Sielent Letters

What is a silent letter?

A silent letter is the letter in words that are not pronounced but make a huge difference
to the meaning and pronunciation of the whole word.
There are some rules that explain which letters are supposed to be silent, before and after
certain letters (the only issue about this is that, like all English rules — there are usually some
exceptions!)

Silent (B)
Rule 1: The letter B is usually not pronounced after M at the end of a word.

Comb, bomb, thumb, climb, tomb, crumb, lamb

Rule 2: B is usually not pronounced before the

Doubt, doubtful, subtle, debt.

Silent (C)
Rule 1: The letter C is usually not pronounced in the combination of SC.

Scissors, ascent, fascinate, muscle.

Rule 2: C is usually mute before the letters K and

Lock, block, puck, acknowledge. Aqua, Acquit, Acquiesce.

Silent (D)
Rule I: The letter D is silent when it appears before the letters N and G.

Wednesday, cadge, Pledge, grudge.

Rule 2: D is not pronounced in the following Common words:

Wednesday, handsome, handkerchief, sandwich.

Silent (E)
Rule I: If the letter E comes at the ends of words, it is generally not pronounced.

Fore, table, before, write, give, hide.

Rule 2: If E occurs before the letter D in the second and third form of the verbs, E may sometimes not to
be pronounced.
Bored, fixed, smuggled, begged.

Silent (G)
Rule I: The G letter is not pronounced when it comes before N in a word.

Design, foreign, sign, gnash, align.

Exceptions: Magnet, igneous, cognitive,

Silent (GH)
Rule I: GH is not pronounced when it comes after a vowel in a word.

High, light, thought, through alight.

Rule 2: Exceptions: GH is pronounced separately in compound words (As you can see in the following
words that exceptions are generally compound words).

Doghouse, bighead, foghorn.

Rule 3: Except examples from rule I, GH is sometimes pronounced like F, consider the words below.

Drau ht, cough, laugh, tough.

Silent (H)
Rule 1: The letter H is usually silent when it appears after W.

Why, what, when, weather, where.

Rule 2: Sometimes the letter H is not silent after W, consider the words below.

Whose, whosoever, who, whoever, whole.

Rule 3: H is mute at the beginning of many words (remember to use the article an" with unvoiced H).

Hour, honest, honour, heir.

Rule 4: Exceptions: Most of the words beginning with H are not silent (remember to use the article
with voiced H)

History, Historical, Hair, Happy.

Silent (K)
Rule: The letter K is always silent when it precedes the letter N in a word.

Know, knock, knife, knight, knowledge.

Silent (L)
Rule: The letter L is usually not pronounced after the vowels: A, O and U.

Calf, half, palm, would, should, could, folk, yolk.

Silent (N)
Rule: The letter N is not pronounced when it comes after M at the end of a word.

Column, damn, solemn, autumn.

Silent (P)
Rule: The letter P is not pronounced at the he beginning of many words using the combinations ps,
PTand PN.

Psalm, psephology, pterodactyl, pneumonia,

Silent (PH)
Rule: PH is sometimes pronounced like F. p
Sophia, paragraph, elephant, telephone.

Silent (S)
Rule: The letter S is not pronounced before L in the following words:

Aisle, island, isle, islet.

Silent (T)
Rule: The letter T is not pronounced in the following common English words:

Castle, Christmas, fasten, listen, often, beret, Chevrolet, whistle, thistle, bustle, hasten, soften, rapport,
gourmet, ballet.

Silent (U)
Rule: The letter U is not pronounced when it comes after G and before a vowel in a word.

Guide, guest, guard, guess, guano.

Silent (W)
Rule 1: The letter W is not pronounced at the beginning of a word when it is before the letter R.

Write, wrest, wrong, wrack, wrap.

Rule 2: W is silent in the following words: • Who, whose, whole, whom, whole, whoever, answer, sword,
two.
Words with Silent Letter A
We use silent letter 'a' when it comes before 'lly'

 Critically
 Automatically
 Practically
 Musically
 Artistically
 Basically
 Physically
 Romantically
 Logically
But be careful because that rule doesn't apply to all words that end in "lly". For
example:
 Ideally
 Vocally
 Generally

Words with Silent Letter B

We use silent 'b' when it comes after 'M' or before 'T'.

 Doubt
 Plumber
 Lamb
 Thumb
 Jamb
 Lamb
 Limb
 Comb
 Tomb
 Womb
 Dumb
 Climb
 Debt
 Aplomb
 Bomb
 Climb
 Coulomb
 Crumb
 Numb
 Subtle
 Succumb
There are exceptions to these rules.
 Obtain (it comes before 'T' but still pronounced)
 Remember (it comes after 'M' but still pronounced)

Words with Silent Letter C

Letter C is Silent after 'S' and before 'I' or 'E'.
 Crescent
 Science
 Scene
 Ascent
 Descent
 Scent
 Muscle
 Discipline
 Abscess
 Disciple
 Fascinate
 Fluorescent
 Ascend
 Conscience
 Obscene
 Resuscitate
 Scenario
 Scissors
 Conscious
 Descend
 Evanesce
 Transcend

Words with Silent Letter D

Normally, Letter D is silent before "N' or "G"

 Acknowledge
 Edge Hedge
 Judge
 Sandwich
 Handkerchief
 Badge
 Handsome
 Wedge
 Wednesday
 Ledger

Words with Silent Letter E

Letter "E" is silent when it comes at the end of the word

 Age
 Bake
 Breathe
 Bridge
 Cake
 Face
 Gene
 Kite
 Taste
 Mate
 Hate
 Like
 Love
 Vegetable
 Change
 Name
 Please
This rule doesn't apply if there is only one vowel in the word like; He ("E" is not
silent).
Letter "E" can also be silent at the end of past regular verbs which end in 'ed'.
 Asked
 Looked
 Called
 Opened
 Washed
 Helped
 Liked
 Closed
We only pronounce the "E" in verb if it ends in "D" or "T".
 Ended
 Wanted
 Started
 Included

Words with Silent Letter G

Not pronounced if it comes before an "N"
 Sign
 Design
 Resign
 Consignment
 Align
 Assign
 Reign
 Feign
 Foreign
 Benign
 Campaign
 Champagne
 Cologne
 Gnarl
 Gnarly
 Gnome
"G" is not pronounced if it comes after a vowel and before an "H".
 Light
 High
 Eight
 Daughter
 Through
 Night
 Bright
Sometimes "GH" is pronounced like an "F".
 Tough
 Laugh
 Draught
 Rough

Words with Silent Letter H

If the word starts with "WH", the letter "H" is silent.

 What
 Where
 When
 While
 White
 Whether
 Which
 Why
If the words begin with "GH"
 Ghost
 Ghetto
 Gherkin
Silent when begins with an "H".
 Honest
 Hour
 Honour
Letter H is silent when it begins with an "RH"
 Rhyme
 Rhythm
 Rhinoceros
Sometimes letter H is silent when it comes after "C".

 Anchor
 Archaeology
 Ache
 Architect
 Chrome
 Character
 Champagne
 Ghost
 Chemical
 Chlorine
 Charisma
 Chaos
 Choir
 Choreograph
 Chord
 Echo
 Mechanic
 Monarchy
 Orchestra
 Psychic
 Rhythm
 School
 Scheme
 Stomach
 Tech

Words with Silent Letter K

Letter "K" is always silent when it comes before an "N" and at the beginning of the
word.

 Knead
 Knee
 Kneel
 Know
 Knowledge
 Knew
 Knickers
 Knuckle
 Knack
 Knife
 Knight
 Knitting
 Knot
 Knock
 Knob

Words with Silent Letter L

There is not exact rule for lettet "L". But usually Letter "L" is silent after "A" "E" or
"U".
 Calf
 Calm
 Palm
 Balm
 Half
 Salmon
 Almond
 Should
 Would
 Could
 Talk
 Walk
 Folk
 Yolk
 Chalk

Words with Silent Letter M

There's no word with silent letter "M". Only one word we can see here
 Mnemonic

Words with Silent Letter N

Letter"N" is usually silent after an "M" at the end of the word.
 Column
 Damn
 Autumn
 Hymn

Words with Silent Letter O

There is no rule for letter "O". But there are some random words with silent letter
"O" which we need to learn.
 People
 Country
 Leopard
 Favorite
 Favour

Words with Silent Letter P

Letter "P" is usually silent in the letters combinations; "Ps", "Pt", "Pn".

 Psychology
 Psychiatrist
 Psychotherapy
 Psychotic
 Psychic
 Pneumonia
 Pterodactyl
 Psalm
 Pseudo
There are also some common random words with silent letter "P".
 Coup
 Cupboad
 Receipt
 Raspberry
Words with Silent Letter R
Letter R is silent in British English if it is followed by a consonant or at the end of
the word.
 Butter
 Fork
 Star
 Poor

Words with Silent Letter S

Letter S is silent before "I" in some words.

 Island
 Aisle
 Isle
 Islet
Other random words with silent letter S are:
 Debris
 Bourgeois

Words with Silent Letter T

It is silent before "Ch"

 Match
 Watch
 Catch
 Scratch
 Witch
 Butcher
 Stitch
If a word ends in "sten"
 Fasten
 Listen
 Glisten
 Moisten
 Often
 Soften
 Christen
If a word ends in "stle"
 Bristle
 Bustle
 Hustle
 Rustle
 Castle
 Apostle
 Nestle
 Thistle
 Wrestle
 Whistle
If a French word ends in "et".
 Gourmet
 Ballet
 Buffet

Words with Silent Letter U

U is silent after a "G" and before a vowel.
 Guitar
 Guilt
 Guard
 Guess
 Guest
 Guild
 Guile
 Rogue
 Vogue
 League
 Silhouette
 Tongue
 Biscuit
 Building
 Baguette
 Circuit
 Disguise

Words with Silent Letter W

If a word starts with "Wr", the letter "W" is silent.
 Wrong
 Wrote
 Write
 Whole
 Wrap
 Wrapper
 Wrack
 Wrath
 Wreath
 Wreck
 Wreckage
 Wren
 Wrench
 Wrestling
 Wretched
 Wrinkle
 Wriggle
 Wring
 Wrist
If a word starts with "Wh", the letter "W" is silent.

 Who
 Whoever
 Whole
 Wholesale
 Wholesome
 Whose
 Whom

Now, let's some common words with silent letter "W".

 Answer
 Awry
 Playwright
 Sword
 Two

Words with Silent Letter X

There is only one word with silent letter "X".
 Faux

Words with Silent Letter Z

There are not many words with silent letter "Z".
 Rendezvous
 Laissez-faire

Use of ‘it’:

When there is no subject and object in a tense then as dummy subject we use it
When a thing is not presenet-> it your problem

For non-living: it is book.

For animals:

Like it is reaning.

User of ‘this’:

When a thing a in front of us then we use as subject ‘this’ instead of he,she.

Like this is Farhan.

Use of ‘this’:

When we there in tenses then verb comes first in a tenses mostly. Like

There are many students in the class. -> here ‘are’ is ogzalry verb and ‘students’ is subject.

Diffence between ‘When’ vs ‘while’:

When: While
When one action is completed or done use When two actions run at the same time
‘when’
For shorder actions use when. For longer actions use while
For age and particular stage of life use ‘when’
I was reading when you called me. I was woking while you were calling me. (wrong)
When i was child, we lived in london. While is was a child, we lived in london. (wrong)
The students making noise when the teacher The little girl was sleeping while her moither was
come in the room. watching her sleep.

Parts of speech:

1) Noun
2) Pronoun
3) Adjective
4) Verb
5) Adverb
6) Preposition
7) Conjunction
8) Interjection
 Noun:

Noun is the name of person, place or a things.

Type of ‘Noun’:
1) Proper Noun
2) Common Noun
3) Collective Noun
4) Abstract noun
5) Countable Noun
6) Un-countable Noun

1. Common Noun:
It is the common name given to a person, place, item as a thing. It starts from capital word only
while appearing at the beginning of a sentence.
Like – Boys, City, game, boo, car, planet, youtube channel, teacher, shoolm mobile phone, ….so
on.

2. Proper Noun: it is the opposite of common noun. A preoper refers to the specific name
ginve to any person, place or a thing. Aproper noun always begins with capital letters, no
matter where they occore within a sentence.
Like- Abdullah, KFC, Tuesday, Cricket, English.

3. Collective Noun:
Name given to represnet a group of people, aninals, or things
Like- A branch of groupes, a class of students,
Tem of players, a Series of events, a flock of birds, committee, board etc

4. Abstract Noun:
It is something which you can’t see, taste, hear, or touch
Like- love, hatred, angle, jou, desire, goodwill etc

5. Material Noun:
These are the names given to the material, substnace, or thigns made up to something.
Like- air, cloth, metal, gold, diamond, glass, fibre, etc.

6. Countable Noun:
Can be counted.
Like- Apple, chair, bag, bottle, burger, rupees etc.

7. Un-Countable Noun:
Can not be counted.
Like- Milk, rice, water, knowledge, money, sugar, furniture etc.

Subject = Noun
Subject + Verb + Object
If Noun(Subject ) is singular then verb will be singular.
If Noun(Subject ) is plular then verb will be plural.

 If ‘s’ is sufix to a noun it does not mean this is plural Noun:

Like- Mathematics, Physics, NEWS, innings, politics, Economics, Ethics, Athletics,
linguistecs, Meansles, propraess, optics, Mechanics etc.
 Always Plural Noun:
Like- Spectacles, seissors, Sunglasses, Goggles, pants, saings, Troops, wages, Belongings,
Thanks, Amends, alms, braces, tongs, people, children, cloths, cattle, clothes, remains,
headphones, pliers, Congratulations, etc
 Un-countable Nouns use with singular verbs:
Like- Knowledge, Scenery, Poetry, furniture, jewllery, hair, information, fraffic, music,
electricity, stationary etc
 Some noun are both singular and plurar:
Like- People, deer, sheep, series, fish, jury, aircraft etc
 Collective noun can gingular or plurar:
Like- The team is plying the mathch.
The team are allowed to go to meet their gamilies.
 Neuter Gender: has no gender
Like- small baby, collective noun, insects, small creature etc,
Like- The Baby loves its mother.
 Masculine Gender:
Like for ‘Male’ sence like as : sun, time, death, winter etc
Like for ‘fe-male’ beauty, grace, nature, earth, peace.
Pronoun:
Are the words used in place of a noun.
Abdullah is boy. He is learning English grammar. He is good boy.
I am focusing on main points.
We are plying cricket.
They are watching your match.
She fall in love.
It is raingin.
Each main is reponsible of his efforts.
What is you problem.
Who is there.
Both brothers are sensible..
All bold word are ProNoun.

First Person: I , we
Second Person: You
Third Person: They , He , it
 1.) Personal Pronoun:
A person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with.

Nominative/ Possessive/
Person Objective Case
Subjective Case ownership Case
First singular I My/ mine me
Second singular you Your/yours you
Third singular he, she, it His/her/hers/it him, her, it
First plural we Our/ours us
Second plural you you
Third plural they Their/ theirs them

2.) Interrogative Pronoun:

Like

who whom which what

whoever whomever whatever Whichever

3.) Demonstrative Pronoin:

This That these

such those

4.) Reflexive Pronoun:

Myself himself herself yourself

themself ourself itself yourselves
ourselfves

5.) Relative Pronoun:

Used to connect a clause or phrase.

Who whom which That

whoever whomever Whichever

6.) Indefinite Pronoun:

All Another Any Anyone

Anything Each Everbody Everything
Few Many Nobody None
Saveral Some somebody
 Verb

Verb:

The word which shows the action or state of being.

Like-

Speak Go Learn Accept Walk Read

Teach Play Read Undersand
Other verb examples;

Is Am Are Was Were Has

Have Will Shall

 Verb has two main types

i. Helping verb
ii. Action main verb

Helping are two types:

i. Auxiliary verbs -> is, am, are, was, were, been, had, has, have.
ii. Modal verbs -> Can, May, Should, Would

Main Action verbs are two types:

1. Transitive verbs: They have Need Object in tense.

Like- I caught a goat.
2. In-Transitive: They have no need of object.
Like- A light is was shining.

Advance types of versb are:

1) Finite verbs: which holds tenses rules (change verb’s w.r.t subject)
2) Non-Finite verbs: which does not holds tenses rules (change verb’s w.r.t subject)

Non-Finite verbs types:

1) Infinitive: when two verbs come in tense then put ‘to’ before second verb called infinitive.
2) Gerund : when without applying tenses rule we add ‘ing’ to verb is called gerund.
3) Participle: Third form of ver, frist form of verb plus ‘ing’ (Noun or jAdjective).???
 Adverb & its forms

Adverb: addition in verb meaning is called adverb. Can also describe an other adverb and
adjective.

Arfan play slowly. Mujeeb Sings loudly.

Sheela dance excitedly. Arif writes beautifully.
All bold words are Adverbs.

Types of Adverb:

Adverb of Manner (How):

Loudly Quietly Angrily Badly Well Fast Secretly Painfull Cleverly
y
Comes at last of tense but if object is so big then it will come in middle of tense.

Adverb of Place (Where):

Here Back Outside Down Indoors Towards There Nearby
Comes at last of tense and can be come at start of tense.

Adverb of Time (When):

 Now Yesterday Soon Later Tomorrow Alred Tonight Then Last year/ month
y
Comes at last of tense and can be come at start of tense.

Adverb of Degree (How much):

Quite Too Extremely Absolutel Almost Just Completely Enough Fully
y
Comes at middle of tense and some occur at end of tense.

Adverb of Frequency (How often):

Alway Sometime Ofte Usuall Seldo Neve Generall Frequentl Occassionall
s s n y m r y y y
Comes at middle of tense and can be come at start or end of tense.
 Adjectives

Adjectives: the words that describe the attributes of Noun or Pro-Noun is called Adjectives.

Like-

Charming Cruel Tasty Fantastic Huge

Gentle Honest Sharp Rough Great
Greedy Handsome Intelligent Nervous Lucky
Lonely

Use of Adjectives are:

i. Attributive use: the adjective come before Noun

Like- Abdullah is strong man.
Strong is attributive adjective.

ii. Predicative use:

the adjective come before verb.

Like-

Iftkhar is ill.

Nasrullah is honest.

Sheela felt bad.

All bold word are predicative adjective.

iii. Comparative and superlative Adjective:

When we compare a thing(subject or pro-noun) with one or more things.

Positive /Absulute Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

When no Comparison. Comparison between two Comparison between one
things. And ‘er’ to the thing to all other things
adjective. When adjective then add ‘est’ to adjective.
has more syllable (‫)حرف‬
then add ‘more’
Wise Wiser Wisest
Old Older Oldest
Strong Stronger Strongest
Weak Weaker Weakest
Beautiful More beautifull Most beautiful
 Examples:
1. My borther is taller then you.
2. English is more interesting.
3. Virat is better than smith.
4. Blue whale is the largest mammal.
5. You look older.

iv. Demonstrative Adjective: adjectives that indicate towords subject.

Like-

That person This dog

These clothes Those boys

v. Possessive Adjetives: ownership adjectives.

My sister Your pen

His car You father

vi. Interrogative adjective: Questioning adjective

What Which
Where Whose

Eg.
Which book do you have?
What color is your bag?
Whose pen is this?s

 In a tense if we found Noun  then the descriptive word will be called as indefinite
Adjecitves.
 In a tense without Noun  then the descriptive word will be called as Descriptive Pro-
Noun.
vii. Indefinite adjecties: indicate the class of subject.

All Another Any Both Each Either

Enough Very Few Many More Most
Several Some Such Any Whole Little
Every

viii. ‘ed’ and ‘ing’ Adjectives: adjective can be made from Noun or Verb.
 This shoking NEWS.

ix. Articles: like A, AN , THE.  (These are also ajdectives.)

 Conjunction

Conjunction:

Is the ‘conjoining words’, used to conjoin words, phrase, paragraph. With no giving information of time,
place and direction.

And: Abdullah and Nasrullah are good brothers.

AS:

Here are the number of uses of as

1. In the way in which:

Examples…

He did as he said

I thought them as I was asked

Virat Kohli played as his coach said

2. To state the reason of something

Examples…

As he was not well, I did not disturb him.

As he was new here, he’ll need you.

As Because
When reason is not important When reason is important
When someone already know the information When answer is just after word ‘because’
Used in formal manner In unformal manner
Example : I was absent because I was ill.

3. To add an information

Examples…

As you know, we believe in quality education.

As said earlier...

4. One event happens, while another in progress

Examples…

They arrived as we are learning. As I was sleeping phone is rang.

My mother called me as I was playing cricket. As she grew older she gained in confidence.

AS WELL AS:

 Meaning is ‘Sath sath’

 when two parts of tense have not same importance (one is more important than other). Second
part after ‘as well as’ is most important.
 Verb will be affected by first part subject (before as well as)

Examples…

The coach as well as the team is ready. The moon as well as starts gives us light at night.
You as well as you mother is intelligent. I need my parents as well as my teachers.
He owns car as well as motorcycle.
AS SOON AS:

 When one action is completed then something will happen immediately.

 After AS SOON AS present indefinite tense will be used.

Examples…

I’ll call you as soon as I arrive.

He will be going to do his homework as soon as he reaches home.

You will be given the information as soon as I meet him.

AS FOR AS:

Meaning: ‘Jahan tak’, to the extend or degree that

As for as my little knowledge is concerned. As for as I can see, he is not there.

As for as I know, he is never come on time. He has always kept their words as far as I know.
As for as my teacher is concerned, he is kind.

Though Vs Although Vs Even Though:

Though Although Even Though

Informal speech Formal speech For forcing on something
Can be occur in start, mid, end Can be occur in start, mid of Can be occur in start of
of sentence. sentence. sentence.

Examples…

 Though it was rainy, I put on my shoes and went for a walk.

 Everyone enjoying the journey although we got tired.
 He was seriously offended by his comment, he did not talk back though.
 Even though he is rich he lives in small house.
 Even though I have washed it several times, I could not get right of the strain.

SO vs Therefore:

SO Therefore
Both are used to tell the reason of something.
Used when two pharases or tenses gives Used when two pharases or tenses complete
complete sence of understanding. does not give sence of understanding.
Used as unformal way Used as formal way
Examples…
 1) He is very hard working guy, So he secured first position in the class.
2) She is wise, So She is lided by others.
3) She is very mischievous, Therefore she was punished.
4) She has a very good memory, Therefore she is right always.

So That:

Is used for the linking of sentences such that they constitute a narrative(story).

Examples…

1) He Worked hard so that he may get good marks.

2) He learnt tenses so that story he may speak English.

IF vs Whether:

If Whether
Used for condition. Used when two alternatives are possible.
If you meet me, I’ll help you. I have to decide whether I should call you
parents

Lest:

used for fear that ( ‫)ای سا ن ہ ہ و‬.

Examples…

1) She didn’t dare to leave the hotel lest she should be reognised.
2) They feared to spare her lest she should report the matter to the king.
3) They left the country lest they be captured.

The conjunction 'Lest ------ should' is used to Warn someone and Suggest the
consequences of not paying attention to the warning.

Yet:
Used ‘In spite of thta’ --- (Toh bhi)
Example…

1) Neem is slow yet steady in his work.

2) The weather is cold, yet we had a great time.
3) Your advice seems strange, yet I believe you are right.

Unless:

In urdu-> (Jabtak)

used to say that something can only happen or be true in a particular situation.

-> if not, except when

-> it is action oriented

Example…

1) You will fail unless you work hard.

2) they would have shot him unless he had given them the money.
3) You’ll be sick unless you stop eating.

But:

In urdu (Lekin, siwa)

In english (contrast, except)

Examples…

He is poor but happly. Everyone but Aarohi has come.

I like everything but coffee. I met everone but you.

Since:

To shoe reason. Its uses match with ‘AS’.

When reason is not important but its second pharase is import.

Examples…

1) Since I was poor, I couldn’t buy a new car.

2) Since I was tired, I took some rest.

Either Or vs Neither Nor:

 Both are used when two option are available to do.

 Both are used in start or middle of sentence.
 When bothe subjects singular then vers will be singular.
 But one is singular and other is plular then plular subject will be comes last and verb will be
plular.

Examples…

Either Or Neither Nor

You can either call me at office or home. Ravi is neither good in studies nor in sports.
Either Mummy or Dad will come to receive you. Neither he nor I have money to buy I phone.
Either Priya or John was present.

Not only, but also:

"Not only... but also" is a correlative conjunction.

Examples…
1) She is not only a good student but also a good cricketer.
2) She not only eats carrot but also cabbage(Gobi).

After:

After as a conjunction (connecting two clauses)

Examples…
1) After he finish his studies he went to America.
2) She had the breakfast after the match finished.

As loong as:
Is shows the condition or duration.
Examples…
1) You will get the success as long as you work hard.
2) I’ll remember this day as long as I live.
Provided that:
Shows condition.
Examples…
1) We’ll pay you provided that you produce high quality products.
2) You will get the success provided that you work hard.
Than:
Than shows Comparison.
Example. You are taller than ali.

Till / until:
In urdu (Jab tak)
Examples…
Till is unformal but until is formal in use.
We played cricket until evening.
Let’s wait here till the rain stops.

As if / as though:
In urdu (jaise ky).

Used in imaginary situation.

Examples…

1) Ravi is behaving as if he has not met before.

2) It looks as if you have seen a ghost.

Even if:

Used where situation will remain same no matter whtat happens.

Examples…

1) I’ll go even if you forbit me to.

Even So:

Used in surprising situation. -> in spite of that

1) The tickets were expensive even so, the match was worth watching.

While:

 In urdu (ke doraan)

 At the same time

Example…

1) They were walking home while discussing the political issues.

Preposition

Pepositions of place:

On as preposition:
Followings places where we use of ‘on’ preposition.
1) showing something is on a surface.

The book is on the table. The paper is on my desk.

2) Two show the days and dates.

 He will come on Wednesday. They met me on Sunday.
I was born on 26th july 1996.

3) To show a device in tenses.

He is on phone. The show will be telecasted on television.

She has been on the computer. He is solving the sum on calculator.

4) To show body parts.

My mother kissed me on forhead. The icecream fell on my leg.

She wears her engagement ring on her finger.

5) To show the state of something.

Virat Kohli was on fire last night. He has been on bet rest for past 2 days.
Mango juice is on demand.

ONTO:
1) Showing on surface with movement of the things.

Move the books onto the shelf. She climbed onto the roof.
He stepped down form the train onto the platform.

2) When you fully aware of some information (This is informal use of onto).

Examples…

A) They does not new I was onto(fully aware) their plan.

B) He cancelled the surprise party when he come to know that we were onto his surprise.

UPON:

1) Immediately after doing something or something happens.

Sangeeta got married immediately upon Upon declaration of her result, she rushed
passing out the college. towards her mother.

2) When some has to heppen:

I. Diwali is almost upon us.
II. Our exams will soon be upon us.
III. His payment is going to be due upon us.

3) In place of ‘on’ when following verbs come (This for more formal manar):
Depends – Congratulate – Experience – Happen – Insist

Examples…

i. My whole future depended upon your decision.

ii. They congratulated him upon his success.

4) When to show one noun is more important than other noun:

i. He has worked hard year upon year.
ii. We crossed further mile upon mile.

5) In place of ‘onto’ when something move on a surface instead of ‘walk’ and ‘climb’ case:
Examples…
i) We were put uponn this earth form a purpose.
ii) He fell upon the ground.

Preposition of time:

 For year and moths we will use ‘in’.

 For days and Dates we will use ’on’.
 For minutes, hours, and second we will use ‘at’

Examples…

The class will be held on Monday. The first olimpic games held in 1924.
My teacher said I will see you at 3’o clock. I started to prepare for my exams in august.
The school will remain closed on Saturday. The play will be started at 2:30 pm.
My father is going to come on 3rd june. The motor lunched namo car in 2003.

Preposition – with:

With:

1) Meaning of with is Sensation Feelings.

i. My father is furious with me.
ii. I am very upset with my life.
 Exception of usage of with: Rude, Polite, Kind for these three words we will use ‘to’.

2) With used with tools:

I wrote a letter with a pen.
3) To show the possession of some thing -> having
i. I want a home with a garden.
ii. I want to pass with good marks.
4) To show agree:
 i. I am with you.

Preposition – By:

 To show the procedure(means) of some work.

i. I am talking by phone.
ii. Send this letter by post.
iii. I go to school by bus.
iv. He comes from delhi by airoplain.
 To show the doer:
i. Water is drunk by me.
 Used as Next to / besides:
i. My school is situated by my home.
ii. He is standing by me.
 To show dedline:
i. I want this fiel by Monday.

To:

1) To show direction:
I. She is coming to me.
II. I am going to school.
 To shows to complete direction of thing going to places.
 But Towords does not shows the complete direction of thing going to places.
 The main difference between 'to' and 'toward is that 'to' shows the result of an
action while 'toward' does not convey any result.
For towords: he going towords school. Which does not showing that he is going to
school.
III. Rakesh is going to London.
IV. We are heading to the entrance of the building.
V. She is giving money to him.
2) As an infinitive [purpose]
i. He wants to meet you.
ii. They come here to play.
iii. We earn to live.
3) To show limit/ending point/ period:
i. The petrol prices rose up to 250 rupees.
ii. We work 9 to 6, Monday to Saturday.

From:

1) To show origin of something:

i. This bus travels from Mumbai to Goa.
ii. Where are you form?
iii. I’am from Delhi.
 iv. This letter is from the principal.
2) To show greeting:
i. The gift from my side.
3) To tell the cause:
i. he died from heart attack.
ii. She is suffering from fever.
iii. Unfortunately even in 21st century people die from hunger.

Over:

1) Used when some thing is up from something:

i. A beautifull white bird is flying over the lake
ii. With an unbralla over my headm I was able to protect my self from the sun.
2) Something covering:
i. I puts the blanket over his body.
3) To show Number, age, amount:
i. He won the election with over e million votes.
ii. Over 50% of the company shares are owned by the govt.

Above:

1) To show the not in contact or not in touch or higher level than other:
i. His house is situated above the sea level
ii. Can you raise your hand above your head?
2) To show temperature:
i. The temperature of delhi is above 45C.

Under:

The cat is under the table.

Below:

There was a big box below the painting

You may read the points referred below.

FOR VS SINCE:

For Since
Showing ‘Duration of time’ Showing ‘point of time’ or ‘Definite time’
How many hours, weeks, months, years, minutes, Starting point of time.
 seconds.
Countable Duration. Definite time
Examples…

She has been walking for 5 hours. We have lived here since 1985.
It has been raining since 8’o clock. I’ve been suffering from fever since midnight.
The children have been playing cricket for 2 hours. I have not met her since last Tuesday.

Other uses of ‘for’

1) Denotes who is intended to have or use something:

i. This is for you.
ii. My life is for my country.
2) In exchange of something:
i. I will give you my phone for 1 like.
ii. There books are available for 100 each.
3) Considering what can be expected form somebody/something.
i. That’s too much work for you.
ii. You are tall for your age.
iii. You are bad for a beginner.

Other uses of Since:

To tell reason:

i. Since he was ill, he did not attend my birthday party.

ii. Since I was poor, I had to sacrifice my dream.

Until vs By:

Until By
Something will end at a time Something will stand from a time
Examples
I will love you until my death. I will be subcribe you channel by the end of the video.
She worked until 5’o clock. I want this work done by 10’o clock.
You can sleep until moring. I will retun you money by Monday.
You can use my phone until 8’o clock.

Preposition of place:
 In: When something is inside place covered with something.
At: showing location of something.

Examples…

I am at canteen in the school. They live at Rajan endane in Calcutta.

The watchman is standing at the main gate. She is sitting in the car.
The buses are coming at the bus stop. We met at the coffe shop.
He is having his food in his office. They are celebrating his birthday at the india date.

Modals

Modals:
Comes form mood and mood mean talk from heart and talk of heart can be as following
types,
 Wish
 Desire
 Permission
 Advise
 Responsibility
 Ability etc.

When someone want to say some thing like upper words type he will use Modal words.

Examples…

i. You can speak english. ->(Ability)

ii. You should speak english. ->(Advice)

Uses of ‘May’:

It is used to show following types of feelings.

 Permission
 Possibility
 Wish/Blessing

Examples….

May be, he is right. He may come today.

 If you work hard, then you may get good marks. May GOD bless you!
May his soul rest in peace! May you live long!
You may buy something, if you want.

Uses of ‘Can’:

It is used to show following types of feelings.

 Capacity
 Permission (This used in informal manner like dealing with friends).
 When you does not give permission on ‘can’ will be used.

Examples…

I can speak english. Can you solve this qustion?

I cannot understand you language. She cannot cook.
You can go. They can live in my house.
You cannot see me.

Uses of ‘Could’: [Past Tense of Can]

It is used to show following types of feelings.

 Polite request
 Ability in the past
 Narration

Examples…

Could you please open the window? Could you turn the music down?
Could you fetch me the book? Could I give you a gift?
When I wa younger, I could run a mile. Yesterday, I could not find my wallet.
Last year, he could not speak english well. He said that he could sing a song.
Rajiv said that he could play a guitar.

Uses of ‘Should’:

It is used to show following types of feelings.

 Advice

Examples…

You should go home now. You should not talk while eating.
You should tell him what you think? Should I leave now?
Uses of ‘Must’:

It is used to show following types of feelings.

 Compulsion (state of forcing ‫) مجبوری‬

 Strong obligation (Duty)
 Probability

Examples…

He must apologize for his mustake. His mother is not well, he must take care of her.
A teacher must teach students about etiquettes. If you like the video, you must hit the like button.
He must be there. You phone is switch off, you mother must be worried about you.

Uses of ‘Would: [Past tense of ‘will’]

It is used to show following types of feelings.

 Polite request / offer (which showing wich of someone)

 Past habit but when we show the state of someone then we use ‘used to’ instead of ‘would’
 Unreal Situation
 Indirect speech

Examples…

Would you like a cup of tea? Would you like to play cricket?
What would you like to play cricket? What would you like to have in breakfast?
I would like to say something. When I was little, I would play hide and seek.
In my childhood, I would dring milk. We would go to japan but we are too busy.
I am in truble, but you would not understand. If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.
She said that she would bring me a smart phone.

The use of Dare:

Dare used as a semi-modal verb means ‘to have the courage to do something or to express anger at
something’ and is often used negatively.

dare follows all the grammatical rules of modals.

The verb dare is both a main verb and a semi-modal verb.

When we use dare as a modal verb:

i. we do not find the to + verb after dare;

ii. we form question and negative forms without the auxiliary do;
iii. we do not apply the -ing form to dare;
iv. we do not add an -s for the third person singular.
 v. Dare, as an semi-modal verb, always has the same form even for the third person, and we
find this structure in its three forms: affirmative, negative and interrogative.

Without Modal verb With Modal verb

Do you dare to speak? Dare you speak?
We dare to speak english. We dare speak english.
You do not dore to speak truth. You dare not speak truth.

Use of ‘Need’:

Need like the other semi-modal verbs can both act as a modal verb and a main verb. It follows
the subject and in turn is followed by the main verb.

The semi-modal need is used in mostly negative sentences with the word not following it.
Together, they can be contracted to needn’t.
Examples:
i. You need not (needn’t) be bothered by what they said.
ii. We need not hurry as it is still early.We need not hurry as it is still early.
iii. He need not apologize because it’s not his fault.

Negative words such as none, nothing, and no one can be used with need.

Examples:
i. None of you need worry – we are safe and will arrive at our destination soon.
ii. Nothing need to be done for now.
iii. No one need know you have been in prison if you don’t tell them.

Use of ‘has to’, ’have to’, ’had to’, ‘will have to’:

 When something is obligatory then we use all four upper wrord.

 Has to, have to, had to, all have less obligatory then modal ‘Must’

Examples…

He had to go to school. We have to speak english.

They have to play cricket. I do not have to speak.
Does Ravi have to write? We have to watch the vedio.
I did not have to speak. I will have to wake up in the morning.
You will have to do. He will have to meet.
 We will have to win.

 For has to / have to /must we can use word ‘Gotta’ (Got to) in informal usage.

Usage of Modals in past tense:

Formate : Sub + Modal Verb + have + V3 + Obj

Examples…

We should have to spoken. You could have spoken english.

You should have understand me. He may have come in.
Could we have met?

Versbs

 97% verbs are regular verbs and 3% person verbs are irregular verbs.

Correct from of versb Rules:

1) Scientific fact or universal truth or idiems or proversb then tense will be treated in presnet
indefinate.
2) After ‘be’ we use -> is/are/am/was/were/being/been.
3) When Modal come then -> use firet form of verb-> V1
4) When Modal come in past tense -> V3
5) Passive voice -> V3
6) Passive voice with Modal -> V3

Examples…

i. When I reached the station the train had left.

ii. He was sworn in as the Chief Minister for third time.
iii. I could not sleep because I was bitten by mosquitoes.
iv. The robber struck him a blow on the head.
v. Anil was suverely injured in the accedent and he would have bled to death if the ambolance
had not arrived.
vi. The average human body carries 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells.
vii. It must be kept in mind that it is essential for us to be honest in our dealings.
viii. They could have done better than this.
ix. My teacher is a gift of GOD.
 x. Could you hep me please?
xi. I went to Agra to meet my friend yesterday.
xii. You have been wasting you time on pub G for 2 months.
xiii. They will come here next week to visit my office.
xiv. Ravi works in a bank.
xv. He should be given an opportunity to speak.
xvi. Two and to makes four.
xvii. The peon had rung the bell when I reached the school.
xviii. He has been sleeping since mornning.
xix. I do not know who paints this wall.
xx. She was offered a chair there.
xxi. We are teaching english by Mr. Ravi.

 Transitive verb:

A verb that does not make sense on its own in a sentence and require and
object.is called a transitive verb.

Sometimes, a transitive verbs takes two objects: 1) Direct Object 2) indirect Objects

The order of the objects can be reversed in some sentences.

Examples…

I lent my toys to my friends.

I lent my friends my toys.

here Direct objects is : my toys

here indirect objects is : my friends

 In-Transitive verb:

A verb that does make sense on its own in a sentence and require and object.is
called a intransitive verb.

 Adverbs and preposition usually fallow intransitive verbs.

 Some versb can be used in both ways:

Transitive Verbs Intransiteve Verbs

Ricky plays football. Ricky plays very well.
The cow eat grass. He runs.
We bought oranges. She laughed.
They will catch the thief. The rain will fall. --- I live in this room
 Use of

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\First MileStone\first do this\seen\use of

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\First MileStone\first do this\seen\Use of Articles and out of tenses

Pronunciation

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\First MileStone\Pronunciation\Spoken by Dear Sir

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\First MileStone\Pronunciation

Transformation of Sentances

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\First MileStone\Transformation of Sentances

Spelling

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\First MileStone\Spelling

SVO

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\SVO
 Pharasal Versbs

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\Pharasal Versbs

Simple tenses

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\English Grammar\seen\Simple tenses

Acitve and Passive Voice

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\seen\Acitve and Passive Voice

Direct and Indirect Speech

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\seen\Direct and Indirect Speech

Non action sentences

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\seen\Non action sentences\New folder

E:\Offline\Lectures\Movies\Tenses\seen\Non action sentences
 Amerian Accent Rules

Homo-Graphs

IELTS Modules Details

https://takeielts.britishcouncil.org/take-ielts/prepare/test-format
Listing time = 30 mint + 10 mint
four recordings of native English speakers

Reading time = 50mint + 10 mint

read three different passages, respond to questions
The IELTS Reading test is designed to assess a wide range of reading skills

Writing Test = 60 mint have 2 task (T1 20mint 150 words + T2 40mint 250 words)
In Task 1 you will be presented with a situation and asked to write a letter requesting
information or explaining the situation. You can write the letter in a personal, semi-formal
or formal style.
In Task 2 you will be asked to write an essay in response to a point of view, argument or
problem.

Speakign Teast = 11mint + 3mint

Have three parts[ 1) will introduce 2) particular topic 3) connected to the topic of Part 2]
For part 2 -> You will be given one minute to prepare and make notes. You will then be
asked to talk for 1-2 minutes on the topic.
Make sure that you relax and talk fluently. You will need to speak naturally and organise
your ideas coherently