COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Sector:
Agriculture and Fishery Sector
Qualification:
Animal Production NC II
Unit of Competency:
Apply Safety Measures in Farm Operations
Module Title:
Applying Safety Measures in Farm Operations

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

Bulusan National Vocational Technical School

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 HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Welcome to the module in Animal Production NC II. This module contains

training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency "Apply Safety Measures in Farm Operations”
contains knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a trainer course. It is
one of the specialized modules in Animal Production NC II
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to
complete each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome
are Information Sheets and Resources Sheets (Reference Materials for
further reading to help you better understand the required activities).
Follow these activities on your own and answer the self-check at the end of
each learning outcome. You may remove a blank answer sheet at the end
of each module (or get one from your facilitator/trainer) to write your
answers for each self-check. If you have questions, don‟t hesitate to ask
your facilitator for assistance.

You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in
this learner's guide because you have:
 been working for some time
 already completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a
particular skill or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally
recognized so you don't have to do the same training again. If you have a
qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings, show it
to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to
the unit/s of competency they may become part of the evidence you can
present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills,
discuss this with your trainer.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in
Utilize Electronic Media in Facilitating Training. This will be the source of
information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in this particular trade
independently and at your own pace, with minimum supervision or help
from your instructor.
 Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the
Training of this unit. Read through the module carefully. It is divided into
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sections, which cover all the skills, and knowledge you need to
successfully complete this module.
Work through all the information and complete the activities in each
section. Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested
references are included to supplement the materials provided in this
module.
 Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/she is there to
support you and show you the correct way to do things.
 Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider when you are
completing activities and it is important that you listen and take notes.
 You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job. Make
sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This way you will improve both
your speed and memory and also your confidence.
 Talk to more experience workmates and ask for their guidance.
 Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own progress.
When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities outlined in this
module.
 As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your progress. Your
trainer keeps feedback/ pre-assessment reports for this reason. When you have
successfully completed each element, ask your trainer to mark on the reports that you are
ready for assessment.
 When you have completed this module (or several modules), and feel confident that
you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an appointment with registered
assessor to assess you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your
competency Achievement Record.

Instructional Sheets:
 Information Sheet – This will provide you with information (Concepts, principles and
other relevant information) needed in performing certain activities.

 Task Sheet– This will guide you in performing single task, operation process in a job.

 Job Sheet – This is designed to guide you how to do the job that will contribute to the
attainment of the learning outcome.

 Assignment Sheet – The assignment sheet is a guide used to enhance (follow up)
what you have learned in the information sheet or job sheet.

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  Worksheet – are the different forms that you need to fill up certain
activities that you performed.
LIST OF COMPETENCIES

NO. UNIT OF COMPETENCIES MODULE TITLE CODE

1 Apply Safety Measures in Applying Safety Measures in AGR321201

Farm Operations Farm Operations

2 Use Farm Tools and Using Farm Tools and AGR321202

Equipment Equipment

3 Perform Estimation and Basic Performing Estimation and AGR321203

Calculation Basic Calculation

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 MODULE CONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Apply Safety Measures in Farm Operations

MODULE TITLE : Applying Safety Measures in Farm Operations

MODULE DESCRIPTOR : This module covers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required to
determine the areas of concern for safety measures, applying
appropriate safety measures, and safekeeping tools, and outfit
and proper disposal of used materials.

NOMINAL DURATION : 54 hrs

QUALIFICATION LEVEL : NC II

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of this module, the trainee would be able to:
LO 1: Determine areas of concern for safety measures.
LO 2: Apply appropriate Safety Measures.
L O3: Safe keep/ Dispose Tools, Materials, and Outfit.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
 Work tasks are identified in line with farm operations.
 Place for safety measures are determined in line with farm operations.
 Times for safety measures are determined in line with farm operations.
 Appropriate tools, materials and outfits are prepared in line with job requirements.
 Tools and materials are used according to specifications and procedures.
 Outfits are worn according to farm requirements.
 Emergency procedures are known and followed to ensure a
safe work requirement.
 Hazard in the workplace are identified and reported in line with farm guidelines.
 Used tools and outfit are cleaned after used and stored in designated areas.

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  Unused materials are properly labeled and stored according to manufacturer’s
recommendation and farm requirements.
 Waste materials are disposed according to manufacturers, government and farm
requirements.

LEARNING OUTCOME # 1 Determine Areas of Concern for Safety Measures

CONTENTS: 1. Time and Places of Applying Safety Measures

2. Preparing Tools, Materials and Outfit.

 Work tasks are identified in line with farm

ASSESSMENT operations.

CRITERIA  Place for safety measures are determined in

line with farm operations.
 Times for safety measures are determined in
line with farm operations.
 Appropriate tools, materials and outfits are
prepared in line with job requirements.

REFERENCES  www.yahoo.com
 www.google.com
 Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft
Corporation. All rights reserved.
 Vegetable Production by Bautista A.
 Vegetable Production Training Manual, AYRDC 1990
 Crop Production: Principles and Practices by S.
Chapman & L. Carter
CONDITION
Student/ trainee must be provided with the following:
 Farm Location
 Tools, equipment and outfits appropriate in applying
safety measures

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ASSESSMENT METHOD
 Observation
 Interview
 Written examination
 Demonstration of practical skills

Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome No. 1 Apply Safety Measures in Farm Operations

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read Information sheet 1.1-1 on Use Information sheet 1.1-1 on Time and Places
Time and Places of Applying Safety of Applying Safety Measures
Measures

2. Answer Self-Check 1.1-1 Check your answers using Answer key 1.1-1

3. Read Information sheet 1.1-2 on Use Information sheet 1.1-2 on Preparing Tools,
Preparing Tools, Materials and Outfit Materials and Outfit

4. Answer Self-Check 1.1-2 Check your answers using Answer key 1.1-2

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 Information Sheet 1.1-1
Time and Places for Safety Measures

Learning Objective: After reading the information sheet, the trainee should be able:
1. Identify the different time and places for applying safety measures.
2. Recognize Workplace hazards and its environmental implications.

Time for Applying Safety Measures

1. Fertilizer and Pesticides Application
2. Harvesting and Hauling
3. Cleaning, Sanitizing and Disinfecting

Places for Applying Safety Measures

1. Stock room areas/warehouse
2. Field/farm/orchard

What are HAZARDS?

Hazards are any things that can harm workers. There are health hazards and safety hazards.

Safety – the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with the prescribed
Occupational Health Safety (OHS) Standards and which allow the workers to perform his or her job
without or within acceptable exposure to hazards

Occupational safety – the practices related to production and work process

Health – a sound state of the body and mind of the workers that enable him or her to perform the
job normally

Horticultural farm operations deal with a lot of activities to be done in the different workplaces.
While performing these activities we expose ourselves to a lot of risks. Workplace hazard is a major
cause of accident, injury, or harm to a worker who performs such task. These hazards should be the
major concern of all who are involved in a certain job or work.

It is important to distinguish hazard, risk and exposure when undertaking risk management.
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 o Hazardis the potential for harm, or adverse effect on an employee’s health. Anything which
may cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace is a hazard.
o Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a
workplace. The level of risk increases with the severity of the hazard and the duration and
frequency of exposure.
o Exposure occurs when a person comes in contact with a hazard.

SAFETY PRECAUTION IN HANDLING FARM FACILITIES

Horticultural operations deal with a lot of activities to be done in the workplace, workplace hazard is
a major cause of accident, injury, or hardy the worker who perform such task, eliminating workplace
hazards needs systematic approach.
METHODS OF IDENTIFYING HAZARDS
There are many methods which are useful for identifying hazards, including
1. Injury and illness records – review your worker compensation data and check the
incidence, mechanism and agency of injury.
2. Staying informed on trends and developments in workplace health and safety, for
example via the internet or OHS publications.
3. Reviewing the potential import of new work practices introduced into the workplace
4. Doing walk-through surveys, inspections or safety audits in the workplace to evaluate
the organizations health and safety system
5. Considering OHS implications when analyzing work processes
6. Investigating workplace incident and near hit’s report. In some cases there may be
more than one hazard contributing to an incident.
7. Getting feedback from employees can often provide valuable information about
hazards, because they have hands-on experience in the work area.
HAZARDS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO FIVE TYPES THEY ARE:
1. PHYSICAL- include floors, stairs, work platform, step, ladders, fire, falling objects, slippery
surfaces, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling), excessively loud and prolonged noise,
vibration, heat and cold, radiation, poor lighting ventilation, air quality.
2. MECHANICAL and/or ELECTRICAL – includes electricity, machinery equipments, pressure
vessels, dangerous goods, forklifts, cranes, hoists.
3. CHEMICAL – includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and those that could
lead to fire explosions, like pesticides, dust and fumes from various processes such as
welding
4. BIOLOGICAL – include bacteria, viruses, mould, mildew, insects, vermin, and animals.
5. PYCHOSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT – includes workplace stressors arising from a variety of
sources.

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List of Possible Hazards in Horticultural Farm Operations

Possible Harmful Possible Supervisor Preventative Action

Effects Action to Prevent Injury Students Can Take
Hazard
/ Illness

Handling of Wounds/cuts  Provide necessary  Observe safety

farm tools safety precautions precautions

Unleveled Falls  Place appropriate  Observe safety

terrain safety signs signs
Cuts  Require appropriate  Wear PPE
PPE including

Dust Foreign body in eye  Provide eye and  Wear eye and
respiratory protection respiratory
Respiratory effects protection

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Fertilizers/ Skin contact may  Use least hazardous Use PPE
Pesticides result in allergic product for the task
Follow safe working
reaction  Dispense and mix
procedures when
chemicals in well- handling chemicals
Swallowing of ventilated areas
Disinfectants Clean up spills
disinfectants or  Store and label
immediately
inhalation of fumes chemicals
can lead to appropriately
headache, nausea,  Ensure the
dizziness, vomiting - availability of First
poisoning, loss of Aid Kit
consciousness and  Provide emergency
fatality. eyewash
Fuel  Provide appropriate
PPE
Long-term exposure  Clean up spills
may result to chronic immediately
(ongoing) illness
including cancer

Manual Musculoskeletal  Provide mechanical  Use mechanical

handling disorders, including aids aids
(bending, sprains and strains  Provide training in  Seek help when
reaching, safe manual handling you think a team lift
stretching, techniques is required
pulling, lifting,  Encourage team lifts  Exercise before
repetitive starting the work
motions,
awkward
posture)

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 Hot or cold Heat rashes, heat  Provide regular rest Be aware of potential
weather cramps, heat stress, breaks hazards during hot
conditions dehydration, loss of  Provide shade or cold weather
 Re-schedule work if conditions that
fine motor controls,
the weather is cause illness . Rest
sunburn, numbness, and seek assistance
frostbite, extremely
if you feel that heat
unfavorable or coldness affect
 Assess work hours in you.
difficult conditions
Wear appropriate
 Provide sufficient clothing and take
water during hot regular rest.
weather
 Wear appropriate
PPE
Handling soil/ Legionnaire’s  Minimize dust  Follow proper
disease  Provide hygiene
Potting mixes appropriate  Wear
clothing and PPE appropriate PPE
 Observe proper
hygiene

“An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure,” a saying which always reminds us of
our safety in everything we do. Take the necessary safety measures in any work we perform.

In every farm operation we undertake, we expose ourselves to risk or hazards. To be safe in

performing such job, we see to it that our workplace complies with OHS standards. Always maintain
a workplace free from work hazards. Apply the principles of good housekeeping

Let’s take a look into our facilities, such as; nursery shed, storage house, and farm shops.
Examine their physical conditions (roofing, sidings, or floorings). Can they survive any disaster that
may occur? Are the things inside safe? If not, what preventive structures should you undertake?
Below is a table indicating the facilities physical conditions, possible calamities or disaster that may
occur and the suggested preventive structures or contingency measures to be undertaken.
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Facilities Physical Calamities/ Suggested preventive/
conditions Disaster contingency measure

Nursery shed Weak posts typhoon Put braces

Storage barn Leaking roofing Heavy rains Put water sealant (vulcaseal)

Farm shop Unsafe windows Thief/burglars Put grills and heavy duty
and doors padlocks

Fires Provide fire hydrants

Or call fire department

Run off Construct drainage canal

Vicinity fence Dilapidated Astray animal Reconstruct fence

SAFE WORK PRACTICES:

1. KEEP all tools and equipment clean and in good condition. ( note: keep tools sharp and
guarded)

2. STORE tools and equipment in the proper storage areas when not in use.

3. REMOVE any defective tools and equipment from service.

4. ARRANGE equipment and machinery for a clean and safe working area and ease
maintenance

5. STORE tools and material in their proper place.

6. ORGANIZE your work area and keep it clean of trash and other hazard

7. THROW AWAY trash and waste material properly.

8. LABEL all storage areas inside rooms clearly.

9. PROVIDE proper identification and labeling of work areas per unit of competency/ area of
specialization tools and instructional materials.

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PRECAUTIONARY AND SAFETY MEASURES RELATING TO SOME FARM EQUIPMENT AND
FACILITIES
Moving Equipment

 Maintain at least 3 meters or 10 feet between power lines and moving equipment. Be
careful when using grain augers, cultivators, tractors and sprayers.
 When moving bales, loads of hay and granaries, be sure there is at least 3 meters or
10 feet of clearance. When having new bins or equipment delivered, be sure to plan
a safe route that doesn't cross under power lines. If it is necessary to go under a line,
call Manitoba Hydro for assistance.
 Raised truck boxes and tractor loaders can contact power lines, with fatal results.
Always lower equipment before moving.
 Always move slowly and carefully, constantly checking to be sure clearances to
overhead power lines are maintained.
 Never allow anyone to ride on top of moving farm equipment or hay bales.
Irrigation Systems

 Position irrigation pipe stacks at least 9 meters or 30 feet from overhead power lines.
 Move pipes horizontally rather than vertically to avoid "flashover" from overhead
power lines.
 Keep water jets at least 4.5 meters or 15 feet away from power lines.
 If a solid stream of water reaches a power line, stay away and call Manitoba Hydro
for help. The entire system may have become energized.

Fuel Tanks

 Install fuel tanks in a safe location away from overhead power lines that could pose a
problem during refueling.
 Position fuel tanks at least 9 meters or 30 feet from power lines.
 If possible, locate fuel tanks beyond the last pole of your electrical system.
 Remember that fuel storage tanks of any kind are not permitted beneath overhead
electrical conductors.
Hand & power tools:
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  Are all stationary power tools grounded and all portable power tools either double
insulated or of the three-wire grounded type?
 Are portable power tools always disconnected when not in use?
 Are all stationary tools such as grinders and saws properly shielded and the shields
always in place when in use?
 Are all hand tools (especially cutting tools like saws, axes and knives) properly stored
so they cannot fall or be brushed against accidentally?
 Are all hand-tools (such as axes, picks and sledgehammers) in good condition such
that, for example, they have tight-fitting and splinter-free handles?
 Are hearing protective devices always used when operating noisy machinery and
power tools?
 Is your welding area well-ventilated?
 Are all work areas well lit?
Tire changing

Tire changing can be dangerous, and should be done by trained personnel using proper
tools and procedures. Improper changing of tire may lead to serious injury or even death. Each and
every item needs to be handled with utmost caution.

Rim
 Ensure that rim is approved for the tire size in use and its corresponding inflation
pressure.
 Check the rim for cracks, fatigue failure and ovality of stud holes. The valve-hole
edges should be free from any burr that may damage the valve.
 Remove all dirt, grease, rust etc. From the rim. Never use a rim that has been bent,
pitted from corrosion, cracked or worn.
 Never rework, weld, heat or braze the rim of a tire/wheel/rim assembly while the tire
contains inflation pressure.
 Never hammer or strike on any type of tire/rim assembly while the tire contains
inflation pressure.
Wheel
 Wheel disc must not be distorted or fractured and also should be free from any foreign
matter, dirt, rust etc.
 Threads of studs and nuts should be clean and free from any damage.
 Ensure that the wheel nuts run freely on stud threads or wheel bolts in the hub
assembly. Studs must correctly seat into the hub.

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 During fixing the rim on the wheel disc do not fully tighten one nut alone while others are
loose. Nuts and bolts must be regularly checked for tightness.

Tire
 Always inspect the inside of the tire for any foreign matter, loose cords, cuts etc. before
mounting. Carcass damages should be repaired. If irreparable the tire must be discarded.
 Lubricate the tire beads and rim flanges while mounting or demounting a tire with a thin
solution of a vegetable oil soap or any recommended lubricant. Never use any petroleum - based
hydrocarbon lubricant or silicones.
 After mounting the tire on the rim and ensuring that the beads are correctly
located ;inflation of the tire for proper bead seating must not exceed 240 kpa (35 psi ). Higher
inflation may break the beads or rim with explosive force. If the beads do not get seated; deflate
the tire, re-centre the tire, re-lubricate the beads and rim and re-inflate the tire. Adjust the
pressure to that required for the operation.
 Never re-inflate a tire that has been operated in run - flat or underinflated condition
( 80% or less of recommended pressure ) without checking both the tire and the tube for
damage.
 Never stand directly in front of a tire while inflating it. Stay away from the trajectory of
any flying parts due to an explosion. It is always better to place the tire in a cage or fixing the
tire / rim assembly in a restraining device while inflating.

Tube
 Always use new tubes with a new tire.
 Never use a tube that has been buckled or creased.
 Always inspect the valve - cores for air leakages and replace if necessary.
 Always use sealing valve - caps to prevent loss of air or fluid.
 Never pull out a tube by holding the valve - stem.
 Avoid pinching of the tube by the tools while mounting and demounting.
Chain Saw
 Keep the operators manual with the chain saw.
 Use the proper personal protective equipment (PPE) for the job:
 Clothing should fit well and be free of dangling or ragged edges, which can become
tangled in the saw. The use of nylon mesh protective leg chaps and/or knee pads can
provide increased protection for the legs.
 A hard hat protects the head from falling limbs or branches. A properly fitted hat is
cool, comfortable and provides protection from head injury.
 A full face shield or safety Goggles/Glasses that have side shields prevent injury from
flying wood chips, twigs, and sawdust.
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  Protect ears from the high level of noise produced by the saw.
 Safety Boots or shoes with high tops protect ankles in the event of accidental contact
with a moving saw blade.
 Lightweight leather gloves protect hands from cuts splinters, and abrasion.

Tools and equipment

 Keeping tools neat and orderly can be very important to everyone's safety, whether in the tool
room, on the rack, in the yard, or on the bench.
 Returning tools promptly after use reduces the chance of them being misplaced or lost.
 Workers should regularly inspect, clean and repair all tools and take any damaged or worn tools
out of service.
 A good maintenance program provides for the inspection, maintenance, upkeep and repair of
tools, equipment, machines and processes.

Self-Check 1.1-1

Instruction: Complete the table below.

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 Possible Harmful Possible Supervisor Preventative Action
Effects Action to Prevent Injury Students Can Take
Hazard
/ Illness

Handling of Wounds/cuts  Observe safety

farm tools precautions

Unleveled Falls  Place appropriate 

terrain safety signs
Cuts  Require appropriate
PPE

Dust Foreign body in eye  Wear eye and

respiratory
Respiratory effects protection

Fertilizers Skin contact may Use PPE

result in allergic Follow safe working
reaction procedures when
Pesticides/ handling chemicals
Swallowing of
Disinfectants pesticides/disinfectan Clean up spills
immediately
ts or inhalation of
fumes can lead to
headache, nausea,
dizziness, vomiting -
poisoning, loss of
consciousness and
Fuel
fatality.

Long-term exposure
may result to chronic
(ongoing) illness
including cancer

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Manual Musculoskeletal  Provide mechanical
handling disorders, including aids
(bending, sprains and strains  Provide training in
reaching, safe manual handling
stretching, techniques
pulling, lifting,  Encourage team lifts
repetitive
motions,
awkward
posture)

Hot or cold Heat rashes, heat  Provide regular rest

weather cramps, heat stress, breaks
conditions dehydration, loss of  Provide shade
fine motor controls,  Re-schedule work if
sunburn, numbness, the weather is
frostbite, extremely
unfavorable
 Assess work hours in
difficult conditions
 Provide sufficient
water during hot
weather
 Wear appropriate
PPE
Handling soil/ Legionnaire’s  Follow proper
disease hygiene
Potting mixes  Wear
appropriate PPE

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 Answer Key 1.1-1

Possible Harmful Possible Supervisor Preventative Action

Effects Action to Prevent Injury Students Can Take
Hazard
/ Illness

Handling of Wounds/cuts  Provide necessary  Observe safety

farm tools safety precautions precautions

Unleveled Falls  Place appropriate  Observe safety

terrain safety signs signs
Cuts  Require appropriate  Wear PPE
PPE including

Dust Foreign body in eye  Provide eye and  Wear eye and
respiratory protection respiratory
Respiratory effects protection

Fertilizers Skin contact may  Use least hazardous Use PPE

result in allergic product for the task
Follow safe working
reaction  Dispense and mix
procedures when
chemicals in well- handling chemicals
Pesticides/ Swallowing of ventilated areas
disinfectants Clean up spills
pesticides/disinfectan  Store and label
immediately
ts or inhalation of chemicals
fumes can lead to appropriately
headache, nausea,  Ensure the
dizziness, vomiting - availability of First
poisoning, loss of Aid Kit
consciousness and  Provide emergency
Fuel
fatality. eyewash
 Provide appropriate
PPE
Long-term exposure  Clean up spills
may result to chronic immediately
(ongoing) illness
including cancer

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Manual Musculoskeletal  Provide mechanical  Use mechanical
handling disorders, including aids aids
(bending, sprains and strains  Provide training in  Seek help when
reaching, safe manual handling you think a team lift
stretching, techniques is required
pulling, lifting,  Encourage team lifts  Exercise before
repetitive starting the work
motions,
awkward
posture)

Hot or cold Heat rashes, heat  Provide regular rest Be aware of potential
weather cramps, heat stress, breaks hazards during hot
conditions dehydration, loss of  Provide shade or cold weather
 Re-schedule work if conditions that
fine motor controls,
the weather is cause illness . Rest
sunburn, numbness, and seek assistance
frostbite, extremely
if you feel that heat
unfavorable or coldness affect
 Assess work hours in you.
difficult conditions
Wear appropriate
 Provide sufficient clothing and take
water during hot regular rest.
weather
 Wear appropriate
PPE
Handling soil/ Legionnaire’s  Minimize dust  Follow proper
disease  Provide hygiene
Potting mixes appropriate  Wear
clothing and PPE appropriate PPE
 Observe proper
hygiene

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 Information sheet 1.1-2
Preparing Tools, Materials and Outfit

Learning Objective: After reading this information sheet you should be able
To Identify and prepare tools, materials and outfit
for farm operations.

Animal Production Tools

These are the tools used in producing animals.
Tools Uses

1. Artificial Vagina  for semen collection

2. 3. Artificial Insemination kit

 Used in inseminating cattle and
buffaloes

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4. 5. AI gun
 Used in depositing semen.

4. Speculum
 Used in opening the vagina during AI

2. 3. Syringe and needles

 This is used during administration of
injectable drugs or when measuring
liquid biological and supplements. It is
provided with graduations to measure
exactly the needed volume for an
specific task/job.

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4. 5. Shovel and wheel borrow
 These are used in hauling heavy
loads from place to place.
 They may be used to haul feeds,
feedstuffs, additives or supplements
that are heavy and also used in
disposing wastes and dead animals to
proper receptacles.

6. Milking Pails  This is used to contain milk during

milking times.

7. 8. Branding iron

 A fabricated piece of iron used to

mark the skin of cattle for identification
purposes

9. 10. Ear tag applicator and ear

tags
 used to tag on the ear of cattle or
buffalo for identification purposes

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11. 12. Emasculator  Instruments for surgical castration

13. 14. Scalpel  Instruments for surgical castration

 This is used to
feed the chicken

15. Feed bucket

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16. Infrared gas brooder  This is used to
provide heat
during brooding

 This is used in
chick brooding

17. Alluminum corral

 This is used to
caponized male
chicken and can
be used also in
castration

18. Caponizing set

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  This is used for
drinking of
chicken

19. chicken drinker

 This is used to
debeak chicks

20. debeaker
 This is used for
injection

21. syringe

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  Used for laying
stage of layers

22. layer
cages

Identifying and sorting tools

It has been mentioned Earlier that tools facilitates works conveniently but then a user must bear in
mind that knowledge on the usability of this tools will lead to a safe and successful endeavor.
Before using any of the tools always check as to whether they are still usable or serviceable. Refer
to the manual of operations as prescribe by the manufacturers for other tools specially the new ones
and ask the assistance of a skilled operators whenever necessary.
Tools that are worn should be separated and fixed immediately to avoid accident. Farm tools are
classified according to use. A tool has its own specific use. Always remember to use the right tool in
the right job. Serviceability of a certain tool depends on how it is being used, maintained and store.
Proper and correct identification of tools result easy preparation, quality output and quick
accomplishment in any horticultural works.
PPE/ OUTFIT
1. Masks
2. Gloves
3. Boots
4. Overall Coats
5. Hat
6. Eye Goggles

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 Crates

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 Self-Check 1.1-2

A. Enumeration
Instruction: Enumerate what is being asked.
1. OUTFIT
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
 Answer Key 1.1-2

A. Enumeration

Instruction: Enumerate what is being asked.

1. OUTFIT
a. Gloves
b. Boots
c. Overall Coats
d. Hat
e. Eye Goggles
f. Masks

LEARNING OUTCOME # 2 Apply appropriate Safety Measures

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  Tools and Materials Specifications
CONTENTS:  Procedures in Wearing Outfit
 Product Description and Product Label
 Use of Emergency Facilities and Proper Application of
First Aid

 Tools and materials are used according to specifications

and procedures.
ASSESSMENT  Outfits are worn according to farm requirements.
CRITERIA  Effectively/shelf life/ expiration of materials are strictly
observed.
 Emergency procedures are known and followed to
ensure a
 safe work requirement.
 Hazard in the workplace are identified and reported in
line with farm guidelines.

 www.google.com

REFERENCES  Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft

Corporation. All rights reserved.

CONDITION
Student/ trainee must be provided with the following:
 Farm Location
 Tools, equipment and outfits appropriate in applying
safety measures

ASSESSMENT METHOD
 Observation
 Interview
 Written examination
 Demonstration of practical skills

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 Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome No. 2 Apply appropriate Safety Measures

1. Read Information sheet 1.2-1 Use Information sheet 1.2-1 on Tools and
on Tools and Materials Materials Specifications
Specifications

2. Answer Self-Check 1.2-1 Check your answers using Answer key 1.2-1

3. Perform task sheet 1.2-1 on Evaluate your performance using Performance

Procedures in Wearing Outfit Criteria Checklist 1.2-1

4. Read Information sheet 1.2-2 Use Information sheet 1.2-2 on Product

on Product Description and Description and Product Label
Product Label

5. Answer Self-Check 1.2-2 Check your answers using Answer key 1.2-2

6. Read Information Sheet 1.2-3 on Use Information Sheet 1.2-3 on Use of

Use of Emergency Facilities and Emergency Facilities and Proper Application of
Proper Application of First Aid First Aid

7. Answer Self-Check 1.2-3 Check your answers using Answer key 1.2-3

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 Information Sheet 1.2-1
Tools and Materials Specifications

Objective: After reading the information sheet, the trainee should be able to give tools and
materials specifications.

HARVESTING TOOLS/MATERIALS

Different crops require different harvesting tools and materials. The use of appropriate tools and
materials in harvesting will facilitate harvesting and may help maintain good quality of harvest.
The following tools and materials could be used in harvesting vegetables;
1. Scissors
2. Pruning shear
3. Knives
4. Collecting basket with liners
5. Harvesting crates with liners
6. Temporary shed

Proper and correct harvesting tools and materials facilitate the quickness and efficient
harvest. It also prevents the damages that may be incurred because of wrong preparation of
needed tools that may result into low price.
During harvesting care should be followed to avoid inflicting injuries .Pick commodity gently
by using right tools and should be laid down on the container careful
The following are the suitable tools and equipment used for harvesting vegetable

SHEAR OR KNIFE BASKET AND KAING

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 ROPE

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRUNING SHEARS

Pruning shears are often used for harvesting fruits, some vegetables, and cut flowers. Variety of
styles are available as hand held or pole models, including shears that cut and hold onto the stem
of the cut product. This feature allows the picker to harvest without a catching bag and without
dropping fruits.

Straight bladed hand shears

for fruits and flowers

Thin curved blade for grapes and fruits Cut and hold hand shears

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 Clipper for citrus fruits

OTHER HARVESTING TOOLS AND

MATERIALS

Hand woven collection bag Canvas collection sack

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Using a sack
Fruit trees are sometimes quite tall and letting fruit fall to the ground when it is cut from
the tree will cause severe bruising. If two pickers work together, one can clip or cut the
fruit from the tree, and the other can use a sack to break its fall. The catcher supports the
bag with his hands and one foot, catches the falling fruit, then lowers the far end of the
bag to allow the fruit to roll safely to the ground.

Harvesting containers
Picking baskets, bags and buckets come in many sues and shapes. These harvesting
containers can be made by sewing bags with openings on both ends, fitting fabric over the
open bottom of ready-made baskets, fitting bags with adjustable harnesses, or by simply
adding some carrying straps to a small basket. Several examples are illustrate

FARMING IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

Farming implements

Hoe is
used for
digging
and
cutting
trenches

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 Spade is used for
mixing and cutting
soil.

Spading fork is another useful

digging tool. It is ideal for breaking
and turning heavy soils and for
loosening subsoil layers when double
digging a bed. Turning coarse
compost, spreading mulches, and
digging root crops are other jobs
suitable for a spading fork.

Sturdy rake is useful in clearing the garden

of rocks and debris. It is also

helpful in spreading mulches
and smoothing seedbeds

Tractor-pulled plow

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Farm equipment and accessories

Disc plow is
used to mix
and dig
large blocks
of soil.

Harrow
Carabao-drawn plow

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 Plow

Pest Control Equipment

Pest control equipment is needed in most gardens. Even organic gardeners often need
sprayers for dormant oils or dusters for botanical insecticides. There is a wide range of equipment to
choose from - from cans of insecticides with sprinkler tops to motorized knapsack sprayers. Here
again, one's own needs and budget are the determining factors.

Using the same spray equipment for weed and insect control is neither safe nor desirable.
No matter how well a tank is rinsed after using some herbicides, a residue may be left in the tank,
gaskets, hoses, and other parts. If the same equipment is then used to spray a plant with insecticide
or fungicide, the herbicide residue may kill or injure the plant. The wisest policy is to maintain two
sprayers, one for herbicides and another for insecticides and fungicides. Have them clearly labeled
according to use pattern. Sprayers should be rinsed after each use. Don't forget to flush hoses and
nozzles. Sprayers must be kept clean and in good working order. Nozzles should be replaced when
they begin to show signs of wear. Pesticide application equipment comes in all shapes, sizes, types,
and prices. Select equipment according to common sense.
Hose-end sprayer:

A bottle with hose attachments that holds liquid pesticides. The pesticide is mixed with
water in a certain ratio as the water flows out of the garden hose. These devices are inexpensive
and serve the purpose quite adequately; however, it may take some figuring to get the appropriate
ratio of pesticide to water. An adjustable nozzle is a good feature to look for. An antisiphon device
should be part of a hose-end sprayer because if there is drop in your water pressure, the chemicals
can be sucked up into your water system. The extra price you may have to pay for this safety
feature will be well worth the peace of mind.
Compressed Air Sprayer (backpack or tank sprayer):
Spray is mixed in a small tank (generally one to five gallons). The tank is carried like a
backpack, over the shoulders. A hand-operated pump supplies pressure during application. A single
nozzle releases the spray at the end of a hand-held wand. It is difficult to apply a wettable powder
with this type of equipment because such a spray mixture requires agitation. The applicator has
excellent control over coverage, making this sprayer a good choice for treating dwarf fruit trees,
vegetables, and ornamentals. Spray will not reach into tall trees. As water weighs more than 8 lbs.
per gallon, small tanks are easier to carry than large tanks.

Hand Duster:

The duster may consist of a squeeze tube or shaker, a plunger that slides through a tube, or
a fan powered by a hand crank. Uniform coverage of foliage is difficult to achieve with many
dusters. Dusts are more subject to drift than liquid formulations due to their lightweight and poor
sticking qualities. Many dust formulations are sold in dispenser canisters.

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 Watering Equipment
Watering is an essential garden job for most gardeners. An adequate water supply makes a big
difference in garden yields. Purchase of watering equipment depends on available facilities, water
supply, climate, and garden practices. If there is no outdoor spigot near the garden, the expense of
having one installed may be greater than the benefits gained except in very drought-prone areas or
in the case of a gardener who is fully dependent on the season's produce. Where rainfall is
adequate except for a few periods in the summer, it is wise to keep watering equipment simple; a
garden hose with a fan-type sprinkler will suffice. A water breaker for small seedlings is useful. But,
in areas where there are extended periods of hot weather without precipitation, the local water
supply is likely to be short. Overhead sprinklers are wasteful of water, so in this case, a drip
irrigation system may be in order. Drip irrigation puts water right at the roots and doesn't wet plant
leaves, helping to prevent disease. Timers are available that allow automatic watering with drip and
some other systems. However, this type of system is relatively expensive and may be considered a
nuisance by some gardeners because of maintenance and placement requirements. Cultural
practices, such as mulching, close plant spacing, shading, or wide bed planting, will significantly
reduce water need

FERTILIZER MATERIALS

Fertilizers come either as organic or inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are those that
contain carbon atom as major structural element. Inorganic materials are consisting of chemical
combinations (salt or minerals) of two or more elements.

Forms of organic fertilizers:

1. Natural organic derived from plants or animals

as manures, crop residues

2. Synthetic organic materials which are usually

organic compounds like urea [CO (NH2)2]
calcium cyanide (CaCNa), and urea-form.

Forms of natural organic elements:

1. Farm manure is a mixture of excreta and soiled beddings that

accumulate in stables and barns.

2. Crop residues- These are the stalks, straws of harvested crops

which when allowed to decompose after harvesting provides
potassium, nitrogen, and ;

3. Green manures.

Examples of inorganic fertilizers:

Date Developed:: Page 41 of 93

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 A. Natural inorganic materials as Chilean nitrate of soda, rock of phosphate and most of the
potassium materials
B. Synthetic inorganic materials such as ammonium sulfate, superphosphate and ammonium
phosphate.

Pest Control Equipment

Pest control equipment is needed in most gardens. Even organic gardeners often need
sprayers for dormant oils or dusters for botanical insecticides. There is a wide range of equipment to
choose from - from cans of insecticides with sprinkler tops to motorized knapsack sprayers. Here
again, one's own needs and budget are the determining factors.

Using the same spray equipment for weed and insect control is neither safe nor desirable.
No matter how well a tank is rinsed after using some herbicides, a residue may be left in the tank,
gaskets, hoses, and other parts. If the same equipment is then used to spray a plant with insecticide
or fungicide, the herbicide residue may kill or injure the plant. The wisest policy is to maintain two
sprayers, one for herbicides and another for insecticides and fungicides. Have them clearly labeled
according to use pattern. Sprayers should be rinsed after each use. Don't forget to flush hoses and
nozzles. Sprayers must be kept clean and in good working order. Nozzles should be replaced when
they begin to show signs of wear. Pesticide application equipment comes in all shapes, sizes, types,
and prices. Select equipment according to common sense.

Hose-end sprayer: A bottle with hose attachments that holds liquid pesticides. The
pesticide is mixed with water in a certain ratio as the water flows out of the garden hose. These
devices are inexpensive and serve the purpose quite adequately; however, it may take some
figuring to get the appropriate ratio of pesticide to water. An adjustable nozzle is a good feature to
look for. An antisiphon device should be part of a hose-end sprayer because if there is drop in your
water pressure, the chemicals can be sucked up into your water system. The extra price you may
have to pay for this safety feature will be well worth the peace of mind.

Compressed Air Sprayer (backpack or tank sprayer): Spray is mixed in a small tank
(generally one to five gallons). The tank is carried like a backpack, over the shoulders. A hand-
operated pump supplies pressure during application. A single nozzle releases the spray at the end
of a hand-held wand. It is difficult to apply a wettable powder with this type of equipment because
such a spray mixture requires agitation. The applicator has excellent control over coverage, making
this sprayer a good choice for treating dwarf fruit trees, vegetables, and ornamentals. Spray will not
reach into tall trees. As water weighs more than 8 lbs. per gallon, small tanks are easier to carry
than large tanks.

Hand Duster: The duster may consist of a squeeze tube or shaker, a plunger that slides
through a tube, or a fan powered by a hand crank. Uniform coverage of foliage is difficult to achieve
with many dusters. Dusts are more subject to drift than liquid formulations due to their lightweight
and poor sticking qualities. Many dust formulations are sold in dispenser canisters.
Date Developed:: Page 42 of 93
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 Watering Equipment
Watering is an essential garden job for most gardeners. An adequate water supply makes a
big difference in garden yields. Purchase of watering equipment depends on available facilities,
water supply, climate, and garden practices. If there is no outdoor spigot near the garden, the
expense of having one installed may be greater than the benefits gained except in very drought-
prone areas or in the case of a gardener who is fully dependent on the season's produce. Where
rainfall is adequate except for a few periods in the summer, it is wise to keep watering equipment
simple; a garden hose with a fan-type sprinkler will suffice. A water breaker for small seedlings is
useful. But, in areas where there are extended periods of hot weather without precipitation, the local
water supply is likely to be short. Overhead sprinklers are wasteful of water, so in this case, a drip
irrigation system may be in order. Drip irrigation puts water right at the roots and doesn't wet plant
leaves, helping to prevent disease. Timers are available that allow automatic watering with drip and
some other systems. However, this type of system is relatively expensive and may be considered a
nuisance by some gardeners because of maintenance and placement requirements. Cultural
practices, such as mulching, close plant spacing, shading, or wide bed planting, will significantly
reduce water needs.

HARVESTING EQUIPMENT, TOOLS AND SUPPLIES

Suitable tools/ equipment and containers for harvesting must be

considered.

Here are some examples.

TOOLS/ EQUIPMENT CONTAINERS

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 Sharp knives Plastic bag

Cutting shear

Scissors Boxes

Pointed end stick Weighing scale Date Developed:: Ropes and Straws Page 44 of 93
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GINA F. AGUILAR
CLEANING AND SHARPENING TOOLS

Use a file to sharpen

If you like to get your hands dirty, chances are your tools are dirty, too. the blade of a shovel.
It's a good idea to take the time to clean and sharpen your tools.

Washing tools

Give tools a bubble bath to remove grit, dirt and grime. A wire brush
comes in handy, especially to remove that caked-on soil. Make sure you
scrub the back of the neck, where a lot of dirt accumulates.
A whet stone sharpens
smaller tools such as
Removing rust pruners.

For fine soil and rust, steel wool does the trick. Scrub the tool, dry it and see what's left. For
stubborn rust, try sandpaper. If you've neglected your tools, you may need to use a little sweat
equity to get the rust out. So be prepared to roll up your sleeves and use some elbow grease.

Sharpening the blade of a shovel

To sharpen the blade, you need a vice to keep it in place, a pair of gloves so you won't get metal
chards under the skin and a mill bastard file. Lay the file almost parallel to the blade of the shovel.
Put weight on the outer edge. Pull it through and lift. Go one way. File the entire blade.

To polish the blade of the shovel, use a soft cloth with lubricating oil to prevent rust. While you're
polishing, don't forget the handle. A household furniture oil helps keep wood in tiptop shape.

Sharpening pruners

Take apart pruners to clean and sharpen them. Take a small wrench and remove the nut and bolt
that connects the two blades together. Also unscrew the coil between the handles. Then you're
ready to scrub the blades with steel wool and sandpaper to get rid of any fine dirt and rust. To
sharpen the pruners, use a whet stone, pushing out toward the edge.

Self-Check 1.2-1
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True or False
Instruction: Write FALSE if the statement is not correct and write TRUE if the statement is correct.
1. To polish the blade of the shovel, use a soft cloth with lubricating oil to prevent rust.
2. Purchase of watering equipment depends on available facilities, water supply, climate, and
garden practices.
3. The duster may consist of a squeeze tube or shaker, a plunger that slides through a tube, or a
fan powered by a hand crank.
4. Sturdy rake is useful in clearing the garden of rocks and debris. It is also helpful in spreading
mulches and smoothing seedbeds
5. Using the same spray equipment for weed and insect control is neither safe nor desirable.

Answer Key 1.2-1

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1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. TRUE

Task Sheet 1.2-1

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 Title Procedures in Wearing Outfit

Objective After reading the task sheet, the trainee should be able to perform the
procedures in wearing outfit.
 masks
 gloves
 boots
 overall coats
 hat
 eye goggles

1. Prepare the necessary outfit such as masks, gloves, boots, overall

Procedure
coats, hat, and eye goggles. Check each of them if they are free from
damage and well-cleaned.
2. Wear your outfit appropriately. Wear your overall coat to be followed by
your masks, gloves, hat, eye goggles, and boots.
3. Now, ready to do the given task free from some injury and mess.

Performance Performance Criteria Checklist

Assessment

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 Performance Criteria Checklist 1.2-1

Criteria
Did the trainee… Yes No
1. Prepare the necessary outfit such as masks, gloves, boots,
overall coats, hat, and eye goggles?
2. Check each of them if they are free from damage and well-
cleaned?
3. Wear your outfit appropriately?

4. Wear your overall coat to be followed by your masks, gloves, hat,

eye goggles, and boots?

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 Read Information Sheet 1.2-2
Product Description and Product Label

Objective: After reading the information sheet, the trainee should be able to

Product description

A product description in project management is a structured format of presenting information

about a project product. Product description is usually created by the project manager and approved
by the project board.[1]

 1.

Product Label

 The label is the main source of information on the safe and effective use of a
product. The product label must always be supplied with the container. Additional
information may also sometimes be supplied as a separate leaflet.
 It is essential that all the information is read carefully and understood before a
pesticide is used because it informs the user of the safe and proper use of the
product.

Understanding the Pesticide Product Label

You must read and understand the label before you start to use the product.

The label is the main source of information on the safe and effective use of a product. The
product label must always be supplied with the container. Additional information may also
sometimes be supplied as a separate leaflet.

It is essential that all the information is read carefully and understood before a pesticide is used
because it informs the user of the safe and proper use of the product.

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 Statutory Conditions of Use

It is an offence not to follow the statutory conditions of use of a pesticide: these are detailed in
the relevant notice of approval.

Details of approvals are published on this website: https://secure.pesticides.gov.uk/pestreg/.

Additionally, the Control of Pesticide Regulations (COPR) require that the product label be
consistent with the statutory conditions of use. There are special requirements for "off-label"
approvals and commodity substances. Statutory conditions of use will differ from product to
product and use to use. They cover:

o Field of use restrictions, e.g. agriculture, wood preservative;

o User restrictions;
o The crop or situation which may be treated;
o Maximum individual dose/application rate;
o Maximum number of treatments or maximum total dose;
o Maximum area or quantity which may be treated;
o Latest time of application, harvest or re-entry interval;
o Operator protection or training requirements;
o Environmental protection requirements.

It is therefore important to read the label (together with any accompanying leaflet) carefully, if
possible before purchase and certainly before use.

Other Information on the Label

The information on the label also includes:

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 Self Check 1.2-2
Enumeration:
Instruction Enumerate what are being asked below.

1. The structure of product description, according to PRINCE2:

2. The information on the label

Date Developed:: Page 52 of 93

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 Answer Key 1.2-2

1.The structure of product description, according to PRINCE2:

 Identifier
 Title
 Purpose
 Composition
 Derivation
 Format and presentation
 Development Skill Required
 Quality criteria
 Quality tolerances
 Quality method
 Quality skills required
 Quality Responsibilities

2.The information on the label

 the trade name and marketing company of the product;

 the MAPP (registration) number;
 the product's active ingredients (and their concentrations);
 any necessary hazard symbols;
 precautions to be taken during use;
 medical advice;
 safe disposal of the product;
 advice on what pests (including diseases and weeds) the product controls.

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 Information Sheet 1.2-3
Use of Emergency Facilities and Proper Application of First Aid

Objective: After reading the information sheet, the trainee should be able to use emergency
facilities and proper application of First Aid.
Use of Emergency Facilities and Proper Application of First Aid

Basic Materials for Stocking a Home First-Aid-Kit

 Easily identifiable watertight box

 20 Adhesive dressings in assorted sizes

 6 Medium sterile dressings

 2 Large sterile dressings

 2 Extra large sterile dressings

 2 Sterile eye pads

 6 Triangular bandages

 6 Safety pins

 Disposable gloves

Useful Additions

 Two roller bandages

 Scissors

 Tweezers

 Cotton Padding

 Alcohol-free wound cleansing wipes

 Adhesive tape

 Plastic face shield

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  Notepad and pencil

 Blanket, flashlight, and whistle

Personal protective equipment

The use of personal protective equipment or PPE will vary by kit, depending on its use and
anticipated risk of infection. The adjuncts to artificial respiration are covered above, but other
common infection control PPE includes:

 Gloves which are single use and disposable to prevent cross infection
 Goggles or other eye protection
 Surgical mask or N95 mask to reduce possibility of airborne infection transmission (sometimes
placed on patient instead of caregivers. For this purpose the mask shoApron
 uld not have an exhale valve)

Instruments and equipments

 Trauma shears, for cutting clothing and general use

 Scissors are less useful but often included instead
 Tweezers
 Lighter, for sanitizing tweezers or pliers etc.
 alcohol pads for sanitizing equipment, or unbroken skin. This is sometimes used to debride
wounds, however some training authorities advise against this as it may kill cells which bacteria
can then feed on
 Irrigation syringe - with catheter tip for cleaning wounds with sterile water, saline solution, or a
weak iodine solution. The stream of liquid flushes out particles of dirt and debris.
 Torch (also known as a flashlight)
 Instant-acting chemical cold packs
 Alcohol rub (hand sanitizer) or antiseptic hand wipes
 Thermometer
 Space blanket (lightweight plastic foil blanket, also known as "emergency blanket")
 Penlight
 Cotton swab

Apply First Aid Procedures: General Requirements

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When providing first aid care for people experiencing illness from common medical conditions it is
advisable to follow the instructions of the casualty or their family (if possible). Individuals who have
long term medical conditions such as diabetes or asthma know best how to manage a first aid
situation but may require your assistance.

Reassure the casualty

Imagine you are hurt in a workplace accident. You can see blood on your leg and you think you’ve
broken your arm. You’ve twisted your ankle and you’re also in considerable pain and feeling a bit
dizzy. You will probably be feeling frightened and panicked or confused.

Feeling frightened and panicked could make things worse for you. Feeling this way will increase
your blood pressure and pulse causing more pain and more bleeding. This will in turn cause more
anxiety and panic. It becomes a vicious circle.

Not only is it important to reassure the casualty to make them feel better, this also lowers the blood
pressure and pulse rate and therefore lowers the amount of bleeding and pain.

Think of what kind of things could alleviate some of this anxiety and panic.

Methods

There are definite dos and don’ts regarding ways in which you can reassure the casualty.

DO DON’T

Be as honest as possible. Don’t tell them bad news eg ‘Emma is

dead.’ If the casualty asks about another
casualty who is dead or critical, just say
‘Everything is being done for them.’

Let the casualty know that help Don’t react to the situation ie don’t shout
is on its way. ‘Oh my goodness, look at Bob.’ or ‘Gee,
look at all that blood.’

If an ambulance has been

called, let the casualty know
this.

Stay with the casualty. Do not leave the casualty.

Try to make them comfortable Don’t move the casualty unnecessarily.

with minimal movement eg

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 blankets, icepack.

Tell the casualty your name, Don’t tell the casualty to look at the
find out theirs and use it eg wounds.
‘How are you doing, Bob?’ and
‘Help is on it’s way, Bob.’

Act confidently, instilling trust Don’t fall apart (eg do not say ‘I don’t
in the casualty. know what to do’).

Offering reassurance is the process of providing information that is comforting and instils trust and
confidence in your abilities to provide first aid care. You can offer reassurance through giving the
casualty information about the care you are providing and by letting them know that professional
help is on the way, if this is the case. Your reassurance can greatly assist in reducing the casualty’s
fears and anxieties. In some circumstances bystanders may also require reassurance that the
situation is under control.

Make the casualty comfortable

You may be required to assist in a first aid situation by getting resources such as:

 first aid kit

 blankets
 mobile phone (to call for help)
 torch
 thermometer
 ice pack
 resuscitation mask or pocket face mask
 space blanket
 extra bandages
 spacer device
 gloves.

First Aid kit

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If you do need to assist by accessing any of these items, prepare yourself by becoming familiar with
where these items are kept in the workplace. This will save time and speed up the first aid
response, help to promote recovery and may prevent injuries from worsening.

Sometimes, you may need to improvise to provide effective first aid. That is, you may need to be
creative and think laterally because you might not have exactly what you require. You will need to
use something else instead. Look around you and think of what resources you may be able to use.
For example, if you need to elevate the casualty’s legs, look for a bag or case, a small box or a
chair, which can be turned upside down in order to elevate their legs. If you can’t find anything, hold
the casualty’s legs up yourself.

Elevating a casualty’s leg

Determine and explain nature of injury and first aid procedure

For many people it would be important to know what their injuries are or what their condition is and
what first aid management if being given. Knowledge can provide comfort and reassurance to a
casualty.

Before you start providing more information to the casualty, determine first whether they wish to be
told — watch their reaction when you begin to inform them. If the casualty nods, says OK, or asks
questions, you can be assured they wish to know what is happening.

The casualty usually has to participate in their first aid management to some extent either by
answering questions, for example, ‘Have you got your asthma medication with you? Or they may
have to position their arm slightly for a bandage to be applied. Be aware that you will need to read
their body language to gauge how mush information to provide for their comfort.

Seek consent from the casualty

When offering any assistance to a casualty who is conscious, it is important to seek their permission
for you to provide first aid management. If the casualty is unconscious or in a life threatening
situation, you should act immediately and presume that they would prefer you to offer any
assistance.

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When offering first aid management for people under the age of 18, consent should also be sought
from their parent or guardian, when available.

A casualty who is of sound mind and has not provided consent or has clearly stated that they want
to be left alone, must have their wishes respected otherwise it could be considered assault. Even
with the best of intentions, it is very important that permission is sought prior to administrating first
aid. The casualty who tells the first aider that they are fine, and that they do not need help had their
own reasons for refusing assistance.

Provide first aid management

Overview of first aid management processes

The flowchart below provides an overview of the various stages and processes that may be
involved in the management of any first aid situation.

1. Initial approach to a first aid scene

a. Assess the scene and make sure it is safe to enter
b. Gather immediate impressions and information
c. Gain consent to offer assistance
2. Determine immediate priorities (DRABCD)
a. Use the DRABCD Action Plan to conduct an initial assessment of
the casualty and to determine if life threatening situations exist
b. Administer immediate Basic Life Support, as required
3. Call for help
a. Call services such as Emergency Services and the ambulance for
help at the earliest possible stage, if required
4. Secondary assessment of the casualty
a. Look for signs and symptoms of injury or illness
b. Manage injuries and illness
c. Provide reassurance
d. Assess for and manage shock
e. Closely monitor the casualty’s condition
5. Communicate details of the incident
a. Hand over information to Emergency Services
b. Advise workplace supervisor of incident
c. Complete any necessary workplace reports

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 6. Finalise first aid management
a. Clean up the scene
b. Restock any first aid kits/supplies
c. Seek counselling or debriefing, as required
Role of the first aider

The trained first aider should provide initial treatment to the casualty that is consistent with the first
aider’s level of training and competence. As a first aider your role and responsibilities will depend on
the accident scene, the available resources and any relevant workplace policies and procedures. In
general a first aider may be required to:

 assess the scene

 call for and assist Emergency Services
 provide first aid management of injuries and illnesses
 direct bystanders
 provide shelter, warmth, food and fluids, if appropriate
 provide reassurance and emotional support
 report to a supervisor and complete injury/illness forms
 maintain first aid supplies and equipment.

Caution – Work within your role limits

All first aid procedures provided by the first aider should be limited by the extent of his/her role and
skills. Where the first aid management or medical treatment required is beyond a first aider’s level of
competence, the first aider should seek assistance from trained professionals such as an
ambulance officer, medical practitioner, or occupational health nurse.

Legal liability

WorkCover NSW (2001) states that first aiders have no more responsibility than that set out in the
employee duties under the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act. However, if any person
hinders or prevents access to first aid they might be found guilty of an offence under the OHS Act.
In most instances, your employer assumes legal responsibility for your actions if you provide first aid
services in the course of your employment and in accordance with workplace procedures and your
level of training and skill.

While there is no law in New South Wales that demands a first aider render assistance in an
emergency situation in the community setting, once a first aider provides first aid they do have a
duty of care.

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Duty of care

The term duty of care is used to describe any legal responsibilities and requirements for people to
act in a certain way. As a first aider you have a duty to use the knowledge and skills that you obtain
in your first aid training whenever you choose to render first aid to a casualty. Once you give first aid
you have a duty to provide care to the best of your abilities until such a time as you endanger your
own safety, the casualty no longer requires your assistance, or you have been relieved by a more
qualified person.

First aiders should not administer first aid management beyond their level of training and should
weigh the risks involved in treating a person against their own capabilities to provide safe and
effective first aid. If you are engaged in paid or voluntary employment to act as a First Aid Officer,
you have a duty to provide first aid services to those in your care, for example, work colleagues,
clients and visitors to your place of work.

Seek assistance from others

If you do find yourself in a situation where the casualty needs urgent first aid or medical attention,
the sooner you raise the alarm the sooner help will arrive. Do not leave the casualty. Call for help.
Depending on the workplace set-up, you may be able to call for help, or you may have to use an
intercom or telephone. Find out your workplace procedures regarding getting help.

In most workplaces there will be enough staff working nearby that you can quite easily raise the
alarm. You may be able to call out to the person closest to you to either get the first aid kit, the
supervisor or any qualified first aider, depending on whom you are working with and where the first
aiders are.

Methods

You can call out something like this:

‘Nancy, we need some first aid in the playground for Tommy.’ or

‘John, quickly bring the first aid kit to the office. Mr Smith has hurt himself.’

Remain calm but assertive.

Correctly operate equipment

First aid equipment refers to the first aid kit, the defibrillator and other equipment such as
Epi-pens, puffers and spacers.

Click here for a list of the contents of a first aid kit (.doc 37 KB)

An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a portable automatic device used to restore

normal heart rhythm to patients in cardiac arrest. An automated external defibrillator is

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applied outside the body. The AED automatically analyses the casualty’s heart rhythm and
advises the first-aider whether or not a shock is needed to restore a normal heart beat. If
the casualty’s heart resumes beating normally, the heart has been successfully defibrillated.

The defibrillator is very simple to use. The first-aider simply follows the instructions.
However, it is strongly recommended that you complete a short course on using a
defibrillator so you are well prepared should you need to use it.

Use safe manual handling techniques

Do not move the casualty unless it is absolutely necessary

Manual handling is an activity which requires the use of force exerted by a person to lift,
lower, pull, push, move, carry, restrain or hold any object, person or even animal. It is an
activity that is required of all people both at home and at work.

Here are some general principles based on the laws of physics. They are:

 Have a wide base of support — keep feet apart, point toes in the direction
you are going to move, knees should be slightly flexed. This avoids using the
small muscle in the back and uses the thigh muscles.
 Keep object close to the body.
 Keep object close to hip/pelvic area (centre of gravity).
 The line of gravity should always be vertical and should remain
perpendicular to the ground. In other words, keep back straight while lifting
and carrying.
 It is easier to push or slide an object than lift.
 Transferring the lifter’s weight during movement exerts less energy.
 Size up the load to be carried and get help (human or mechanical) if the load
is too big, heavy or awkward.
 Bend the legs, keep back and arms straight, lift with leg muscles.

Based on these general principles, here are some important principles to remember when
lifting or moving objects

 Always use both arms and legs.

 Turn in direction of movement.
 Use smooth movements.
 Bend knees, squat, and keep back straight and stand in front of object when
lifting something from ground level.

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  Use appropriate lifting aides.
 Avoid twisting, stretching and bending if possible.
 Wear appropriate clothing which allows you to move comfortably.
 Proper footwear is also vital to prevent injuries from slips and falls.
Mechanics of lifting

Now, let’s look at the mechanics of lifting.

: Lifting? This is wrong. Never lift like this! Why?

Handling people

Handling people is a bit different to handling boxes — people move and have
characteristics that must be taken into account in manual handling tasks. Unpredictable
behaviour such as sudden movements and the need to adopt awkward or static working
postures can put you at risk.

Here are some tips to help when moving people:

 encourage the person to assist if possible

 move a person to the same level or from a higher to a lower level rather that
the other way around
 do not push, pull or slide a person sideways
 use furniture or mechanical equipment to minimise holding time
 use equipment with pushing/pulling applies at about waist level
 avoid double handling.
Handling casualties

Do not move the casualty unless it is absolutely necessary

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This procedure should be followed for a person who has fallen on the floor or who is found
sitting or lying on the floor.

Under no circumstances attempt to manually lift the person from the floor. Never attempt to
lift a person alone. The person may have suffered a stroke, a heart attack, an epileptic fit, a
bleeding wound, or a fracture. Further injury of the person can occur if manual lifting is
attempted.

 Lay the person down on the floor and make them comfortable.
 Assess the person for possible complications, bleeding and consciousness.
 Call for assistance.
 Place a pillow or towel under the person’s head.
 Ring for an ambulance if serious injury is suspected.

If the person is not seriously hurt you could attempt to help the person to stand by rolling
them onto his or her side, then onto all fours and then into a kneeling position. Using a chair
as a prop, help the person up and onto the chair. Should the person be unable to do this
with light assistance, then an ambulance should be called.

Monitor and respond to casualty’s condition

It is important that the whole process of responding to the casualty occurs quickly so that
assessment and management of the situation may be carried out effectively.

How do you know that somebody is in need of first aid in the first place? What are the signs
that make you suddenly stop what you are doing and become more alert to an incident or
situation? Your answer may include using your senses:

What do you hear? Perhaps you heard shouting, screaming, a call for help, a crash, or
moaning.

What do you see? Did you see a person on the ground, strange behaviour, an upturned
chair, a group of people, smoke or flames?

What do you smell? Did you smell gas, petrol, fumes or burning?

The following are some guidelines for responding to the casualty’s condition:

 Do not approach the casualty if it is unsafe to do so.

 ALWAYS call for help.
 If the casualty is unconscious, determine airway and breathing

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  If the person is conscious but can’t move or feel their arms or legs, DON’T
move them. They may have a spinal injury.
 Manage illness and injuries with the guidance of a qualified first aider and
stay with the casualty.

If you need to phone for an ambulance and give details of the situation and workplace
location, make sure you know exactly where you are! You should know the following:

 address
 nearest cross street
 the building level you are on
 the best way for the ambulance to gain access to the casualty.
Effective first aid principles

What actually is first aid? First aid is the initial care of the sick or injured. First aid
management is a set of established procedures and aims to:

 help promote recovery

 prevent the injury or sickness from becoming worse
 seek medical help
 promote a safe environment
 provide comfort
 protect the unconscious casualty
 preserve life.

It is important to follow these basic first aid steps:

1. do not panic
2. assess the situation quickly
3. make sure the area is safe to approach
4. identify the injury or sickness
5. call for help
6. stay with the casualty
7. manage the casualty
8. monitor the casualty; their situation could change at any time.

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Finalise casualty management

On completion of any casualty management scenario you might be required to:

 clean up the immediate area
 take immediate action to prevent recurrence of the accident
 complete workplace illness/injury forms
 seek opportunities to debrief with a work colleague, friend, family member or
professional counsellor
 restock any first aid kits/supplies.

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 Self-Check 1.2-3

True or False
Instruction: Write T if the statement is correct and f if the statement is wrong.

1. Not only is it important to reassure the casualty to make them feel better, this also
lowers the blood pressure and pulse rate and therefore lowers the amount of
bleeding and pain.
2. When offering any assistance to a casualty who is conscious, it is important to seek
their permission for you to provide first aid management
3. Do not move the casualty unless it is absolutely necessary
4. It is important that the whole process of responding to the casualty occurs quickly so
that assessment and management of the situation may be carried out effectively.
5. First aiders should not administer first aid management beyond their level of training
and should weigh the risks involved in treating a person against their own
capabilities to provide safe and effective first aid.

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 Answer Key 1.2-3

1. T
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. T

LEARNING OUTCOME # 3 Safe keep/ Dispose Tools, Materials, and Outfit

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 CONTENTS:  Procedures on Safekeeping of Equipment and
Tools After Used
 Proper Storage of Unused Materials
 Waste segregation

 Used tools and outfit are cleaned after used and

ASSESSMENT stored in designated areas.

CRITERIA  Unused materials are properly labeled and stored

according to manufacturer’s recommendation and
farm requirements.
 Waste materials are disposed according to
manufacturers, government and farm requirements.

REFERENCES  www.google.com

 Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft

Corporation. All rights reserved.
 Vegetable Production by Bautista A.
 Vegetable Production Training Manual, AYRDC
1990
 Crop Production: Principles and Practices by S.
Chapman & L. Carter
CONDITION Student/ trainee must be provided with the following:
 Farm Location
 Tools, equipment and outfits appropriate in
applying safety measures
ASSESSMENT METHOD
 Observation
 Interview
 Written examination
 Demonstration of practical skills

Learning Experiences

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 Learning Outcome No. 3 Safe keep/ Dispose Tools, Materials, and
Outfit

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Perform task sheet 1.3-1 on Evaluate your performance using

Procedures on Safekeeping of Performance Criteria Checklist 1. 3-1
Equipment and Tools After Used

2. Perform Task Sheet 1.3-2 on Evaluate your performance using

Proper Storage of Unused Performance Criteria Checklist 1. 3-2
Materials task sheet 1.3-2

3. Read Information Sheet 1.3-1 on Use Information Sheet 1.3-1

Waste segregation

4. Answer Self-Check 1.3-1 Answer Self-Check 1.3-1

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 Task Sheet 1.3-1

Title Basic Steps in Cleaning Tools and Materials

Objective After reading the task sheet, the trainee should be able to perform the basic
steps in cleaning tools and Materials

Materials/ Washing tools, cleaning tools/supplies, storage room

Equipment/
Tools/Supplies
1. Perform the pre-operative check-up of farm implements/ simple
Procedure
equipment
a. a. Get your ballpen and record book
b. See all external parts of farm implement and equipment
c. Record parts that need to repair or change
d. Record parts that need for greasing
e. Record farm implement that needs for replacement
f. Submit records to your trainer.
2. Perform Simple Repair and preventive maintenance of tools, farm
implement and equipment
Tips in making simple repair of tools:
A. To repair tool handle:
1. Clamp the tool blade in a bench vise
2. Remove the handle from the hasp using a drill,
hammer or other tools as needed.
3. Insert the new handle from the hasp.
4. Tighten the handle in the hasp using the
fasteners. A use of screw and screwdriver to firmly
attach the handle to the tool head.
B. To fix a leaky hose:
1. Cut through the hose in either side of the bad
section using sharp knife.
2. Attach male and female hose coupling to the cut
ends following the directions
3.Basic post-operative check up tools, implement/ equipments and facilities
a. Begin by gathering all hand tools and removing dirt or rust with a wire
brush, steel wool or light sand paper. An old pros tip is to keep
galvanized tub with sand and waste oil to clean tools by inserting the

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 shovels, spades and forks into a mixture and moving them up and
down, they get a good scrubbing with the abrasive sand as well as a
coat of lubricant.
b. For tools that need sharpening, do with file that is made especially for
this task. Remember to move the file in one direction only and at 45
degree angle.
c. If necessary sand wooden handles with sand papers and follow up with
a coat of paste wax or linseed oil.
d. Spray metal parts with a good coat of lubricating oil. This will
discourage rust as your tools stored.
e. Store your tool up off the ground and a dry spot.
f. Drain water hoses and hang them in the garage.

Performance Performance Criteria Checklist

Assessment

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 Performance Criteria Checklist 1.3-1

Criteria
Did the trainee… Yes No
1. Perform the pre-operative check-up of farm implements/ simple
equipment?

2. Perform Simple Repair and preventive maintenance of tools, farm

implement and equipment?

3. Basic post-operative checkup tools, implement/ equipment and

facilities
4. Apply safety precautions in performing the tasks?

5. Apply the

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 Task Sheet 1.3-2

Title Store Unused Materials

Objective After reading the task sheet, the trainee should be able to perform
the basic steps in cleaning tools and Maateri.als

Materials/Equipment/ Washing tools, segregation material, cleaning

tools/supplies, storage room
Tools/Supplies
1. Count the number of equipment and tools used
Procedure
2. Record the number of equipment retrieved.
3. Clean all equipments used before keeping
4. Let all parts of equipment dried before keeping
5. Grease all parts to ensure the functionality of the
equipment.
6. Arrange the machine according to size and use.
7. Segregate equipment with wear and corrosions for
cleaning and repair.
8. Record equipment subject for cleaning and repair.
Be sure that the storage/ garage room properly
padlock.

Performance Assessment Performance Criteria Checklist

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 Performance Criteria Checklist 1.3-2

Criteria
Did the trainee… Yes No
1. Count the number of equipment used?

2. Record the number of equipment retrieved?

3. Clean all equipments used before keeping?

4. Let all parts of equipment dried before keeping?

5. Grease all parts to ensure the functionality of the

equipment?
6. Arrange the machine according to size and use?

7. Segregate equipment with wear and corrosions for

cleaning and repair?

8. Record equipment subject for cleaning and repair. Be

sure that the storage/ garage room properly padlock?

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 Information Sheet 1.3-1
Waste Segregation

Generation of Waste

Everybody is in our workplace to generate waste. It is part of every worker’s responsibility to

make the workplace not only clean but also sanitized and free from any hazards. It is also the
company’s task to develop a system, identify the waste generated in the area, and consider the
ways of their disposal. Hence, a waste segregation list must be put together and implemented.

Below is a sample Waste Segregation list of the Practical Work Area ofAnimal Production

WASTE SEGREGATION LIST

Practical Work Area
SEGREGATED/ WASTE SEGREGATION METHOD
Accumulated Waste Recycle Compost Dispose
Boxes
Plastic bottles of
fertilizer
Dried leaves
Over-ripe fruits and
vegetables

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Below is a sample of Breakdown/Repair Report.

Area/Section :________________________________________
In-Charge :________________________________________

Facility Type Nature of Breakdown Recommendation

Reported by:

_____________________________
Signature over Printed Name
Date:
_________________

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Below is a sample of a Work Request Form.

Unit No. Description

Observation :

Date Reported:

Reported by:

Activity: Date Completed:

Signature:

Spare parts used:

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Sample Template for Maintenance Interval Form for the Month of _______________

Frequency
Component D W M Q SA A Activities

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Below is a sample Template for Salvage Report

Area/Section :Practical Work Area of Animal Production

Personnel In-Charge: ___________________________

Facility Type Part Identification Recommendation

Reported by:

_____________________________
Signature over Printed Name
Date:
_________________

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Below is a sample Template for Inspection Report.

Facility Type Incident Action Taken Progress/ Remarks

Reported by:
Date:
_____________________________
Signature over Printed Name
_________________

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 FARM PRACTICES STORAGE OF FARM SUPPLIES AND PRODUCTS
Description

Farm workshop facilities

A workshop provides a focal point at the farmstead for the repair and maintenance of machines,
implements and structures. It also provides a place where tools can be stored in an orderly manner,
a store for supplies and spare parts, and a shelter where work can be carried out during inclement
weather. A facility of this type should be available on every farm. The size and design of a
workshop, however, should be commensurate with the size of the farm and the work to be done in
the shop.

The small holder may be adequately served with a tool storage cupboard that can be locked for
security and a workbench with a simple homemade vice for holding tools while they are being
sharpened or fitted with new handles. From this simple beginning a more complete facility may
gradually evolve as the farm operation grows and more equipment is required. Since repair tools
and supplies represent a considerable investment, most farmers will want to store them in a secure
place. Many small scale farmers will not require a separate store for this purpose, but if stored
together with hand tools and small implements, the number of items may motivate the farmer to
build a storeroom by enclosing part of the workshop with solid walls. Note that the doors to the store
may be designed with racks and hooks to hold supplies and tools. Fuels and other combustible
materials should not be stored with the tools. A simple work bench and vice can also be housed
under the shelter.

At the other extreme, a large ranch or commercial farm may need a separate building with extensive
equipment for maintaining the farm machinery, tractors and vehicles. A farmer may also use his
workshop to do routine repairs and preventive maintenance during the off season, to build or modify
some of the equipment used on the farm and to prefabricate building elements to be used in
construction projects.

The workshop facilities should be cost effective. That is, enough savings should be realized from
timely maintenance, repairs and construction projects to pay for the cost of the building and the
necessary tools and equipment. Although it is difficult to put a monetary value on timeliness, there is
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no question that being able to make emergency repairs is important. Some farm operations
(planting, spraying, milking) are more sensitive than others to prolonged interruptions, and having
facilities to complete repairs on the farm can reduce delays to a minimu

Other factors, apart from the farm size, which will influence the extent of the workshop facilities are
the number and diversity of machines, the availability of service from dealers, and the interest and
mechanical skill exhibited by the farmer and farm labourers. If necessary, a skilled mechanic may
be employed. Without qualified personnel to use the shop it becomes questionable in value and
may even contribute to more frequent breakdowns and additional expense due to careless wo

The workshop should be located close to the work centre of the farm and convenient to the farm
home on ground that is well drained and sufficiently level to allow easy maneuvering of equipment.
Where electric power is available, proximity to the power source should be considered.

In tropical climates the workshop may be a simple pole structure with a non-flammable roof. Unless
dust is a problem, it may be feasible to leave the sides open to provide good light and ventilation.
Heavy-gauge wire netting can be used to make the area more secure without reducing light or
ventilation.

A pole structure of this sort can be enclosed with offcuts or corrugated steel at a later time, but if this
is done, there must be provision for several good-sized windows. While a simple earth floor is often
satisfactory, concrete offers the advantages of an easily cleaned, level surface. To do a clean repair
job, a clean work area is essential and this is particularly important when lubricated mechanisms are
reassembled. The level surface is helpful in some assembly or alignment operations.

Small farm workshop with a secure storeroom.

The following additional features are important for a safe and efficient shop:

 1 Sufficient room for the largest machine that may need repair, including workspace around
it. If the machine is large, truss roof construction may be needed to provide the required
space without intermediate supports.
 2 An entrance that is both wide enough and high enough for the largest equipment that the
shop has been designed to accommodate. If the building is enclosed with either solid walls
or wire netting, a second door is essential for safety in case of fire.
 3 Some means of lifting and supporting heavy loads. When the roof span is 3m or less, a
timber beam is often adequate. For larger spans or very heavy loads a truss will be required.
Alternatively, a portable hoist can be used.
 4 Electric lighting and electrical service for power tools.
 5 A water supply for both convenience and safety.
 6 One or more fire extinguishers of a type suitable for fuel fires. Two or three buckets of dry
sand are a possible substitute or supplement for a fire extinguisher.
 7 Storage cabinets for tools, supplies and spare parts. Sturdy doors can be locked for
security and also provide space to hang tools and display small supplies for easy access.
 8 A heavy workbench attached to the wall or otherwise firmly supported. It should be 1 m
high, up to 800mm deep and at least 3m long and equipped with a large vice. There must be
sufficient clear space around it to maneuver work pieces and, if attached to a solid wall,
ample window openings above it to provide light.

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Equipment needed in the workshop will depend on the type and extent of work to be done.
Generally this means those tools required to perform day-to-day maintenance on machines and to
carry out general repair work and small construction jobs required on farm buildings and equipment.

However, any shop, regardless of size, will need some simple woodworking tools, some means of
sharpening field tools, and wrenches (spanners) of various types and sizes. If the shop equipment
includes a welder, it should be located, in the interest of safety, away from the woodworking area
and preferably near the main door where it can conveniently be used inside or outside the building.

Flammable materials such as sawdust, shavings and oily rags must never be allowed to accumulate
in the workshop since they represent a fire hazard, and fuels should be stored in a separate area.
Generally good order and cleanliness in the shop makes for efficient work, convenience and safety.

Machinery and implement storage

On many small-scale farms, all cultivation and transport operations on the term are done manually.
The few small-sized hand tools and implements used in such farming can normally be stored in any
multipurpose store at the farmstead. The store needs only to be secure for protection of the
equipment, and dry so as to avoid deterioration of the metal and wooden parts. The tools will last
longer if they are cleaned and working surfaces are greased prior to storage. The tools may be
hung on rails or hooks on the wall or from the ceiling for order and convenience and to protect them
from dampness penetrating an earth floor in the store.

Implements such as ploughs, harrows and cultivators are damaged little by rust when left outdoors.
If they are properly cleaned prior to storage and metal surfaces, particularly all threaded parts used
for adjustments, are greased, then a little rust is not likely to harm performance enough to justify the
cost of a storage structure. A fenced compound can offer adequate protection against theft during
storage. Although implements containing wooden parts are more susceptible to decay, those parts
can usually be replaced at low cost.

Tractors and other complex machines will function better when needed if they have been stored
under cover and given a complete off-season check-up. An adequate storage structure for these
machines is likely to be economically feasible.

For most purposes a narrow open-side shed with a welldrained, raised earth or gravel floor will be
adequate for machinery storage. The sides of the building can be partly or wholly enclosed with
netting or solid walls when security conditions make it necessary.

The building must be high enough to accommodate the highest machine. A smooth, level floor
makes it easier to attach and detach tractor-mounted equipment or to move other machines. The
space required can be determined by obtaining the dimensions of all the machines and implements
to be stored.. Since many machines cannot be easily moved, it is desirable to arrange the stored
machines so that shifting is unnecessary.

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 Farmers build permanent and temporary storage facilities to protect equipment, materials and
farm produce from the environment, prevent pollution of natural resources, promote efficient
handling of materials, encourage quality production of products, ensure personal and employee .
Farm storages are distinguished from barns in that the latter house live animals or are used to
grow plants, whereas storages are used strictly to store farm supplies and products.
Storage design depends on the purpose of the structure and local climate. Storages can be
built out of various construction materials.

Storage of Materials and Agricultural Products

Farmers are often required to store livestock feeds, grains and oilseeds, hay or silage, fruits,
vegetables, milk and eggs. Since these products still respire in storage or are subject to bacterial
activity, they may spoil, germinate prematurely, absorb or create odors’. Many of these products are
typically intended for human consumption or will be fed to livestock, farmers must be able to control
storage conditions such as temperature and humidity to ensure product quality is maintained.

Storage of Processed Products

Storages are designed to protect high-value inputs such as milled grain and seed. Others are
designed to aid in the distribution and marketing of farm produce, especially foodstuffs that must be
refrigerated to preserve their quality.

Storage of Waste Products for Use or Treatment

Agricultural wastes such as manure, plant residues, nutrient-rich runoff and mortalities must
often be stored, especially if they are to be recycled and used later. Key factors to consider when
constructing waste storages are material handling efficiency, safety, and protection of the
environment. The type and design of waste storage chosen will vary with regional climate, site-
specific requirements, and local
legislation.
\

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Farm Facilities for Storage:
After a quite long time, farming operations finally come to an end. This time we have
to check the tools, implements, and equipment we used and prepare them for storage.
Regarding the preparation of garden tools for long storage, you can adopt some of the
practices mentioned below:
 Begin by gathering all hand tools and removing any dirt or rust with a wire brush, steel wool
or light sandpaper. An old pro’s tip is to keep a galvanized tub with sand and waste oil to
clean tools in. By inserting the shovels, spades and forks into the mixture and moving them
up and down, they get a good scrubbing with the abrasive sand as well as a coat of
lubricant.

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  Sharpen the tools using a file that is made specifically for this task. Remember to move the
file in one direction only, and at a 45 degree angle.
 Sand wooden handles with sandpaper and follow up with a coat of paste wax or linseed oil if
necessary.
 Spray all metal parts with a good coat of lubricating oil. This will discourage rust as your
tools are stored in your tool shed or garage.
 Store your tools up off the ground and in a dry spot.
 Drain water hoses and hang them in the garage. Water hoses left out during winter and
exposed to freezing temperatures are more likely to tear and spring leaks.
 Don’t forget about the lawnmower. If you don’t have a chance to use up the gas before
storing it, add a gas stabilizer to the fuel tank to prevent corrosion.
 Store pesticides out of reach of children and pets. Store dry pesticides in plastic bags. Liquid
pesticides should be stored in a location that will stay above 40 degrees F.

By following these few basic preparatory steps, you can ensure that on the following
year, you’ll be working in your garden instead of working on your garden tools. With proper care of
the farm tools, implements and equipment, you can also save yourself from buying new ones.

For proper care and maintenance of farm hand tools and equipment, the following guidelines
should be observed:
1. Hand tools must always be kept dry in a tool rack when they are not being used.
2. Tools should be washed or cleaned before keeping them in the tool rack.
3. The iron parts of tools should be oiled, greased or painted with coal tar when they are to be
stored for a long time.
4. Defective tools should be repaired immediately. Those tools, implements, and equipment
which are beyond repair should be disposed properly.
5. Cutting and digging tools (bolos, scythe, hoes and axes) should be frequently sharpened.

Using the appropriate and in good condition tools will make the work easier, faster, less
prone to accidents and minimize their wear and tear

AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

What is waste management?

The proper management of waste from agricultural operations can contribute in a

significant way to farm operations. Waste management helps maintain a healthy environment
for farm animals and can reduce the need for commercial fertilizers while providing other
nutrients needed for crop production. Agricultural waste typically associated with animals
includes but is not limited to manure, bedding and litter, wasted feed, runoff from feedlots and
holding areas, and wastewater from buildings like dairy parlors.

Best management practices (BMPs) such as rotational grazing and pasture

renovation to maintain adequate vegetative cover, riparian buffers, and structures built to trap

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 or retain waste should be utilized in order to prevent contamination of both surface waters and
groundwater. When this waste is carried in overland flow from rain events, it is categorized as
a nonpoint source pollutant, or one that originates from diffuse areas of land. Nonpoint source
pollutants are one of the primary water quality problems. Furthermore, runoff and waste that
does not pass through a vegetated buffer zone along the waterbody is likely to result in bank
erosion and subsequent property loss.

Why be concerned about waste management?

If not managed properly, agricultural waste from

farm operations can pollute the environment
resulting in impacts to water quality and a general
loss of aesthetics. The degradation of water
quality can impact adjacent waterways and
groundwater both onsite and offsite. This
degradation reduces the ability of these resources
to support aquatic life and water for human and
animal consumption. Nitrates, which are
commonly associated with fertilizers and
agricultural waste runoff, can seep into
groundwater.

Well water contaminated with nitrates is

hazardous to humans, particularly for infants, as itIn an extreme case of improper management, livestock
results in oxygen depletion in the blood. As waste is concentrated in a riparian area causing
alluded to above, proper waste management can severe water quality problems.
reduce operating costs associated with fertilizer
application if managed properly.

What are the benefits of waste

management?

Like most other aspects of agricultural production, there are requirements for the application
and management of agricultural waste on farms. However, the primary reasons behind managing
agricultural waste make good sense both environmentally and economically. Where feasible, the
reuse of animal waste in farming operations can reduce the quantity and hauling costs of
commercial fertilizer.

The contribution of animal waste increases the organic matter content of soils, which not
only increases nutrient availability for crops but also improves the water holding capacity and tilts
of the soil. Good waste management reduces the instances of well water contamination and
minimizes surface water pollution.

How would one implement waste management?

Fortunately, there are planning documents and BMP options available to farmers for managing
agricultural waste. Waste management is commonly part of an overall nutrient management
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 plan developed for a farm.

These plans play an integral role in the comprehensive waste management planning process
and are used to spell out how farmers intend to maximize the benefit of nutrients available from
farm waste products to benefit crop production and minimize environmental impact. . Developing
a plan for how waste is managed on your farm not only aids in the tracking of operational costs
and the making of better management decisions. Self-regulation protects private property rights
and reduces the need for governmental control and regulations.

Site-specific waste management strategies should be developed and adhered to in order to

maximize the cost efficiency and adequately protect local environmental resources. This will
require that routine soil and waste testing take place to match the crop needs to the nutrients
available. By tracking the timing and application rates (quantity) of agricultural waste required,
the space required to store operational waste can be determined.

Waste can be stored as a solid in building

structures, or as a liquid in holding ponds or
anaerobic lagoons. Being able to store waste in an
acceptable form until it is needed is a critical
component of a waste management strategy.

If waste is not handled properly or is not applied at

the right time, valuable nutrients are lost and
environmental and human and animal health
problems are created. Besides the management
practices noted above, the BMPs listed below can
A covered livestock feeding area be used to improve waste handling and application:
located on an upland section of  Avoid over-application by only applying manure to
pasture is one example of good waste crops that can benefit from the nutrients;
management.  Do not apply waste to fields when heavy rain is
expected and runoff potential is high;
 Exclude livestock from sensitive areas such as riparian buffers and wetlands;
 Locate winter feeding areas in a relatively flat upland area;
 Do not spread waste near waterways;
 Employ other conservation practices that minimize runoff and erosion to fields where waste is
applied;
 Avoid spillage or overflow of lagoons, ponds and structures used to house waste;
 Regularly check waste application equipment and make sure it is calibrated;
 Where possible, divert runoff from land above livestock areas and away from nearby surface waters
and wells;
 If an alternative water supply source is unavailable for livestock, create dedicated, limited access
points to streams for drinking; and
 Consider adding flush gutters to livestock confinement systems to confine waste for future
application.
Other ways to improve waste management on farms is to routinely check areas where fuel
and chemicals are stored for spills and leaks and to be sure your farm is in compliance
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 with applicable storage and handling regulations. Keeping up-to-date on technologies
designed to improve waste management such as composters for disposing of livestock
mortalities and integrating them into your waste management strategy is also good
practice.

Ten Agricultural Waste Do's and Don'ts

Agricultural Waste Do's

1. Only burn agricultural waste or "plant tissue" with the consent of DENR.

2. Reduce, re-use and recycle agricultural waste, if possible segregate plastic bags and
wrapping materials. Collect and store agricultural waste plastic straight after use and
contact an approved plastic-recycling scheme if the plastic is deemed no longer usable
on farm.

3. Keep all out buildings farm steadings and farmlands clean and tidy and free. Remove
unsightly litter from farming activity, especially used agricultural plastics, scrap and
containers.

4. Store agricultural waste securely, thus reducing environmental damage and any risk
to human health.

5. monitor water use carefully to minimize leakage or wastage, especially where any
seepage is increasing levels of agricultural waste production (for example slurry build
up)

6. Get the plastic recycled so that it can be put back into the loop by Local Recycling
Implementer who will use your farm waste to producerecycled plastic
products like eco hen houses, duck coops, stokbord, plastic dog kennels, plastic
pig arks, sheep pensand many other agricultural recycled plastic products.

7. Burn oil waste in any appliance once prior authorization has been granted by DENR
for burning this agricultural waste.

8. Recycle waste oil, lubricants, scrap metal and tires.

9. If possible sort your agricultural waste into categories for example string, net, fertilizer bags,
cardboard and paper, buckets and containers, feed bags, silage waste.

10. Separate into hazardous and no hazardous waste some materials are toxic and should be
handled with extreme care.

Agricultural Waste Don'ts

1. Do not burn any agricultural waste without prior consent from DENR.

2. You should not dispose of any agricultural waste, including scrap metal,agricultural plastic or
other rubbish including domestic, on farmland or farm tips without knowledge of DENR the
regulating body.

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3. Don't tolerate fly-tipping if you suspect anyone of such activity they are breaking the law and
possibly their suppliers codes of conduct. You can report such activities on the DENR.

4. Don't under any circumstances import anybody else's waste without proper authority from DENR
to remove and accept your agricultural waste to recycle plastic on your behalf.

5. Do not give agricultural waste to any third party licensed or not without providing them with a
proper written description of what the waste is if in doubt contact Solway Recycling to see how we
can help you.

6. Don't horde plastic or other agricultural waste that you may intend for recycling or disposal for any
length of time you may end up needing an expensive landfill permit.

7. Burn plastic products it is dangerous and damaging to the environment.

8. Disrespect waste oil or asbestos sheeting these waste products can be extremely toxic and
should be handled with great care.

9. Use containers of pesticide for any form of storage potential chemical seepage can be very
dangerous if in doubt consult the "Code of Practice for the Safe Use of Pesticides on Farms and
Holdings" or Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) (SI 2002
Number 2677).

10. Dispose of agricultural scrap as this is outlawed by the Landfill Regulations without a permit
from SEPA. Dumping of scrap materials may pose a threat to human health and animal welfare.
You should think about the fact that the dumping of scrap tends to attract scavengers, vermin and is
a blight on the landscape also.

Self Check 1.3-1

Completion
Instruction: Use the Waste Segregation list of the Practical Work Area ofAnimal Production. Think
of segregated waste found in the practical area of Animal Production and write it on the first column.
After which, identify what waste segregation method each of them belong by using ().

WASTE SEGREGATION LIST

Practical Work Area
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 SEGREGATED/ WASTE SEGREGATION METHOD
Accumulated Waste Recycle Compost Dispose

Answer Key 1.3-1

Sample Answers.
WASTE SEGREGATION LIST
Practical Work Area
SEGREGATED/ WASTE SEGREGATION METHOD
Accumulated Waste Recycle Compost Dispose
Boxes 
Plastic bottles of 
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fertilizer, disinfectants
Dried leaves 
Over-ripe fruits and

vegetables

OUR VISON

A premier TVET provider in Bicol

OUR MISSION

BNVTS IS committed to provide quality technical vocational

education and training through partnering with industries, state of
the art instruction, research and production towards the development
of a certified globally competitive workforce for the progress of
Sorsogon in particular and the Philippines in general.

OUR VALUES

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We believe in demonstrated competence, institutional integrity,
personal commitment and deep sense of nationalism.

COURSE VISION

Provide access in Organic Agriculture Production NC II in promoting

and enhancing environmental quality of the future.

Course Mission:

Organic Agriculture Production NC II offers quality technical

education and skills development through Competency Based
Training & develop a competitive workforce with entrepreneurial
skills and positive work values

COURSE OBJECTIVES

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

To enhance the knowledge, desirable attitude and skills of OAP

Trainee in accordance with industry standards.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. Train trainees/students to acquire essential skills and

competencies in OAP NC II
2. Achieve 90% certification rate 5 days after graduation
3. Produce 90% employability of graduates 6-12 months after
graduation either in self-gain or wage employment
4. Utilize training cum production scheme on farm
5. implement earning while learning scheme, to be entrepreneurially
inclined individual.

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