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Photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solutions under UV

irradiation using nano-strontium titanate as the nanophotocatalyst

Article in Journal of Saudi Chemical Society · June 2011

DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2011.11.010

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Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2014) 18, 581–588

King Saud University

Journal of Saudi Chemical Society

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in

aqueous solutions under UV irradiation using
nano-strontium titanate as the nanophotocatalyst
a,*
Loghman Karimi , Salar Zohoori b, Mohammad Esmail Yazdanshenas b

a
Department of Textile Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
b
Department of Textile Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran

Received 26 August 2011; accepted 22 November 2011

Available online 2 December 2011

KEYWORDS Abstract Research on photocatalytic degradation rate of azo dyes using nano-strontium titanate
Strontium titanate; in photocatalysis process was the main goal of present study. In this regard, the influence of the
Photocatalytic degradation; main operating parameters such a photocatalyst concentration, dye concentration, temperature,
Azo dyes; pH and the presence of hydrogen peroxide upon dye removal rate under UV irradiation was stud-
Irradiation; ied. The absorbance of samples was measured by a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The structure and
UV morphology of nano-powder were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and crystalline
structure by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The results reveal that nano-strontium titanate has
high and significant photocatalytic activity and in comparison with nano-titanium dioxide was
superior photocatalyst.
ª 2011 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

1. Introduction groups of organic compounds that produce more than

7,00,000 ton per year. About 1–20% of world dye products
Environmental problem of toxic wastewater and infected enter into textile wastewater during the dyeing process
waters is one of the main subjects that researchers work on. (Madhavan et al., 2010; Isaev et al., 2009; Mahvi et al., 2009).
Due to this, organic dyes are one of the main industrial waste- The common biological processes of degradation and dis-
water pollutions. More than 50% of textile dyes is azoic dyes coloration on modern dyes are ineffective because of high
which are recognized by nitrogen p-bound (Song et al., 2008; degree of aromatic groups in dye molecules. The traditional
Lee et al., 2006). Textile and industrial dyes contain large physical methods such as using active carbon, filtration,
reverse osmosis and coagulation are costly; moreover these
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 21 88009611. methods do not degrade the dye and just change its phase
E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Karimi). (Janus and Morawski, 2007; Kaur and Singh, 2007). In recent
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. years, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been devel-
oped to deal with the problem of destruction of dyes in aque-
ous systems. The researches show that AOPs based on
photocatalysts are effective. The benefits of this method are
Production and hosting by Elsevier mineralization of organic compounds, no wastewater problem
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2011.11.010
1319-6103 ª 2011 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
582 L. Karimi et al.

and processing in mild pressure and temperature (Vinu et al., Company, Iran, and their structures are shown in Figs. 1
2010; Chen, 2009; Foletto et al., 2009; Pouretedal et al., and 2, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide
2009; Wang et al., 2009; Konstantinou and Albanis, 2004). and nitric acid were prepared from Merck Company.
The use of semi-conductors such as TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, and The dye’s solution was mixed with a magnetic stirrer during
CdS as photocatalyst is interesting for the degradation of reaction (MR Hei, Heidolf, Germany). Samples after photo-
organic pollution. Due to optical and electrical properties, catalytic treatment were filtered through Millipore filter
low cost, high photocatalytic activity, chemical stability and (0.45 lm) membrane. The pH of the solution was measured
non-toxicity of nano-titanium dioxide, it is used as a common using ELICO, India, Li 120 pH meter and concentrations of
photocatalyst (Xua et al., 2008; Hegde et al., 2005). dyes were determined by Varian Carry 100 UV–Vis
Band gap larger than 3.2 eV causes low efficiency of nano- spectrophotometer.
TiO2, and the separation of nano-titania from the wastewater UV-A 20 W lamp (Sylvania, Belgium), with 365 nm wave-
after photocatalytic dye degradation which is very difficult due length radiation and light intensity of 0.2–0.4 lW cm2, and
to the small particle size (Wang et al., 2006; Zyoud et al., 2010; UV 400 W (Philips, HPA 400 s, Belgium), with higher radia-
Ueda, 2004). Therefore, there is a need to find novel materials tion of wavelength between 300 and 400 nm along with light
with high performance for the use in heterogeneous photoca- spectrum having intensity of 800 lW cm2 for UV-A,
talysis. The perovskite oxides recognition as photocatalyst 115 lW cm2 for UV-B and 25 lW cm2 for UV-C were used
has ABO3 formula; where A is a rare earthmetal with a large as light source.
ionic radius or alkaline earthmetal, B is a transition metal with Scanning electron microscopy (Philips, SEM, XL30, The
a small ionic radius. Alkali metal acts as the ionic balance Netherlands) was used to determine the structure and the mor-
(place in A) and the titanate framework plays the main role phology of nano-materials. The crystalline structure of the
in the structure and properties with Ti in the B sites (Boudali photocatalysts was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction
et al., 2009; Subramanian et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2003; (XRD; Bruker D8 Discover X-ray diffractometer, Germany).
Niishiro et al., 2005). The presence of Sr in SrTiO3 gives more
ionic properties in comparison to SrO, and Ti is more covalent 2.2. Procedure
in SrTiO3 than in TiO2, so this causes the reduction of the acid-
ity of Ti ions and increase of covalent property. Thus, bond
The concentration of dye in the solution was calculated by a
formation properties might be different with titania and can
computer program using calibration curve. The program
lead to different photocatalytical reactions (Chang et al.,
determines absorbance of dye solution at maximum wave-
2008). In comparison with other oxidants, the multi-cation
length of dyes: Direct Green 6 – 623 nm, Reactive Orange 72
oxide of SrTiO3 is more capable of tuning the chemical and
– 433 nm. The first step was the preparation of dye solution
physical properties by altering the compositions and also has
by distilled water. Then, nano-materials with different percent
larger number of photocatalytic sites (Wei et al., 2008). The
were added. Firstly, the solution mixture was stirred for 15 min
photocatalytic degradation of synthetic dyes using nano-stron-
without irradiation in order to get equilibrium of dye adsorp-
tium titanate has been reported in less scientific researches
tion. Then the solution was irradiated with two lamps (20 and
(Subramanian et al., 2006; He, 2009; Tsumura et al., 2009;
400 W) for 3 h and during irradiation it was continuously stir-
Puangpetch et al., 2008).
red with a rate of 200 rpm and temperature of 25 C and the
In the present study degradation of Direct Green 6 and
real dye solution pH for direct and reactive dye was 6.6 and
Reactive Orange 72 with nano-strontium titanate under 20
6.4, respectively. After irradiation, the samples were purified
and 400 W UV irradiation is investigated. The effect of various
with Millipore filter. The decolorization and photocatalytic
parameters such as dye and photocatalyst concentration, solu-
degradation efficiency have been calculated as
tion pH, temperature and presence of hydrogen peroxide will
be investigated in turn and photocatalyst degradation rate of C0  Ce
Efficiencyð%Þ ¼  100
nano-strontium titanate and nano-titania on dyes will be com- C0
pared next.
where C0 and Ce correspond to the initial and final concentra-
tion of dye before and after photo-irradiation. In this equation
2. Experimental E% shows the dye photocatalyst degradation percent (Chen,
2009). The variable parameters of research were photocatalyst
2.1. Materials and equipments concentration (in range of 0.01–0.3%, on weight of bath
(O.W.B.)), dye concentration (in range of 20–60 g/L), temper-
Nano-strontium titanate powder (P.N.517011) and nano-tita- ature (between 30 and 50 C), pH (3–11) and presence of
nia (p25) were provided by Sigma Aldrich and Degussa Com- hydrogen peroxide (0.1–0.4 mL). Basic parameters were pho-
pany, respectively. The specification of nano-materials was tocatalyst concentration of 0.1%, 20 mg/L dye, 25 C temper-
presented in Table 1. Commercially available Direct Green 6 ature, 3 h irradiation and real pH. Finally for investigation of
and Reactive Orange 72 were obtained from Alvan Sabet nano-strontium titanate photocatalytic efficiency, its degrada-

Table 1 Specification of nano-materials.

Kind of nano-powder Ave. particle size (nm) Appearance Solubility in water Density (g/cm3) Melting point (C)
SrTiO3 <100 White and without odor Insoluble 4.81 2060
TiO2 21 White and without odor Insoluble 3.8 1850
Photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes inaqueous solutions under UV irradiation 583

Figure 1 Structure of Direct Green 6 (CI 30295).

Figure 2 Structure of Reactive Orange 72 (CI 17754).

tion percent in various concentrations were compared with For both direct and reactive dye, the percentage of photo-
nano-TiO2. catalyst degradation with 400 W UV lamp was higher than
20 W. This occurs for two reasons, first of all there is more
3. Result and discussion radiation intensity and the second one is lower wavelength that
resulted in electron exiting of nano-materials.
3.1. Effect of photocatalyst concentration The higher degree of discoloration of the reactive dye com-
pared with the direct dye is due to the chromophore structure
of the dyes, which is monoazo and trisazo, respectively
In photocatalyst process, one of the main parameter of discol-
(Karimi et al., 2010).
oration of dye solution is photocatalyst concentration. Fig. 3
showed that by increasing nano-strontium titanate concentra-
3.2. Effect of dye concentration
tion, degradation of dye was increased but practically there
was no degradation more than 0.15% nano-strontium titanate,
even in some samples it decreased and caused the aggregation The dyes’ concentrations in the experiment ranged from 20 to
of nano-strontium titanate in dye solution that due to the 60 mg/L. The results illustrated in Fig. 4 reveal that by increas-
decrease of nano-material photocatalytic activity. So, given ing dye concentration, photocatalyst degradation is reduced.
no difference between photocatalyst degradation of 0.1 and The results are similar to that of previous studies (Habibi
0.15, besides being more cost effective compared with 0.15% and Talebian, 2007). When the dye concentration increased,
SrTiO3, 0.1% SrTiO3 was chosen as the base parameter of the quantity of intermediates increased as well, competing
bath weight. through side reactions with the parent dye decomposition.

Figure 3 Comparison diagram of photocatalytic reactive and direct dye degradation with different percent of nano-strontium titanate
based on weight of bath.
584 L. Karimi et al.

Figure 4 Comparison diagram of photocatalytic dye degradation with different dye concentrations.

At higher dye concentration, the UV light might be absorbed were constant. The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted
by dye rather than the SrTiO3 particles and reduces the photo- by adding a dilute aqueous solution of nitric acid or sodium
degradation efficiency. hydroxide. Fig. 6 compares the results of photocatalyst degra-
dation of dyes as a function of reaction pH.
3.3. Effect of temperature It is clear from Fig. 6 that lower pH causes the increase of
dye degradation. Less pH cause to produce hydroxide radicals
To evaluate the effect of temperature on photocatalytic degra- in photocatalytic processes and also cause to enhance active
dation, the temperature of solution was changed in the range area of strontium titanate and contact area, thus photocatalyst
of 30–50 C by the use of electromagnetic heater while the degradation is more.
other parameters were kept constant. The results were shown
in Fig. 5. The degradation efficiency of dyes gradually 3.5. Effect of hydrogen peroxide
increased as the temperature increased. With the increase of
temperature, the bubble of solution rose causing the produc- The effect of hydrogen peroxide from 0.1 to 0.4 mL on the
tion of free radicals. Furthermore, the increase in temperature photocatalyst degradation at real pH, a temperature of 25 C
helped the reaction to compete more efficiently with electron– with 0.1% of perovskite under 20 and 400 W UV irradiation
hole recombination. Furthermore, the increasing temperature for 3 h is illustrated in Fig. 7. Due to producing hydroxide rad-
may increase the oxidation rate of dye at the interface. icals and the prevention of recombination of electrons and
holes (e/h+) (according to Eqs.(1)–(3)) dyes degradation
3.4. Effect of pH improved by adding H2O2 (Saquib et al., 2008):

H2 O2 þ O 
2 ! OH þ OH þ O2 ; ð1Þ
The effect of pH on photocatalyst degradation of dye solution
in the range of 3–11 was investigated while other parameters H2 O2 þ hm ! 2 OH; ð2Þ

Figure 5 Comparison diagram of photocatalytic dye degradation in temperature range of 30–50 C.
Photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes inaqueous solutions under UV irradiation 585

Figure 6 Comparison diagram of photocatalytic dye degradation with pH range of 3–11.

Figure 7 Comparison diagram of photocatalytic dye degradation in presence of different hydrogen peroxide concentrations and 0.1%
nano-strontium titanate.


H2 O2 þ e  
CB ! OH þ OH : ð3Þ X-ray diffraction was used to determine the crystalline
phase of nano-materials. The results show that 24.2% of
strontium titanate structure is the same as anatas structure
3.6. Nano-material phases and morphology
of titania (Wei et al., 2008). Crystalline phase of nano-
strontium titanate is cubic and crystalline phase of titania is
Nano-material morphology was investigated by scanning elec- anatase and rutile with 84.4% and 15.6%, respectively. XRD
tron microscopy and as it is clear in Fig. 8, the particle size was spectrum of titania and nano-strontium titanate is shown in
29 and 66 nm for titania and strontium titanate, respectively. Fig. 9.

Figure 8 SEM image of (A) nano-strontium titanate powder and (B) nano-titania powder.
586 L. Karimi et al.

Figure 9 XRD pattern of (A) nano-strontium titanate powder and (B) nano-titania powder.

The average crystal size of nano-strontium titanate and surface area is 27 and 73 m2/g for strontium titanate and tita-
nano-titania are 43.13 and 20.02 nm calculated by XRD. nia that shows both photocatalysts having high surface area.
One of the effective parameters in photocatalytic process is
specific surface area which is calculated according to 3.7. Nano-SrTiO3 and nano-TiO2 photocatalyst comparison

6
SBET ¼ To investigate the amount of photocatalytic degradation of
sd Direct Green 6 and Reactive Orange 72 by titania, the same
In this equation ‘‘S’’ is surface area, ‘‘s’’ is crystal size (nm) and concentration of nano-strontium titanate was added to dye
‘‘d’’ is bulk density which is 5.13 and 4.1 g/cm3 for nano-stron- solution in same conditions (20 mg/L dye concentration, tem-
tium titanate and titania, respectively (He, 2009). Calculated perature of 25 C, real pH and 3 h irradiation). The compared
Photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes inaqueous solutions under UV irradiation 587

Figure 10 Comparison diagram of photocatalytic Direct Green 6 dye degradation with same percent of nano-SrTiO3 and TiO2.

Figure 11 Comparison diagram of photocatalytic Reactive Orange72 dye degradation with same percent of nano-SrTiO3 and TiO2.

diagram of photocatalyst degradation of nano-strontium tita- He, 2009; Tsumura et al., 2009). The reason of reducing dye
nate and nano-titania is shown in Figs. 10 and 11. The results degradation in high concentration of nano-materials is due
show photocatalyst degradation percent of nano-strontium to the aggregation of nano-particles in solution. Because of
titanate between 0.01% and 0.1% which is the same as titania the bigger size of nano-SrTiO3 than nano-TiO2, this aggrega-
but greater than 0.1% photocatalyst degradation for TiO2 tion for strontium titanate happens in 0.1% and more percent
which is greater than SrTiO3. of nano-materials. However this aggregation happens in 0.2%
The results of this study showed larger nano-particle size or higher percentages for titania because of its smaller particle
and lower surface area of nano-strontium titanate in compar- size.
ison with titania. Particle size and surface area are the effective
parameters of photocatalytic activity of nano-materials, but
4. Conclusion
despite these, photocatalytic degradation of nano-SrTiO3 is
the same as nano-TiO2 that demonstrates the higher photocat-
alytic activity of nano-strontium titanate than titania. So in the In this study azoic dye degradation with photocatalyst process
same particle size, photocatalytic degradation of nano-SrTiO3 using nano-strontium titanate was investigated. The results
is higher than nano-TiO2 (Wei et al., 2008; He, 2009). show that by increasing nano-strontium titanate concentration
The main advantage of nano-strontium titanate in compar- in solution, dye degradation will be increased but due to aggre-
ison with titania is higher oxidation activity and smaller band gation of nano-strontium titanate in 1 g/L concentration and
gap energy (Miyauchi et al., 2002). Considering the changes of higher, it suddenly drops down. Also, the results demonstrated
nano-strontium titanate structure, its multi-cationic oxidant that increasing dye concentration reduced the photocatalyst
activity is higher than the other photocatalysts and has more degradation. On the other hand in acidic pH, nano-SrTiO3
photocatalysis capacity (Chang et al., 2008; Wei et al., 2008; surface area was higher and so photocatalyst degradation
 588 L. Karimi et al.

was more. Increasing temperature of process and adding H2O2 Miyauchi, M., Nakajima, A., Watanabe, T., Hashimoto, K., 2002.
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