveÙele ceevekeâj-
nw~

mebjÛevee

VCB
DeeGšhegš ØeeflejesOe ( R o ) =
IC
∆VEB
Fvehegš ØeeflejesOe ( R i ) =
∆I E
pnp š^ebefpemšj ceW npn š^ebefpemšj ceW VCB →constant keâe@ceve yesme DeefYeefJevÙeeme
Jeenkeâ yengmebKÙekeâ Jeenkeâ kesâ ™he yengmebKÙekeâ Jeenkeâ kesâ keâe DeeGšhegš DeefYeue#eCe keâes
ceW nesue SJeb DeuhemebKÙekeâ ™he ceW Fueskeäš^e@ve SJeb keâe@ceve yesme DeefYeefJevÙeeme keâe constant current source
Jeenkeâ kesâ ™he ceW DeuhemebKÙekeâ Jeenkeâ Fvehegš DeefYeue#eCe [eÙees[ keâne peelee nw~
Fueskeäš^e@ve nesles nQ~ kesâ ™he ceW nesume nesles kesâ De«eyeeÙeme DeefYeue#eCe keâs
nQ~ meceeve neslee nw~
Fmekeâer ØeÛeeueve ieefle Fmekeâer ØeÛeeueve ieefle
keâe@ceve Sceeršj DeefYeefJevÙeeme -
ØeÛeeueve Oeerceer nesleer nw~ keäÙeeWefkeâ leer›e nesleer nw~ keäÙeeWefkeâ
ieefle nesue keâer ceesefyeefuešer keâce Fueskeäš^e@ve keâer
nesleer nw~ ceesefyeefuešer DeefOekeâ
nesleer nw~
hewefkebâie efvecve GÛÛe
IevelJe
š^ebefpemšj kesâ ØeÛeeueve cees[-
ØeÛeeueve Sceeršj- yesme keâueskeäšj- DevegØeÙeesie
cees[ mebefOe yesme mebefOe
meef›eâÙe De«e yeeÙeme heMÛe yeeÙeme ØeJeOe&keâ kesâ ™he ceW keâe@ceve Sceeršj Oeeje ueeYe (β)
mesÛegjsMeve De«e yeeÙeme De«e yeeÙeme yevo efmJeÛe kesâ ™he ceW IC
keâš-Dee@heâ heMÛe yeeÙeme heMÛe yeeÙeme Kegues efmJeÛe kesâ ™he ceW β=
IB
FveJeme& heMÛe yeeÙeme De«e yeeÙeme #eerCekeâ (attenuator)
IC − ICEO
keâe@ceve yesme DeefYeefJevÙeeme (Common Base configuration)- β= (ueerkesâpe Oeeje kesâ meeLe)
IB
β keâe ceeve Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ (Typically 50) neslee nw~
Fvehegš DeefYeue#eCe DeeGšhegš DeefYeue#eCe
IB SJeb VBE kesâ yeerÛe VCE keâes IC SJeb VCE kesâ yeerÛe IB keâes
efveÙele ceevekeâj- efveÙele ceevekeâj-
B B

Electrician Capsule 171 YCT

 s IE = IC + I B
IC = βI B

ICEO = (1 + β ) ICBO

ueerkesâpe Oeeje ICBO hej leehe keâe ØeYeeJe

(Temperature on leakage current)–
ueerkesâpe Oeeje efjJeme& yeeÙeme keâueskeäšj pebkeäMeve ceW ceeFvee@efjšer kewâefjÙej
V
∆VBE DeeGšhegš ØeeflejesOe ( R o ) = CE kesâ ØeYeeJe kesâ keâejCe nseleer nw~
Fvehegš ØeeflejesOe ( R i ) = IC
ceeFveeefjšer Jeenkeâ G<ceerÙe keâcheveeW kesâ keâejCe GlheVe nesles nQ~
∆I B
Oeeje iesve (β) keâe efveOee&jCe ueerkesâpe Oeeje keâe ceeve leehe hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~
keâe@ceve Sceeršj DeefYeefJevÙeeme keâe@ceve Sceeršj DeefYeefJevÙeeme kesâ
keâe Fvehegš DeefYeue#eCe [eÙees[ DeeGšhegš DeefYeue#eCe mes efkeâÙee ueerkesâpe Oeeje 10oC leehe yeÌ{ves hej ueieYeie oesiegveer nes peeleer nw~
kesâ De«eyeeÙeme DeefYeue#eCe keâs peelee nw~ leerve š^ebefpemšj efJevÙeeme (CB, CC, CE)kesâ yeerÛe leguevee–
meceeve neslee nw~ hewjeceeršj keâe@ceve yesme keâe@ceve Sceeršj keâe@ceve
keâe@ceve keâueskeäšj DeefYeefJevÙeeme- cees[ cees[ keâueskeäšj
(CB) (CE) cees[
(CC)
Fvehegš ieeflepe yengle keâce keâce (ueieYeie DeefOekeâ
ØeeflejesOe (Ri) (ueieYeie 20Ω) 50 KΩ) (ueieYeie
1MΩ)
DeeGšhegš ieeflepe yengle DeefOekeâ DeefOekeâ (ueieYeie keâce (ueieYeie
ØeeflejesOe (Ro) (ueieYeie 10KΩ) 50 Ω)
keâe@ceve keâueskeäšj keâe Oeeje ueeYe (γ) 1MΩ)
IE Oeeje ueeYe (Ai) Skeâ mes kegâÚ DeefOekeâ (ueieYeie DeefOekeâlece
γ= keâce (ueieYeie 100) (ueieYeie
IB
0.98) 100)
keâe@ceve keâueskeäšj DeefYeefJevÙeeme kesâ DeefYeue#eCe-
yengle keâce (Ge yengle DeefOekeâ yengle DeefOekeâ
Fvehegš DeefYeue#eCe: DeeGšhegš DeefYeue#eCe
ueerkesâpe Oeeje kesâ efueÙes 5µA, (Ge kesâ efueÙes (CE cees[
IB SJeb VBC kesâ yeerÛe VCE IE SJeb VCE kesâ yeerÛe IB keâes efveÙele
Si kesâ efueÙes 500µA, Si kesâ kesâ meceeve)
keâes efveÙele ceevekeâj- ceevekeâj-
1nA) (ueieYeie) efueÙes 20µA)
Jeesušspe ueeYe DeefOekeâ (ueieYeie DeefOekeâ (ueieYeie Skeâ mes kegâÚ
(Av) 1000) 1000) keâce ueieYeie
0.98)
Meefòeâ ueeYe (Ap) ceOÙece meyemes DeefOekeâ keâce
∆VCB
Jeesušspe ØeJeOe&keâ Jeesušspe, Oeeje ØeefleyeeOee
Fvehegš ØeeflejesOe ( ri ) = DeeGšhegš ØeeflejesOe ( r0 ) =
VCE
GheÙeesie Je heeJej ØeJeOe&keâ leLee Meefòeâ cewefÛebie Je
∆I B IE kesâ ™he ceW ØeJeOe&keâ kesâ ™he yeheâj mšspe
keâe@ceve keâueskeäšj keâe@ceve keâueskeäšj DeefYeefJevÙeeme ceW kesâ ™he ceW
DeefYeefJevÙeeme keâe Fvehegš keâe DeeGšhegš DeefYeue#eCe keâe@ceve
DeefYeue#eCe [eÙees[ kesâ Sceeršj DeefYeefJevÙeeme kesâ DeeGšhegš Phase shift 0º 180º 0º
between
De«eyeeÙeme DeefYeue#eCe keâs DeefYeue#eCe keâs meceeve neslee nw~ input to
meceeve veneR neslee nw~ output
CB š^ebefpemšj ØeJeOe&keâ kesâ iegCe leLee oes<e (Metrits and
α, β SJeb γ ceW mecyevOe –
demerits of CB transistor) –
β 1
α= γ = 1+ β γ = Fmekeâe voltage gain DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
1+ β 1− α
Ùen GÛÛe DeeJe=efòeÙeeW hej keâeÙe& keâj mekeâlee nw~
α CB š^ebefpemšj keâe Oeeje ueeYe 1 mes kegâÚ keâce neslee nw~
β=
1− α ueerkesâpe Oeeje ICBO yengle keâce
Electrician Capsule 172 YCT
keâe@ceve Sceeršj š^ebefpemšj ØeJeOe&keâ kesâ iegCe leLee oes<e- Jeesušspe 1+ β
S=
Fmekesâ Jeesušspe leLe Oeeje ueeYe GÛÛe nesles nQ~ ef[JeeF[j/mesuheâ  RE 
1 + β 
Fmekeâe Meefòeâ ueeYe CB leLee CC cees[ mes DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ yeeÙeefmebie  R th + R E 
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie kewâmekesâef[bie ceW neslee nw~ R2
Fmekeâe DeeJe=efòe Devegef›eâÙee Je›eâ CC leLee CB mes Kejeye neslee nw~ Vth = VCC
R1 + R 2
CC š^ebefpemšj ØeJeOe&keâ kesâ iegCe leLee oes<e (Metrits and
R th = R 1 || R 2
demerits of CC transistor) –
VCC − VCE
Fmekeâe Oeeje ueeYe GÛÛelece neslee nw~ IC =
RC + RE
Fmekeâe Fvehegš ØeeflejesOe GÛÛe leLee DeeGšhegš ØeeflejesOe efvecve nesves
kesâ keâejCe ØeefleyeeOee cewefÛebie ceW ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Fmekeâe Jeesušspe iesve 1 mes keâce neslee nw~ ØeejefcYekeâ ØeYeeJe Lece&ue jveJes (Thermal
yeeÙeefmebie kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Biasing): (Early Effect) Runway)
yeeÙeefmebie efJeefOe yeeÙeefmebie heefjheLe Stability
keâueskeäšj yesme pebkeäMeve hej peye leeheceeve ceW Je=efæ nesleer nw lees
GÛÛe efjJeme& keâueskeäšj-yesme ueerkesâpe keâjWš ceW Yeer Je=efæ nesleer nw~
yesme ØeeflejesOekeâ S = 1+ β Jeesušspe efoÙee peelee nw efjJeme& mesÛegjsMeve keâjWš yeÌ{ves kesâ
yeeÙeefmebie efpemekesâ keâejCe keâueskeäšj keâejCe keâueskeäšj keâjWš Yeer yeÌ{ peelee
V −V
(efmLej yeeÙeefmebie) I =
B
CC
R
BE

yesme ef[hueerMeve keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& nw Deewj keâueskeäšj keâjWš ceW Je=efæ kesâ
B

VCC − VCE yeÌ{ peeleer nw, efpememes yesme keâejCe leeheceeve ceW Je=efæ nes peeleer nw
IC =
RC keâer ØeYeeJeer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâce nes Deewj Ùen Øeef›eâÙee leye lekeâ peejer jnleer
heâer[yewkeâ S=
1+ β peeleer nw leLee DeeOeej #es$e nw peye lekeâ efkeâ GhekeâjCe peue ve
ØeeflejesOekeâ  RC 
1+ β 
ceW efjkeâecyeervesMeve keâce neslee peeS, Fme Øeef›eâÙee keâes Lece&ue jveJes kesâ
yeeÙeefmebie  RB + RC  nw efpemekesâ heefjCeecemJe™he ™he ceW peevee peelee nw~
VCC − VBE (Ùeefo
(keâueskeäšj-yesme IC =
RC
keâueskeäšj Oeeje ceW Je=efæ nes IC = βI B + (1 + β ) ICBO
yeeÙeefmebie) peeleer nw~
β keâe ceeve yengle BJT ceW early effect
DeefOekeâ nes Ùee IB = 0) kesâ heefjCeecemJe™he-
Sceeršj S=
1+ β
* ØeYeeJeer DeeOeej ÛeewÌ[eF& ceW
 RE 
ØeeflejesOekeâ 1 + β×   keâceer
 RB + RE 
yeeÙeefmebie * DeeOeej #es$e ceW
IC =
VCC − VBE efjkeâecyeervesMeve ceW keâceer
RE + B
R * yesme keâjWš ceW keâceer
β * keâueskeäšj keâjWš ceW Je=efæ

š^ebefpemšj keâer hewkesâefpebie kesâ Øekeâej

hewjeceeršj hueeefmškeâ hewkesâefpebie mesjsefcekeâ hewkesâefpebie OeeeflJekeâ hewkesâefpebie heeJej š^ebefpemšj hewkesâefpebie
efÛe$e

<ešYegpeekeâej DeOe&ieesueerÙe

ØeÙeesie hueeefmškeâ efmejsefcekeâ (Ûeerveer OeeeflJekeâ (heerleue, ueewn) heerleue DeLeJee ueewn
heoeLe& efceóer)
IC No. BF 194 2N2904 BC 107 PT 4
BF 195 2N 1482 AC 186 PT 6
BC 148 BU 205
BC 154
nerš efmebkeâ (Heat Sink)–
nerš efmebkeâ keâe ØeÙeesie hee@Jej SchueerefheâkesâMeve kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ š^ebefpemšjeW ceW leehe keâes DeJeMeesef<ele keâjves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ FmeceW
DeefOekeâ Oeeje ØeJeeefnle nesleer nw~
š^e@efpemšjes ceW keâeheâer DeefOekeâ Oeeje ØeJeen kesâ keâejCe Gvekeâe leeheceeve keâeheâer yeÌ{ peelee nQ, efpememes GmeceW MeerIeÇ ner Lece&ue jveJes keâer Øeef›eâÙee
mLeeefhele nes peeves keâer mecYeeJeveeSb hewoe nes peeleer nw, efpememes š^ebefpemšj ve° Yeer nes mekeâlee nw~
Lece&ue jveJes mes yeÛeves kesâ efueS š^ebefpemšj kesâ Thej Oeeleg keâJej ÛeÌ{eÙes peeles nQ~ pees nerš efmebkeâ kesâ ™he ceW keâeÙe& keâjles nQ~ efpememes GlheVe
T<cee MeerIeÇlee mes JeeleeJejCe ceW efJemeefpe&le nesleer jnW~
Electrician Capsule 173 YCT
 Field Effect Transistor (FET)
(heâeru[-Fhewâkeäš š^ebefpemšj)
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)– (ii) p- Ûewveue JFET~
FET voltage controlled current device nw~ n- Ûewveue JFET ceW Ûewveue n- šeFhe heoeLe& keâe neslee nw, peyeefkeâ
FmeceW Power dissipation keâce neslee nw~ p- Ûewveue JFET ceW Ûewveue p- šeFhe heoeLe& keâe neslee nw~
Fmekeâe Gain Bandwidth product keâce neslee nw~
FET symmetrical neslee nw, DeLee&led [^sve leLee meesme& Deeheme ceW
heefjJeefle&le nes mekeâles nQ~
Ùen constant current source (VDS > VP) keâer YeeBefle JÙeJenej
keâj mekeâlee nw~
FET Deekeâej ceW BJT mes Úesšs nesles nQ leLee Fbšer«esšs[ meefke&âšdme ceW
Deemeeveer mes yeveeÙes pee mekeâles nQ~
FET keâer yeeÙeefmebie (Biasing of FET)-
JFET keâe Ûewveue Skeâ
ØeeflejesOe keâer YeeBefle
JÙeJenej keâjlee nw~
N-Channel FET ceW
Gate hej $e+Ceelcekeâ
Jeesušlee Øeoeve keâer peeleer
nw~
P-Channel FET ceW
Gate hej Oeveelcekeâ
Jeesušlee Øeoeve keâer peeleer
nw~
JFET kesâ hewjeceeršj (Parameters of JFET)–
DevÙeesvÙe [^sve ØeeflejesOe rd ØeJeOe&ve iegCeebkeâ
Ûeeuekeâlee gm (µ)
efmLej [^sve Jeesušspe efmLej iesš Jeesušlee efmLej [^sve Oeeje
(VDS) hej [^sve (VGS) hej [^sve (ID) hej [^sve
Oeeje (ID) ceW met#ce Jeesušspe (VDS) ceW Jeesušpe (VDS) ceW
heefjJele&ve (∆ID) met#ce heefjJele&ve ∆VDS met#ce heefjJele&ve
leLee iesš Jeesušspe leLee [^sve Oeeje (ID) ∆VDS leLee iesš
(VGS) ceW met#ce ceW met#ce heefjJele&ve Jeesušspe (VGS) ceW
heefjJele&ve (∆VGS) ∆ID kesâ Devegheele keâes met#ce heefjJele&ve
JFET (Junction field effect transistor)- JFET Skeâ
kesâ Devegheele keâes JFET keâe [^sve ∆VGS kesâ Devegheele
Øekeâej keâe 3-terminal, unipolar (Skeâ OegÇgJeerÙe), non-linear
JFET keâer ØeeflejesOe rd keânles nQ~ keâes JFET keâe
(DejsKeerÙe), unidirectional (SkeâefoMeerÙe), Voltage
DevÙeesvÙe Ûeeuekeâlee ∆VDS ØeJeOe&ve iegCeebkeâ µ
controlled semiconductor device nw~ rd =
(gm) keâne peelee ∆I D VGS = efveÙele keânles nQ~
JFET oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–
nw~ µ =–
∆VDS
(i) n- Ûewveue JFET ∆VGS I D = efveÙele

Electrician Capsule 174 YCT

 gm =
∆I D Ùen kesâJeue Depletion mode ceW ner keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
∆VGS VDS = efveÙele
Ohmic region ceW FET linear device keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâjlee
gm keâe cee$ekeâ Fmekeâe cee$ekeâ Deesÿe Fmekeâe keâesF& cee$ekeâ nw~
mA/Volt (efceueer (Ω) neslee nw~ veneR neslee nw~ Saturation region keâes current saturation region Ùee
ScheerÙej Øeefle
pinch off region Yeer keânles nQ~
Jeesuš) Ùee
Saturation region ceW FET Amplifier leLee 'ON' switch
amp/volt Ùee
keâer YeeBefle JÙeJenej keâjlee nw~
(cnes) neslee nw~
š^ebmekeâv[skeäšsvme (gm)-
gm š^ebmeheâj −2 I DSS  VGS 
gm = 1 − 
DeefYeue#eCeeW keâe VP  VP 
{eue (slope)
neslee nw~  V  −2I DSS
g m = g mo 1 − GS  peneB g mo =
 VP  VP
JFET kesâ leerveeW hewjeceeršjeW ceW mebyebOe (Relation between
efhebÛe-Dee@heâ Jeesušlee (Pinch off voltage 'VP')-
three parameters of JFET i.e. gm, rd and µ)–
µ = gm × rd VDS keâe Jen vÙetvelece ceeve efpeme hej [^sve Oeeje (ID) Saturate
nes peeleer nw, Jen efhebÛe-Dee@heâ Jeesušspe (VP) keânueelee nw~
JFET keâe efveie&le DeefYeue#eCe n-Ûewveue kesâ š^ebmeheâj Pinch off voltage hej oesveeW lejheâ keâer Depletion layer
DeefYeue#eCe DelÙevle heeme Dee peeleer nw~
VGS keâe ceeve yeÌ{eves hej efhebÛe-Dee@heâ Jeesušlee keâe ceeve Iešlee nw~
MOSFET keâe efmeæevle (Principle of MOSFET)–
efkeâmeer Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ heoeLe& kesâ Ûewveue keâer ÛeewÌ[eF& keâes Gme hej
deposit efkeâÙes ieÙes kegâÛeeuekeâ heoeLe& hej ueieeÙes ieÙes DevegØemLe
JewÅegle #es$e Éeje keâvš^esue efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
MOSFET, FET keâer Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ fast neslee nw~
n-Ûewveue kesâ š^ebmeheâj DeefYeue#eCe– MOSFET, Less Noisy neslee nw~
(Transfer characteristics of n-channel JFET) MOSFET, Static Electrical Noise kesâ efueS DeefOekeâ meg«eener
JFET ceW ID leLee VDS kesâ ceOÙe mebyebOe keâes Me@ekeäues meceerkeâjCe Éeje (Sensitive) neslee nw~
Øekeâš efkeâÙee peelee nw~ MOSFET ceW Minority carrier storage time MetvÙe neslee
 V 
2
nw~
I D = I DSS 1 − GS 
 VP  Turn off time yengle keâce neslee nw~

peneB- ID = [^sve Oeeje MOSFET, BJT keâer Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ fast neslee nw~

IDSS = meble=hle [^sve Oeeje MOSFET keâe ØeÙeesie GÛÛe DeeJe=efòe efmJeefÛebie ef[JeeFme ceW neslee
VP = efhebÛe-Dee@heâ Jeesušspe nw~
FET Skeâ Square law Ùegefòeâ nw~ MOSFET oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–
Ùeefo VGS = keâe ceeve MetvÙe nes lees [^sve Oeeje keâe ceeve DeefOekeâlece
neslee nw~
Ùeefo VGS = 0, ID = I DSS
Ùeefo VGS = VP, lees ID = 0 DeLee&le VGS keâes VP kesâ yejeyej
keâjves hej [^sve Oeeje MetvÙe nes peeSieer~
VGS kesâ yeÌ{ves hej ID hejJeueÙeekeâej Deeke=âefle ceW Iešleer nw~
FET ceW Avalanche effect kesâ keâejCe yeÇskeâ[eGve neslee nw~

Electrician Capsule 175 YCT

 n-Ûewveue ef[hueerMeve šeFhe MOSFET– P-Ûewveue ef[hueerMeve šeFhe cee@mehesâš–

(n-Channel Depletion Type MOSFET) (P-channel depletion type MOSFET)

DeefYeue#eCe :
DeefYeue#eCe :-

Skeâ efvecve [esefhebie Jeeueer p-type heoeLe& keâe muewye (slab) Skeâ efvecve [esefhebie Jeeueer n-type heoeLe& keâe Substrate ueskeâj

ueskeâj Gme hej Ùen Ùegefòeâ yeveeÙeer peeleer nw~ GmeceW oes GÛÛe [esefhebie Jeeues P+ #es$e keâess efJemejCe ef›eâÙee Éeje

meymeš^sš (substrate) ceW oes GÛÛe [esefhebie Jeeues n- #es$e efveefce&le keâjles nQ~

yeveeÙes peeles nQ~ FmeceW Yeer iesš šefce&veue leLee Ûewveue kesâ yeerÛe Insulation nsleg

meesme& leLee [^sve kesâ ceOÙe [esefhebie keâjkesâ n- šeFhe Ûewveue SiO2 keâer hejle ÛeÌ{eF& peeleer nw~
oesveeW P #es$e kesâ yeerÛe Ûewveue keâes efJemeefjle (diffuse) efkeâÙee
efJemeefjle (diffuse) keâj efoÙee peelee nw~
peelee nw~
Fme meymeš^sš hej SiO2 keâer heleueer efJeÅeglejesOeer hejle peceeF& peeleer
Depletion type MOSFET keâe Characteristics
nw~ Fme hejle keâer ceesšeF& 10–7m kesâ ›eâce ceW nesleer nw~
JFET keâer lejn neslee nw, leLee Depletion type MOSFET ceW
MOSFET kesâ iesš šefce&veue leLee Ûewveue kesâ yeerÛe ceW ØelÙe#e
Ûewveue Continuous neslee nw~
efJeÅegleerÙe mebÙeespeve veneR neslee keäÙeeWefkeâ Fve oesveeW kesâ ceOÙe
FvnwvmeceQš šeFhe cee@mehesâš (Enhancement type MOSFET)-
efJeÅeglejesOeer SiO2 hejle nesleer nw~
Ùen oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ–
MOSFET ceW SiO2 keâer hejle kesâ keâejCe ner Fmekeâer Fvehegš
(i) P-Channel Enhancement MOSFET
ØeefleyeeOee keâe ceeve DelÙeefOekeâ neslee nw~
(ii) N-Channel Enhancement MOSFET

Electrician Capsule 176 YCT

 N-Channel E MOSFET P-Channel E MOSFET

DeefYeue#eCe :- DeefYeue#eCe :-

N Ûewveue FvnwvmeceWš šeFhe cee@mehesâš yeveeves kesâ efueS P-šeFhe meymeš^sš

P Ûewveue FvnwvmeceWš šeFhe cee@mehesâš yeveeves kesâ efueS N -
keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
šeFhe meymeš^sš keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
FmeceW Ûewveue yeveeves kesâ efueS iesš hej hee@efpeefšJe Jeesušspe ueieeÙee peelee
FmeceW Ûewveue yeveeves kesâ efueS iesš hej efveiesefšJe Jeesušspe
nw~
ueieeÙee peelee nw~
VGS=0 hej Ûewveue GheefmLele veneR neslee nw~ Dele: VGS keâes LeÇsmeesu[
VGS=0 hej Ûewveue GheefmLele veneR neslee nw~ Dele: VGS keâes
Jeesušspe VT mes pÙeeoe keâjves hej Fueskeäš^e@ve iesš kesâ heeme Fkeâªe nesles nQ
efLeÇmeesu[ Jeesušspe VT mes pÙeeoe keâjves hej nesue iesš kesâ heeme
efpememes Ûewveue DeefmlelJe ceW Deelee nw~
Fkeâªe nesles nQ efpememes Ûewveue DeefmlelJe ceW Deelee nw~
JFET leLee MOSFET keâer leguevee (Comparison of JFET ØeJeOe&keâ kesâ ™he kesâ ™he ceW neslee nw~
and MOSFET)– ceW neslee nw~
BJT JFET MOSFET Ùen SefkeäšJe cees[ Ùen kesâJeue Ùen ef[hueerMeve cees[
Ùen yeeFheesuej Ùen Ùetveerheesuej Ùen Yeer Ùetveerheesuej ceW DeefOekeâlej ef[hueerMeve cees[ ceW leLee FvnsvmeceWš cees[ ceW
ef[JeeFme nw~ ef[JeeFme nw~ ef[JeeFme nQ ØeÛeeefuele neslee nw~ ØeÛeeefuele neslee nw~ ØeÛeeefuele nes mekeâlee nw~
Fvehegš ØeeflejesOe Fvehegš ØeeflejesOe Fvehegš ØeeflejesOe DeefOekeâ Ùen n-p-n Ùee Ùen n-Ûewveue Ùee Ùen ef[hueerMeve leLee
keâce neslee nw~ DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ neslee nw~ p-n-p šeFhe keâe p-Ûewveue šeFhe keâe FvnsvmeceWš cees[ ceW neslee
(10 Ω − 10 Ω ) (10 Ω − 10 Ω )
2 6 8 12
(10 10
Ω − 1015 Ω ) neslee nw~ neslee nw~ nw leLee hegve: Ùen Yeer n
Ùen keâjWš keâvš^esu[ Ùen Jeesušspe Ùen Jeesušspe keâvš^esu[ leLee p-Ûewveue šeFhe keâe
ef[JeeFme nw~ keâvš^esu[ ef[JeeFme ef[JeeFme nw~ neslee nw~
nw~ DevegØeÙeesie–
leeheceeve efmLejlee leeheceeve efmLejlee leeheceeve efmLejlee DeefOekeâ hee@Jej cee@mehesâš kesâ efvecve DevegØeÙeesie nw–
keâce nesleer nw~ DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~ nesleer nw~ efvecve Jeesušspe (200V mes keâce) kesâ efmJeÛeeW ceW
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie Yeer Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie ef[efpešue efvecve Jeesušspe ceesšj efveÙeb$ekeâ ceW~
DeefOekeâlej DeefOekeâlej ØeJeOe&keâ meefke&âš ceW neslee nw~ FvJeš&j SJeb Ùet.heer.Sme. ceW

Electrician Capsule 177 YCT

 31
Multistage & Audio Power Amplifire
(ceušermšspe SJeb Dee@ef[Ùees hee@Jej SchueerheâeÙej)
SchueerheâeÙej– SchueerheâeÙej Jen Ùegefòeâ nw pees Fvehegš efmeiveue kesâ hee@Jej osles nQ~ efpememes DeefOekeâ Jeesušspe ueeYe Øeehle neslee nw, Fmes ceušer
mlej ceW Je=efæ keâjlee nw~ mšspe ØeJeOe&keâ keânles nQ~
efmebieue mšspe ØeJeOe&keâ- ceušermšspe SchueerheâeÙej keâe Jeesušspe iesve –
peye ØeJeOe&ve kesâ efueS Skeâ š^ebefpemšj keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw lees
A V = A v1 .A v 2 ........A v n
Gmes efmebieue mšspe ØeJeOe&keâ keânles nw~
efmebieue mšspe kesâ efueS- A V dB = A v1 dB + A v2 dB + ........ + A vn dB
V
Jeesušspe iesve ( A V ) = 0 ceušermšspe SchueerheâeÙej keâe Oeeje iesve–
Vi
A I = A I 1 × A I 2 × ........ × A I n
V
Jeesušspe iesve ( A V )dB = 20log10 0
Vi A I dB = A I 1 dB + A I 2 dB + ........ + A I n dB

Oeeje iesve ( A I ) =
I0 ceušermšspe SchueerheâeÙej keâe hee@Jej iesve-
Ii
AP = AV × AI
I
Oeeje iesve ( A I )dB = 20log10 0 A P dB = 10 log A P
Ii
P0 Ùegiceve keâe DeLe&-
hee@Jej iesve ( A P ) =
Pi Skeâ mšspe keâes otmejs mšspe mes efkeâmeer Ùegiceve Ùegefòeâ kesâ ceeOÙece mes
peesÌ[ves keâer Øeef›eâÙee keâes Ùegiceve keânles nw~
P0
hee@Jej iesve ( A I )dB = 10 log10 ceušermšspe ØeJeOe&keâeW ceW Ùegiceve keâer cegKÙele: efvecve efJeefOeÙeeB nesleer nQ-
Pi
RC Ùegiceve (RC coupling)
ceušer mšspe ØeJeOe&keâ- š^ ebmeheâe@ce&j Ùegiceve (Transformer coupling)
Ùeefo efmebieue mšspe ØeJeOe&keâ mes Øeehle Jeesušspe ueeYe heÙee&hle veneR ØelÙe#e Ùegiceve (Direct coupling)
neslee nw lees keâF& efmebieue mšspe ØeJeOe&keâeW keâes Skeâ kesâ yeeo Skeâ pees[Ì efJeefYeVe keâheefuebie mkeâerce keâer leguevee-
hewjeceeršj RC Ùegiceve š^ebmeheâe@ce&j Ùegiceve ØelÙe#e Ùegiceve
keâheefuebie Ùegefòeâ mebOeeefj$e heefjCeeefce$e keâesF& Ùegiceve Ùegefòeâ veneR
DeeJe=efòe Devegef›eâÙee Dee@ef[Ùees øeâerkeäJesvmeer jWpe (20Hz-20 Kejeye keâce DeeJe=efòeÙeeW Deewj DC DeeJe=efòe
kHz) ceW yengle DeÛÚe hej yengle DeÛÚe

ØeÙeesie Jeesušspe ØeJeOe&ve ceW ØeefleyeeOee cewefÛebie ceW efvecve DeeJe=efòe ØeJeOe&ve kesâ efueS
iegCe Fmekeâe ueeYe hetjs Dee@ef[Ùees jWpe ceW RC keâer Dehes#ee GÛÛe d.c. ØeJeOe&ve leLee efvecve DeeJe=efòe
ueieYeie efveÙele jnlee nw~ Jeesušspe ueeYe ØeJeOe&ve nsleg Gòece neslee nw~
oes<e Ùen ØeefleyeeOee cewefÛebie Øeoeve veneR keâj cenbiee Je Yeejer neslee nw GÛÛe DeeJe=efòeÙeeW keâe ØeJeOe&ve veneR
heelee nw~ nes heelee nw~
ueeiele keâce DeefOekeâ yengle keâce

Electrician Capsule 178 YCT

Jeesušspe ØeJeOe&keâ leLee hee@Jej ØeJeOe&keâ ceW Devlej (Difference 2
VPP
between Voltage Amplifier and Power Amplifier)– S.meer. Yeej ceW DeefOekeâlece Meefòeâ ueeYe PL( max ) =
8R L
Jeesušspe ØeJeOe&keâ Meefòeâ ØeJeOe&keâ PL( max )
Jeesušspe ØeJeOe&keâ keâe cegKÙe Meefòeâ ØeJeOe&keâ keâe cegKÙe keâeÙe& o#elee ( η) = × 100
PS
keâeÙe& efmeieveue keâes jsKeerÙe Deheves DeeGšhegš hej DeefOekeâlece FmeceW Q efyevog keâes DeefYeue#eCe kesâ ceOÙe ceW jKee peelee nw~
(efyevee efJe™heCe kesâ) ØeJeOe&ve Meefòeâ Øeoeve keâjves keâe neslee nw Jeie& B ØeJeOe&keâ-
(amplification) Øeoeve efpememes Gmekesâ DeeGšhegš hej ueieer
MetvÙe mebkesâle keâer efmLeefle ceW meb«eenkeâ Oeeje MetvÙe nesleer nw~
keâjvee nw~ Ùegefòeâ (pewmes ueeG[mheerkeâj) keâes
š^ebefpemšj keâer cut off #es$e kesâ heeme vee@ve ueerefveÙejšer kesâ keâejCe
ØeÛeeefuele (drive) efkeâÙee pee mekesâ~
Jeie& B ØeJeOe&keâ ceW cross over efJe™heCe GlheVe neslee nw~
β keâe ceeve DeefOekeâ jKeves DelÙeefOekeâ Oeeje Jenve keâjves kesâ DeeGšhegš ceW Deæ& pÙee lejbie Øeehle neslee nw~
nsleg yesme keâes heleuee jKee efueS yesme keâes ÛeewÌ[e jKee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie hegMe-hegue ØeJeOe&keâ kesâ ™he ceW keâjles nQ~
peelee nw~ 2
VPP
Jeesušspe ØeJeOe&keâeW ceW RC Meefòeâ ØeJeOe&keâeW ceW š^ebmeheâece&j Ùegiceve S.meer. Yeej ceW DeefOekeâlece Meefòeâ ueeYe PL( max ) =
8R L
Ùegiceve ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~ ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
Jeie& AB ØeJeOe&keâ -
FmeceW Fvehegš Jeesušspe keâe Fmekeâes Jeesušspe ØeJeOe&keâeW Éeje FmeceW Dee@hejsefšbie hJeeFbš (Q-point) keâes keâšDee@Heâ #es$e ceW jKee
ceeve DelÙevle efvecve neslee nw ØeJeefOe&le keâer ieF& Jeesušspe Fvehegš kesâ peelee nw~
(efceueer Jeesuš Ùee ™he ceW Øeehle nesleer nw~ Dele: Fmekeâer FmeceW DeeGšhegš pÙee lejbie kesâ DeeOes Ûe›eâ mes DeefOekeâ SJeb hetCe& mes
ceeF›eâesJeesuš ceW)~ Fvehegš Jeesušspe GÛÛe nesleer nw~ Ûe›eâ mes keâce ceW Øeehle neslee nw~
uees[ ØeeflejesOe RC keâe ceeve uees[ ØeeflejesOe RC keâe ceeve keâce Fmekeâ ØeÙeesie hegMe-hegue ceW ›eâe@me–DeesJej ef[mše@jmeve keâes nševes kesâ
ØeefleyeeOee Rin keâer leguevee ceW neslee nw~ efueS keâjles nQ~
yengle DeefOekeâ neslee nw~ FmeceW ØeÛeeueve efyevog ceOÙe efyevog mes veerÛes leLee keâš Dee@heâ efyevog mes
meb«eenkeâ Oeeje keâce nesleer nw~ meb«eenkeâ Oeeje GÛÛe nesleer nw~ LeesÌ[e Ghej jKee peelee nw~
DeeGšhegš hee@Jej keâce nesleer nw~ DeeGšhegš hee@Jej DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~ FmeceW hetCe& Ûe›eâ Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS hegMe-hegue ØeJeOe&keâ ØeÙeesie
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ FmeceW efJe™heCe Jeie& A ØeJeOe&keâ mes pÙeeoe leLee
Jeesušspe ØeJeOe&keâeW Je Meefòeâ ØeJeOe&keâeW kesâ hewjeceeršme& keâer leguevee– Jeie& B ØeJeOe&keâ mes keâce neslee nw~
(Comparision between voltage Amplifier & power 2
VPP
Amplifier)– AC Yeej ceW DeefOekeâlece Meefòeâ ueeYe PL( max ) =
8R L
hewjeceeršj Jeesušspe ØeJeOe&keâ hee@Jej ØeJeOe&keâ
Jeie& C ØeJeOe&keâ -
β efvecve (5 to 20) DeefOekeâ (100) FmeceW DeeGšhegš 1800 mes keâce leLee 900 mes DeefOekeâ Øeehle neslee nw~
RC DeefOekeâ (4 – 10 kΩ) keâce (5 to 20Ω) Fmekeâer o#elee meyemes DeefOekeâ leLee efJe™heCe (Distortion) Yeer
keâheefuebie meeceevÙele: RC keâheefuebie š^ebmheâe@ce&j keâheefuebie DeefOekeâ neslee nw~
ceW 2
VPP
AC Yeej ceW DeefOekeâlece Meefòeâ ueeYe PL( max ) =
Fvehegš Jeesušspe keâce (a few mV) DeefOekeâ (2-4 V) 8R L
keâueskeäšj keâjsvš keâce ( ≈ 1mA) DeefOekeâ (>100mA) Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie šŸetv[ ØeJeOe&keâ ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
hee@Jej DeeGšhegš keâce (< 0.5W) DeefOekeâ (> 0.5W) Power Conduction Maximum Figure
Amplifier Angle Efficiency of Merit
DeeGšhegš Fcheer[svme DeefOekeâ ( ≈ 12kΩ) keâce ( ≈ 200Ω)
Jeie& A 360º 50% 2
hee@Jej ØeJeOe&keâ keâe keâueskeäšj o#elee–
(Collector Efficiency of Power Amplifier)–
Jeie& B 180º 78.5% 0.4
hee@Jej ØeJeOe&keâ mes Øeehle a.c. DeeGšhegš hee@Jej leLee hee@Jej ØeJeOe&keâ Jeie& AB 180º – 360º 50–78.5% 0.4 - 2
keâes yewšjer Éeje mehueeF& keâer ieF& d.c. hee@Jej kesâ Devegheele keâes Gmekeâer Jeie& C <180º 85% <0.25
keâueskeäšj o#elee keâne peelee nw~ DeeJe=efòe kesâ DeeOeej hej ØeJeOe&keâeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe–
Output a.c. Power P0 (a.c.) P0 (Classification of Amplifiers on Basis of Frequency)
η= = = [er.meer. ØeJeOe&keâ (D.C. amplifier)–
Intput d.c. Power Pi (d .c) Vcc I CQ
Fmes [eÙejskeäš keâheu[ SchueerheâeÙej Yeer keânles nQ~
peneB η = keâueskeäšj o#elee Ùen efvecve DeeJe=efòeÙeeW kesâ ØeJeOe&ve kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie ceW ueeÙes peeles nQ~
VCC = d.c. mehueeF& Jeesušspe
Fvekeâer jWpe 0 Hz (DeLee&led d.c.) mes ueieYeie 10 Hz lekeâ nesleer nw~
ICQ = keâueskeäšj Oeeje keâe Q-point hej ceeve
hee@Jej ØeJeOe&keâeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of Power Dee@ef[Ùees DeeJe=efòe ØeJeOe&keâ (Audio amplifiers)–
Amplifier)– ßeJÙe DeeJe=efòeÙeeW (Audio frequencies) kesâ ØeJeOe&ve kesâ efueÙes
Jeie& A ØeJeOe&keâ- Dee@ef[Ùees ØeJeOe&keâ keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ~
Jeie& A ØeJeOe&keâ ceW meYeer Meefòeâ ØeJeOe&keâeW mes keâce efJe™heCe neslee nw~ Fvekeâer hejeme (range) 30 Hz mes ueieYeie 15 KHz lekeâ nesleer nw~
Electrician Capsule 179 YCT
Jeeref[Ùees Ùee efJemle=le yewC[ ØeJeOe&keâ– ScheueerheâeÙeme& ceW efJe™heCe (Distortion in Amplifiers)–
(Video or wide band amplifier) 1. SchueeršŸet[ Ùee vee@ve-ueerefveÙej efJe™heCe
Fvekeâe hejeme (range) kegâÚ MHz lekeâ nesleer nw~ (Amplitude or non-linear distortion)
Deej.Sheâ. ØeJeOe&keâ (R.F. amplifiers)– 2. DeeJe=efòe efJe™heCe (Frequency Distortion)
jsef[Ùees DeeJe=efòe mebkesâle, efpevekeâer DeeJe=efòe ueieYeie 500 KHz mes 3. hesâpe efJe™heCe (Phase Distortion)
100 MHz lekeâ nesleer nw, Deej.Sheâ. ØeJeOe&keâ Éeje ØeJeefOe&le efkeâÙes 4. ›eâe@me-DeesJej efJe™heCe (Cross-over distortion)
peeles nQ~ Amplifier type Configuration
CE-CC Cascade amplifier
šŸetv[ ØeJeOe&keâeW Je Dee@ef[Ùees DeeJe=efòe ØeJeOe&keâeW ceW Devlej– CC-CC Darlington pair
(Difference between Tuned Amp. & Audio frequency CE-CB Cascode amplifier
Amp.) [ejefuebiešve ØeJeOe&keâ (Darlington Amplifier )–
šŸetv[ ØeJeOe&keâ Dee@ef[Ùees DeeJe=efòe ØeJeOe&keâ Ùeefo oes š^ebefpemšjeW keâes peesÌ[ efoÙee
(Tunned amplifiers) (Audio frequency peeÙes lees Ùen meefke&âš Skeâ Ssmes
amplifiers) š^ebefpemšj keâer lejn JÙeJenej keâjlee
1. Ùen Skeâ efJeMes<e DeeJe=efòe kesâ 1. Ùen mecemle Dee@ef[Ùees nw, efpemekeâe Oeeje ueeYe (current
Skeâ heleues yeQ[ keâes ØeJeefOe&le keâjles DeeJe=efòe mhewkeäš^ce keâes ØeJeefOe&le gain) β 0 oesveeW Deueie-Deueie
nQ keâjles nQ~ š^ebefpemšjeW kesâ Oeeje ueeYe (current
gain) β 1 Deewj β2 kesâ iegCeveheâue kesâ
2. uees[ kesâ ™he ceW šŸetv[ 2. uees[ kesâ ™he ceW ØeeflejesOe
yejeyej neslee nw~
heefjheLe keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw
β 0 = β1 × β 2
3. yeQ[efJe[dLe keâce nesleer nw 3. yeQ[efJe[dLe DeefOekeâ nesleer nw
hegMe-hegue ØeJeOe&keâ SJeb keâe@chueercesvš^er efmecesš^er hee@Jej SchueerheâeÙej Fmes meghej β ceušerhueeÙej meefke&âš
ceW Deblej- keânles nQ~
Ùen GÛÛe Fvehegš ØeefleyeeOee leLee GÛÛe
Parameter Push pull Complementary Oeeje ueeYe Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
and devices Amplifier Symmetry power
Amplifier
Fmekeâe Jeesušspe iesve Unity neslee nw~
Fmes yeheâj (Buffer) keâer lejn ØeÙeesie
š^ebmeheâece&cej FmeceW Center tapped FmeceW center tapped
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
transformer š^ebmeheâece&j ØeÙeesie keâjves
(2N1:N2) keâe ØeÙeesie keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR
Sceeršj heâeueesJej (Emitter follower) –
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ nesleer nw~
DeeGšhegš leLee Fvehegš oesveeW
š^ebefpemšj FmeceW oes š^ebefpemšj FmeceW oes hetjkeâ meceeve hesâpe ceW nesles nw~
(DeLee&led pnp Ùee npn) (complementary) FmeceW output keâes
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee š^ebefpemšj (DeLee&le Skeâ collector ØeeflejesOe RC hej
nw~ pnp leLee npn) keâe ve ueskeâj Sceeršj ØeeflejesOe
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ RE hej efueÙee peelee nw~
keâuee hetCe& Ûe›eâ ceW DeeGšhegš FmeceW keâuee efJeYeepeve FmeceW common
Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueÙes oes keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR collector ØeJeOe&keâ keâe
š^ebefpemšj keâe ØeÙeesie nesleer nw~ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
DeeJeMÙekeâ nw pees Fmekeâe input ØeeflejesOe yengle
efJehejerle Ûe›eâeW ceW Ûeeueve GÛÛe leLee DeeGšhegš
keâjW, leeefkeâ Gvekesâ ØeeflejesOe yengle keâce neslee nw~
ØeÛeeueve keâes mebÙegòeâ pees keâer ØeefleyeeOee cewefÛebie
Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
(Combine) keâjkesâ
Oeeje ueeYe DeefOekeâ leLee
DeeGšhegš efmeieveue keâe
Jeesušlee ueeYe yengle keâce
hetCe& Ûe›eâ Øeehle efkeâÙee ( ≤ 1) neslee nw~
pee mekesâ~ FmeceW voltage series
efJe™heCe FmeceW ›eâe@me DeesJej FmeceW Yeer ›eâe@me DeesJej Øekeâej keâe heâer[yewkeâ Øeoeve
efJe™heCe (cross over efJe™heCe (cross over efkeâÙee peelee nw~
distortion) keâer mecemÙee distortion) keâer mecemÙee Vout = Vin − VBE
nesleer nw~ nesleer nw~
Electrician Capsule 180 YCT
 32
Oscillator & Feedback Amplifire
(oesefue$e Deewj heâer[yewkeâ ØeJeOe&keâ)
oesefue$e Skeâ Ssmee heefjheLe neslee nw pees JeebefÚle DeeJe=efòe (desired
frequency) keâer efJeÅegle lejbieW GlheVe keâjlee nw~
oesefue$e ceW Positive feedback keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
a.c. DeeGšhegš Øeoeve keâjves kesâ efueS JeebefÚle Tpee& keâes Ùen d.c.
Œeesle mes Øeehle keâj ueslee nw~
oesefue$e pÙeeJe›eâerÙe (sinusoidal) Ùee DepÙeeJe›eâerÙe (non-
sinusoidal) lejbies GlheVe keâj mekeâles nQ~
oesefue$e keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of Oscillators)– yeÌ{les ngS oesueve, peye Aβ > 1
DeeJe=efòe jWpe (frequency range) kesâ DeeOeej hej oesefue$e efvecveJeled Ùeefo Aβ = 1 nes, lees oesueveeW keâe DeeÙeece efveÙele jnlee nw, efpemekesâ
Jeieeake=âle efkeâÙes pee mekeâles nQ– keâejCe oesefue$e kesâ DeeGšhegš hej efvejvlej oesueve (sustained
Dee@ef[Ùees øeâerkeäJewvmeer oesefue$e 20 KHz lekeâ oscillations) Øeehle nesles jnWies~
jsef[ÙeeW øeâerkeäJewvmeer oesefue$e 20 KHz mes 30 MHz
yengle GÛÛe øeâerkeäJewvmeer oesefue$e 30 MHz mes 300 MHz
Deuš^e@ neF& øeâerkeäJewvmeer oesefue$e 300 MHz mes 3 GHz
ceeF›eâesJesJe øeâerkeäJewvmeer oesefue$e 3 GHz mes 1000 GHz
oesueveeW kesâ efueS yeke&âne@meve kesâ ØeefleyevOe (Barkhausen's
Criteria for Oscillations)–
(1) Oeveelcekeâ heâer[yewkeâ nesvee ÛeeefnS~ DeefJejle DeLeJee efvejvlej oesueve, peye Aβ =1
θ = 0°or360° šŸetv[ heefjheLe (Tuned circuit)–
1
Fmekesâ Éeje D.C. Signal keâes A.C. signal ceW yeouee peelee nw~
(2) Loop gain (Aβ) = 1 Ùee β = FmeceW Øesjkeâ L leLee mebOeeefj$e C keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
A
Fve oes Melee&W kesâ hetCe& nesves hej ner ØeJeOe&keâ oesefue$e keâer lejn keâece
keâjlee nw~
A
AV =
1 − Aβ
Aβ keâe ceeve efvecve leerve mecYeJe ceeveeW ceW mes keâesF& Skeâ ner nes mekeâlee nw~
Aβ < 1 nesves hej efjpesvejsefšJe ef›eâÙee kesâ keâejCe oesefue$e kesâ
1
DeeGšhegš hej DeJeceefvole oesueve (damped oscillations) Øeehle F=
nesles nQ, pees kegâÚ meceÙe he§eeled meceehle nes peeles nQ~ 2π LC
oesefue$eeW keâe JeieeakeâjCe (Classification of Oscillators)-

DeJeceefvole oesueve peye Aβ (uethe iesve) < 1

Ùeefo Aβ > 1 nes, lees efjpesvejsefšJe ef›eâÙee kesâ keâejCe, oesefue$e keâer
DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe keâe DeeÙeece meceÙe kesâ meeLe-meeLe yeÌ{lee peeSiee
leLee kegâÚ meceÙe he§eeled meble=hle DeJemLee ceW henBgÛeves hej oesueve yevo
nes peeÙeWies~
Electrician Capsule 181 YCT
 Dee@meeruesšj keâe veece heefjheLe efÛe$e DeeGšhegš DeeJe=efòe efJeJejCe SJeb DevegØeÙeesie
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie GÛÛe DeeJe=efòe GlheVe
keâjves nsleg efkeâÙee peelee nw~
mecemJeefjle meb«eenkeâ 1 FmeceW oesueve heefjheLe kesâ ™he ceW
oesefue$e F= Tuned circuit neslee nw~
2π L1C1
(Tuned collector L1 leLee L2 1800 Phase shift
oscillator) Øeoeve keâjles nw~
Transistor (CE mode) 1800
phase Deblej Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
Fmes jsef[Ùees DeeJe=efòe (30MHz) nsleg
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
1 FmeceW oes ØesjkeâeW L1 leLee L2 keâes Skeâ
F=
2π ( L1 + L2 + 2 M )C keâe@ceve kewâhesefmešj C kesâ meceevlej ceW
neš&ues oesefue$e meceeÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pees efkeâ
L2 1800 phase Devlej Øeoeve keâjlee
(Hartley Feedback fraction =
Oscillator) L1 nw~
L1 leLee L2 Auto transformer
keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâjles nw~
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie Radio receiver ceW
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
1 Fmes Very High Frequency
F= Range nsleg ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~
2π LCT
FmeceW oes kewâhesefmešj C1 Je C2 keâes
where,
keâe@ueefheš oesefue$e keâe@ceve Fb[keäšj L kesâ meceeveevlej ceW
C1 .C2 mebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pees 1800
(Colpitts CT =
C1 + C2 phase shift Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
Oscillator)
C1 FmeceW Yeer RFC keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
Feedback fraction = peelee nw~
C2

1 Ùen low frequency GlheVe keâjves

F0 = kesâ efueS ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
2π RC 6
Ùen R-C network mes efceuekeâj yevee
hesâ]pe efMeheäš oesefue$e β=
1 neslee nw~
(Phase shift 29 meeceevÙele: 1800 Phase shift Øeehle
Oscillator) peneb β feedback keâjves kesâ efueS keâce mes keâce leerve
factor nw~ RC network keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles nw~
Ùen Skeâ stable Ùegefòeâ nw~
Ùen 10Hz mes 1 MHz lekeâ keâer
Stable DeeJe=efòe GlheVe keâjlee nw~
Fmes Audio oscillator ceW ØeÙeesie
Jesve efyeÇpe oesefue$e 1 efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Wein bridge F= Potentiometer keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkeâs
2π R1C1 R2 C2
Oscillator) Deemeeveer mes DeeJe=efòe heefjJeefle&le keâer pee
mekeâleer nw~
1
oesueve nsleg β = nesvee ÛeeefnS~
3

Electrician Capsule 182 YCT

 k Ùen meJee&efOekeâ stable DeeJe=efòe Øeoeve
F=
t
keâjlee nw~
FmeceW ØeÙegòeâ nesves Jeeues crystal
peneB k = constant heoeLe& -Rochelle salt, quartz
t = thickness and tourmaline etc nesles nw~
ßesCeer Devegveeo DeeJe=efòe Ùen Piezo electric effect hej
ef›eâmšue oesefue$e f (s ) =
1 keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
(Crystal 2π LC Range 25 KHz – 100 MHz
Oscillator) meceevlej Devegveeo DeeJe=efòe
1
f(P ) =
2π LCT

C.C M
pene@B CT =
C + CM

heâer[yewkeâ ØeJeOe&keâ
efkeâmeer Ùegefòeâ keâer DeeGšhegš (Jeesušspe Ùee Oeeje) keâe kegâÚ DebMe heâer[yewkeâ kesâ efyevee ØeJeOe&keâ keâe iesve Deesheve uethe iesve (open loop
(fraction) Fvehegš ceW Jeeheme os efoÙee peelee nw, lees Fmes heâer[yewkeâ gain) keâne peelee nw~
keânles nQ~ Ùen oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw–
heâer[yewkeâ kesâ meeLe ØeJeOe&keâ kesâ iesve keâes keäueespe uethe iesve (closed
loop gain) keâne peelee nw~

Oeveelcekeâ heâer[yewkeâ $e+Ceelcekeâ heâer[yewkeâ

FmeceW Fvehegš efmeieveue leLee heâer[yewkeâ efmeieveue Skeâ ner hesâpe (00
Ùee 3600) ceW nesles nw~

AF =
A FmeceW Fvehegš efmeieveue leLee heâer[yewkeâ efmeieveue kesâ yeerÛe 1800
1 − Aβ
keâe hesâpe Deblej neslee nw~
peneB A = ØeJeOe&keâ keâe Deeshesve uethe iesve
A
AF =
β = heâer[yewkeâ iesve AF = heâer[yewkeâ kesâ meeLe ØeJeOe&keâ keâe iesve~ 1 + Aβ

Electrician Capsule 183 YCT

 efveiesefšJe heâer[yewkeâ kesâ ueeYe– Jeesušspe
(Advantages of Negative Feedback) Mevš
yewC[efJe[dLe ceW Je=efæ nesleer nw~ (Mevš-
S/N Ratio ceW Je=efæ nesleer nw~
Mevš)
Noise Figure Iešleer nw~
DeeJe=efòe efJe™heCe keâce neslee nw
keâuee efJe™heCe keâce neslee nw~ Fmekeâes keâjsvš keâvš^esue Jeesušspe meesme& keânles nQ~
efmLejlee yeÌ{leer nw~ Fmes ‘š^ebmejefpemšsvme SchueerheâeÙej’ keânles nQ~
neceexefvekeâ ef[mše@Me&ve keâce neslee nw~ pewmes- keâueskeäšj yesme yeeÙeefmebie Deewj FveJeefšËie
efveiesefšJe heâer[yewkeâ kesâ neefve–
SchueerheâeÙej~
Fmemes ØeJeOe&keâ keâe Jeesušspe iesve keâce neslee nw~
keâjWš Mevš

heâer[yewkeâ meceleguÙe heefjheLe leLee cenlJehetCe& efyevog (Mevš -

šesheesuee@peer efmejerpe)

Jeesušspe
efmejerpe
DeLeJee Fmes keâjsvš keâvš^esue keâjWš SchueerheâeÙej keânles
efmejerpe nQ~
Mebš Fmes ‘keâjsvš SchueerheâeÙej’ keânles nw~
Fmekeâes Jeesušspe keâvš^esue Jeesušspe meesme& keânles pewmes- kewâmekesâ[ SchueerheâeÙej
nQ~
Fmes Jeesušspe SchueerheâeÙej keânles nQ~ efveiesefšJe heâer[yewkeâ keâe ØeJeOe&keâ keâer Characteristics hej

Goe.- keâe@ceve keâueskeäšj Deewj vee@ve FveJeefšËie ØeYeeJe-

SchueerheâeÙej
heâer[yewkeâ kesâ Øekeâej
keâjWš
hewjeceeršj Jeesušspe Jeesušspe keâjbš keâjbš
efmejerpe
efmejerpe Mebš efmejerpe Mebš
(efmejerpe-
efmejerpe) DeeGšhegš ØeeflejesOe Iešleer nw Iešleer nw yeÌ{leer nw yeÌ{leer nw
Fvehegš ØeeflejesOe yeÌ{leer nw Iešleer nw yeÌ{leer nw Iešleer nw
yewC[ efJe[dLe yeÌ{leer nw yeÌ{leer nw yeÌ{leer nw yeÌ{leer nw
Fmekeâes Jeesušspe keâvš^esue keâjsvš meesme& keânles nQ~
vee@ve ueerefveÙej Iešleer nw Iešleer nw Iešleer nw Iešleer nw
Fmes ‘š^ebmekebâ[keäšWme SchueerheâeÙej’ keânles nQ~
efJe™heCe
pewmes- keâe@ceve Sceeršj SchueerheâeÙej

Electrician Capsule 184 YCT

 33
Operational Amplifier
(Dee@hejsMeveue ØeJeOe&keâ)
Dee@hejsMeveue ØeJeOe&keâ (operational amplifier) Ùee op- DeeoMe& Deewj JÙeJeneefjkeâ Dee@hejsMeveue ØeJeOe&keâ keâer efJeefMeef°ÙeeB–
amp Skeâ GÛÛe ueeYe ef[øeWâefMeÙeue ØeJeOe&keâ (high gain (Specifications of Ideal and Practical Operational
differential amplifier) nw~ Amplifier)

cetuele: op-amp ieefCeleerÙe Dee@hejsMeve pewmes S[erMeve, hewjeceeršj DeeoMe& JÙeeJeneefjkeâ

meyeš^wkeäMeve, DeJekeâueve leLee Fbšer«esMeve keâjves nsleg ef[peeFve efveJesMe ØeeflejesOe (Ri) ∞ 1MΩ

efkeâÙee ieÙee Lee~ efveie&le ØeeflejesOe (Ro) 0 10Ω – 100Ω

op-amp Jeesušspe keâvš^esue Jeesušspe meesme& (VCVS) Ùegefòeâ nw~ Deeshesve uethe uee@Ye |Av| ∞ 106 Ùee 120dB
op-amp keâe yuee@keâ DeejsKe– yewC[efJe[dLe (BW) ∞ 106Hz Ùee 1 MHz
keâe@ceve cees[ DemJeerkeâejkeâ
∞ 106 Ùee 120dB
Devegheele (CMRR)
muÙet jsš ∞ 80V /µs

Øeefleueescekeâ Fvehegš (Inverting input)–

Dee@hejsMeveue ØeJeOe&keâ keâe Øeleerkeâ (Symbol of Op-amp)– Op-amp keâe (–Ve) efÛeÖ šefce&veue, FveJeefšËie šefceËveue
keânueelee nw DeLee&led Fme hej efoÙes ieÙes Input signal mes output
signal efJehejerle keâuee (1800) hej Øeehle neslee nw~
DeØeefleueescekeâ Fvehegš (Non-inverting input)–
Op-amp keâe (+Ve) efÛeÖ šefce&veue, vee@ve FveJeefšËie
šefce&veue keânueelee nw DeLee&le Fme hej efoÙes ieÙes input
Vo = A d (V1 − V2 )
signal mes DeeGšhegš Skeâ ner keâuee (00 Ùee 3600) hej Øeehle
peneb Ad = ef[heâjWefMeÙeue Jeesušspe iesve neslee nw~
op-amp 741 IC keâe efheve [eÙe«eece-
keâe@ceve cees[ ueeYe (Common mode gain)–
DeeGšhegš keâe@ceve cees[ Jeesušspe (V0 cm) leLee Fvehegš keâe@ceve
cees[ Jeesušspe (Vin cm) kesâ Devegheele keâes keâe@ceve cees[ ueeYe
(Acm) keânles nw~

V0 cm
Acm =
Vin cm

peneB Acm = keâe@ceve cees[ ueeYe

Vin cm = keâe@ceve cees[ Fvehegš Jeesušspe
V0 cm = keâe@ceve cees[ DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe

Electrician Capsule 185 YCT

 keâe@ceve cees[ DemJeerkeâjCe Devegheele– Fvehegš yee@Ùeme Oeeje-
(Common mode rejection ratio) Op-amp kesâ Øeefleueesce leLee DeØeefleueesce šefce&veuees ceW ØeJeeefnle nesves
Ùen ef[heâjsefvMeÙeue ueeYe leLee keâe@ceve cees[ ueeYe keâe Devegheele Jeeueer OeejeDeeW kesâ Deewmele keâes Fvehegš yeeÙeme Oeeje keânles nw~
neslee nw~
I1 + I 2
Ùen ef[heâjsefvMeÙeue ØeJeOe&keâ keâer keâe@ceve cees[ efmeiveue keâes Iib =
2
DemJeerke=âle (reject) keâjves keâer #ecelee keâes oMee&lee nw~ Fmekeâe ceeve 80 vewvees SefcheÙej mes 500 vewvees SefcheÙej lekeâ
CMRR =
Adm neslee nw~
Acm
OP-amp heefjheLe efÛe$e DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe
A
( CMRR )in dB = 20 log10 dm keâe veece
A cm
R 
muÙet oj (Slew Rate)– FveJeefšËie V0 = −Vi  f 
 R 
Op-amp keâes mšshe Fvehegš oer peeÙes lees DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe ceW ØeJeOe&keâ
DeefOekeâlece heefjJele&ve keâer oj muÙet oj (Slew rate) keânueeleer
nw~ vee@ve- V0  R f 
FveJeefšËie = 1 + 
∆V0
Vi  R 
muÙet oj (SR ) = ØeJeOe&keâ
∆t
yeheâj V0 = Vi
[peneB t ceeF›eâes meskesâC[ ceW nw]
ØeJeOe&keâ
Fmekeâe cee$ekeâ V / µ s neslee nw~
Ùee
hee@Jej mehueeF& DemJeerkeâjCe Devegheele-
Jeesušspe
Fvehegš Dee@heâmesš Jeesušspe ceW heefjJele&ve leLee hee@Jej mehueeF& heâe@ueesDej
Jeesušspe ceW heefjJele&ve kesâ Devegheele keâes PSRR keânles nQ~ if , R a = Rb = RC = R
Op-amp
−Rf
∆Viο Ùeesiekeâejer V0 = (Va + Vb + VC )
PSRR = R
∆V keâer lejn
Rf
V0 = (Vb − Va )
Fvehegš Dee@heâmesš Jeesušspe- R
Devlejkeâejer
DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe keâes MetvÙe keâjves kesâ efueS Fvehegš šefce&veue
kesâ ceOÙe kegâÚ Jeesušspe Øeoeve keâjveer heÌ[leer nw~ efpemekeâes Fvehegš
Dee@heâmesš Jeesušspe keânles nQ~
dVi
Fmekeâe ceeve 1 efceueer. Jeesuš mes 6efceueer. Jeesuš lekeâ neslee nw~ V0 = − RC
DeJekeâueve dt
Fvehegš Dee@heâmesš Oeeje- keâejer
Op-amp kesâ Øeefleueesce leLee DeØeefleueesce šefce&veuees ceW ØeJeeefnle nesves
Jeeueer OeejeDeeW kesâ Devlej keâes Fvehegš Dee@heâmesš Oeeje keânles nw~
−1
RC ∫
V0 = Vi .dt
Iio = I1 − I2 meceekeâueve
Fmekeâe ceeve 20 vewvees SefcheÙej mes 200 vewvees SefcheÙej lekeâ keâejer
neslee nw~

Electrician Capsule 186 YCT

 34
Multivibrators
(ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšme&)
yengkeâefche$e (Multivibrators)– yengkeâefche$e keâe veece efJeJejCe

ceušerJeeFyeÇsšj Skeâ Øekeâej kesâ Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ heefjheLe nesles nQ pees ceesvees-mšsyeue ceesvees-mšsyeue
Jeiee&keâej lejbies Ùee heume Glhevve keâjles nQ~ ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšj ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšj ceW kesâJeue

ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšj ceW ØeÙegòeâ š^ebefpemšj keâš Dee@heâ #es$e ceW Ùee meble=hle (Mono stable Skeâ mLeeÙeer DeJemLee

#es$e ceW keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~ multivibrator) nesleer nw leLee Skeâ

keäJeemeer mšsyeue mšsš
meeceevÙele: ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšj ceW oes š^ebefpemšj ØeÙeesie keâjles nQ, pees
(Quasi Stable
Skeâ otmejs mes ØeeflejesOe Ùegeficele jnles nQ~
State) nesles nQ~
Fve š^ebefpemšjeW ceW Oeveelcekeâ heâer[yewwkeâ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
FmeceW Skeâ yeej
ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšj keâer DeJemLee (state) oes Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw- T = RClog e 3 = 1.1RC
Triggering keâer
mLeeÙeer DeJemLee DemLeeÙeer DeJemLee (Astable DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~
(Stable State) state) meeceevÙele: Ùen Deheveer
mLeeÙeer DeJemLee Jen nesleer nw, DemLeeÙeer DeJemLee kegâÚ meceÙe mLeeÙeer DeJemLee ceW jnlee
pees mJeÙeb ve yeoues, efpemekeâes yeeo mJeÙeb yeoue peeleer nw, nQ~ efš^iej heume osves hej

heefjJeefle&le keâjves kesâ efueS yeenj DeLee&le Ssmeer DeJemLee efpemekeâes kegâÚ meceÙe kesâ efueS

mes keâesF& efmeiveue Ùee heume osves yeoueves kesâ efueÙes heume osves keâeR DemLeeF& DeJemLee ceW

keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nes~ DeeJeMÙekeâlee ve nes Deewj pees kegâÚ Ûeuee peelee nw~

meceÙe kesâ yeeo mJeÙeb ner yeoue DevegØeÙeesie

peeÙes, DemLeeÙeer DeJemLee (Application)-

heume keâes mš^sÛe keâjves ceW
keânueeleer nw~
(Pulse strecher)
ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšj leerve Øekeâej keâs nesles nQ–
heume pevejsš keâjves ceW

ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšj ef[ues (delay) heefjheLeeW

ceW
iesefšbie (gating) heefjheLe
ceW

Electrician Capsule 187 YCT

 eføeâkeäJeWmeer ef[JeeF[j, DutyCycle(D) =
TC
× 100% DevegØeÙeesie
TC + TD
ueerefveÙej jwche pevejsšj (Application)-

Missing pulse oesefue$eeW ceW, šeFefcebie heefjheLeeW

detection in PWM ceW, Jeiee&keâej lejbie
PPM pevejsšj ceW~
yeeF&-mšsyeue ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšj Fmekeâer oesveeW DeJemLeeSb
efMeefceš efš^iej (Schmitt trigger)–
(Bistable multivibrator) mLeeÙeer nesleer nw~
Ùen Skeâ Sceeršj Ùegeficele yeeF&mšsyeue ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšj neslee nw~
FmeceW keâesF& Quasi
Ùen hee@efpeefšJe heâer[yewkeâ hej keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
Stable State veneR nesles
nQ~ Fmekeâe š^ebmeheâj DeefYeue#eCe efnmšsefjefmeme uethe keâes ØeoefMe&le
keâjlee nw~
T = 0.69RC FmeceW oes yee¢e
Triggering keâer
DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~
Fmekeâes efMeefceš efš^iej kesâ
veece mes Yeer peevee peelee nw
DevegØeÙeesie-
efheäuehe heäuee@he kesâ ™he ceW
cesceesjer ceW
R2
ieefCeleerÙe Dee@hejsMeve keâjves VLT = ( –Vsat )
R1 + R 2
ceW R2
VUT = ( +Vsat )
Smšsyeue ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšj ] FmeceW keâesF& mLeeÙeer R1 + R 2

(Astable multivibrator) DeJemLee veneR nesleer nw~ Hysteresis Voltage-

FmeceW oes Quasi VHYS = VUT – VL T

Stable State nesles nQ~ DevegØeÙeesie

Smšsyeue ceušerJeeF&yeÇsšj Ùen efkeâmeer Yeer Sveeuee@ie efmeiveue keâes Jeiee&keâej DeLeJee

efyevee efkeâmeer heume efoÙes DeeÙeleekeâej Jesye (Square or Rectangular Wave) ceW
yeouelee nw~
Charging = 0.693 ner mJeÙeb, Deheveer oesveeW
(RA+RB).C DemLeeÙeer DeJemLeeDeeW ceW Ùen Slow edge (triangular wave) keâes fast edge
Discharging = 0.693 RB.C (square wave) ceW yeoueleer nw~
oesueve (Vibration)
Output = T = 0.693 (RA DeeÙeece legueveekeâejer kesâ ™he ceW
keâjlee jnlee nw~
+2RB).C efheäuehe heäueehe heefjheLe kesâ ™he ceW
Fmes øeâer jefvebie-Deeefmeuesšj
1 1.44
F= = Ùen Noisy signal keâes efkeäuehe keâjlee nw~
T ( R A + 2R B ) C Yeer keânles nQ~

Electrician Capsule 188 YCT

 35
Digital Electronics & Flip-Flop
(ef[efpešue Fueskeäš^e@efvekeäme SJeb efHeäuehe-Heäuee@he)
Sveeuee@ie efmeieveue ef[efpešue efmeieveue yeeFvejer mebKÙee yeeFvejer efmemšce ceW kesâJeue oes DebkeâeW 0
Sveeuee@ie efmeieveue Jen neslee ef[efpešue efmeieveue Jen ØeCeeueer leLee 1 keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
nw efpemekeâe ceeve Skeâ meleled neslee nw efpemekeâe ceeve oes (Binary Fme ØeCeeueer keâe DeeOeej (base or
jWpe (Continuous range) mecYeJe ceeveeW ceW mes keâesF& number radix), 2 nw~
kesâ Devevle ceeveeW ceW mes kegâÚ Skeâ neslee nw DeLee&led 0 system)
GoenjCele:– (1011)2
Yeer nes mekeâlee nw~ Ùee 1, DeLeJee Low Ùee
High FlÙeeefo~
Dee@keäšue mebKÙee Fme ØeCeeueer ceW Dee" Debkeâ (0, 1, 2, 3,
meYeer Øeeke=âeflekeâ efmeiveue
ØeCeeueer 4, 5, 6 leLee 7) keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee
Sveeuee@ie efmeieveue nesles nQ~
(Octal nw~ FmeceW DeeOeej 8 neslee nw~
mebKÙee ØeCeeefueÙeeB (Number Systems)– Number GoenjCele:– (677)8
cegKÙe mebKÙee ØeCeeefueÙeeB efvecve nQ– system)
[smeerceue mebKÙee ØeCeeueer (Decimal Number System) nwkeämee[smeerceue Fme ØeCeeueer keâer DeeOeej (radix), 16 nw~
yeeFvejer mebKÙee ØeCeeueer (Binary Number System) mebKÙee ØeCeeueer– nwkeäme ØeCeeueer ceW 0 mes 9 lekeâ Debkeâ
Dee@keäšue mebKÙee ØeCeeueer (Octal Number System) (Hexadecimal [smeerceue ØeCeeueer kesâ meceeve nesles nQ~
nskeämee[smeerceue mebKÙee ØeCeeueer (Hexadecimal Number Number Gmekesâ he§eeled 10 keâes A Éeje, 11 keâes
System) System) B Éeje, 12 keâes C Éeje, 13 keâes D
[smeerceue mebKÙee Fme ØeCeeueer ceW 0, 1, 2, 3 ,4, 5, 6, Éeje, 14 keâes E Éeje, 15 keâes F Éeje
ØeCeeueer 7, 8 leLee 9 ef[efpešdme keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~
(Decimal peelee nw~ FmeceW DeeOeej 10 neslee nw GoenjCele:– (9AF)16
number GoenjCele:–
system)
(3687.45)10 = 3×103 + 6 ×102 + 8
×101 + 7×100 + 4×10–1 + 5×10–2 =
3687.45
yeeFvejer mes [smeerceue ceW heefjJele&ve [sefmeceue mes yeeFvejer ceW heefjJele&&ve
efkeâmeer yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâes [smeerceue mebKÙee Fme heæefle ceW, hetCeeËkeâ Yeeie kesâ efueS [smeerceue mebKÙee 2 Éeje ›eâefcekeâ efJeYeepeve leLee
ceW yeoueves kesâ efueS yeeFvejer efyešeW keâes Gmekesâ oMeceueJe kesâ yeeo keâer mebKÙee keâes ›eâefcekeâ ™he mes 2 Éeje iegCee efkeâÙee peelee nw~
mLeeveerÙe ceeveeW DeLee&led 2 keâer IeeleeW keâes iegCee Mes<eheâue (remainder) Gušs ›eâce ceW (reverse order) ceW efueKee peelee nw~
keâjkesâ peesÌ[e peelee nw~ GoenjCele: (43)10 keâes yeeFvejer ceW efvecve Øekeâej heefjJeefle&le keâjWies–
(10111)2 = 1 × 24 + 0×23 + 1×22
+ 1×21 + 1×20
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 23
(101011.11010)2
= 1 × 25 + 0× 24 + 1 ×23 + 0×22 +
1×21 + 1×20 + 1×2–1 + 1×2–2 + 0×2–
3
+ 1×2–4 + 0×2–5
1 1 1 ∴ ( 43)10 = (101011) 2
32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + + +0+ +0
2 4 16 GoenjCele: (0.75)10 keâes yeeFvejer ceW efvecve Øekeâej keâveJeš& keâjWies~
= ( 43.8125)10

(0.75)10 = (0.11)2

Electrician Capsule 189 YCT

 Dee@keäšue mes [smeerceue ceW heefjJele&ve [smeerceue mes Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJele&ve

Fmekesâ efueS Dee@keäšue Debkeâ keâes Gmekesâ [smeerceue keâes Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves kesâ efueS [smeerceue mebKÙee keâes ueieeleej 8
mLeeveerÙe ceeve DeLee&led 8 keâer Ieele mes iegCee mes Yeeie efoÙee peelee nw~
keâj meYeer Øees[keäšdme keâes peesÌ[e peelee nw~ Mes<eheâueeW (remainder) keâes Gušs ›eâce ceW jKe keâj Dee@keäšue mebKÙee Øeehle keâer
GoenjCe peeleer nw~
(i) ( 7423)8 = 7 × 83 + 4 × 82 + 2 × 81 + 3 × 80 GoenjCele: (175)10 keâes Dee@keäšue ceW efvecve Øekeâej mes heefjJeefle&le keâjWies~
= 3584 + 256 + 16 + 3 = ( 3859 )10
(ii). (347.25)8 = 3×82 + 4×81 + 7×80 +
2×8–1 + 5×8–2
2 5
= 192 + 32 + 7 + +
8 64
= (231.328125)10
efYeVeelcekeâ (fraction) [smeerceue mebKÙee keâes Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves kesâ efueS
ueieeleej 8 mes iegCee keâjles nQ~
ØelÙeskeâ iegCeveheâue ceW Øeehle kewâjer (carry) keâes Skeâ ›eâce ceW jKeves hej Dee@keäšue
leguÙeebkeâ Øeehle neslee nw~
GoenjCele: [smeerceue mebKÙee (0.6875)10 keâes Dee@keäšue ceW efvecve Øekeâej heefjJeefle&le
keâjWies–

[smeerceue mes nwkeämee[smeerceue ceW heefjJele&ve nwkeämee[smeerceue mes [smeerceue ceW heefjJele&ve
Fme heefjJele&ve kesâ efueS [smeerceue mebKÙee keâes ueieeleej 16 mes Yeeie efoÙee Fme heefjJele&ve kesâ efueS ØelÙeskeâ nwkeäme ef[efpeš keâes
peelee nw Gmekesâ mLeeveerÙe ceeve (power of sixteen) mes iegCee
efYeVeelcekeâ (fractional) [smeerceue mebKÙee keâes nwkeäme ceW keâveJeš& keâjves kesâ keâj, meYeer Øees[keäšdme keâes peesÌ[les nQ~
GoenjCele:
efueS ueieeleej 16 mes iegCee keâjles nQ leLee iegCeveheâueeW ceW Øeehle Carry
Skeâ keâes ›eâce ceW jKeves hej nwkeäme leguÙeebkeâ Øeehle neslee nw~ ( 5A9 )16 = 5 × 162 + A × 161 + 9 × 160
GoenjCele: mebKÙee (2479)10 = 1280 + 10 ×16 + 9 = (1449 )10
( 235.17 )16 = ( 1449)10
= 2 × 16 2 + 3 × 161 + 5 × 160 + 1× 16−1 + 7 × 16 −2
=
2 × 256 + 3 × 16 + 5 ×1 + 1× 0.0625 + 7 × 0.0039

= 512 + 48 + 5 + 0.0625 + 0.0273

( 235.17 )16 = ( 565.08593)10
[smeerceue øewâkeäMeve (0.625)10 keâes nwkeämee ceW efvecve Øekeâej keâveJeš& keâjWies–

(0.625)10· (0. A)16

Electrician Capsule 190 YCT

 yeeFvejer mes nwkeämee[smeerceue ceW heefjJele&ve nwkeämee[smeerceue mes yeeFvejer ceW heefjJele&ve
yeeFvejer mes nwkeämee[smeerceue ceW heefjJele&ve kesâ efueS oeÙeW mes Ûeej–Ûeej nwkeäme mebKÙee keâes yeeFvejer ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves kesâ efueS nwkeäme
yeeFvejer efyešdme kesâ mecetn yeveeS peeles nQ~ ØelÙeskeâ mecetn keâes Gmekesâ mebKÙee kesâ ØelÙeskeâ Debkeâ keâes Gmekesâ 4–efyeš yeeFvejer leguÙeebkeâ
nwkeäme leguÙeebkeâ Éeje ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Éeje ØeoefMe&le efkeâÙee peelee nw~
GoenjCele: GoenjCele:
1 10 ( 5A2 )16 = ( 0101 1010 0010 ) 2
( 5FB2 )16 = ( 0101 1111 1011 0010 )2

yeeFvejer mes Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJele&ve Dee@keäšue mes yeeFvejer ceW heefjJele&ve
yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâes Dee@keäšue ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves kesâ efueS yeeFvejer mebKÙeeDeeW kesâ oebÙeer Dee@keäšue keâes yeeFvejer ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves kesâ
Deesj mes 3–3 efyeš keâe mecetn yeveeÙee peelee nw~ efueS ØelÙeskeâ Dee@keäšue ef[efpeš kesâ mLeeve hej
Deefvlece mecetn keâes hetCe& keâjves ceW Ùeefo DeeJeMÙekeâlee nes lees MetvÙe (0) keâe GheÙeesie Gmekeâe meceleguÙe (equivalent) 3-bit yeeFvejer
MSB kesâ mLeeve hej keâjkesâ mecetn yevee efoÙee peelee nw~ ef[efpeš efueKee peelee nw~
ØelÙeskeâ mecetn kesâ leguÙe Dee@keäšue mebKÙee %eele keâer pee mekeâleer nw~ GoenjCele:
GoenjCele: yeeFvejer (1001110)2 keâes Dee@keäšue ceW efvecve Øekeâej heefjJeefle&le keâjWies~

yeeFvejer efYeVe keâes Dee@keäšue ceW efvecve Øekeâej heefjJeefle&le keâjWies

1's leLee 2's keâe@cheueercesvš (1's and 2's Complement)– 2's efkeâmeer Yeer yeeFvejer mebKÙee kesâ 1's
1's 1's keâe@cheueercesvš %eele keâjves kesâ efueS yeeFvejer keâe@cheueercesvš keâe@cheueercesvš ceW 1 peesÌ[ves hej Øeehle mebKÙee,
keâe@cheueercesvš mebKÙee ceW ØelÙeskeâ 1 keâes 0 mes, leLee ØelÙeskeâ 0 yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâe 2's keâe@cheueercesvš nesleer
keâes 1 mes ØeeflemLeeefhele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ nw~
GoenjCele: 1 keâe 1's keâe@cheueercesvš 1–1 · 2's complement = 1's complement
0 leLee 0 keâe 1's keâe@cheueercesvš 1–0 · 1 +1
nw~ GoenjCele: 01001110 keâe 2's keâe@cheueercesvš
Fmeer Øekeâej 111 yeeFvejer keâe 1's efvecve Øekeâej %eele keâjWies–
keâe@cheueercesvš 000 leLee 1011 keâe 0100
nw~
1's keâe@cheueercesvš mebKÙee keâe FveJepe&ve
ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw~

Range of 1's Range of 2's ( −2n −1 ) to + (2n −1 − 1)

−(2n −1 − 1) to + (2n −1 − 1)
complement complement
number number
system: system:

Electrician Capsule 191 YCT

[smeerceue Debkeâes keâe BCD leLee Excess-3Code ceW Sefkeämeme- [smeerceue ef[efpeš keâe Excess-3 keâes[
Representation 3keâes[ %eele keâjves nsleg ØelÙeskeâ [smeerceue ef[efpeš ceW
(Excess-3 leerve peesÌ[ keâj Øeehle ef[efpeš keâer yeeFvejer
code) mebKÙee 4 bit ceW efueKeer peeleer nw~
Ùen non- weighted code nw~
Ùen self complementary code nw~
GoenjCe– [smeerceue ef[efpeš 4 keâe Excess-3
keâes[ 0111 nesiee~ keäÙeeWefkeâ 4±3 ·7 leLee 7
keâe yeeFvejer leguÙe 0111 neslee nw~
efjheäueskeäšs[ «es keâes[ ceW Skeâ mebKÙee mes Deieueer mebKÙee
keâes[ Ùee «es ceW kesâJeue Skeâ efyeš ÛeWpe neslee nQ~
keâes[– «es keâes[ keâes unit distance code Yeer
(Reflected keâne peelee nww~
Codes or «es keâes[ Yeeefjle keâes[ veneR nw, ÛetBefkeâ «es
Gray keâes[ ceW efyeš heespeerMeve kesâ meeLe mLeeveerÙe
Yeeefjle keâes[ Deewj DeYeeefjle keâes[– Code)
ceeve Ùee Yeej attached veneR neslee nw~
Yeeefjle keâes[ (Weighted DeYeeefjle keâes[ (Non- Ùen minimum error code nw~
Code) Weighted Code) yeeFvejer mes «es keâes[ Deewj «es keâes[ mes yeeFvejer ceW heefjJele&ve–
Ssmee keâes[ efpemekesâ ØelÙeskeâ Ssmee keâes[ efpemekesâ yeeFvejer mes «es-keâes[ ceW «es-keâes[ mes yeeFvejer ceW
ef[efpeš keâe Skeâ efveef§ele Yeej ØelÙeskeâ ef[efpeš keâe keâesF& heefjJele&ve heefjJele&ve
nes, Yeeefjle keâes[ (Weighted efveef§ele Yeej ve nes Non-
Code) keânueelee nw~ Weighted keâes[ keânueelee
8421/BCD, 2421, nw~
5211 binary, octal, Excess-3 Code Deewj
hexadecimal Gray Code, non- G 3 = B 3, G 2 = B 3 ⊕ B 2 B 3 = G 3, B 2 = G 2 ⊕ B 3
Weighted Code nQ~ G 1 = B 2 ⊕ B 1, G 0 = B 1 B 1 = G 1 ⊕ B 2, B 0 = G 0 ⊕
⊕ B0 B1
8421 keâes[ Ùeefo [smeerceue mebKÙee kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ef[efpeš kesâ
Ùee BCD mLeeve hej Gmekeâer Ûeej-efyeš yeeFvejer leguÙe
keâes[ mebKÙee efueKe oer peeÙeW, lees Fmekeâes BCD
(8421 DeLee&led binary-coded-decimal keâne
code OR peelee nw~
Binary SuheâevÙetcewefjkeâ keâes[dme ASCII keâes[ (American
BCD Number system kesâ 4 bit
coded (Alphanumeric Codes) Standard Code for
format ceW kesâJeue 10 valid state nesles
Decimal ) Information Interchange)
nQ~ ASCII keâes[ Skeâ 7-efyeš
SuheâevÙetcewefjkeâ [eše keâe
BCD number system keâe 4 bit keâes[ nw~
leelheÙe& Ssmes [eše mes nw
format 0000 mes 1001 lekeâ ner ceevÙe nw~ ceW 128
efpemeceW mebKÙeeSb Suheâeyes[dme ASCII code
BCD keâes[ Skeâ Yeeefjle keâes[ nw~ punctuation marks leLee characters nesles nQ~
GoenjCe– DevÙe mhesMeue kewâjskeäšme& ASCII code keâe ØeÙeesie
mebKÙee (649)10 keâes BCD ceW heefjJeefle&le Meeefceue neW leLee Ssmes keâes[dme heshej šshe, cewivesefškeâ šshe hebÛe
keâjves nsleg 649 kesâ ØelÙeskeâ ef[efpeš kesâ mLeeve efpeveceW alphanumeric data keâe[&, ueeFve efØevšj FlÙeeefo
hej Gmekeâe Ûeej efyeš yeeFvejer leguÙe efueKe keâes keâes[ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
osles nQ- alphanumeric code Extended ASCII DeLeJee
keânueelee nwb~ EBCDIC keâes[ Skeâ 8-bit
Alphanumeric keâes[ nw~
yetefueÙeve yeerpeieefCele (Boolean Algebra)–
Fmes ØeÙegòeâ keâj yetefueÙeve meceerkeâjCeeW keâes mejue ef[efpešue heefjheLeeW
ceW heefjJeefle&le efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Electrician Capsule 192 YCT
cegKÙe yetefueÙeve efveÙece De«eefueefKele nQ– Demorgan's Theorem
Boolean Rule or law Boolean Expression/
( A + B) = A.B
Equation A.B = A + B
Commutative law A+B = B+A Involution Theorem
AB = BA
(A) = A = A
Associative law A+ (B+C) = (A+B) +C Idempotent law A⋅A = A
A⋅ (BC) = (AB) ⋅C A+A = A
Distributive law A⋅ (B+C) = A⋅B+ A⋅C Duality Theorem AND operator – OR
Operator
Absorption law A⋅ (A+B) = A
OR operator – AND
A+A⋅B = A operator
Transposition AB + AC = (A+C)  →1
Theorem 0 ←
(A + B)
Identity A+0 = A
Consensus Theorem AB+ AC +BC = AB+ AC A+1 = 1
A⋅ 0 = 0
Dual of consensus (A+B) (A + C) (B+C) = A⋅1 = A
theorem
(A+B) (A + C)

efÛe$e ceW kegâÚ yesefmekeâ yetefueÙeve Dee@hejsMeve, Gvekesâ mebkesâle (symbol) leLee melÙe leeefuekeâeÙeW (truth tables) oer ieÙeer nQ-
Logic Symbol Algebric Function Truth Table
A B Y
0 0 0
OR Y =A+B 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
A B Y
0 0 0
AND Y = A.B 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
A Y
NOT (Inverter) Y=A 0 1
1 0
A B Y
0 0 1
NOR Y =A+B 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
A B Y
Y = AB + AB 0 0 0
XOR (Exclusive–OR) 0 1 1
= A⊕B 1 0 1
1 1 0
A B Y
Y = AB + A B 0 0 1
Exclusive NOR 0 1 0
= A⊙B 1 0 0
1 1 1
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
NAND Y = AB 1 0 1
1 1 0
A Y
Buffer Y=A 0 0
1 1

Electrician Capsule 193 YCT

Representation of Boolean functions:-
(yetefueÙeve hebâkeäMeve keâe ØeefleefveefOelJe)
DeefOekeâlece uee@efpekeâue efJemleej (Expression) Ùee melÙe leeefuekeâe
2n
=2
Canonical Form:- yetefueÙeve JÙebpekeâ kesâ ØelÙeskeâ heo ceW ØelÙeskeâ yetefueÙeve yeerpeieefCele Ùee lees hetjkeâ Ùee iewj-hetjkeâ neslee nw~
Sum of Product (SOP) Product of Sum (POS)
ØelÙeskeâ Øees[keäš keâes minterm kesâ ™he ceW peevee peelee nw~ ØelÙeskeâ Øees[keäš keâes maxterm kesâ ™he ceW peevee peelee nw~ POS form (πM)
DeeGšhegš uee@efpekeâ 1 nesves hej SOP ( ∑m) heâece& keâe keâe GheÙeesie leye efkeâÙee peelee nw peye DeeGšhegš uee@efpekeâ MetvÙe neslee nw~
GheÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ GoenjCe:- πM = ( A + B + C ) ⋅ ( A + B + C ) ⋅ (A + B + C)
GoenjCe:- ∑ = ( ABC ) + ( ABC ) + ABC
m

Note:-
DeefOekeâlece mecYeeefJele minterm Ùee maxterm = 2n
AND-OR logic = NAND-NAND logic [used in SOP]
OR AND logic = NOR-NOR logic [used in POS]
Karnaugh Map [K-map]:-
yetefueÙeve yeerpeieefCele keâes keâce keâjves keâe Skeâ JÙeJeefmLele Deewj mejue lejerkeâe nw~
Cells keâer mebKÙee = 2n, peneB n = No. of variables
K-map ceW Gray-code keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
yesefmekeâ iesš–
OR Gate mes mecyeefvOele cenlJehetCe& AND Gate mes mecyeefvOele cenlJehetCe& NOT Gate mes mecyeefvOele cenlJehetCe& leLÙe
leLÙe leLÙe
OR Gate keâes Parallel Switch AND Gate keâes Series Switch NOT Gate keâes invert Gate Yeer keâne
keâer lejn ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ keâer YeeBefle ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ peelee nw~
OR Gate keâe keâesF& Yeer Skeâ AND Gate keâe keâesF& Yeer Skeâ Fvehegš NOT Gate keâes 0 input osves hej output
Fvehegš High nesves hej DeeGšhegš 0 nesves hej DeeGšhegš 0 neslee nw~ 1 leLee 1 input osves hej DeeGšhegš 0 nes
High neslee nw~ AND Gate Associative leLee peelee nw~
OR Gate Associative leLee Commutative oesveeW efveÙeceeW keâe oes NOT Gate keâes Deeheme ceW peesÌ[keâj
Commutative oesveeW efveÙeceeW keâe heeueve keâjlee nw~ Buffer keâer lejn ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
DevegmejCe keâjlee nw~ Fmes Coincidence circuit Yeer keânles
OR Gate kesâ unused input keâes nw~
logic 0 mes peesÌ[ efoÙee peelee nw~ AND Gate kesâ unused input keâes
NOT Gate mes yeves yeheâj kesâ DeeGšhegš keâes
OR Gate ceW Control input keâes logic 1 mes peesÌ[e peelee nw~
Ùeefo Fvehegš mes peesÌ[ efoÙee peeÙes lees Ùen
1 keâjves hej Gate disable nes AND Gate ceW Control input keâes Bistable Multivibrator keâer lejn
peelee nw, leLee 0 keâjves hej Gate 0 keâjves hej Gate Disable nes peelee JÙeJenej keâjlee nw~
Enable nes peelee nw~ nw leLee 1 keâjves hej Gate Enable
nes peelee nw~

ÙetefveJeme&ue iesš–
UNIVERSAL GATE SPECIAL GATE
NAND GATE NOR GATE EX-OR GATE EX-NOR GATE
NAND Gate NOR Gate kesâJeue Ex-OR Gate keâe O/P high Ex-NOR Gate keâe DeeGšhegš
Commutative Commutative law leYeer neslee nw, peye Fmekesâ GÛÛe leYeer neslee nw, peye Fmekesâ
Law keâes follow keâes ner follow keâjlee Fvehegš hej GheefmLele 1's keâer Fvehegš hej GheefmLele 1's leLee 0's
keâjlee nw efkeâvleg nw~ mebKÙee efJe<ece (odd) nes~ keâer mebKÙee mece nes~
Associative law NOR Gate kesâ meYeer Exclusive-OR (Ex-OR) Ex-NOR Gate keâes Odd Parity
keâes follow veneR Fvehegš Low logic nesves Gate keâes Controlled Generator keâer lejn ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
keâjlee nw~ hej ner Output High inverter Yeer keânles nQ~ pee mekeâlee nw~
Electrician Capsule 194 YCT
 NAND Gate keâe Logic neslee nw~ Ex-OR Gate Ùeefo Fvehegš Variable keâer mebKÙee
keâesF& Yeer Skeâ Fvehegš NOR Gate ceW Unused Commutative leLee efJe<ece nes lees Ex-OR Gate leLee
Logic 0 nesves hej Fvehegš keâes Logic 0 Associative Law oesveeW keâes Ex-NOR Gate keâe DeeGšhegš
O/P ncesMee GÛÛe jKeles nQ~ Follow keâjlee nw~ meceeve neslee nw~
neslee nw~ NOR Gate ceW Ex – OR Gate keâes even Ùeefo Fvehegš Variable keâer mebKÙee
NAND Gate ceW Control input keâes parity generator keâer lejn mece nes lees Ex-OR Gate keâe
Control input keâes Logic 0 keâjves hej Yeer ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ DeeGšhegš Ex-NOR Gate keâs
logic 0 jKeves hej Gate Enable nes peelee Ex –OR Gate keâes DeeGšhegš keâe Complement neslee
Gate Disable jnlee nw leLee Logic 1 keâjves Comparator, code nw~
nw leLee Logic 1 hej Gate Disable nes converter (Binary to . .
Y = A⊕ B ⊕C = A O B O C
Gray or Gray to binary)
jKeves hej Gate peelee nw~ Deeefo keâer lejn ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee . B O. C O. D
Y = A⊕ B⊕C ⊕ D = A O
Enable nes peelee nw~
peelee nw~
NOR iesš leLee NAND iesš–
NOR leLee NAND iesš keâer meneÙelee mes NOT, AND, OR
leLee DevÙe iesš yeveeÙes pee mekeâles nw, FmeefueS Fmes Universal
gate keânles nw~
(4) Bubbled NOR Gate (4) AND Gate
Logic No. of NAND No. of NOR gate
gates gate required required
NOT 1 1
AND 2 3
OR 3 2 mebÙegòeâ heefjheLe Deveg›eâefcekeâ heefjheLe
EX-OR 4 5 (Combinational Circuit) (Sequential Circuit)
EX-NOR 5 4
Jele&ceeve DeeGšhegš kesâJeue Jele&ceeve DeeGšhegš Jele&ceeve
Jele&ceeve Fvehegš hej efveYe&j keâjlee Fvehegš kesâ meeLe-meeLe efheÚues
Bubble logic Positive logic nw~ DeeGšhegš hej efveYe&j keâjlee nw~
(1) Bubbled OR Gate (1) NAND Gate keâesF& heâer[yewkeâ ceewpeto veneR heâer[yewkeâ GheueyOe neslee
neslee nw~ nw~
keâesF& mce=efle (cesceesjer) ceewpeto heâer[yewkeâ heefjheLe kesâ
veneR nw~ keâejCe mce=efle GheueyOe nesleer
GoenjCe: keâcØesšj, ne@heâ S[j, nw~
(2) Bubbled AND Gate (2) NOR Gate hegâue S[j, ne@heâ meyeš^wkeäšj, hegâue GoenjCe: efheäuehe-heäuee@he,
meyeš^wkeäšj, ceušerhuewkeämej, keâeGvšj, jefpemšj Deeefo~
ef[ceušerhueskeämej, Svekeâes[j,
ef[keâes[j Deeefo~
(3) Bubbled NAND Gate (3) OR Gate
ne@heâ S[j (Half Adder) hegâue S[j (Full Adder)
oes 1–efyeš mebKÙeeDeeW keâes peesÌ[ves kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee peeves Full Adder Skeâ meceÙe ceW 3 efyeš keâe Ùeesie keâj mekeâlee nw~
Jeeuee uee@efpekeâ heefjheLe ‘ne@heâ S[j’ keânueelee nw~ Full Adder ceW 3–Fvehegš leLee 2-DeeGšhegš neslee nw~
ne@heâ S[j heefjheLe ceW oes Fvehegš leLee oes DeeGšhegš šefce&veue nesles nQ~ oes ne@heâ S[j leLee Skeâ OR iesš keâes ØeÙegòeâ keâj Full Adder
ne@heâ S[j kesâ DeeGšhegš šefce&veue ceW mes, EX-OR Gate hej yeveeÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Fvehegš ceW ØeÙegòeâ mebKÙeeDeeW keâe Ùeesie (sum) leLee AND Gate hegâue S[j kesâ yuee@keâ [eÙe«eece ceW oes Fvehegš A SJeb B leLee
hej kewâjer (Carry) Øeehle neslee nw~ leermejer Fvehegš C nw~

Electrician Capsule 195 YCT

 Truth Tableof Half Adder Truth Table of Full Adder
A B Sum Carry
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
Sum, (S) = A ⊕ B = AB + AB
Carry(C) = AB

Logical Expression–
SUM = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC = A ⊕ B ⊕ C
Carry = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
Carry = AB + C ( A ⊕ B )

ne@heâ meyeš^wkeäšj (Half Subtractor) hegâue meyeš^wkeäšj (Full Subtractor)

efkeâmeer Skeâ 1–efyeš mebKÙee mes keâesF& DevÙe 1–efyeš mebKÙee Ieševes Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ efyeš (multibit) keâer mebKÙee keâes Ieševes kesâ
kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee ieÙee uee@efpekeâ heefjheLe ne@heâ meyš^skeäšj efueS ØeÙegòeâ heefjheLe Full Subtractor keânueelee nw~
(Half Subtractor) keânueelee nw~ Full Subtractor ceW 3 Fvehegš An, Bn, Cn leLee oes
FmeceW oes Fvehegš leLee oes DeeGšhegš šefce&veume nesles nQ~ DeeGšhegš Dn SJeb Cn–1 nesleer nw~ Cn–1 efvecve ›eâce (low
order) kesâ efyeš keâes Ieševes kesâ efueS DeeJeMÙekeâ yeesjeW (borrow) nw~

neheâ meyeš^wkeäšj
Truth Tablefor Half Subtractor

Difference (D) = = A ⊕ B = AB + AB Difference (D) = A ⊕ B ⊕ C

Borrow (B) = AB Borrow (B) = AB + AC + BC

NAND Deewj NOR keâer meneÙelee mes S[j Deewj meyš^kw eäšj yeveevee~
No. of NAND Gate required No. of NOR Gate required

ne@heâ S[j 5 5

ne@heâ meyš^wkeäšj 5 5
hegâue S[j 9 9
hegâue meyeš^wkeäšj 9 9

Electrician Capsule 196 YCT

 ceušerhueskeämej (Multiplexer) ef[-ceušerhueskeämej (De-Multiplexer)
ceušerhueskeämej Ùee [eše mesueskeäšj Jen uee@efpekeâ heefjheLe nw pees [er-ceušerhueskeämej Jen heefjheLe neslee nw pees efkeâ efmebieue efveJesMe ueeFve
efkeâ 2n Fvehegš ceW mes efkeâmeer Skeâ Fvehegš keâes mesueskeäš keâjkesâ mes metÛevee keâes Øeehle keâjlee nw leLee Gmes 2n mecYeJe DeeGšhegš
DeeGšhegš ueeFve hej Yespelee nw~ ueeFvees ceW mes kesâJeue efkeâmeer Skeâ output line hej transmit
meueskeäMeve nsleg ceušerhueskeämej ceW n meueskeäMeve ueeFbme nesleer nw~ keâjlee nw~
m = 2n peneB m = Fvehegš ueeFve, Output ueeFve keâe selection , n-selection lines Éeje
n = mesueskeäMeve ueeFve, kebâš^esue efkeâÙee peelee nw~
2n = m peneB 2n = DeeGšhegš ueeFve
MUX ceW AND Gate neslee nw Deewj Fmekesâ yeeo OR-gate n = mesueskeäš ueeFve
neslee nw~
Decoder circuit kesâ meeLe enable add keâjkesâ De-
Multiplexer yeveeÙee pee mekeâlee nw~

ceušerhueskeämej kesâ DevegØeÙeesie (Application of

Multiplexer)– ef[-ceušerhueskeämej kesâ DevegØeÙeesie (Application of
cesveer št Jeve meefke&âš Demultiplexer)–
ÙetefveJeme&ue uee@efpekeâ meefke&âš Jeve št cesveer meefke&âš
[eše mesueskeäšj meefke&âš [eše ef[mš^eryÙetšj
hewjsueue št meerefjÙeue keâvJeš&j meerefjÙeue št hewjsueue keâvJeš&j
[eše ™efšbie, [eše mesueskeäMeve
uee@efpekeâ hebâkeäMeve pesvejsMeve
JesJe heâe@ce& pesvejsMeve
ef[keâes[j (Decoder) Svekeâes[j (Encoder)
ef[keâes[j Skeâ keâe@efcyevesMeveue uee@efpekeâ heefjheLe neslee nw efpemeceW n-Fvehegš
nesles nw leLee DeefOekeâlece 2n DeeGšhegš ueeFvme nesleer nw~ m ≤ 2n
n- efyeš ef[keâes[s[ information kesâ kegâÚ Unused DeLee&led don't
care combination nes lees out put ueeFbme 2n mes keâce nesieer~
2 × 4 Decoder minimum possible decoder nw~
ef[keâes[j meefke&âš ef[peeFefvebie ceW yesefmekeâ iesš AND iesš kesâ meeLe NOT
iesš keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ FveceW 2n (Ùee keâce) Fvehegš ueeFvme Je n DeeGšhegš
ueeFvme nesleer nw~
2n Fvehegš ueeFvme ceW mes pees Yeer ueeFvme Active nesleer
nw Gmekeâe n-efyeš keâes[ DeeGšhegš hej GlheVe neslee nw~
Encoder circuit keâer ef[peeFve ceW Basic OR Gate
keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ef[keâes[j kesâ DevegØeÙeesie (Application of Decoder)– Svekeâes[j kesâ DevegØeÙeesie (Application of
yeeFvejer mes Dee@keäšue Encoder)–
yeeFvejer mes [sefmeceue Dee@keäšue mes yeeFvejer
yeeFvejer mes nskeämee[sefmeceue nskeämee[sefmeceue mes yeeFvejer
BCD mes Seven Segment [sefmeceue mes yeeFvejer
[sefmeceue mes BCD
keâeryees[& DehueerkesâMeve
Analog to Digital Converter
veesš– ef[keâes[j Deewj [ercekeäme heefjheLe ueieYeie meceeve nesles nQ~
Electrician Capsule 197 YCT
 Logic Family (uee@efpekeâ heefjJeej)
ef[efpešue uee@efpekeâ hewâefceueer keâe JeieeakeâjCe :

uee@efpekeâ hewâefceueer kesâ DeefYeue#eCe :

ØeeshesiesMeve šeFce ef[ues [tpd]
t PHL + t PLH
t pd = ns
2
t PLH > t PHL (BJT ceW) efjJeme& efjkeâJejer šeFce kesâ keâejCe
t PLH < t PHL (FET ceW) DeefOekeâ kewâhesefmešsvme yeveves kesâ keâejCe
efheâiej Dee@heâ cesefjš (FOM)
FOM = t pd ( ns ) × PD(avg ) ( mW ) Pico Joules
hewâve DeeGš
IOH(min)
High State Fan Out =
I IH(min)
IOL(max)
Low State Fan Out =
I IL(max)
efJeefYeVe uee@efpekeâ hewâefceueer keâer leguevee-

50

šeFce heerefjÙe[ (ns)

(Slowest switch)MOS > HTL > CMOS > RTL > DTL > TTL > ECL (Fastest switch)
hee@Jej [smeerhesMeve
HTL>ECL>TTL>RTL>DTL>MOS>CMOS
ICs keâe JeieeakeâjCe-
ICs Equivalent to Logic Number of components
Gates
Small Scale Integration [SSI] <12 Up to 99
Medium Scale Integration [MSI] 12-99 100-999
Large Scale Integration [LSI] 100-999 1000-9999
Very Large Scale Integration [VLSI] >1000 Above 10000

Electrician Capsule 198 YCT

 Flip-Flop (efheäuehe-heäuee@he)
heefjÛeÙe (Introduction)– Sequential logic heefjheLe ceW heâer[ yewkeâ ØeÙegòeâ keâer peeleer nw leLee
efheäuehe–heäuee@he 1 efyeš mšesjspe ef[efpešue cesceesjer heefjheLe nw~ Fmekeâer Present output, present input kesâ meeLe-meeLe
Fmekeâer oes mLeeÙeer DeJemLeeSB (stable states) nesleer nQ~ previous output hej efveYe&j keâjleer nw~

Ùen Skeâ Sequential logic heefjheLe nw~

efheäuehe- uee@efpekeâue [eÙe«eece melÙelee leeefuekeâe cenlJehetCe& efyevog
heäuee@he
NOR iesš keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ Active High SR
Flip-Flop yeveeÙee peelee nw~
SR NAND Gate keâe ØeÙeesie Active low SR Flip-
efheäuehe- Flop yeveeves ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~
heäuee@he SR Flip-Flop keâes Latch Flip-Flop Yeer keânles nQ~
Characteristic equation efheäuehe–heäuee@he keâer DeeGšhegš Q leLee Q hejmhej
Q n+1 = S + R Q n keâe@cheueercesvš^er nesleer nw~
JK efheäuehe-heäuee@he SR Flip-Flop kesâ Jeefpe&le
DeJemLee (Prohibitate State) keâes Remove keâjlee
nw~
JK Flip-Flop keâer Set, Reset leLee No change
JK
DeJemLee SR Flip-Flop keâer lejn neslee nw~
efheäuehe-
JK Flip-Flop ceW J = K = 1 keâer efmLeefle ceW JK
heäuee@he
Flip-Flop inverter keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
Characteristic equation
JK Flip-Flop ceW Race around condition GlheVe
Q n+1 = JQ n + KQ n
nesleer nw efpemes Master slave Flip-Flop mes otj
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
D-Flip-Flop keâes Transparent latch kesâ veece mes
D Yeer peevee peelee nw~
efheäuehe- D-Flip-Flop keâes Delay Flip-Flop Yeer keânles nQ~
heäuee@he D-Flip-Flop yeveeves kesâ efueS SR Flip-Flop kesâ
Characteristic equation S-terminal keâes Invert keâjkesâ R- terminal mes
Qn+1 = D Connect keâj efoÙee peelee nw~
T-efheäuehe-heäuee@he keâes Toggle efheäuehe-heäuee@he Yeer
keânles nw~
T Fme efheäuehe–heäuee@he ceW kesâJeue Skeâ Fvehegš nseleer nw~
efheäuehe- JK Flip-Flop kesâ oesveeW Fvehegš šefce&veue Deeheme ceW
Characteristic equation
heäuee@he peesÌ[keâj T- Flip-Flop yeveeÙee peelee nw~
Q n +1 = TQ n + TQ n

= T ⊕ Qn

199
jsme DejeGC[ keâC[erMeve (Race Around Condition)– efMeheäš jefpemšme& (Shift Register)
jsme DejeGC[ keâC[erMeve keâer mecemÙee JK-Flip-Flops ceW J efheäuehe–heäuee@he kesâ mesš Ùee mecetn keâes jefpemšj (register) keânles
= K = 1 nesves keâer efmLeefle ceW Glhevve nesleer nw~ nQ~
jsme DejeGC[ keâC[erMeve Flip-Flop kesâ level triggered jefpemšj yeeFvejer mebKÙee keâes mšesj keâjves kesâ efueS ØeÙegòeâ efkeâÙee
nesves hej GlheVe neslee nw~ Fmes meceehle keâjves kesâ efueS Edge peelee nw~
triggered keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efMeheäš jefpemšj Éeje yeeFvejer mebKÙee 'shift in' DeLeJee 'shift
JK-Flip-Flop kesâ Toggling mode (DeLee&led J = K = 1) out' keâer peeleer nw~
ceW ØeÛeeueve kesâ meceÙe FmeceW ØeÙegòeâ keâer ieÙeer keäuee@keâ DeJeefOe efMeheäš jefpemšj keâes JK Flip-Flop keâer meneÙelee mes yeveeÙee
(Clock duration) keâe ceeve Flip-Flop kesâ ØeeshesiesMeve peelee nw~
delay mes DeefOekeâ (Tpw > Tpd (FF)) nesves hej Flip-Flops efMeheäš jefpemšj ceW n-bit keâes Store keâjves kesâ efueS n-flip-
Multi-toggling keâjves ueielee nw, Fme efmLeefle keâes jsme flop keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~
DejeGC[ keâC[erMeve keânles nQ~ efMeheäš jefpemšj kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Shift Register)-
jsme DejeGC[ keâC[erMeve keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS keäuee@keâ DeJeefOe SISO – meerefjÙeue Fve meerefjÙeue DeeGš
(Clock duration) keâes Flip-Flop kesâ Propagation SIPO – meerefjÙeue Fve hewjueue DeeGš
delay mes keâce jKee peelee nw~ PISO – hewjueue Fve meerefjÙeue DeeGš
Tpw < Tpd ( FF ) < T PIPO – hewjueue Fve hewjueue DeeGš
Register Presentation Clock pulse
Race –Around Condition Edge triggered Flip-
Flop Éeje meceehle efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Input Output

JK ceemšj–muesJe efheäuehe–heäuee@he (JK Master –Slave Flip- SISO LSB

IN  → FF1 FF2 FF3 FF4 → out n (n–1)

Flop)– SIPO n 0

PISO 1 (n–1)

jsme DejeGC[ keâC[erMeve keâes otj keâjves kesâ efueS ceemšj PIPO 1 0
muesJe efheäuehe-heäuee@he keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
ceemšj efheäuehe-heäuee@he Clock pulse keâer Positive
edge hej DeeGšhegš oslee nw leLee Slave Flip-Flop SISO efMeheäš jefpemšj ceW šeFce ef[ues:-
clock pulse keâer efveiesefšJe edge hej DeeGšhegš oslee nw~
1
∆t = N × T = N ×
Slave Flip-Flop kesâ Edge triggered nesves hej fc
Fmekesâ DeeGšhegš hej jsme DejeGC[ keâC[erMeve keâer peneB,
mecemÙee GlheVe veneR nesleer nw~ N – efheäuehe-heäuee@he keâer mebKÙee
ceemšj muesJe efheäuehe-heäuee@he ceW DeeGšhegš leYeer heefjJeefle&le T – keäuee@keâ heume keâe šeFce heerefjÙe[
nesiee, peye muesJe keâe DeeGšhegš heefjJeefle&le neslee nw~ fc – keäuee@keâ DeeJe=efòe

200
keâeGvšj (Counter) Fmekeâer ef[peeFve mejue nesleer nw~ Fmekeâer ef[peeFve yengle keâe@chueskeäme
keâeGvšj kesâ ØeÙeesie keâeGvšj efheäuehe-heäuee@he kesâ kewâmkesâef[bie neslee nw~
(Uses of mes yevelee nw~ pewmes- efjheue keâeGvšj (Dehe Ùee pewmes- efjbie keâeGvšj, pee@vemeve
Counter) keäuee@keâ heume keâer keâeGefvšbie ceW [eGve keâeGvšj) keâeGvšj/šdefJemšs[ efjbie keâeGvšj
eføeâkeäJeWmeer ef[Jeerpeve ceW
fi
šeFcej ceW keâeGvšj keâe DeeGšhegš eføeâkeäJeWmeer f 0 =
M
je[ej ceW pene@, fi = Input frequency
DeeJe=efòe ceeheve ceW M = Modulus of counter ≤ 2n
JesJeheâe@ce& GlheVe keâjves ceW kewâmekesâ[ keâeGvšj keâer eføeâkeäJeWmeer (Frequency of cascade
keâeGvšj kesâ efueS Skeâ keâeGvšj Éeje efieves peeves Jeeues counter)-
cenlJehetCe& efyevog mšsšeW keâer mebKÙee keâes keâeGvšj kesâ Overall Mod of counter = M.N
cee[gueme kesâ ™he ceW peevee peelee nw~ fi
Overall output frequency of counter ( f 0 ) =
M = Modulus = Mod = Total M× N
number of use states n-bit counter kesâ ØelÙeskeâ efheäuehe-heäuee@he kesâ efueS šeFce ef[ues (tpd)
n = Number of bits or flip-flop, M nw lees kegâue keäuee@keâ heerefjÙe[
≤ 2n
TCLK ≥ n.t pd( ff ) (for Ripple counter)
M = 2n (yeeFvejer keâeGvšj Ùee efjheue
keâeGvšj) TCLK ≥ t pd(ff ) (for synchronous counter)
M < 2 (BCD keâeGvšj)
n
Note- meyemes heâemš keâeGvšj efmeb›eâesveme-hewjueue kewâjer keâeGvšj neslee nw~
keâeGvšj kesâ Øekeâej (Types of Counter)-
1 1
FCLK ≤ Fmax =
n.t pd(ff ) n.t pd( ff )

Counter Number Unused Output

of states, state frequency
Sefmeb›eâesveme keâeGvšj efmeb›eâesveme keâeGvšj (M) (fo)
BCD/Mod-10 10 6, fi
(Asynchronous (Synchronous counter) fo =
n 10
counter/Decade (2 – M)
counter)
counter
FmeceW henues efheäuehe-heäuee@he keâes FmeceW Skeâ ner keäuee@keâ heume mes
Ring counter n 2n – n fi
keäuee@keâ efmeiveue efoÙee peelee nw meYeer efheäuehe-heäuee@he keâes keäuee@keâ fo =
n
leLee Gmeer efheäuehe-heäuee@he kesâ efoÙee peelee nw~ Johnson/Twisted 2n 2n – 2n fi
fo =
DeeGšhegš keâes Deieues efheäuehe- Ring counter 2n
heäuee@he kesâ keäueekeâ kesâ ™he ceW
Sefmeb›eâesveme keâeGvšj keâes henÛeeveves keâe lejerkeâe-
ØeÙeesie keâjles nw~
Triggering Output Multiplication Counter
Ùen muees neslee nw~ Ùen heâemš neslee nw~
+Ve Qo = +Ve +Ve Down
FmeceW ØeeshesiesMeve ef[ues kesâ keâejCe FmeceW ef[keâesef[bie Sjj veneR Deelee –Ve Qo = +Ve –Ve UP
ef[keâesef[bie Sjj Deelee nw~ nw~

201
 36
Power Electronics Devices &
I.C. Regulators
(hee@Jej Fueskeäš^e@efvekeäme ÙegefòeâÙeeB SJeb
DeeF&.meer. jsieguesšme&)
LeeÙeefjmšj (Thyristors)– SCR kesâ meceleguÙe heefjheLe:
Thyristor = Thyratron tube + Resistor
LeeÙeefjmšj ÙegefòeâÙeeB efmeefuekeâe@ve (Si) he mes efveefce&le keâer peeleer nw~
efmeefuekeâe@ve keâer Power Handling Capacity GÛÛe nesleer nw~
leLee FmeceW efvecve ueerkesâpe Oeeje ØeJeeefnle nesleer nw~
LeeÙeefjmšj Skeâ GÛÛe hee@Jej efmJeefÛebie GhekeâjCe nw~
LeeÙeefjmšj Skeâ Bi-stable device nw FmeerefueS Ùen Skeâ uewefÛebie
Ùegefòeâ nw~
LeeÙeefjmšj Jeesušspe Ùee keâjWš mes Deehejsš nes mekeâlee nw~
LeeÙeefjmšj keâer efmJeefÛebie mheer[ BJT kesâ Dehes#ee DeefOekeâ nesleer nw~ SCR kesâ DevegØeÙeesie:
PNPN [eÙees[ DeLeJee Mee@keâues [eÙees[- S.meer. Je [er.meer. ceesšme& keâer ieefle efveÙeb$eCe nsleg~
PNPN [eÙees[ keâes efyevee leeheceeve Je ØekeâeMe efveÙeb$eCe ceW~
iesš kesâ SCR keânles nQ~ efo°keâejer efmJeÛe kesâ ™he ceW
PNPN [eÙees[ keâes Mee@keâues
FvJeš&j kesâ ™he ceW
[eÙees[ Yeer keâne peelee nw~ efjues Je T<cee efveÙeb$eCe ceW
Ùen Ûeej hejle Ùegefòeâ nw~ uee@efpekeâ SJeb ef[efpešue heefjheLeeW ceW
šeFce efjues heefjheLe ceW
SCR kesâ šve& Dee@ve kesâ efueS
GÛÛe Jeesušspe mes yeÛeeJe ceW ~
ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
SCR kesâ working cees[-
efmeefuekeâe@ve keâbš^esu[ jsefkeäšheâeÙej (SCR)-
Working Mode Working
1. heâe@jJe[& yuee@efkebâie peye Svees[ keâes kewâLees[ keâer leguevee ceW
cees[ Oeveelcekeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw, leye pebkeäMeve J2
(Forward efjJeme& yeeÙem[ leLee J1 Je J3 heâe@jJe[&
blocking yeeÙeme nes peelee nw~
Mode) Fme efmLeefle ceW SCR Dee@heâ mšsš ceW jnlee
nw~
2. heâe@jJe[& peye Svees[ Deewj kewâLees[ keâs ceOÙe
keâv[efkeäšbie cees[ Oeveelcekeâ Jeesušspe yeÌ{eF& peeleer nw leye
SCR Ûeej uesÙej, leerve pebkeäMeve (J1, J2, J3) leLee leerve šefce&veue
(Forward ef[hueerMeve hejleeW hej GÛÛe Jeesušspe
Conducting ØeJeCelee kesâ keâejCe pebkeäMeve J2 keâe
(Svees[, kewâLees[, iesš) ef[JeeFme nw~ Mode)
yesÇkeâ[eGve nes peelee nw~ efpememes SCR
SCR keâes yeveeves kesâ efueS efmeefuekeâe@ve (Si) cewšsefjÙeue keâe ØeÙeesie
Dee@ve mšsš ceW Dee peelee nw~
keâjles nw keäÙeeWkeâer Si keâe Lejceue mšsefyeefuešer DeÛÚer nesleer nw~
pekeääMeve J2 keâe yeÇskeâ[eGve SJeueebÛes
SCR kesâJeue De«e DeefYevele ceW keâeÙe& keâjlee nw~
yeÇskeâ[eGve neslee nw~ Fme Øekeâej leerveeW
SCR SkeâefoMeerÙe (Unidirectional) Ùegefòeâ nw~
pebkeäMeve J1, J2, J3 heâjJe[& yeeÙeme nes
Ùen Current operated DeLeJee Voltage operated Ùegefòeâ nw~ peelee nw~
Electrician Capsule 202 YCT
 3.efjJeme& yuee@efkebâie peye Svees[ keâes kewâLees[ keâer leguevee ceW dv/dt Jen DeefOekeâlece Jeesušspe heefjJele&ve keâer oj
cees[ $e+Ceelcekeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw, leye pebkeäMeve jsefšbie efpemekeâes LeeÙeefjmšj efyevee ON ngS men
(Reverse J1 Je J3 efjJeme& yeeÙem[ ceW leLee J2 heâe@jJe[&  dv 
Blocking yeeÙeme nes peelee nw~ (bear) mekeâlee nes   Rating
Mode)  dt 
SCR kesâ efjJeme& yuee@efkebâie mšsš ceW Skeâ
keânueeleer nw~
met#ce efjJeme& ueerkesâpe Oeeje ØeJeeefnle nesleer
dv
nw~ mveyej meefke&âš keâe GheÙeesie keâjkesâ jsefšbie
dt
nesefu[bie keâjWš (IH) uewefÛebie keâjWš (IL) keâes efveÙebef$ele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
keâce mes keâce Jen keâjWš pees keâce mes keâce Jen Dee@ve mšsš keâjWš di/dt jsefšbie Jen DeefOekeâlece Oeeje heefjJele&ve keâer oj pees
SCR keâes Conduction pees SCR kesâ šve& Dee@ve nesves kesâ
LeeÙeefjmšj ON state ceW men (bear) mekeâlee
Region ceW yeveeS jKes yeeo SCR ceW ØeJeeefnle neslee nw
nes, di/dt Rating keânueelee nw~
nesefu[bie keâjWš keânueeleer nw~ Gmes uewefÛebie keâjWš keânles nQ~
di
nesefu[bie keâjWš Dee@heâ mšsš mes uewefÛebie keâjWš Dee@ve mšsš mes keâe DeefOekeâlece ceeve 500 Amp / µ sec nes
mebyebefOele nw DeLee&le Ùeefo efkeâmeer mebyebefOele nw~ Dele: SCR keâes Dee@ve dt
SCR keâes Dee@heâ keâjvee nw lees mšsš ceW yeveeS jKeves kesâ efueS mekeâlee nw~
Svees[ keâjWš keâes nesefu[bie Svees[ keâjWš keâes uewefÛebie keâjWš kesâ
keâjWš mes keâce keâjvee nesiee~ yejeyej Ùee DeefOekeâ jKevee nesiee~ Jeesušspe Peak InverseVoltage ( PIV )
Vf =
nesefu[bie keâjWš Deewj uewefÛebie keâjsš ceW mebyebOe: mesHeäšer 2 × RMS value of the operating voltage
IL Hewâkeäšj
= 2.5 IL > IH
IH I2RT ceeve Ùen LeeÙeefjmšj keâer Lece&ue jsefšbie keâes efveOee&efjle
keâjlee nw Deewj Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie LeeÙeefjmšj kesâ
LeeÙeefjmšj jsefšbie (Thyristor Rating)–
efueS GÛÛe ieefle kesâ HeäÙetpe (high speed
jsefšbie efJeJejCe fuse) kesâ ÛeÙeve ceW neslee nw~
heerkeâ FvJeme& Jen DeefOekeâlece efjJeme& Jeesušspe efpemes SCR hej SCR keâer efš^ieefjbie (Triggering of SCR)–
Jeesušspe ueeiet efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, efyevee efjJeme& efoMee peye SCR kesâ Svees[ keâjWš keâe ceeve uewefÛebie keâjWš mes DeefOekeâ
(PIV) ceW mebÛeeefuele efkeâÙes~ efkeâÙee peelee nw, leye SCR ON Condition ceW Dee peelee nw~ Fmes
PIV ≥ VT SCR keâer efš^ieefjbie keânles nQ~
LeeÙeefjmšj keâe PIV leeheceeve hej efveYe&j keâjlee IA > I L → Turn - ON SCR
nw~
efš^ieefjbie efJeJejCe
Dee@ve mšsš LeeÙeefjmšj kesâ Ûeeueve DeJemLee
Jeesušspe (Conduction state) ceW Dee peeves kesâ yeeo
Lece&ue / leehe peye Deæ&Ûeeuekeâ heoeLe& keâe leehe yeÌ{lee
(On state Gmekesâ Svees[ leLee kewâLees[ kesâ ceOÙe keâe efš^ieefjbie nw, lees Gmekesâ men mebÙeespekeâ yebOe štšles
voltage) Jeesušspe ON-state Jeesušspe keânueelee nw~ (Thermal/ nw~ efpememes GmeceW DeuhemebKÙekeâ DeeJesMe
LeeÙeefjmšj keâer ON-state voltage ueieYeie temperature JeenkeâeW keâer mebKÙee yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ DeLee&le
5V nesleer nw~
triggering) SCR kesâ Anode current
(DeuhemebKÙekeâ JeenkeâeW kesâ keâejCe) keâe
efHebâiej Svees[ mes kewâLees[ kesâ yeerÛe keâe Jen vÙetvelece
ceeve latching current mes DeefOekeâ
Jeesušspe Jeesušspe pees Kegues iesš kesâ meeLe oer peeleer nw
efkeâÙee peelee nw, leye SCR 'ON
(Knee efpememes SCR Ûeeueve #es$e (conduction
condition ceW Dee peelee nw~ Fmes SCR
voltage) region) ceW Dee peelee nw~
keâer Lece&ue Triggering keânles nw~
šve& Dee@ve LeeÙeefjmšj keâes OFF state mes ON state ceW
šeF&ce Deeves kesâ efueS efpelevee meceÙe ueielee nw, Gmes efJeefkeâjCe peye GheÙegòeâ leer›elee Jeeueer ØekeâeMe SCR
Turn ON time keâne peelee nw~ efš^ieefjbie Ùee kesâ J2 pebkeäMeve hej Øeoeve keâer peeleer nw leye
(Turn on
time) Fmekeâe ceeve 2 mes 4 µ sec lekeâ neslee nw~ ØekeâeMe efš^ieefjbie ef[hueerMeve uesÙej ceW co-valent bond
(Radiation break nesles nQ~ efpememes DeuhemebKÙekeâ
šve& Dee@Heâ Jen meceÙe efpemeceW LeeÙeefjmšj ON state mes triggering or JeenkeâeW kesâ keâejCe ueerkesâpe keâjWš (Svees[
šeF&ce OFF state ceW Ûeuee peelee nw, Gmes Turn Light keâjsvš), uewefÛebie keâjsvš kesâ yejeyej nes
(Turn off OFF time keâne peelee nw~ triggering) peeleer nw Deewj SCR ON nes peelee nw~
time) Fmekeâe ceeve meeceevÙe SCR nsleg 50 mes Fme efJeefOe Éeje keâF& SCR keâes Skeâ meeLe
100 µ sec lekeâ neslee nw~
efš^iej efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Electrician Capsule 203 YCT
 heâe@jJe[& Jeesušspe peye Anode to Cathode Voltage DevegØeÙeesie (Application)–
efš^ieefjbie (VAK) keâe ceeve yeÌ{ekeâj Forward S.meer. Jeesušspe keâvš^esuej
(Forward break over Voltage (VBO) lekeâ hesâpe keâvš^esuej jsefkeäšheâeÙej
voltage ueeÙee peelee nw, lees J2 pebkeäMeve hej meeFkeäueeskeâvJeš&j
triggering) SJeueebÛes yeÇskeâ[eGve kesâ keâejCe SCR
turn ON nes peelee nw~
Heâesm[& [er.meer. heefjheLeeW ceW SCR keâes šve&-Dee@Heâ
VAK ≂ 800V (at J2 Junction) keâcÙetšsMeve keâjves kesâ efueS Gmekeâer Heâe@jJe[& Oeeje
JÙeeJeneefjkeâ ™he mes Fme Øekeâej keâer (Forced efkeâmeer yee¢e heefjheLe keâer meneÙelee mes
efš^ieefjbie efJeefOe keâes ØeeLeefcekeâlee veneR oer Commutation) MetvÙe keâer peeleer nw~
peeleer nw~ heâesm[& keâcÙetšsMeve efvecve Øekeâej kesâ nesles nw-
dv/dt efš^ieefjbie Ùeefo ef[JeeFme kesâ across Jeesušspe Class A - Fmes mesuheâ (Self) keâcÙetšsMeve Yeer keânles nw~
heefjJele&ve keâer oj (rate of Change of Class B - Fmes Oeeje (Current) keâcÙetšsMeve Ùee Devegveeoer
voltage) ef›eâefškeâue ceeve (critical (Resonance) keâcÙetšsMeve Yeer keânles nw~
value) mes DeefOekeâ nes leye SCR ON Class C - Fmes keâchueercesvš^er (Complementary) keâcÙetšsMeve Yeer
nes peelee nw~ keânles nw~
Load Dev[j Jeesušspe kesâ keâejCe
Class D - Fmes Jeesušspe Ùee Fcheume (Impulse) keâcÙetšsMeve Yeer
damage nes peelee nw~
keânles nw~
iesš efš^ieefjbie SCR keâs iesš hej Oeveelcekeâ efJeYeJe
SCR mebj#eCe (SCR Protection)–
(Gate (positive potential) oskeâj šve&-Dee@ve
triggering) (trigger) efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ SCR efJeJejCe efÛe$e
Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie meJee&efOekeâ efkeâÙee peelee nw~ mebj#eCe
Ùeefo iesš efmeieveue keâes Continuous ve DeefleOeeje mes Fme heefjefmLeefle ceW Svees[
oskeâj heume kesâ ™he ceW efoÙee peelee nw, j#eCe Oeeje, SCR kesâ jsšs[ Oeeje
efpememes I g2 .Rg Losses keâes keâce efkeâÙee (Over mes DeefOekeâ nes peelee nw~
pee mekesâ~ current Fmemes yeÛeeJe nsleg SCR
protection) keâer ßesCeer ceW ‘heäÙetpe’
peye SCR gate šefce&veue Éeje
Triggered nes peelee nw, lees SCR hej DeLeJee meefke&âš yeÇskeâj keâes
gate keâe Control meceehle nes peelee nw~ peesÌ[e peelee nw~
SCR keâe keâcÙetšsMeve DeLeJee šve&-Dee@Heâ (Commutation or SCR keâes Mebš ceW peesÌ[ves
'Turn off' of SCR)– hej keâjWš jsefšbie yeÌ{ peeleer
peye SCR ceW Heâe@jJe[& Oeeje (Svees[ Oeeje), Gmekeâer nesefu[bie Oeeje nw~
(holding current) mes keâce nes peeleer nw leye SCR ‘šve& Dee@Heâ’ Deefle Fme heefjefmLeefle ceW SCR
nes peelee nw, Ùen SCR keâe keâcÙetšsMeve keânueelee nw~ Jeesušlee mes hej GlheVe Jeesušspe keâe
Svees[ mes kewâLees[ Jeesušspe keâer OegÇJelee yeoue keâj SCR keâes Deeheâ j#eCe ceeve, jsšs[ Jeesušspe mes
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ DeefOekeâ nes peelee nw~
(Over
voltage Fmemes yeÛeeJe nsleg SCR kesâ
SCR kesâ keâcÙetšsMeve keâer oes efJeefOeÙeeB nQ— protection) meceeveeblej ceW Jewefjmšj keâes
vesÛegjue ØelÙeeJeleea Oeeje heefjheLeeW ceW peye SCR ceW peesÌ[e peelee nw~
keâcÙetšsMeve Oeeje Øeeke=âeflekeâ ™he mes MetvÙe
Jewefjmšj Skeâ vee@ve ueerefveÙej
(Natural (naturally zero) nesleer nw leye
jefpemšj neslee nw~
Commutation) ef[JeeFme hej mJele: efjJeme& Jeesušspe
GlheVe nes peeleer nw~ SCR keâes meerjerpe ceW

Ùen ef[JeeFme keâe vesÛegjue keâcÙetšsMeve peesÌ[keâj Voltage rating

DeLeJee ueeFve keâcÙetšsMeve keânueelee nw~ keâes yeÌ{eÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Fme efJeefOe ceW SCR keâes Dee@Heâ keâjves kesâ dV
j#eCe heefjheLe ceW
dV
keâe ceeve
efueS efkeâmeer yee¢e heefjheLe keâer dt dt
DeeJeMÙekeâlee veneR nesleer nw~ DeefOekeâ nes peeves kesâ keâejCe
Electrician Capsule 204 YCT
 Svees[ Oeeje yengle DeefOekeâ
nes peeleer nw, efpemekesâ
keâejCe SCR efyevee iesš
efmeiveue Øeoeve efkeâS ner
'ON' nes peelee nw~ Fmes
False Triggering keânles
nQ~
Fmemes yeÛeeJe nsleg SCR kesâ
meceeveeblej ceW 'RC SCS Ûeej šefce&veue, Ûeej uesÙej leLee oes iesš Jeeueer Ùegefòeâ nw~
Circuit Ùee mveyej meefke&âš' SCS keâes uees keâjWš SCR efJeLe št iesš DeLeJee neF& Jeesušspe
keâes pees[Ì e peelee nw~ SCR efJeLe št iesš keâne peelee nw~
di di SCS keâes šve& Dee@ve keâjves keâe lejerkeâe–
j#eCe keâe ceeve Spread
dt dt SCS keâes Svees[-iesš keâer meneÙelee mes Dee@ve keâjves kesâ efueS
Jesie mes DeefOekeâ nes peeves kesâ efveiesefšJe Svees[-iesš Jeesušspe ueieeles nQb~
keâejCe SCR ceW Hot SCS keâes kewâLees[-iesš mes Dee@ve keâjves kesâ efueS hee@efpeefšJe
Spot GlheVe nes peelee nw kewâLees[-iesš Jeesušspe ueieeles nQb~
Deewj leehe yeÌ{ peelee nw~ SCS keâes šve& Dee@heâ keâjves kesâ lejerkesâ-
Fmemes yeÛeeJe nsleg ‘Fb[keäšj’ SCS keâes leerve lejerkesâ mes Dee@heâ keâj mekeâles nQ~
keâes SCR keâer ßesCeer ceW (i) De«e Oeeje keâes nesefu[bie Oeeje mes keâce keâjkesâ~
peesÌ[e peelee nw~
(ii) Svees[ iesš hej hee@efpeefšJe efmeiveue ueiee keâj~
leehe j#eCe Fmekesâ efueS SCR ceW nerš (iii) kewâLees[ iesš hej efveiesefšJe Jeesušspe ueieekeâj Dee@heâ efkeâÙee pee
(Thermal efmebkeâ (Heat Sink) Øeoeve
mekeâlee nw~
Protection) keâer peeleer nw~
SCS keâe cegKÙe oes<e Ùen nw efkeâ Ùen Skeâ uees hee@Jej ef[JeeFme
nw~
iesš j#eCe Deefle Oeeje j#eCe- Fmekesâ
(i)
(Gate efueS iesš kesâ ßesCeer ›eâce š^eÙekeâ (Triac)
Protection) ceW ØeeflejesOe peesÌ[e peelee
nw~
(ii) Deefle Jeesušspe j#eCe-
Fmekesâ efueS iesš Deewj
kewâLees[ pebkeäMeve kesâ yeerÛe
efpevej [eÙees[ keâes pees[Ì e
peelee nw~
(iii) Meesj mes j#eCe
(Protection against š^eÙekeâ 3-šefce&veue (oes cegKÙe šefce&veue leLee Skeâ iesš
noise)- Fmekesâ efueS šefce&veue), 4 uesÙej, S.meer. efmJeÛe nw~
iesš Deewj kewâLees[ kesâ š^eÙekeâ Skeâ yeeF&[eÙejskeäMeveue ef[JeeFme nw~
S›eâeme, mebOeeefj$e Deewj š^eÙekeâ oes SCR keâe Svšer-hewjueue keâe@efcyevesMeve neslee nw~
ØeeflejesOe keâes pees[Ì e peelee
š^eÙekeâ kesâ DevegØeÙeesie
nw~
ceesšj mheer[ jsieguesMeve, leeheceeve keâvš^esue, hesâpe keâvš^esue, Ûeeshej
efmeefuekeâe@ve keâvš^esue efmJeÛe (SCS): FlÙeeefo ceW~
[eÙekeâ (Diac) :
Electrician Capsule 205 YCT
 FmeceW Skeâ P- #es$e neslee nw, pees Sceeršj keânueelee nw Deewj Skeâ
yeÌ[e #es$e "n-#es$e" nw efpemeceW oes šefce&veue (yesme B1 leLee yesme
B2) mebÙeesefpele neslee nw~
Fefvš^efpekeâ mšwC[-Dee@heâ jsefMeÙees -
R B1
( η) =
R B1 + R B2
[eÙekeâ oes šefce&veue, leerve uesÙej, yeeF& [eÙejskeäMeveue Ùegefòeâ nw~
Ùen S.meer. Jeesušspe kesâ Oeveelcekeâ Ùee $e+Ceelcekeâ oesvees DeOe&Ûe›eâ RB1 + RB2 = RBB
ceW šve& Dee@ve efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ ( η) =
R B1
[eÙekeâ keâe cegKÙe ØeÙeesie š^eÙekeâ keâes efš^iej keâjves kesâ efueS R BB
efkeâÙee peelee nw~
[eÙekeâ oesveeW efoMeeDeeW ceW efveiesefšJe ØeeflejesOe ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw~ šefce&veue B1 Deewj e kesâ ceOÙe Jeesušspe
FmeerefueS Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie efjuewkeämesMeve Dee@efmeuesšj (Relaxation R B1
Oscillator) kesâ ™he ceW keâjles nQ~ V1 = × VBB
R BB
LASCR (ueeFš SefkeäšJesšs[ SCR)- Note : η keâe ceeve 0.5 Ùes 0.8 lekeâ nes mekeâlee nw~
UJT kesâ DevegØeÙeesie:-
hesâpe efveÙeb$eCe ceW, LeeÙeefjmšj keâes efš^iej keâjves ceW, ceesšj ieefle
efveÙeb$eCe ceW, heume Je mee@-štLe lejbie GlheVe keâjves ceW,šeFcej ceW,
efjuewkeämesMeve Dee@efmeuesšj ceW
GTO (Gate Turn off or "Gate Turn off Thyristor)-
Fme SCR ceW Dee@ve mšsš keâe efveÙeb$eCe SCR hej heÌ[ves Jeeueer
ueeFš Svepeea Éeje mebÛeeefuele nesleer nw~
LASCR ceW ueeFš kesâ efueS kewâLees[ iesš SefjÙee kesâ Ghej Skeâ
Úesše mee efÚõ neslee nw~
LASCR keâe GheÙeesie-
efjues, hesâpe keâvš^esue, ceesšj keâvš^esue ceW GheÙeesie neslee nw~
efmeefuekeâe@ve Ùegefveuesšjue efmJeÛe (SUS)-
GTO Skeâ efJeMes<e Øekeâej keâe SCR neslee nw~ GTO keâes oes
efJehejerle š^ebefpemšj (n-p-n Ùee p-n-p) kesâ yesme keâueskeäšj
šefce&veue keâes pees[Ì keâj yeveeÙee peelee nw~
GTO keâer mebjÛevee SCR kesâ meceeve nesleer nw leLee FmeceW Yeer
leerve šefce&veue (Svees[, kewâLees[, iesš) neslee nw~
SUS keâe@chueerceWš^er SCR (CSCR) kesâ leguÙe neslee nw~ SCR leLee GTO ceW Devlej kesâJeue Ùen nw efkeâ GTO kesâ iesš
FmeceW Skeâ low voltage SJeueebÛes [eÙees[ neslee nw efpemekesâ hej $e+Ceelcekeâ heume os keâj Dee@heâ efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ peyeefkeâ
keâejCe Skeâ efveOee&efjle Jeesušspe hej ner Dee@ve efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ SCR keâes iesš Éeje Dee@heâ veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
SUS keâe GheÙeesie efjuewkeämesMeve Dee@efmeuesšj keâer lejn efkeâÙee Fmekeâer efmJeefÛebie mheer[, meeceevÙe LeeÙeefjmšj mes DeefOekeâ nesleer
peelee nw~ nw~
Skeâue mebefOe š^ebefpemšj (Uni Junction Transistor) GTO kesâ DevegØeÙeesie :
efš^iej heefjheLe ceW, FvJeš&j ceW, D.C. Ûeeshej ceW, FC[keäMeve
ceesšj ceW ~
IGBT (Fvmeguesšs[ iesš yeeF&heesuej š^ebefpemšj):-

UJT leerve šefce&veue, oes uesÙej Ùegòeâ Skeâ efmJeefÛebie ef[JeeFme

nw~ IGBT keâe Øeleerkeâ
Ùen kesâJeue Skeâ P-N pebkeäMeve Jeeuee š^ebefpemšj nw~ Ùen MOSFET leLee Bipolar š^ebefpemšme& keâe mebkeâj efkeâmce
Electrician Capsule 206 YCT
 (Hybrid) nw~ IC -555-
MOSFET kesâ keâejCe IGBT keâe Fvehegš ØeeflejesOe GÛÛe neslee Ùen Skeâ 8 efheve DIP IC nw~
nw leLee Yeej Jenve #ecelee BJT kesâ Øekeâej keâer nesleer nw~ Ùen yeeFheesuej leLee CMOS šskeäveesuee@peer hej DeeOeeefjle nw~
Ùen yeeF&heesuej ef[JeeFme (Ùegefòeâ) nw~
FmeceW efvecve (Low) efmJeefÛebie heeJej uee@me (Loss) neslee nw~
FmeceW Fvehegš ØeefleyeeOee GÛÛe neslee nw~
Ùen Skeâ Jeesušspe keâvš^esu[ ef[JeeFme nw~
IGBT kesâ DevegØeÙeesie:-
S.meer. Je [er.meer. [^eFJej ceW, efjues Je heeJej mehueeF& ceW, UPS
(Uninterruptible Power Supply) ceW~
hesâpe keâvš^esu[ Ùen efveÙele (Fixed) S.meer. mehueeF& keâes
jsefkeäšheâeÙej heefjJeefle&le [er.meer. leLee efveÙebef$ele
(Controlled) [er.meer. ceW yeouelee nw~
FvJeš&j Ùen efveÙele (Fixed) [er.meer. mehueeF& keâes
(Inverter) heefjJeefle&le S.meer. leLee efveÙebef$ele
(Controlled) S.meer. ceW yeouelee nw~
FvJeš&j oes Øekeâej keâe neslee nw-
VSI - Voltage Source Inverter DevegØeÙeesie-
CSI- Current Source Inverter ueeFš ef[šskeäšj ceW
Ûeeshej Ùen efveÙele (Fixed) [er.meer. mehueeF& keâes jsueJes ueeFve ceW
(Choppers) heefjJeefle&le (Variable) [er.meer. mehueeF& ceW JesJe heâe@ce& GlheVe keâjves ceW (mkeäJeeÙej JesJe, mee štLe JesJe Deeefo)
yeouelee nw~ Jeešj šQkeâ meeÙejve ceW
meeFkeäuees keâvJeš&j Ùen S.meer. mehueeF& keâes efJeefYeVe DeeJe=efòe keâer Deueece& heefjheLe ceW
(Cyclo S.meer. mehueeF& ceW yeouelee nw~ Jeesušspe jsieguesšj (Voltage Regulator)
Converter
efkeâmeer Fueskeäš^e@efvekeâ heefjheLe keâes ØeÛeeefuele keâjves kesâ efueS efmLej efo°
Fvšer«esšs[ meefke&âšdme (Integrated circuits)– Oeeje (DC) DeLeJee Jeesušspe keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~ Fme
DeeF&.meer. Skeâ hetCe& heefjheLe neslee nw, efpemeceW Deveskeâ [eÙees[dme, DeeJeMÙekeâlee keâer hetefle& kesâ efueS efveÙeefcele hee@Jej mehueeF& keâe ØeÙeesie
š^ebefpemšme&, ØeeflejesOekeâ SJeb mebOeeefj$e Skeâ ner efÛehe hej heefjheLe kesâ ef keâÙee peelee nw~ efpemes Jeesušspe jsieguesšj Éeje Øeehle efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Devegmeej yevee efoS peeles nw~ Jees ušspe jsieguesšj ceW DeeF&.meer. keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
keâeÙe& keâjves kesâ DeeOeej hej DeeF&.meer. (IC) cegKÙele: oes Øekeâej keâer kegâÚ ØecegKe Jeesušspe jsieguesšj DeeF&.meer.
1. LM 78XX IC Jeesušspe jsieguesšj–
nesleer nw~
IC 78XX meerjerpe ceW leerve šefce&veume nesles nw~
Sveeuee@ie DeeF&.meer. ef[efpešue DeeF&.meer.
Ùen jsieguesšj DeeF&.meer. efmLej Oeveelcekeâ Jeesušspe Øeoeve keâjleer nw~
Fme Øekeâej keâer Fme Øekeâej keâer DeeF&.meer. keâe meerjerpe 78XX ceW Deefvlece oes mebKÙeeSB (XX) DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe
DeeF&.meer. keâe GheÙeesie DeeGšhegš Gmekesâ Fvehegš kesâ keâes oMee&les nw~ pewmes– 7815 jsieguesšj IC, 15 Jeesuš DeeGšhegš
jsef[Ùees, š^ebmeceeršj, Deveg›eâceevegheeleer neslee nw~ Ùes Jeesušspe keâes ØeoefMe&le keâjlee nw~
efjmeerJeme& Deeefo ceW DejwefKekeâ (non linear) LM 78XX IC jsieguesšj keâer DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe meejCeer
efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Fmekeâe DeeF&.meer. Yeer keânueeleer nw~ efvecveefueefKele nw–
SchueerefHeâkesâMeve jwefKekeâ IC 78XX kesâ Øekeâej DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe
(linear) neslee nw~ 7805 +5V
kegâÚ Sveeuee@ie DeeF&.meer. keg â Ú ef [ ef p ešue DeeF& .meer . kes â 7806 +6V
kesâ GoenjCe efvecveJele GoenjCe efvecveJeled nw~ 7808 +8V
nw~ 7400, 7404, 7416, 7420, 7809 +9V
CA 3068, TBA 7448, 74132, 74240, 7812 +12V
120, TBA 810, 74352 Deeefo~ 7815 +15V
TBA 920, TDA 7818 +18V
1044, Deeefo~ 7824 +24V
šeFcej IC -555 2. LM79XX IC Jeesušspe jsieguesšj–
Electrician Capsule 207 YCT
 Ùen heefjheLe keâes DeeJeMÙekeâ $e+Ceelcekeâ Jeesušspe Øeoeve keâjlee nw~ IC-723 jsieguesšj kesâ ØecegKe keâeÙe&
Ùes 78XX meerjerpe keâe hetjkeâ nw~ Yeeie
LM79XX IC jsieguesšj keâer DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe meejCeer Oeeje efueefcešj š^ebefpemšj Ùen š^ebefpemšj heefjheLe ceW ØeÙegòeâ
efvecveefueefKele nw- ØeeflejesOe RSC ceW ngS Jeesušspe
[^e@he keâes mesvme keâjlee nw~ heefjheLe
IC79XX kesâ Øekeâej DeeGšhegš Jeesušspe
Mee@š& meefke&âš nesves keâer efmLeefle ceW
7905 -5V
Ùen š^ebefpemšj, Oeeje efueefcešj
7905.2 -5.2V
keâer YeeBefle JÙeJenej keâjlee nw~
7906 -6V
ßesCeer heeme š^ebefpemšj Ùen š^ebefpemšj DeeGšhegš hej
7908 -8V
jsieguesšs[ Jeesušspe Øeoeve keâjlee
7912 -12V
nw~ Fmekeâe meb«eenkeâ efmeje
7915 -15V
DeefveÙeefcele Fvehegš mehueeF& mes
7918 -18V
pegÌ[e neslee nw~
7924 -24V
3. IC-723 Jeesušspe jsieguesšj– Sjj SchueerheâeÙej Ùen IC-723 jsieguesšj heefjheLe ceW
keâchesjsšj keâer YeeBefle keâeÙe& keâjlee
IC-723 oesveeW Øekeâej keâes Jeesušspe (Oeveelcekeâ Deewj $e+Ceelcekeâ) keâes
nw~ Ùen FveJeefšËie leLee vee@ve-
jsieguesš keâjleer nw~
FvJeefšËie šefce&veue hej Deejesefhele
IC-723 keâer DeeGšhegš [er.meer. Jeesušspe keâes yeÌ[er hejeme (wide
Jeesušspe keâer leguevee keâjkesâ
range) ceW meceeÙeesefpele (adjust) efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
DeeGšhegš Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
IC-723 keâe efheve DeejsKe efvecveefueefKele nw-
peervej [eÙees[ IC-723 jsieguesšj Éeje
DeeGšhegš hej efveÙele ceeve keâer
Jeesušspe Øeehle keâjves kesâ efueS
peervej [eÙees[ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee
peelee nw~ Fve efveÙele ceeve keâer
Jeesušspe keâes mevoYe& Jeesušspe
keâne peelee nw~
4. IC-723 jsieguesšj keâer Deevleefjkeâ mebjÛevee– IC-723 kesâ iegCe–
IC-723 Jeesušspe jsieguesšj keâe heefjheLe efvecve DeejsKe ceW oMee&Ùee ieÙee nw- IC-723 Jeesušspe jsieguesšj heefjheLe, met#celee mes jsieguesšs[ Jeesušspe
Øeoeve keâjlee nw~
Fme IC keâer efjheue efjpeskeäMeve #ecelee GÛÛe nesleer nw~
Fve ICs keâe uees[ Je ueeFve jsieguesMeve DeÛÚe neslee nw~
Fvekeâer mšwC[yeeF& [^sve Oeeje keâe ceeve efvecve neslee nw~
IC Jeesušspe jsieguesšj kesâ ueeYe–
jsieguesšj IC kesâ ØeÙeesie mes jsieguesšj heefjheLe DeefOekeâ mejuelee mes
yeveeÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Fve ICs keâe cetuÙe keâce neslee nw~
Fve ICs Éeje Øeehle efveÙeefcele DeeGšhegš DeefOekeâ Megæ nesleer nw~
leerve šefce&veue ICs keâes Deemeeveer mes heefjheLe ceW mebÙeesefpele Je
efJemebÙeesefpele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Fmekesâ ØeÙeesie mes jsieguesšj keâe heefjheLe Úesše neslee nw~
IC-723 kesâ ØecegKe Yeeie efvecveefueefKele nQ-

Electrician Capsule 208 YCT