THE UNIVERSITY OF LARKANO

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT

LECTURE NO: 4

COURSE INSTRUCTOR:
SHAGUFTA SALEEM SHAIKH

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT (BBA 2K21) BY: SHAGUFTA SALEEM SHAIKH

 THE UNIVERSITY OF LARKANO

Operations Management

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT (BBA 2K21) BY: SHAGUFTA SALEEM SHAIKH

 Work Measurement
Work measurement can be defined as;
The determination of the degree and quantity
of labor in performing tasks.
Work measurement (WM) is concerned with
investigating, reducing and eliminating ineffective
time, whatever may be the cause.

Setting Labor Standards

Evaluating performance
Predict, Planning and Controlling Operation
Reduction of Operation Cost
 Performance Dimensions
Managers generally consider two dimensions for
measuring performance;
1) Quantity of Input:
Managers generally consider the quantity of input to
be the primary dimension of performance to be
measured.
In Manufacturing, Quantity is usually measured as
pieces per time period.
Example: A manufacturing company produced 100
pieces per hour In Servicing, Quantity is usually
measured as service units per time period.

Example: A bank might have a standard of 24

customer served per hour
 2) Quality of Input:
The performance dimensions relating to the quality
of input is secondary;
Quality standards are often expressed as the
percent of output units that are allowable
defective units.
Example: A manufacturing company may set
standard by quality that 2% defective pieces is
acceptable in the whole production.

There are two key points in determining

dimensions of performance;
 The dimensions must be specified before the
standard is set.
 The standard and subsequent actual
performance must be measurable.
Work Measurement Techniques

There are five basic techniques of work

measurement as a time(work)
dimensions.

1) Ignoring formal work measurement

2) Using the historical data approach
3) Using the direct time study approach
4) Using the work sampling approach
5) Using the predetermined time study
approach
 1) Ignoring formal work measurement:
For many jobs in many organizations, especially
in the labor- intensive service sector, formal
labor standards are simply not set at all.

 Issue of a fair day’s work for a fair day’s pay is

ignored.
 Workers often blamed for poor performance
and inefficiency.

Often because management has not established

a work(time) standard, some informal standard
is established by default.
 2) Historical Data Approach:

This method assume that past

performance is normal performance.

In the absence of other formal

techniques, some manager use past
performance as their main guide in setting
standards.
 3) Direct time study Approach:
It is also known as time study, stopwatch study, or
clocking the job.
Its procedure is as follow;
 Select the job to be timed by direct observation.
 Select a job cycle. Identify the elements and
tasks that constitute a complete cycle.
 Time the job for all cycles and rate the worker.
Worker behave differently while in their
performances (Common reactions are ability,
capacity, nervousness, and slowing the work
pace). To minimize these effects repeated study or
study the job somewhere else is necessary.
 Compute the normal time based on the average
cycle time and the worker ratings.
Average cycle time= Sum of cycle time observed /
Number of cycle observed
Normal time= Average cycle time x Worker rating

Determining the fraction of time available;

Available fraction of time = 1- allowance fraction

Allowance fraction: The fraction of time lost on a

job because of worker’s personal needs, fatigue,
and other unavoidable delays.

Set the performance standard time;

Standard Time = Normal time / Available fraction of
time
 4) Predetermined time study:

For setting standards for jobs that are not

currently being performed but are being
planned, the predetermined time study is
helpful.

A work measurement technique that

involves observing or thinking through a
job, recording job elements, recording
preestablished units, and calculating a
performance standard.
 5) Work Sampling:
Working sampling is based on the simple
random sampling that estimates the
what proportion of a worker’s time is
devoted to work activities.

A work measurement technique that

involves defining the state of “working”,
observing the job over time, and
computing the portion of time the
worker is “working.”
 Introduction to the Organization
For the practical study we select the Joshan
Walk Industries of Pakistan.

Joshan Walk Industry is an Experienced and

Dominant manufacturing company, exporting Cycling
Gear, Baseball Batting Gloves, Weightlifting Gloves
and Belts, Sports Gloves, Casual Gloves and Boxing
Equipments to valuable.
Vision
To be the global market leader in the
manufacture of Gloves.

Mission
To be the global brand of choice among
users of Gloves.
 Work Measurement in
Joshan Walk Industry

The Joshan Walk industry uses its past

historical data approach for work
measurement.

For example according to the historical

information the organization time
consumed by the labor in different
department as follow;
Cutting Department:
In cutting department first the leather cut
into big pieces and then they follow the
pattern to cut into smaller pieces in the
shape of pairs.
For example: A pair of boxing glove requires
15 minutes time.
Stitching Department:
In stitching department the pair is
required 20 minutes and in a working day
of 8 hours only one labor can produced 25
gloves.
Molding Fixing Department:
In this department the boxing foam is
filled inside the gloves. In this
department the labor required 5 minutes
per pair.
 Molding Stitching Department:

In molding stitching department the pair is

again stitched after putting foam inside
them.
In this department the 5 minutes is
required to stitch a pair.
Screen Printing Department:
In this department the Stamp is printed
on the gloves and other brand name or
logos and different design is added. This
whole process on a pair of boxing glove is
2 minutes.
Inspection Department:
After completion of glove
above given process the
inspection is necessary. In
the inspection of a pair of
glove it takes 5 minutes.
Packing Department:
After the pair is accepted by quality
inspector the pair in packed in to the plastic
packing sheet. For a pair of glove it requires
3 minutes.
 In the Joshan Walk Industry the
management also Using the the
Direct Time Study Work
Measurement technique for setting
the standards time for a pair of
glove completion.

Example of Joshan Walk Industry;

For setting a standard time the
organization select a study on the 4
employees of the organization by direct
observing the whole process of them by
making a pair of glove.
 After observing their information are
as follow;
Workers Cutting Stitching Molding Molding Screen Inspection Packing Total
time time fixing Stitching Printing time time time for
a pair in
minutes

A 15 20 5 5 2 5 3 55

B 13 18 4 4 2 5 3 49

C 15 22 5 3 2 5 3 55

D 14 18 4 4 2 5 3 50
 After calculating the whole cycle time of
different labor the average time is calculated
and normal time is also calculated.

Average time=Sum of all four labor time/ No: of labor

Average time=(55+49+55+50)minutes / 4
Average time=52 minutes approximately
Normal time= Average time X Worker ratings
Normal time= 52 minutes X 100%
Normal time=52 minutes

After that allowance fraction time is calculated

In the Joshan Walk Industry different fraction
allowance are as follow.
 Work-related interruptions Non-work-related
interruptions
• Machine breakdowns • Personal needs (restroom
•Waiting for materials or breaks)
parts • Talking to co-workers about
• Receiving instructions from matters unrelated to work
foreman • Lunch break
• Talking to co-workers about • Smoke break
work-related matters • Namaz break
• Rest breaks for fatigue • Personal telephone call

The Joshan walk industry assume according to

historical information that the fraction allowance
are 14% of the whole working day time.
Then management calculate the average fraction of time
Average fraction of time= 1 – Fraction allowance
Average fraction of time= 1 – 14%
Average fraction of time= 0.86

 and last step of direct Time study approach the company

calculate its standard time for production by that formula;
Standard Time = Normal time / Available fraction of time
Standard Time= 52 minutes / 0.86
Standard Time = 60 minutes(approximately)

Hence the Joshan walk calculating its standard time of

making a pair of gloves is almost 60 minutes and the
standard time is calculated by the direct time study
approach.
 Sum of the time recorded to
Average perform each element
observed time = Number of observations

Normal Time = (Average observed time) x

(Performance Rating Factor)

Total Normal Time

Standard Time = 1 – Allowance Factor
 Merits
Joshan walk industry have the capable
management for making accurate
standards through accurate work
measurement.

Work measurement also provides the

performance of their workers.

Through work measurement the

company determine the time required to
make a pair and it is useful for determining
the wage rate and calculating incentives.
 Demerits
The company uses the historical data
approach for work measurement which is
considered poor standard.

For the direct time study work measurement

the company can not know the exact ratio of
fraction allowance
 Conclusion & Recommendation
 Work measurement (WM) is concerned with
investigating, reducing and eliminating
ineffective time.
 The Joshan Walk Industry uses its past
historical data approach for Work
measurement.

 The Joshan walk industry assume according to

historical information that the fraction allowance
are 14% of the whole working day time.

 The joshan walk industry should used the

computerized data measurement system.
 Assignment
on Work Measurement
o Introduction to the Industry
o Vision
o Mission
o Work Measurement in the Industry
Select 4 to 7 workers
Calculate Average time,
Normal Time and Standard time
o Conclusion and recommendation
Thank You