Module 1
Review
KCL, KVL
Diodes
Transistors
Industrial Electronics
KCL, KVL
How Electrons Flow on a Conductor
KCL, KVL
KCL, KVL
Find:
V and I of all
resistors.
KCL, KVL
Find: VAB
KCL, KVL
Find: VXY
Diode
Diode
How Electrons Flow on a Conductor
Doped Semiconductors
p-n junction
Diode biasing
Diode - forward bias
Diode - forward bias
Diode - forward bias
Diode - forward bias
Diode - forward bias
Diode - reverse bias
Diode - reverse bias
Diode - Characteristics
● Forward Voltage (Vf): The voltage drop across a diode
when it is forward-biased. It depends on the material of
the diode and the current flowing through it.
● Reverse Breakdown Voltage (Vz): The voltage at which a
diode enters the breakdown region in reverse bias. For
Zener diodes, this is the Zener voltage.
● Peak Reverse Voltage (PRV): The maximum reverse
voltage that a diode can withstand without breaking
down.
Diode - Characteristics
Diode - Characteristics
Diode - Characteristics
Diode - Characteristics
● Reverse Leakage Current (I_leak): The small amount of
current that flows through a diode when it is reverse-
biased.
● Reverse Recovery Time (trr): The time it takes for a
diode to transition from the conducting state to the
non-conducting state when the applied voltage changes
from forward bias to reverse bias.
● Forward Current (If): The current flowing through the
diode when it is forward-biased.
Diode - Characteristics
● Reverse Current (Ir): The current flowing through the
diode when it is reverse-biased.
● Power Dissipation (Pd): The maximum power a diode
can handle without being damaged.
● Junction Capacitance (Cj): The capacitance associated
with the depletion region of the diode. It affects the
high-frequency response of the diode.
● Temperature Coefficient (α): The rate at which the
diode's forward voltage changes with temperature.
Diode - Factors
Factors affecting Diode Operation:
Temperature:
Generally, an increase in temperature leads to an increase in
the forward voltage drop and a rise in the reverse leakage
current. Extreme temperatures can also affect the overall
reliability and lifespan of a diode.
Diode - Factors
Factors affecting Diode Operation:
Others
Sample Problem:
Find the current through the diode in the circuit shown.
Assume the diode to be ideal.
Sample Problem:
Calculate the current through 48 Ω resistor in the circuit
shown. Assume the diodes to be of silicon and forward
resistance of each diode is 1 Ω.
Zener Diode
Zener Diode
Zener Diode
Zener Diode
Zener Diode - Sample Datasheet
Sample Problem
For the circuit shown, find : (a) the output voltage, (b) the
voltage drop across series resistance, and (c) the current
through zener diode.
Sample Problem
The circuit uses two zener diodes, each rated at 15 V, 200
mA. If the circuit is connected to a 45-volt unregulated
supply, determine :(a) The regulated output voltage, (b) The
value of series resistance R.
BJT
BJT
The term ‘transistor’ is derived from the words ‘transfer’ and
‘resistor.’ These words describe the operation of a BJT which
is the transfer of an input signal from a low resistance circuit
to a high resistance circuit.
BJT
A bipolar junction transistor is a three-terminal
semiconductor device that consists of two p-n junctions.
BJT
It is a current-controlled device. Signal of a small amplitude
applied to the base is available in the amplified form at the
collector of the transistor.
BJT
How does a bjt work?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ukDKVHnac4
BJT
Two types of bipolar junction transistors:
- NPN bipolar junction transistor
- PNP bipolar junction transistor
BJT
Two types of bipolar junction transistors:
- PNP bipolar junction transistor
- NPN bipolar junction transistor
BJT
There are three operating regions of a bipolar junction
transistor:
- Active region: The region in which the transistors
operate as an amplifier.
- Saturation region: The region in which the transistor is
fully on and operates as a switch such that collector
current is equal to the saturation current.
- Cut-off region: The region in which the transistor is fully
off and collector current is equal to zero.
BJT
BJT Working Equations:
IE = IB + IC
IE = βIC
IC = αIE
BJT - Sample Problems
In a common base connection, α = 0.95. The voltage drop
across 2 kΩ resistance which is connected in the collector is
2V. Find the base current.
BJT - Sample Problems
For the common base circuit show, determine IC and VCB .
Assume the transistor to be of silicon.
FET
FET
FET
BJT vs FET
BJT vs FET
Parameters BJT FET
Type of control Current Controlled (Ic) Voltage Controlled
(Vgs)
Main types NPN, PNP N-channel, P-channel
Terminals Emitter, Base, Source, Gate, Drain
Collector
Input Impedance Low High
Output Impedance Medium to Low High
Switching Speed Moderate (Slower than Fast (Faster than BJT)
FET)
BJT vs FET
Gain Curren gain Voltage gain
Linearity Good Excellent
Noise performance Moderate Low
Power Consumption Higher Lower
Temperature More sensitive Less sensitive
sensitivity
Applications Amplifiers, switching, High frequency
voltage regulation amplifiers, low noise
amplifiers, digital logic
circuits (CMOS),
switches
