AISSCE 2024
Chemistry Investigatory
Project Report
Name – Souvagya Karmakar
Class – XII
Board Roll no. –
Stream – Science
INDEX
S. No Topic Page no.
1 Certificate 3
2 Acknowledgement 4
3 Introduction 5
4 Theory 7
5 Aim 9
6 Apparatus required 9
7 Procedure 9
8 Observation 11
9 Precautions 14
10 Bibliography 15
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Souvagya Karmakar of class:
XII / Sc of B. D. M. INTERNATIONAL has done his
project on “Analyzing
Analyzing given samples of Commercial
Antacids” under my supervision. He has taken
interest and has shown at most sincerity in
completion of this project.
I certify this project up to my expectation and as per
guidelines issued by CBSE, NEW DELHI.
Signature of Signature of
Internal Examiner External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
many people have best owned upon me their
blessings and the heart pleaded support, this time I
am utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank God for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I would like
to thank my Principal Ms. Madhumita Sengupta
ma’am,
ma’am my Senior Coordinator Ms. Ranjita Sharma
ma’am,
ma’am Chemistry teacher Mrs. Nandita Dastidar
ma’am and Mrs. Soumi ma’am,
ma’am and LAB Assistants
whose valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me patch this project and make it full proof
success.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends
who have helped me with their valuable suggestions
and guidance has been helpful in various phase of
the completion of the project.
INTRODUCTION
Over production of acid in the stomach causes irritation
and pain. In severe cases, ulcers are developed in the
stomach. Till 1970 only treatment for acidity was
administration of antacids, such as sodium hydrogen
carbonate or a mixture of aluminum and magnesium
hydroxide. However, excessive hydrogen carbonate can
make the stomach alkaline and trigger the production of
even more acid. Metal hydroxides are better alternatives
because of being insoluble; these do not increase the pH
above neutrality. These treatments control only
symptoms, and not the cause. Therefore, with these metal
salts, the patients cannot be treated easily. In advanced
stages, ulcers become life threatening and its only
treatment is removal of the affected part of the stomach.
A major breakthrough in the treatment of
hyperacidity came through the discovery according
to which a chemical, histamine, stimulates the
secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the
stomach. The drug cimetidine (Tegamet) was
designed to prevent the interaction of histamine with
the receptors present in the stomach walk. This
resulted in release of lesser amount of acid. The
importance of the drug was so much that it remained
the largest selling drug in the world until another
drug, ranitidine (Zantac), was discovered.
What may happen when we eat too many
antacids at once?
Antacids are medications commonly used to neutralize
excess stomach acid, providing relief from conditions like
acid reflux, indigestion, and heartburn. However, taking
too many antacids at once or overusing them can lead to
potential side effects and complications. Here are some
possible consequences of consuming excessive antacids:
Magnesium Overdose:
Antacids containing magnesium can lead to an excess of
magnesium in the body (hypomagnesaemia). Symptoms
may include diarrhea, nausea, weakness, and in severe
cases, it can lead to respiratory and cardiac issues.
Drug Interactions:
Antacids can interfere with the absorption of certain
medications, reducing their effectiveness. It's important to
take antacids at least 2 hours before or after other
medications to minimize this risk.
Electrolyte Imbalance:
Some antacids may affect electrolyte balance in the body,
particularly if they contain ingredients like sodium or
potassium. Imbalances in electrolytes can lead to various
health issues, including muscle cramps and
irregular heartbeats.
THEORY
1. Stomach Acid
Stomach acid is quite hazardous. It is highly acidic
and has a pH of 1.6. Stomach acid is basically just
hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach. If there
is too much acid, it may cause heartburn. One of the
symptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling in the
chest or abdomen.
2. Antacids
An antacid is any substance that can neutralize an
acid. All antacids are bases. The pH of a base is 7.1 –
14. All antacids have chemical in them called a
buffer. When an antacid is mixed with an acid the
buffer tries to even out the acidity and that is how
stomach acid gets neutralized.
3. ActionMechanism
Antacids perform neutralization reaction, i.e. they
buffer gastric acid, raising the pH to reduce acidity
in the stomach. When gastric HCl reaches the
nerves in the gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal
pain to the central nervous system. This happens
when these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers.
Antacids are commonly used to help neutralize
stomach acid. The action of antacids is based on the
fact that a base reacts with acid to form salt and
water.
IDEAL ANTACID
• The antacid should not be absorbable or cause
symmetric alkalosis.
• It should not be laxative or cause constipation
• It should buffer in pH 4-6
4 range
• It should be rapidly effective and maintain its effect
over a long period of time
• It should probably inhibit pepsin but should not
completely inactivate peptic digestion
• It should not cause large evolution of gas by reacting
reacti
with gastric HCl
• It should not affect the absorption of food, nutrient
and vitamin.
• It should be non-irritant
irritant to stomach, intestine and
should not cause diarrhea.
Aim –
To analysis the given samples of commercial antacids by
determining the amount of hydrochloric acid they can neutralize
Apparatus Required –
• Burettes
• Pipettes
• Titration flask
• Measuring flask
• Beakers
• Weight box
• Fractional weights
• Sodium hydroxide
• Sodium carbonate
• Hydrochloric acid
• Phenolphthalein
• Methyl orange
• Filter paper.
Procedure –
1. Firstly, to prepare 1 L of approximately N/10 HCl soln by
diluting 20 ml 5N HCl concentrated acid to 1 L.
2. To make 1 L of approximately N/10 NaOH soln by dissolving 8
g of NaOH to prepare 2 L of soln.
3. To prepare N/10 Na2CO3soln by weighing exactly 1.325 g of
anhydrous sodium carbonate and then dissolving it in water
to prepare exactly 0.25 L (250 ml) of soln.
4. Standardizing the HCl soln by titrating it against the standard
Na2CO3 soln using methyl orange as indicator.
5. Similarly, standardizing NaOH soln by titrating it against
standardize HCl soln using phenolphthalein as indicator.
6. Then, preparing powder the various samples of antacid
tablets and weigh 1 g of each.
7. Adding a specific volume of standardize HCl to each of the
weighed samples taken in conical flask. The acid should be
in slight excess, so that it can neutralize all the alkaline
component of the tablet.
8. Adding 2 drops of phenolphthalein and warm the flask till
most of the powder dissolves. Filter off the insoluble
material.
9. Titrating this soln against the standardize NaOH soln, till a
permanent pinkish tinge is obtained.
Observations and calculations –
Standardization of HCl soln
Volume of N/10 Na2CO3 soln taken = 10 ml
Pipette Burette readings
S.
solution
No. Initial Final Difference
Na2CO3 (ml)
1. 10 0 39.20 39.20
2. 10 0 39.25 39.25
3. 10 0 39.20 39.20
Concordant reading = 39.21 ml
Applying normality equation,
N1 V1 = N2 V2
Acid Base
N1 X 39.21 = 0.1 X 10
N1 = (0.1 X 10) / 39.21
N1 = 0.0255 N
Normality of HCl (N1) = 0.0255 N
Standardization of NaOH solution
Volume of the given HCl soln taken = 20 ml
Pipette Volume of NaOH used
S. solution
No. Initial Final Difference
HCL(ml)
1. 20 0 5.1 5.1
2. 20 5.1 10.2 5.1
3. 20 10.2 15.3 5.1
Applying normality equation,
N1 V1 = N2 V2
Base Acid
N2 = N1 V1 / V2 = (0.0255 X 20) / 5.1
N2 = 0.1
Normality of NaOH (N2) = 0.1 N
Analysis of antacid tablets:
Weight of antacid tablet powder = 1 g
Volume of HCl soln added = 50 ml
Volume of NaOH Volume of HCl soln
soln used for used for
Antacids
neutralizing unused neutralizing 1 g of
HCl antacid matter
1. Digens 3.5 ml 36.27 ml
2. Genusin 5.5 ml 28.43 ml
3. Reflux 2.1 ml 41.76 ml
4. Pepfriz 8.5 ml 16.67 ml
Result-
ANTACID
41.76
36.27
28.43
16.67
DIGENS GENUSIN REFLUX PEPFRIZ
ANTACID
Clearly from the graph, Reflux required least amount of
NaOH for reaching end point, that is, it required more
amount of HCL to be neutralized. Thus, Reflux is the most
effective among the antacid
a tacid products used in this project.
Arranging in Descending order of our Antacids:
REFLUX > DIGENS > GENUSINS > PEPFRIZ
Precautions –
All apparatus should be clean and washed
properly.
Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the
respective solution to be put in them.
Air bubbles must be removed from the burette.
Last drop from the pipette should not be removed
by blowing.
The flask should not be rinsed with any of the
solution, which are being titrated.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com
www.cbseacademic.nic.in
Comprehensive PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY
for class XII
Chemistry NCERT class XII Part II
