ME 428 CORRELATION COURSE 2

LECTURE 6

MACHINE DESIGN, MATERIALS

& SHOP PRACTICE

Pressure Vessels
Shafts
Keys & Couplings
Flywheels
Screw Fastenings & Power Screws
Springs
Belts, Chains, &Wire Ropes
1
PRESSURE VESSELS

2
 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL
• Thin-walled pressure vessel (t/Di ≤ 0.10)
• Circumferential tensile stress (hoop, or tangential stress)
2
• Longitudinal tensile stress (thin-walled cylinder and thin-wall sphere)
4
Where:
σt = circumferential stress, psi
σl = longitudinal stress, psi
p = internal pressure, psi
Di = internal diameter, in.
t = wall thickness, in

3
 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL
• Joint efficiency or relative strength
ℎ int
ℎ

• Circumferential tensile stress

2

• Longitudinal tensile stress

4
 E X AMPL E 1

Design a vertical steel cylindrical water tank 30 m in diameter and 45

m high. Consider the pressure variation in the water to follow a
straight line from the edge of the top to the center of the bottom and
the allowable stress of the steel plate is 120 MPa. Without reinforcing
angle bars and rods, find the thickness of the steel plate.
A. 55 mm
B. 75 mm
C. 85 mm
D, 25 mm

5
 THICK-WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL
• Thick-walled pressure vessel (t/Di ≥ 0.10)
• Tangential stress σt
" "
#
" " 1& "
# $

• Radial stress σr
" "
#
' " " 1$ "
# $
Where:
ri, ro = inner and outer radius of the cylinder, in.
pi, po = internal and external pressure, psi
t = wall thickness, ro – ri

6
 T HIC K-WAL L E D PR E SSU R E V E SSE L

• Thickness based on the max. normal stress theory

&
$1
$ Where:
ri= inner radius of the cylinder, mm
• Thickness based on the max. shear stress theory pi = internal pressure, MPa
t = wall thickness, mm
= max. allowable tensile stress
( ( = max. allowable shear stress
$1 )
2 μ = Poisson’s ratio
( $
• Thickness based on the max. strain theory

& 1$* & 1 $ 2*

$1 $1
$ 1&* $ 1&*
• Thickness based on the max. distortion energy theory

$1
$ 3
7
 E X AMPL E 2

The work cylinder of a hydraulic

system is acted by a hydraulic
pressure of 370 psi while the
maximum load of the piston is
5500 lbs. If the allowable tensile
stress is 2000 psi, what is the
required wall thickness of the
cylinder?
A. 0.402 in
B. 0.448 in
C. 0.240 in
D. 0.284 in

8
 E X AMPL E 3

A cast iron cylinder of internal

diameter 200 mm and thickness 50
mm is subjected to a pressure of 5
N/mm2. Calculate the tangential
stress in the middle (radius = 125
mm).
A. 13 MPa
B. 9.8 MPa
C. 8.0 MPa
D. 1.8 MPa

9
SHAFTS

10
 SHAFT S SU BJ E C T E D TO T W IST ING MO ME NT O NLY

• Torsional shear stress, τ

. ,
4

• Solid shaft
16.
,
/ 0
• Hollow shaft Where:
16. # T = Twisting moment (or torque) acting upon
,
/1 # 2 $ 23 the shaft,
J = Polar moment of inertia of the shaft about
the axis of rotation,
τ = Torsional shear stress, and
r = radius of the shaft

11
 E X AMPL E 4

A 4-inch shaft, with a 2-inch hole

through it, has a weight 25
percent less than a solid 4-inch
shaft, but its strength is
decreased only by what
approximate percentage?
A. 12.25
B. 5.56
C. 6.25
D. 20.25

12
 SHAFT S SU BJ E C T E D TO BE NDING MO ME NT O NLY

• Torsional shear stress, τ

5
6 7

• Solid shaft
32
5
/ 0
• Hollow shaft Where:
16 # M = Bending moment,
5
/1 # 2 $ 23
I = Moment of inertia of cross-sectional area
of the shaft about the axis of rotation,
σb = Bending stress, and
y = Distance from neutral axis to the outer-
most fiber.

13
 S H A F T S S U B J E C T E D TO C O M B I N E D T W I S T I N G M O M E N T A N D B E N D I N G M O M E N T

Maximum shear theory or Guest’s theory, for ductile materials

1 " 32 " & ."
τ9:; 5 & ," τ9:;
2 / 0

32.>
.> " & ." τ9:;
/ 0

Maximum normal stress theory or Rankine’s theory, for brittle

materials
" "
1 1 16< & & ."=
"
5<9:;= 5 & 5 & 4, " 5<9:;=
/ 0
2 2
32 >
1 5<9:;=
< & " & ."= / 0
>
2
14
 S H A F T S U B J E C T E D TO F L U C T UAT I N G L OA D S

1 " "
.> ?9 " & ?. " > ? & ?9 & ?.
2 9
Where:
Km = Combined shock and fatigue factor for bending, and
Kt = Combined shock and fatigue factor for torsion.

15
 DESIGN OF SHAFTS ON THE BASIS OF RIGIDITY

Torsional rigidity Lateral rigidity

.D "
7
C
4E F" G6
Where:
T = Twisting moment (or torque) acting upon the shaft
J = Polar moment of inertia of the shaft about the axis of rotation,
L = Shaft length
G = Modulus of rigidity of the material
M = Bending moment
E = Modulus of elasticity of the material
I = Moment of inertia of cross-sectional area of the shaft about the axis of
rotation
@AB
= Bending stress equation
@; A
16
 E X AMPL E 5

A steel shaft 1.4375 inches in

diameter transmits 40 hp at 1400
rpm. Assuming a modulus of
rigidity of 12 x 106 psi, find the
torsional deflection of the shaft
in degrees per foot length.
A. 0.246
B. 0.624
C. 0.426
D. 1.246

17
 SHAFT DESIGN BY CODE

Allowable stresses:
• 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) for main power-transmitting shafts
0
I
H
80

• 6000 psi (41.5 MPa) for line shafts carrying pulleys

0
I
H
53.5
• 8500 psi (58.7 MPa) for small, short shafts, countershafts
0
I
H
38
Where:
• Torque T = Torque, in-lb
63,000H P = power transmitted, hp
.
I N = angular velocity of the shaft, rpm
D = diameter of the shaft, in.

18
 E X AMPL E 6

What would be the diameter of a

main power transmitting shaft to
transmit 150 kW at 500 rpm?
A. 70.8 mm
B. 91.5 mm
C. 81 mm
D. 61 mm

19
 E X AMPL E 7

Find the diameter of a steel line

shaft to transmit 10 hp at 150
rpm with a torsional deflection
not exceeding 0.08 degree per
foot of length.
A. 3.25 inches
B. 2.38 inches
C. 1.53 inches
D. 2.75 inches

20
 E X AMPL E 8

A short 61 mm shaft transmit

120 hp. Compute the linear
speed of a pulley 55 cm mounted
on the shaft. (ME Board October
1995).
A. 1796 fpm
B. 1766 fpm
C. 1856 fpm
D. 2106 fpm

21
 E X AMPL E 9

Compute the diameter (in inches)

of a SAE 1030 steel shaft to
transmit 12 hp at 120 rpm with
torsional deflection below 0.08
degree/foot length as required.
(ME Board October 2002) (ME
Board April 2002).
A. 2 7/8
B. 2 5/8
C. 2¼
D. 2 3/8

22
 SHAFT DE SIGN BY C O DE

• Maximum angular deflection of 0.08 degree per foot of length

P
P H
0.29 . 4.6
I

• 1 degree per the length equal to 20 times the shaft diameter

Q Q H
0.1 . 4.0
I

Where:
T = Torque, in-lb
P = power transmitted, hp
N = angular velocity of the shaft, rpm
D = diameter of the shaft, in.

23
 SHAFT DE SIGN BY C O DE

• Maximum distance in feet between bearings for shafting subject to no

bending action except its own weight
Q
D 8.95 "

• For shafting subject to bending action of pulleys, etc.

Q
D 5.2 "

Where:
D = diameter of shaft, in.
L = maximum distance between bearings, ft.

24
 E X AMPL E 1 0

A 16 ft steel line shaft has no

bending action except its own
weight. What power in hp can
the shaft deliver at a speed of
200 rpm. Consider that the
torsional deflection will not
exceed 0.08 deg/ ft length. (ME
Board April 1998).
A. 13.2
B. 15.8
C. 24.4
D. 14.6

25
KEYS

26
 S H E A R I N G A N D C RU S H I N G O F T H E K E Y
Torque transmitted by the shaft
R S0,TTTUV H
.
2
. , in-lb .
2/
W

Shearing stress
2. R
,
XD XD
Crushing (Compressive) stress
2. 2R
Y
D D

Where:
D = shaft diameter
w = width of key
t = thickness of key
F = tangential force
T = torque
27
 E X AMPL E 1 1

Determine the key length of square

key for gear driven shaft to
withstand a torque of 2891.4 N-m.
The shaft diameter is 65 mm with
design stress of 72.6 MPa in shear,
the thickness and width of key is 5/8
in. (ME Board October 1998).
A. 3.12 cm
shear area
B. 3.42 cm
C. 4.22 cm
D. 7.7 cm
compressive area

28
 P RO P O RT I O N S O F A K E Y

The usual proportions of the square key are

X
4
Y 2,
Typical hub lengths fall between 1.25D and 2.4D.
For the same material and w = t = D/4,
L = 1.1571D

29
 EXAMPLE 12

A pulley is keyed to a 2 ½ inches

diameter shaft by a 7/16 inch by 3
inches flat key. The shaft rotates at 50
rpm. The allowable shearing stress
for the key is 22 ksi. The allowable
compressive stress for the key, hub
and shaft are 66 ksi, 59 ksi and 72 ksi,
respectively. Determine the
maximum torque the pulley can
safely deliver.
A. 51,562.5 in-lbs
B. 54,140.6 in-lbs
C. 67,495.1 in-lbs
D. 48,398.4 in-lbs

30
COUPLINGS

31
 COUPLINGS

Torque
H R
.
2/ 2
Shear stress in the bolts
R5 4R5
,
Z) / "
Compressive stress in the bolts
R5
Y
Where:
Force per bolts
R F = total transmitted load thru the bolts
R5 D = diameter of bolt circle
[ d = bolt diameter
t = thickness
n1 = number of bolts

32
 EXAMPLE 13

A flange coupling has an outside 20

diameter of 200 mm and connects two

40 mm shafts. There are four 16 mm 40 200 140

bolts on a 140 mm bolt circle. The radial

flange thickness is 20 mm. If the torsional
stress in the shaft is not to exceed 26
MPa, determine the shearing stress in
the bolts if uniformly distributed. (ME
Board October 1990). /4

A. 8.5 N/mm2
B. 5.8 N/mm2
C. 6.5 N/mm2
D. 7.5 N/mm2

33
FLYWHEELS

34
 KINETIC ENERGY

6\" ])"
?G
2 2
6 \[" $ \"" _ " \[" $ \"" "
])[ "
$ ])"
Δ?G
2 2 2

Where:
I = mk2 = moment of inertia
m = mass of flywheel = W/g
r = radius of gyration
ω1 = maximum angular velocity, rad/sec = 2πn1/60
ω2 = minimum angular velocity, rad/sec = 2πn2/60
vs1 = maximum speed = πDn1
vs2 = minimum speed = πDn2

35
 C O E F F I C I E N T O F F L U C T UAT I O N

Maximum fluctuation of speed - the difference between the maximum

and minimum speeds during a cycle.
\[ $ \" [ $ " ])[ $ ])"
`a
\ ])

Coefficient of fluctuation of speed - the ratio of the maximum

fluctuation of speed to the mean speed.

2 \[ $ \" 2 [$ " 2 ])[ $ ])"

`a
\[ & \" [& " ])[ & ])"

36
 W E I G H T O F F LY W H E E L

Neglecting the effect of the hub and arms,

b / cd
Where:
D = mean diameter
b = width of flywheel
t = thickness of flywheel
ρ = density of flywheel
ρ = 72,00 kg/m3 for cast-iron
ρ = 7,860 kg/m3 for steel

37
 E N E R G Y R E Q U I R E D F O R P U N C H I N G A M E TA L

1 1 1 1 "
Δ?G R ,e Z ,e / ,e /
2 2 2 2

Where:
F = force required to punch a metal
τu = ultimate shearing stress
t = thickness of metal plate
d = diameter of hole

38
 EXAMPLE 14 12"
10"
A 48-inch spoked flywheel having 12
inch wide x 10 inch deep rim rotates
at 200 rpm. How long a cut be
stamped to a 1 inch thick aluminum 48"
plate if the stamping energy is L
obtained from this flywheel? The t
ultimate shearing strength of the
aluminum is 40 ksi. Use a specific
weight of 0.28 lb/in^3 and neglect the
weight of the flywheel’s hub and
arms.
a. 34.6 inches
b. 52.2 inches
c. 41.1 inches
d. 64.2 inches

39
 EXAMPLE 15 I

A flywheel weighing 910 kg has a

radius of gyration of 1524 mm. The
shaft journals are 304.8 mm in
diameter and have a coefficient of
friction of 0.06. After the wheel
reaches 120 rpm, the driving force is
withdrawn and the wheel slows to 60
rpm. How much energy thus the
wheel loss?
A. 125 kN-m
B. 140 kN-m
C. 130 kN-m
D. 150 kN-m

40
 EXAMPLE 16

A shearing machine requires 150 kg-m of

energy to shear a steel sheet, and has a
normal speed of 3 rev/sec, slowing down
to 2.8 rev/sec during the shearing
process. The flywheel has a mean
diameter of 75 cm and weighs 0.018
kg/cm3. The width of the rim is 30 cm. If
the hub and arms of the flywheel account
for 15% of its total weight, find the
thickness of the rim.
A. 1 cm
B. 5 cm
C. 4 cm
D. 3 cm

41
SCREW FASTENINGS

42
 DESIGN STRESS

B [g 3
@ Z) " f
6 4

3
@ 0.4 B h
4

Where:
σy = yield strength of material, ksi
σd = design tensile strength, ksi
As = stress area, in2
D = nominal diameter, in.

43
 EXAMPLE 17

An eyebolt is lifting a block weighing 350

lbs. The eyebolts is of SAE C1040
material with Su = 67 ksi and Sy = 55 ksi,
what is the stress area (in inches square)
of the bolt if it is under the unified
coarse series thread?
A. 0.1341
B. 0.1134
C. 0.0991
D. 0.1043

44
 WO R K I N G S T R E N G T H O F B O LT S ( M AC H I N E RY ’ S H A N D B O O K )

Working strength of a bolt

"
b 0.55 $ 0.25 c

Where:
σt = allowable working stress in tension, pounds per square inch; and
D = nominal outside diameter of stud or bolt, inches.

45
 EXAMPLE 18

Compute the working strength of

1-in bolt if screwed up tightly in
packed joint when the allowable
stress is 13,000 psi. (ME Board
October 1999).
A. 3,600 lbs
B. 3,700 lbs
C. 3,800 lbs
D. 3,900 lbs

46
 SET SCREW

Diameter of set screw

d = 0.125D
Power transmitted by a single set-screw
".0
H
50

Torque transmitted by a single set-screw

".0
. 1250 Where:
P = horsepower transmitted, hp.
T = torque, in-lb
D = shaft diameter, in
n = speed, rpm
d = set-screw diameter 47
 EXAMPLE 19

Compute how many 3/8 inch

diameter set screws required to
transmit 3 hp at a speed of
1000 rpm. The shaft diameter is
1 inch. (ME Board April 1998).
A. 1½
B. 2
C. 3
D. 1

48
POWER SCREWS

49
 T Y P E S O F S C R E W T H R E A D S U S E D F O R P OW E R S C R E W S

Square threads Buttress threads.

Acme or Trapezoidal threads

50
 PITCH AND LEAD

Pitch
1
HY H
I . ℎ iℎ
Lead Angle
l[
D
j tan
/ 9
where Dm is the mean thread diameter

1
9 m & '
2

51
 TO R Q U E TO T U R N S C R E W
For square thread:
Torque required to turn the thread against the load
b 9 b 9 tan j & tan n b 9 tan j &
. tan n & j
2 2 1 $ tan n tan j 2 1 $ tan j
Torque required to turn the thread with the load

b 9 b 9 tan n $ tan j b 9 $ tan j

. tan n $ j
2 2 1 & tan n tan j 2 1 & tan j
where f = tan β = coefficient of friction and β = angle of friction
For Acme thread:
Torque required to turn the thread against the load
b 9 cos r tan j & tan n b 9 cos r tan j & r s 14. 5#
.
2 cos r $ tan n tan j 2 cos r $ tan j

Torque required to overcome collar friction:

Yb t# & t
.Y
2 52
 EXAMPLE 20

A double thread Acme screw driven

by a motor at 400 rpm raises the
attached load of 900 kg at a speed of
10 meters per minute. The screw has
a pitch diameter of 36 mm. The
coefficient of friction on threads is
0.15. The friction torque on the thrust
bearing of the motor is taken as 20%
of the total torque input. Determine
the motor power required to operate
the screw.
A. 3.932 kW
B. 2.592 kW
C. 3.239 kW
D. 2.529 kW 53
 EXAMPLE 21

What is the frictional hp acting on

a collar loaded with 100 kg
weight? The collar has an outside
diameter of 100 mm and an
internal diameter of 40 mm. The
collar rotates at 1000 rpm and
the coefficient of friction between
the collar and the pivot surface is
0.15.
A. 0.8 hp
B. 0.5 hp
C. 0.3 hp
D. 1.2 hp
54
 E F F I C I E N C Y O F A P OW E R S C R E W

Efficiency of square thread considering only the screw friction.

tan j tan j 1 $ tan j
tan n & j tan j &
Efficiency of square thread considering screw friction and collar friction
tan j tan j 1 $ tan j
tan n & j Y Y Dc = Ro + Ri
tan j & & 1 $ tan j
9

Efficiency of acme thread considering screw friction and collar friction

tan j cos r $ tan j
Y Y
tan j cos r & cos r & cos r $ tan j
9

55
 EXAMPLE 22

What pitch is required for a

double threaded square form
screw having a mean diameter of
3 inches if its efficiency is to be
about 50%? Use a coefficient of
friction of 0.15.
A. 0.5 in
B. 0.625 in
C. 0.75 in
D. 0.25 in

56
 EXAMPLE 23

Find the horsepower required to drive a

power screw lifting a load of 4000 lbs. A 2
½ inches double square thread with two
threads/inch is to be used. The frictional
radius of the collar is 2 inches and the
coefficients of friction are 0.1 for the
threads and 0.15 for the collar. The
velocity of the nut is 10 ft/min.
A. 4.935 hp
B. 4.395 hp
C. 3.945 hp
D. 5.349 hp

57
SPRINGS

58
 STRESSES IN HELICAL SPRINGS OF CIRCULAR WIRE

8F ⋅ D 8F ⋅ C 4` $ 1 0.615
τ =K× = K × ? & ? ?( ?u
π d3 π d2 4` $ 4 `

F = kx
Where:
D = Mean diameter of the spring coil,
d = Diameter of the spring wire,
n = Number of active coils,
G = Modulus of rigidity for the spring material,
F = Axial load on the spring, Do
τ = Maximum shear stress induced in the wire,
C = Spring index = D/d ,
p = Pitch of the coils, and
δ = Deflection of the spring, as a result of an axial load
KS = Stress factor due to shear, and
KC = Stress concentration factor due to curvature

59
 EXAMPLE 24

A helical spring is compressed by

30 mm. The spring scale is 18
kN/m while its allowable shear
stress is 345 MPa and the spring
index is 8. What is the diameter
of the spring wire? F = kx
A. 3.12 mm
B. 4.23 mm
C. 9.24 mm
D. 6.14 mm

60
 DEFLECTION OF HELICAL SPRINGS OF CIRCULAR WIRE

Angular deflection

.⋅ Rw / ⋅ 16R ⋅ "
⋅
2
C / 2
4⋅E w 2E E⋅
32
Axial deflection
" 0
16R ⋅ ⋅ 8R ⋅ ⋅ 8R ⋅ ` 0 ⋅
x 2
w 2
E⋅ 2 E⋅ E⋅

Stiffness of the spring or spring rate

R E⋅ 2 E⋅
_
x 8 0⋅ 8` 0

61
 EXAMPLE 25

Compute the maximum deflection

of a 20 coils helical spring having a
load of 75 kg. The spring is a squared
and ground ends with modulus of
elasticity in shear of 79.84 GPa,
outside diameter of 101.6 mm, wire
diameter of 9.525 mm.
A. 140.7 mm
B. 112.7 mm
C. 15.17 mm
D. 126.7 mm

62
S P R I N G I N S E R I E S & I N PA R A L L E L

1 1 1 1
& & &⋯
_ _[ _" _0

_ _[ & _" & _0 & ⋯

63
 EXAMPLE 26

A three extension coil springs are

hooked in series that support a
single weight of 100 kg. The first
spring is rated at 0.40 kg/mm and
the other 2 lower is rated at 0.64
kg/mm. Compute the total
deflection. (ME Board October 1997
and ME Board October 2006).
A. 563 mm
B. 268 mm
C. 156 mm
D. 250 mm

64
BELTS

65
 G E N E R A L B E LT E Q UAT I O N

Where:
R[ $ RY az
R" $ RY F1 = is the maximum tension or the force on the
az
approaching belt
$1
R[ $ R" R[ $ RY az F2 = is the force on the receding side

RY m])" dc ])" Fc = is the load on the belt due to the centrifugal force
σ = design stress
R[ c
az
ρ = density of belt, lb/cu. in. for design, use ρ = 0.035 for
$1 leather and ρ = 0.045 lb for flat rubber belting.
R[ $ R" c $ d])" az
vs = speed
f = coefficient of friction.
θ = angle of contact
b = belt width
t = belt thickness

66
 N E T B E LT P U L L A N D H O R S E P OW E R E Q UAT I O N

Net Belt Pull – is the difference of the forces F1 – F2.

Horsepower Equation:
R[ $ R" ]9 R[ $ R" ])
ℎ ℎ
33,000 550

.
ℎ ℎ
63,000

where:
vm = speed in fpm.
T = torque in in-lb
n = speed in rpm

67
 EXAMPLE 27

A 500 rpm shaft is fitted with a

30 inch diameter pulley weighing
250 lb. This pulley delivers 35 hp
to a load. Determine the
maximum concentrated load in
the shaft considering a belt
tension ratio of 2:1.
F1 W F2
A. 2641.5 lb
B. 832.7 lb
C. 1132.4 lb
D. 3758.2 lb

68
 L E N G T H O F B E LT S

Open Belt Drive

"
" $ [
D s 2` & 1.57 " & [ &
4`
Crossed Belt Drive
"
" & [
D s 2` & 1.57 " & [ &
4`
Where:
C = the center distance,
D2 = diameter of the larger pulley
D1 =diameter of the smaller pulley

69
 EXAMPLE 28

An open belt drive has a 6-in.

pulley driving a 48-in. pulley. The
distance between centers is 96 in.
Find the length of the belt
needed.
A. 281.4 mm
B. 218.4 mm
C. 284.1 mm
D. 241.8 mm

70
 A N G L E O F C O N TAC T

Open belt
l[
t$ " $ [
C / | 2 sin s/|
` `
Use the plus sign for the larger pulley and the minus sign for the
smaller pulley.
Crossed belt
l[
t&
C / & 2 sin
`
Where:
R = the radius (D2 = diameter) of the larger pulley,
r = the radius (D1 = diameter) of the smaller pulley,
C = the distance between pulley centers, and
In general, design equation use the minimum value of fθ, which is the
smaller pulley when the pulleys are of the same materials.
71
 EXAMPLE 29

A ¼ in flat leather belt with a

specific weight of 0.035 lb/cu in. is
6 in. wide. The driving pulley is 6
in. in diameter and the driven
pulley is 18 in. in diameter. The
center distance between pulleys is
56 in. The driving pulley rotates
1800 rpm. The coefficient of
friction is 0.3 for the driving
pulley and 0.4 for the driven
pulley. The allowable belt pull is
450 lb. Find the belt capacity in
horsepower.
A. 21.4 hp
B. 24.1 hp
C. 24.0 hp
D. 20.4 hp 72
 EXAMPLE 30

A 5.31 horsepower rating No. 40

roller chain has an input through
a 12-tooth sprocket turning at
1,800 rpm and the output turns
at 900 rpm. Determine the
length of chain in inches.
A. 15 inches
B. 19 inches
C. 31 inches
D. 41 inches

73
CHAINS

74
 PITCH AND PITCH CIRCLE DIAMETER

Pitch
180
H sin
I
Velocity ratio
[ I"
}
" I[
Average velocity
/ HI
]9 s
12 12

Where:
D = Diameter of the pitch circle
Nt = Number of teeth on the sprocket
n1 = Rotational speed of smaller sprocket in rpm
n2 = Rotational speed of larger sprocket in rpm
N1 = Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket
N2 = Number of teeth on the larger sprocket
75
 L E N G T H O F C H A I N A N D C E N T E R D I S TA N C E

The approximate length of the chain is

"
I" & I[ I" $ I[
D s 2` & & iℎ ,
2 40`
Where C is in pitches.
[
` " & ,
2

76
 EXAMPLE 31

A 5.31 horsepower rating No. 40

roller chain has an input through
a 12-tooth sprocket turning at
1,800 rpm and the output turns
at 900 rpm. Determine the
length of chain in inches.
A. 15 inches
B. 19 inches
C. 31 inches
D. 41 inches
For a no. 40 roller chain, p = 0.5

77
WIRE ROPES

78
 S T R E S S E S I N A W I R E RO P E

Bending stress 5
G }
5
)
Equivalent bending load R5
R5 5 Z9
Where:
Extension of a wire rope E = modulus of elasticity (3 x 104 ksi for steel)
RD Dw = approximate wire diameter
x Ds = sheave diameter
Z9 G'
Am = cross-sectional area of metal in each rope
Factor of safety F = load , lb
L = length of rope
Re $ R5
I Er = modulus of the rope
R
Fu = breaking strength
Fb = equivalent bending load
Ft = tensile force in the rope

79
 EXAMPLE 32

Determine the bending stress of

wire rope with drum diameter of
7.8 inches and wire diameter of
0.0987 inch.
A. 37.96 x 104 psi
B. 33.96 x 104 psi
C. 31.96 x 104 psi
D. 30.96 x 104 psi

80
 EXAMPLE 33

A wire rope lifts a load of 10 kips

at a maximum speed of 1000 ft
per min, attained in 5 seconds
starting from rest. The rope has a
metallic cross sectional area of
0.4 in2. Determine the maximum
tensile stress on the rope in ksi. 2

A. 26.2
B. 25.0
C. 27.6
D. 32.4

81
END

82