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Statistics & Probability

The document defines key concepts related to random variables including discrete and continuous random variables, sample space, theoretical and experimental probabilities, and discrete probability distributions. It provides examples of calculating probabilities of outcomes for experiments like coin tosses and rolling dice.

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Jhuryzae Landacan
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5 views

Statistics & Probability

The document defines key concepts related to random variables including discrete and continuous random variables, sample space, theoretical and experimental probabilities, and discrete probability distributions. It provides examples of calculating probabilities of outcomes for experiments like coin tosses and rolling dice.

Uploaded by

Jhuryzae Landacan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Random Variables

Variables
- A variable is any information, attribute, characteristic, number,
or quantity that describes a person, place, event, thing, or idea
which can be measured or counted.
- A variable can be qualitative or quantitative and quantitative
variables could either be discrete or continuous.
Random Variables
- A quantitative variable that is derived from the outcomes of a
random experiment.
 variable whose values are determined by chance
2 Classifications of Random Variables
1. DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
- one that can assume only a countable number of values.
2. CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
- can assume all values in the interval between any two given
values;
- can assume infinite number of values in one or more intervals.
- It is obtained from quantities that can be measured such as
height, weight, temperature and time.
Discrete Continuous
Number of pencils in a box Amount of antibiotics in the vial
Number of soldiers in a troop Lifetime of bulbs in minutes
Number of rotten tomatoes in Length of wire ropes
the basket
Number of defective flashlights Voltage of radio batteries

Sample Space
- list of all possible outcomes in an experiment.
Examples:
1. Tossing two coins
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
2. Rolling a die
S = {1, 2,3,4,5,6}
Values of Random Variables
Example:
1. Suppose two coins are tossed and we are interested to determine
the number of heads that will come out. Let us use H to
represent the number of heads that will come out. Determine the
values of the random variable H.
Possible Outcomes Value of Random Variable in
Terms of H
H,H 3
H,T 2
T,H 2
T,T 2

2. A basket contains 4 colored balls, 3 blue,1green and 1 white. If


3 balls are taken from the basket one after the other, determine
the possible values of the random variable B representing the
number of blue balls.
Possible Outcomes Value of Random Variable in
Terms of Blue
B,B,B 3
B,B,G 2
B,G,B 2
G,B,B 2
B,B,W 2
B,W,B 2
W,B,B 2
B,W,G 1
G,W,B 1
W,B,G 1
W,G,B 1

Discrete Probability Distribution


- is a list of probabilities for each of the distinct outcomes of a
discrete random variable.
Theoretical Probability
number of favorable outcomes
P ( E )=
total number of outcomes
¿
number of elements∈ E n( E)
P ( E )= =
number of elements∈S n(S)
Example:
Tossing a die. What is the probability of having 2 as the outcome?
Number of possible outcomes(E): 1
Number of possible outcomes (S): 6
1
P ( 2 )=
6
Experimental Probability
number of time E ocurred
P(E)=
numbr of ×random experiment is repeated
Example:
Suppose that a die was tossed 10 times yielding to the following results.
What is the probability that it resulted to an odd number?
Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Resu 3 5 6 1 3 4 2 5 6 2
lt

Number of times E occured:5


Number of times the random experiment was repeated:10
5 1
P ( 0 )= ∨
10 2
Properties of a Discrete Probability Distribution
1. The probability 𝑃(𝑥) for each possible value of 𝑥 is 0 ≤ 𝑃 𝑥 ≤ 1
2. The sum of all the probabilities in the distribution is equal to 1
That is, σ 𝑃(𝑥) = 1
 If there is a negative number, it is not a discrete
Example:
1. Tossing a coin
X P(x)
H ½
T ½

Trial 1 2 3 4 5
Result T T T H T

4
P (T )=
5
1
P(H )=
5
4 1
¿ +
5 5
5
¿ ∨1
5

Practice Act.
X R M L B C
P(x) 1/2 3/4 2/3 1/4 1/3
1
ΣP ( x )=2 Not a DPD
2

Histogram
What is Histogram?
- It displays the distribution frequency as a two-dimensional
figure, meaning the height & width of columns or rectangles
have particular meaning and can both vary.
Use of Histogram?
- It ca be used whenever there’s a need to display a comparison
of the distribution of certain numerical data in various…
Properties of Histogram
- The value of x will take the horizontal axis and probability
Steps:
1. Assign letters that will represent each outcome
2. Determine the sample space (possible outcome)
3. Count the number
Example:
1. page 9, Gear UP!
2.
X P(x)
6 1/6
N6 5/6

Rolling a die 2 times


Probabilities
1,1 2,1 3,1 4,1 5,1 6,1
1,2 2,2 3,2 4,2 5,2 6,2
1,3 2,3 3,3 4,3 5,3 6,3
1,4 2,4 3,4 4,4 5,4 6,4
1,5 2,5 3,5 4,5 5,5 6,5
1,6 2,6 3,6 4,6 5,6 6,6

x P(x)
0 25/36
1 10/36
2 21/36
x P(x)
2
0 (5/6) =125/216
1 (1/6)(5/6)(5/6)3=75/216
2 (1/6)(1/6)(5/6)3=15/216
3 (1/6)(1/6)(1/6)=1/216

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