Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science
Mathematics Department
9th Grade
TRIGONOMETRIC
RATIOS OF ACUTE
ANGLES
MISS MELINDA G. BELARMINO
Enhanced Mathematics 9
Most Essential Learning Competency
• illustrates the six trigonometric ratios: sine. cosine, tangent,
secant, cosecant, and cotangent (M9GE – IVa – 1)
Learning Objectives
a. define the six trigonometric ratios;
b. illustrate the six trigonometric ratios; and
c. use the definition of trigonometric ratios of any
angle to solve problems.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The history of trigonometry dates back to the
early age of Egypt and Babylon. Angles were
then measured in degrees.
It was then advanced by the Greek astronomer
Hipparchus in the second century B.C. He
compiled a trigonometric table that measured
the length of a chord subtending various angles
in a circle of a fixed radius r.
He is known as the father of TRIGONOMETRY.
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO
- is a ratio of the lengths of two sides of a right triangle with
respect to the given acute angle θ (θ (Theta) – a Greek
letter used for angles)
- The three most common ratios are sine, cosine, and
tangent. Their abbreviations are sin, cos, and tan,
respectively.
BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The trigonometric functions can be summarized using
the following mnemonic device:
Note: Trigonometric ratios are related to the acute angles of a right triangle,
not the right angle.
BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The cosecant or csc of an acute angle in a right-angled triangle is
the reciprocal of sin; i.e. the ratio of the length of the hypotenuse to the
length of the opposite side.
The secant or sec of an acute angle in a right-angled triangle is
the reciprocal of cos; i.e. the ratio of the length of the hypotenuse to the
length of the adjacent side.
The cotangent or cot of an acute angle in a right-angled triangle is
the reciprocal of tan; i.e. the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the
length of the opposite side.
BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Notice that the three new ratios are reciprocals of the ratios sin, cos,
and tan. Applying algebra shows the connection between these functions.
The trigonometric functions can be
summarized using the following
mnemonic device:
EXAMPLE 1
Find the six trigonometric ratios with respect
to ∠𝐴 of the given triangle.
Solution:
1. Identify the lengths of side of the right triangle.
length of the hypotenuse = 5 𝑐𝑚
length of the side opposite of ∠𝐴 = 4 𝑐𝑚
length of the side adjacent of ∠𝐴 = 3 𝑐𝑚
EXAMPLE 1
Find the six trigonometric ratios with respect
to ∠𝐴 of the given triangle.
Solution:
2. Use the definitions of the trigonometric ratios.
4 4 5
sin 𝐴 = tan 𝐴 = s𝑒𝑐 𝐴 =
5 3 3
3 5 3
cos 𝐴 = csc 𝐴 = cot 𝐴 =
5 4 4
EXAMPLE 2
Find the values of sin A, cos A, tan A, csc A, sec 5
c
A, and cot A in the figure. 12
A
Solution:
1. Find the length of the 2. Use the definitions of the trigonometric ratios.
hypotenuse c by using the 5 5 13
sin 𝐴 =
Pythagorean Theorem. 13 tan 𝐴 = 12 sec 𝐴 = 12
𝑐 2 = 52 + 122 12 13 12
2 cot 𝐴 =
𝑐 = 25 + 144 cos 𝐴 = csc 𝐴 =
13 5 5
𝑐 = 13
EXAMPLE 3
8
If sin 𝜃 = , find the remaining trigonometric ratios.
17
Solution:
1. Find the length of the 2. Use the definitions of the trigonometric ratios.
adjacent a by using the 8 8 17
sin 𝜃 =
Pythagorean Theorem. 17 tan 𝜃 = 15 s𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 15
172 = 𝑎2 + 82 15 17 15
289 = 𝑎2 + 64 cos 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
17 8 8
𝑎 = 15
EXAMPLE 4
A 10-ft ladder leans against a vertical wall and makes an angle of 35°
with the vertical wall. How far up the wall does the ladder reach? How far
from the wall is the foot of the ladder?
Solution:
Let 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥 𝑓𝑡 and 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑦 𝑓𝑡, 𝐴𝐵 = 10 𝑓𝑡 and ∠𝐵 = 35°
𝑦 𝑥
sin 35° = cos 35° = The ladder reaches 8.19
10 10
𝑦 𝑥 ft up the wall and the foot
0.5736 = 0.8192 = of the ladder is 5.7 4ft
10 10
𝑦 = 5.74 𝑥 = 8.19 from the wall.
