DIFFERENTIATION I

Suppose we have a smooth function f(x) which is f ( x  x)  ( x  x)2

represented graphically by the curve y = f(x). Then we can  x 2  2 xx  x 2
draw a tangent to the curve at point P. It is important to be
 x 2  2 xx  (x) 2  x 2 
able to calculate the slope of the tangent of the curve. A  f '( x)  lim 
graphical method can be used but this is rather imprecise,  x 
so we use the following analytical method. x  0
f '( x)  lim(2 x  x)
We chose a second point Q on the curve which is near P
and join the two points with a tangent line PQ called x 
0
secant and calculate the slope of the line. = 2x
dy
Then we can allow Q to approach P so that the secant  = 2x
dx
swings around until it just touches the curve and become a
dy
tangent. The limit of the slope of the secant is required to If y = xn, then  nx n 1  f '( x)
dx
find the slope of the tangent.
For example: If y = x4
dy
 4 x 4 1
y = f(x) dx
y + δy Q(x+δx, y+δy)  4 x3
Example I
Differentiate the following functions:
(a) x3 + 2x2 + 3x
(b) 4x4 – 3x2 + 5
P(x, y) (c) ax2 + bx + c
Solution
(a) y = x3 + 2x2 + 3x
dy
= 3x3 – 1 + 2 × 2x2 – 1 + 3 × 1(x1 – 1)
The gradient of the secant PQ = dx
y y f ( x  x)  f ( x) = 3x2 + 4x + 3x0
  = 3x2 + 4x + 3
x x x  x  x
f ( x  x)  f ( x) (b) y = 4x4 – 3x2 + 5

x dy
= 4x4 – 1 – 2 × 3x2 – 1 + 0
 The gradient of the tangent at P(f '(x)) dx
= 4x3 – 6x
f ( x  x)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
x (c) y = ax2 + bx + c
as x 
0 dy
= 2ax + b
dx
Example
Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = x2. Example III
Solution Find the gradient of the curve y = x(2 – x) at x = 2
The gradient of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) Solution
dy f ( x  x)  f ( x) y = x(2 – x)
( f ' x)  lim
dx x y = 2x – x2
x  0 dy
 2  2x
f(x) = x2 dx

46
 dy Find the equations of the tangents and normal to the curve
=2–2×2
dx at the given points:
x2
(a) y = x2 (2, 4)
= -2
(b) y = 3x2 + 2 (4, 50)
Example IV
(c) y = 3x – x + 1 (0, 1)
2
Find the gradient of the curves at the given points:
(d) 3 – 4x – 2x2 (0, 1)
(a) y = (4x – 5)2 ( 12 , 9)
(b) y = 3x3 – 2x2 (-2, -24) Solution
(c) y = (x + 2)(x – 4) (3, -5) (a) y = x2
Solution dy
= 2x
(a) y = (4x – 5)2 dx
y = 16x2 – 40x + 25 dy
dy =2×2
= 32x – 40 dx (2, 4)
dx
=4
dy 1
= 32 ×
2
− 40  The gradient of the tangent = 4
dx ( 12 , 9)
Let n be the gradient of the normal
= 16 – 40 n × 4 = -1
= -24
(b) y = 3x3 – 2x2 1
n=
dy 4
= 9x2 – 4x Equation of the tangent:
dx
dy y4
= 9 × -22 – 4(-2)  4
dx ( 2,  24) x2
= 36 + 8 y – 4 = 4(x – 2)
= 44 y – 4 = 4x – 8
(c) (x + 2)(x – 4) y = 4x – 4
y = x2 – 2x – 8
Equation of the normal:
dy
= 2x – 2 y  4 1
dx  
x2 4
dy
=2×3–2 4(y – 4) = 1(x – 2)
dx (3, 5)
4y – 16 = x – 2
=4 4y = x – 14
Tangents and Normals to curves
(b) y = (3x2 + 2)
A tangent is a line which touches a curve at only one
dy
point. A normal is a line which is perpendicular to the = 6x
tangent. dx
dy
=6×4
dx (4,50)
= 24
Normal
Gradient of tangent = 24
Let the gradient of the normal be n
n × 24 = -1
Normal
1
n=
24
Example I Equation of the tangent:

47
 y  50 Equation of the tangent:
  24
x4 y  3
 = -8
y – 50 = 24(x – 4) x 1
y – 50 = 24x – 96 y + 3 = -8(x – 1)
y = 24x – 96 + 50 y + 3 = -8x + 8
y = 24x – 46 y = -8x + 5

Equation of the normal: Equation of the normal:

y  50 1 y  3 1
   
x  4 24 x 1 8
24(y – 50) = -1(x – 4) 8(y + 3) = x – 1
24y – 1200 = -x + 4 8y + 24 = x – 1
24y + x = 1204 8y + 25 = x

(c) y = 3x2 – x + 1 (0, 1) Example II

dy Find the coordinates of a point on y = x2 at which the
= 6x – 1
dx gradient is 2. Hence find the equation of the tangent to the
dy curve y = x2 whose gradient is 2.
= 6 × 0 – 1 = -1
dx (0, 1) Solution
y = x2
dy
= -1 dy
dx (0, 1) = 2x
dx
Let the gradient of the normal be n  2x = 2
n × -1 = -1 x=1
n=1 If x = 1, from y = x2;
Equation of the tangent: y = 12
y 1 y=1
 = -1
x0  The point is (1, 1)
y – 1 = -x
Equation of the tangent:
y = -x + 1
Equation of the normal: y 1
=2
y 1 x 1
 =1 y – 1 = 2(x – 1)
x0
y = 2x – 1
y–1=x
y=x+1
Example III
Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = x2 + 3x –
(d) y = 3 – 4x – 2x2 (1, -3)
2 at the point where it cuts the x-axis.
dy
= -4 – 4x Solution
dx
y = x2 + 3x – 2
dy
= -4 – 4 × 1 dy
= 2x + 3
dx (1, 3) dx
= -8 At the y-axis, x = 0
Let the gradient of the normal be n From y = x2 + 3x – 2,
n × -8 = -1  y = 02 + 3 × 0 – 2
1 y = -2
n=
8 (0, -2)

48
 dy 95 1
=2×0+3  2  k
dx (0,  2) 32 8
95 1
=3  k
The gradient of the tangent = 3 32 4
Let the gradient of the normal be n 95 1 87
k  
n × 3 = -1 32 4 32
1
n= Example V
3

Find the equations of the tangents to the curve
y  2 1
 y = (2x – 1)(x + 1) at the points where the curve cuts the x-
x0 3 axis. Find the point of intersection of these tangents.
3(y – -2) = -1(x) Solution
3(y + 2) = -x y = (2x – 1)(x + 1)
3y + 6 = -x y = 2x2 + x – 1
3y + x + 6 = 0 At the x-axis, y = 0
 0 = (2x – 1)(x + 1)
Example IV
1
Find the value of k for which y = 2x + k is a normal to the x , x = -1
curve y = 2x2 – 3. 2
Solution (½, 0) and (-1, 0)
y = 2x + k  The curve cuts the x-axis at (½, 0) and (-1, 0)
Comparing y = 2x + k with y = mx + c; y = 2x2 + x – 1
m = 2 dy
= 4x + 1
∴ Gradient of the normal = 2 dx
y = 2x2 – 3 dy 1
=4× +1
dy dx ( 12 , 0) 2
= 4x
dx =3
Let the gradient of the normal be n. y 0
4x × n = -1 =3
x  12
1
n= 3
4x y = 3x – …………………….. (i)
Since the gradient of the normal = 2, 2
1 dy
 =2 = 4 × -1 + 1
4x dx ( 1, 0)
1 = -3
x=
8 y 0
 = -3
y = 2x2 – 3 x  1
 1  y = -3(x + 1)
y  2  − 3
 64  y = -3x – 3 ……………………..(ii)
2 Equating Eqn (i) and Eqn (ii);
y −3 3
64  3x   3x  3
190 95 2
y 
64 32
 8 32 
1 , 95

From y = 2x + k

49
 3 Solution
6 x  3 
2 x2 = 16y
3 2x dx = 16 dy
6x 
2 dy 2 x x
 
1 dx 16 8
x
4 x – 2y – 3 = 0
1 x – 3 = 2y
Substituting x = in Eqn (i);
4 1 3
y= x
1 3 2 2
y=3× 
4 2 Since the tangent is perpendicular to the
9 1
line y  x  ,
3
y=
4 2 2
 The two tangents intersect at  1 4 , 9
4  Let the gradient of the tangent be t.
1
Example VI t   1
2
Find the coordinates of the point on y = x2 – 5 at which the
t = -2
gradient is 3. Hence find the value of c for which the line
y = 3x + c is a tangent to y = x2 – 5 x
= -2
Solution 8
y = x2 – 5 x = -16
dy When x = -16,
= 2x -162 = 16y
dx
y = 16
3
2x = 3  x = (-16, 16)
2
y  16
3  = -2
When x = , x  16
2
2 y – 16 = -2(x + 16)
3
y   5 y – 16 = -2x – 32
2 y + 2x + 16 = 0
9  The equation of the tangent is y + 2x + 16 = 0 and
y  5
4 the point of contact is (-16, 16)
11
y
4 Example VIII
 2 4
3 , 11 Find the equation of the tangents to the curve y = x3 – 6x2
y = 3x + c + 12x + 2 which are parallel to the line y = 3x.
 32 , 11
4  satisfies y = 3x + c
Solution
y = x3 – 6x2 + 12x + 2
11 3
 3  c Comparing y = 3x with y = mx + c gives m = 3
4 2 dy
11 9 = 3x2 – 12x + 12
 c dx
4 2  3x2 – 12x + 12 = 3
29
c 3x2 – 12x + 9 = 0
4 x2 – 4x + 3 = 0
Example VII (x – 1)(x – 3) = 0
A tangent to the parabola x2 = 16y is perpendicular to the
x = 1 and x = 3
line x – 2y – 3 = 0. Find the equation of this tangent and
If x = 1,
the coordinates of its point of contact.
y = 13 – 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 2

50
 y = 1 – 6 + 12 + 2 dy
Recall f '(x) = .
y=9 dx
If x = 3, y = 33 – 6 × 32 + 36 + 2
Maximum Minimum Inflexion
y = 27 – 54 + 38
y = 11 dy + 0 − − + 0 + 0 +, − 0 −
Sign of
 The points are (1, 9) and (3, 11) dx
y 9 changes when
 =3
x 1 moving through
y – 9 = 3(x – 1) stationary
y – 9 = 3x – 3 values.
y = 3x + 6
To locate maximum, minimum, and inflexion points of a
y  11 curve without necessarily drawing the curve, we proceed
=3
x3 as follows:
y – 11 = 3(x – 3) dy
y – 11 = 3x – 9 (a) Find the gradient of the curve
dx
y = 3x + 2
dy
(b) Equate to zero the expression for .
dx
Maximum, Minimum and Inflexion points of a
(c) Find the values of x which satisfy this equation.
curve
A Maximum dy
(d) Consider the sign of on either sides of these
dx
D I
C B (point of inflexion)
points.
(e) Find the value(s) of y which correspond(s) to the
E F
B (minimum)
values of x.

x =a x =b x =c Distinguishing stationary points using the second

derivative method
Points A, B, and I are stationary (turning points) of the In order to distinguish the turning points, we find the
curve. We say that f(x) has a maximum value at x = a, if second derivative.
f(a) is greater than any value immediately preceding or d2y
following, we say that a function f(x) has a minimum If < 0 at (x1, y2),  (x1, y1) is a point of maximum
dx 2
value at x = b, if f(b) is less than any value immediately
d2y
preceding or following. If > 0 at (x1, y1),  (x1, y1) is a minimum point;
dx 2
The tangent to the curve at points A, B and C are d2y
horizontal (parallel to the x-axis). If = 0 at (x1, y1),  (x1, y1) is a point of inflexion.
dx 2
 The gradient of each tangent to the curve is zero;
f(x) = 0 Example I
Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the
At points immediately to the left of the maximum point, C curve y = 2x3 – 24x and distinguish between them.
the slope of the tangent is positive. i.e. f '(x) > 0 while Solution
points immediately to the right at point D, the slope is y = 2x3 – 24x
negative i.e. f '(x) < 0. dy
= 6x2 – 24
In other words, at the maximum f '(x) changes sign from + dx
to (−). dy
At stationary points, =0
At the minimum point, f '(x) changes sign from – to +. We dx
can see this at E and F.  6x2 – 24 = 0

51
 x2 – 4 = 0 If x = 2, y = x(x2 – 12)
(x + 2)(x – 2) = 0 y = 2(4 – 12)
x = -2 and x = 2 y = 2(-8)
If x = -2, y = 2(-2)3 – 24(-2)  (2, -16) is a stationary point.
y = -16 + 48 If x = -2, y = -2(-22 – 12)
y = 32 y = -2(4 – 12)
 (-2, 32) is a stationary point. y = -2(-8)
y = 16
If x = 2, y = 2(2)3 – 24(2) (-2, 16) is a turning point.
y = 16 – 48 2
d y
y = -32 = 6x
dx 2
 (2, -32) is a stationary point
d2y
dy = 6 × 2 = 12
= 6x2 – 24 dx 2 (2, 16)
dx
 (2, -16) is a point of minima
d2y
= 12x d2y
dx 2 = 6 × -2 = -12 < 0
dx 2 ( 2, 16)
d2y
= 12 × -2  (-2, 16) is a point of maxima.
dx 2 ( 2, 32)
= -24 < 0 (b) y = x2(3 – x)
d2y y = 3x2 – x3
Since < 0,  (-2, 32) is a point of maxima. dy
dx 2 = 6x – 3x2
dx
d2y
= 12x dy
dx 2 At a turning point, =0
dx
d2y 6x – 3x2 = 0
= 12 × 2
dx 2 (2, 32) 3x(2 – x) = 0
x = 0 and x = 2
= 24 > 0 If x = 0, y = x2(3 – x)
2
d y y=0
Since >0,  (2, -32) is a point of minima.
dx 2  (0, 0) is a stationary point.
If x = 2, y = 22(3 – 2)
Example II y=4
Investigate the nature of stationary points of the following  (2, 4) is a stationary point
curves. Turning points:
(a) y = x(x2 – 12) dy
(b) y = x2(3 – x) = 6x – 3x2
(c) y = x(x – 8)(x – 15) dx
(d) y = x3(2 – x) d2y
= 6 – 6x
(e) y = 3x4 + 16x3 + 24x + 3 dx 2
d2y
Solution =6
dx 2 (0, 0)
(a) y = x(x2 – 12)
y = x3 – 12x  (0, 0) is a point of minima
dy
= 3x2 – 12 d2y
=6–6×2
dx dx 2 (2, 4)
dy
At a stationary point, =0 = -6 < 0
dx  (2, 4) is a point of maxima.
 3x2 – 12 = 0
x2 – 4 = 0 (c) y = x(x – 8)(x – 15)
x = ±2

52
 y = x3 – 23x2 + 120x   32 , 27
16  is a stationary point
dy
= 3x2 – 46x + 120 2
d y
dx = 12x – 12x2
dx 2
dy
At stationary points, =0 d2y
dx =0
3x2 – 46x + 120 = 0 dx 2 (0, 0)
10  (0, 0) is a point of inflexion.
x = 12, x = 2
3 d2y 3 3
If x = 12, y = x(x – 8)(x – 15)  12   12   = -9
2
2
dx  3 , 27  2
y = 12(12 – 8)(12 – 15) 2 16

y = 12(4)(-3)   2,3 27
16  is a point of maxima
y = -144
 (12, -144) is a stationary point (e) y = 3x4 + 16x3 + 24x2 + 3
10 10 dy
When x = , y   103  8  103  15  = 12x3 + 48x2 + 48x
3 3 dx
10  14  35  4900 dy
y    27 At stationary points, =0
3  3   3  dx
12x3 + 48x2 + 48x = 0
  10 3 , 4900 27  is a stationary point.
12x(x + 4x + 4) = 0
d2y x = 0, x = -2
= 6x – 46
dx 2 If x = 0, y = 3
d2y  (0, 3) is a stationary point.
= 6 × 12 – 46 If x = -2, y = 3(-2)4 + 16(-2)3 + 24(-2)2 + 3
dx 2 (12, 144) y = 48 – 128 + 96 + 3
= 26 > 0 y = 19
 (12, -144) is a point of minima.  (-2, 19) is a stationary point.
2
d2y 10 d y
 6   46 = 36x2 + 96x + 48
2
dx (10 , 4900 ) 3 dx 2
3 9

= -26 < 0 d2y

= 48 > 0
  10 3 , 4900
9  is a point of maxima.
dx 2 (0, 3)
 (0, 3) is a point of minima.
(d) y = x3(2 – x) d2y
y = 2x3 – x4 = 36(-2)2 + 96(-2) + 48 = 0
dx 2 ( 2, 19)
dy
= 6x2 – 4x3  (-2, 19) is a point of inflexion.
dx
dy
At stationary points, =0 Example II
dx If p = 4s2 – 10s + 7, find the minimum value of p and the
6x2 – 4x3 = 0 values of s which gives the minimum value of p.
2x2(3 – 2x) = 0 Solution
3 p = 4s2 – 10s + 7
x = 0, x =
2 dp
If x = 0, y = x3(2 – x) = 8s – 10
ds
y = 03(2 – 0)
dp
y=0 For minimum value of p, =0
(0, 0) is a stationary point. ds
3 8s – 10 = 0
3 3  3
If x = ,y=  2  s=
10 5

2   
2 2 8 4
27  1  27 p = 4s2 – 10s + 7
y=   =
8  2  16

53
 5
2
5 Example V
pmin = 4    10    7 Onyango wishes to fence a rectangular farm. He wants the
4  4
100 50 sum of the length and the width of the farm to be 42 cm.
pmin =  7 Calculate the length and width of the farm for the area of
16 4
3 the farm to be as maximum as possible.
pmin = Solution
4
dp
= 8s – 10
ds
d2 p w
=8>0
ds 2
5
 p is minimum when S = and the minimum value of l
4
3 Let the length and width of the rectangular farm be l and w
p is . respectively.
4
l × w = 42
Example IV l = 42 – w
A cylindrical can is made so that the sum of the height and A=l×w
the circumference of its base is 45π cm. Find the radius of
A = (42 – w)w
the base of the cylinder if the volume of the can is
maximum. A = 42w – w2
Solution dA
= 42 – 2w
Let the radius of the base be r and the height h cm. dw
dA
For the maximum area, =0
dw
 42 – 2w = 0
h w = 21
l = 42 – w
= 42 – 21
= 21
Example VI
(Height + circumference) = 45π. The length of a rectangular block is twice its width, and
h + 2πr = 45π the total surface area is 108 cm2. Show that if the width of
h = 45π − 2πr ………………………………. (i) 4
the block is x cm, the volume is x(27 – x2). Find the
V = πr2h …………………………….. (ii) 3
Substituting Eqn (i) in Eqn (ii); dimensions of the block if the volume is maximum.
V = πr2(45π - 2πr) Solution
V = 45π2r2 - 2π2r3 Let the width be x cm
dV
= 90π2r - 6π2r2
dr h
dV
For the maximum volume, = 0.
dr
90π2r - 6π2r2 = 0 x
2x
6π2r(15 – r) = 0
V=l×w×h
r = 0 or r = 15 V = 2x × x × h
But r ≠ 0 V = 2x2h ………………………………(i)
 r = 15 cm Total surface area A = 2(lw + wh + hl)

54
 108 = 2(2x2 + xh + 2xh) h
54 = 2x2 + 3xh h
54  2 x 2 2 R
= h ………………… (ii)
3x
Substituting Eqn (ii) in Eqn (i);
 54  2 x 2  h R
 V  2 x2   2
 3x 
r
 54  2 x 2 
V  2x   2
 3  h
r2 +   = R2
4x 2
V= (27 – x2)
3 h2
r2 + = R2
dV 4
For the maximum volume, =0
dx h2
r2 = R2 −
4x 4
V= (27 – x2)
3 V = πr2h
4  h2 
V = (27x – x3) V =   R2   h
3  4
dV 4
= (27 – 3x2)  h3
dx 3 V = πR2h –
4
dV
For Vmax, =0 dV 3 2
dx R  h
2

dh 4
4
(27 – 3x2)= 0 dV
3 For the maximum volume, =0
dh
 27 – 3x2 = 0
3
x2 = 9  R 2   h2 = 0
 x=3 4
l = 2x 4R2
h2 =
l=6 3
54  2 x 2 2R
h= h=
3x 3
54  2(32 ) V = πr2h
=
3 3  2R 
V = πr2  
54  18  3
=
9 h2
h=4 But r 2  R 2 
4
Example VII 1  4R2 
 r2 = R2 –  
A cylindrical volume V is to be cut from a solid sphere of 4 3 
radius R. Prove that the maximum volume of the cylindar, 1 2
4 R3 r2 = R2 – R
V is V  3
3 3 2 2
Solution r2 = R
3
Let the height of the cylinder be h V = πr2h
2R 2 2 2
h= ,r = R
3 3
 2R   2R 
2
Vmax =    
 3  3 

55
 4 R 3 Example IX
Vmax = A rectangular block has a base x cm square. Its surface
3 3
area is 150 cm2. Prove that the volume of the block is
1
Example VIII (75x – x3).
A cylinder is inscribed in a hemisphere of radius r as 2
shown in the figure below. (a) Calculate the dimensions of the block when the
volume is maximum.
(b) The maximum volume.
Solution

h
Find the maximum volume of the cylinder in terms of r.
Solution
x
x
S.A = 2(lw + wh + hl)
r h 150 = 2(x2 + xh + xh)
75 = (x2 + 2xh)
75  x 2
=h
2x
x2 + h2 = r2 V=l×w×h
x 2 = r 2 – h2 V = x2h
Volume of the cylinder, V = πx2h  75  x 2 
V = x2  
V = π(r2 – h2)h  2x 
V = πr2h – πh3
x
dV V= (75 – x2)
= πr2 − 3πh2 2
dh
1
dV V = (75x – x3)
For maximum volume, =0 2
dh
dV 1
πr2 – 3πh2 = 0 = (75 – 3x2)
π(r2 – 3h2) = 0 dx 2
r2 dV
= h2 For maximum volume, = 0.
3 dx
1
h=
r (75 – 3x2) = 0
2
3
75 – 3x2 = 0
x2 = r2 – h2 x2 = 25
r2 x=5
x2 = r 2 –
3 75  x 2
2 r 2 h=
x2 = 2x
3 75  25
V = πx2h h=
10
2r r h=5
x2 = , h=
3 3
2r  r  2 r 3
2 Example X
Vmax =    
3  3  3 3
(a) A variable rectangular flower garden has a constant
perimeter of 40. Find the length of the side when the
area is maximum.

56
(b) A variable rectangle has a constant area of 36 cm2. Mukasa wishes to enclose a rectangular piece of land of
Find the length of the sides when the perimeter is area 1250 cm2 whose one side is bound by a straight bank
maximum. of a river. Find the least possible length of barbed wire
Solution required.
l Solution
x

w 40 w
y y

l
xy = 1250
Perimeter of the flower garden P = 2(l + w)
1250
40 = 2(l + w) y=
20 = l + w x
l = 20 – w P = x+ y + y
A = lw P = x + 2y
A = (20 – w)w  1250 
P = x + 2 
A = 20w – w2  x 
dA 2500
= 20 – 2w P=x+
dw x
dA dP 2500
For the maximum area, =0 1 2
dw dx x
20 – 2w = 0 dP
w = 10 For the least possible length, =0
dx
l = 20 – w
2500
l = 10 1 =0
(b) P = 2(l + w) x2
lw = 36 2500
1=
36 x2
l= x = 50
w
 36  1250
P = 2  w y= = 25
w  50
72 Example XII
P= + 2w
w A closed right circular cylinder of base radius r cm and
P = 72w-1 + 2w height h cm has volume of 54π cm3. Show that S, the total
dP
= -72w-2 + 2 108
surface area of the cylinder, is given by S   2 r 2
dw r
72 hence find the radius and height which makes the surface
= 2 2
w area minimum.
dP Solution
For the maximum perimeter, =0
dw
72 r
2 =0
w2
72 h
2
w2
w2 = 36
w=6
l=6
Example XI
V = πr2h

57
 54𝜋 = 𝜋r2h Example (UNEB Question)
54 Write down the expression of the volume V and surface
=h area S of a cylinder of radius r and height h. If the surface
r2
Surface area of a cylinder A = 2πr2 + 2πrh area S of the cylinder is kept constant, show that the
volume of the cylinder will be maximum when h = 2r
 54 
A = 2πr2 + 2πr  2  Solution
r  S = 2πr2 + 2πrh
108 S  2 r 2
A = 2πr2 + h=
r3 2 r
dA 108 V = πr2h
 4 r  2
dr r  S  2 r 2 
dA V =  r2  
For the minimum surface area, =0  2 r 
dr
1
108 V= (Sr – 2πr3)
4πr – =0 2
r2
dV 1
4πr3 − 108π = 0 = (S – 6πr2)
108 dr 2
r3 = dV
4 For maximum volume, =0
r3 = 27 dr
r=3  S – 6πr2 = 0
54 54 S = 6πr2
h 2  S  2 r 2
r 9 h=
h=6 2 r
Example XIII 6 r 2  2 r 2
h=
A company that manufactures dog food wishes to pack the 2 r
feed in closed cylindrical tins. What should be the h = 2r
dimensions of each tin if each is to have a volume of 250π For maximum volume, h = 2r
cm3 and the minimum possible surface area?
Solution Example (UNEB Question)
A = 2πr2 + 2πrh A right circular cone of radius r cm has a maximum
V = πr2h volume. The sum of its vertical height h and
250π = πr2h circumference of its base is 15 cm. If the radius varies,
250
h= 2 125 3
r show that the maximum volume of the cone is cm .
3
 250 
A = 2πr2 + 2πr  2  Solution
 r  The base is circular
500   The circumference of the base = 2πr
A = 2πr2 +
r 2πr + h = 15
dA 500
 4 r  2 h = 15 - 2πr
dr r
1
dA Volume of the cone = πr2h
For minimum surface area, =0 3
dr
500 1
4 r  2 = 0 V = πr2(15 – 2πr)
r 3
π(4r3 – 500) = 0 1
= 𝜋(15r2 – 2πr3)
r3 = 125 3
r = 5 cm dV  (30r  6 r 2 )
250 
h= 2 dr 3
r
h = 10 cm

58
 dV 3x 2 h
For maximum volume, =0  25 =
dr 2
 50
(30r – 6πr2) = 0 h = 2 ………………………….. (ii)
3 3x
30r – 6πr2 = 0 Substituting Eqn (2) in Eqn (i);
6r(5 – πr) = 0 9 x2  50 
A=  8x  2 
5 = πr 2  3x 
2
5 9x 400
r= A= 
 2 3x
1 2 dA
V= πr h For the least area, =0
3 dx
5 dA 400
h = 15 – 2πr; But r =  9x  2
 dx 3x
dA 400
5  9x  2 = 0
h = 15 – 2π   dx 3x
 
27x3 – 400 = 0
h=5
400
5
2
x3 =
V=   5 27
3  
400
125 3 x= 3
V= cm 27
3 3x
Example l=
A match box consists of an outer cover open at both ends 2
into which a rectangular box without a top. The length of 3 400
l= 3
the box is one and a half times the width. The thickness of 2 27
the material is negligible and the volume of the match box l = 3.68403 cm
is 25 cm3. If the width is x cm, find in terms of x the area l ≈ 3.7 cm
of the material used. Hence show that if the least area of
the material is to be used to make the box, the length
should be 3.7 approximately.
Solution
Area of the inner surface = 2(lw) + 2(lh)
 3x   3x 
= 2  x   2  h 
 2   2 
2
= 3x + 3xh
Area of the water surface = (lw + 2lh + 2wh)
3x 3x
=  x   2  h  2 xh
2 2
2
3x
= + 5xh
2
The total surface of the match box
3x 2
= + 5xh + 3xh + 3x2
2
9 x2
A= + 8xh ………………… (i)
2
From volume = l × w × h,
3x 2 h
V=
2

59
 dy
Given that y = (x7 – x2)42, find .
Techniques of Differentiation dx
Solution
y = (x7 – x2)42
Chain, Product, and Quotient rules
Let t = x7 – x2  y = t42
dy dy dt
We can now move to some more properties involved in  
differentiation. To summarise, so far we have found that: dx dt dx
1. The derivative of a sum is a sum of its derivatives. y = t42
2. The derivative of a difference is the difference of the dy
= 42t41
derivatives. dt
t = x7 – x 2
However, it turns out that: dt
1. The derivative of a product of derivative f(x)g(x) is not = 7x6 – 2x
dx
a product of the derivative.
dy dy dt
d  
(f(x)g(x)) ≠ f '(x)g'(x) dx dt dx
dx
= 42(t41) × (7x6 – 2x)
2. The derivative of a quotient is not the quotient of the
= 42(7x6 – 2x)t41
derivative
= 42(7x6 – 2x)(x7 – x2)41
d  f ( x)  f '( x)
 
dx  g ( x)  g '( x) Example III
3. The derivative of the composition f(x) is not the dy
Find in terms of t in the following expressions:
composition of the derivatives. dx
The chain, product and quotient rules tell us how to (a) x = t2, y = 4t – 1
differentiate in these three situations. (b) y = 3t2 + 2t, x = 1 – 2t
(c) x = 2 2 , y = 5t – 4
1
(d) x = , y = t2 + 4t – 3
Chain Rule t
The chain rule states that: 2
(e) x = , y= t
dy dy dt 3 t
  Solution
dx dt dx
Example I (a) x = t2, y = 4t – 1
dy y = 4t – 1
Given that y = (x2 + 7)100, find dy
dx =4
Solution dt
y = (x2 + 7)100 x = t2
Let t = x2 + 7 dx
= 2t
dt dt
= 2x
dx dy dy dt
 
 y = t100 dx dt dx
dy dy 1 2
= 100t99 =4× =
dt dx 2t t
dy dy dt
  (b) y = 3t2 + 2t, x = 1 – 2t
dx dt dx
= 100t99 × 2x dy
= 6t + 2
= 200xt99 dt
= 200x(x2 + 7)99. dx
= -2
dt
Example II dy dy dt
 
dx dt dx

60
 dy 1 Example IV
= (6t + 2) ×
dx 2 dy
Find in terms of t if x = at2 and y = 2at
dy dx
= -3t – 1 Solution
dx
x = at2
(c) x = 2 t , y = 5t − 4 dx
= 2at
dx 1 1 dt
 2 t 2 y = 2at
dt 2
1
dy
= 2a
 dt
t
dy dy dt
y = 5t – 4  
dy dx dt dx
=5 dy 1
dt = 2a × =1
dy dy dt dx 2at t
 
dx dt dx Example V (UNEB Question)
 5 t A curve is defined by the parametric equations
x = t2 – t
5 t
y = 3t + 4
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at (2, 10)
1
(d) x = , y = t2 + 4t – 3. Solution
t x = t2 – t and y = 3t + 4.
dx 1 dx
= -1t-1-1 = 2  2t  1
dt t dt
y = t2 + 4t – 3 dy
3
dy dt
= (2t + 4)
dt dy dy dt
 
dy dy dt dx dt dx
  1
dx dt dx  3
= (2t + 4) × -t2 2t  1
= -2t3 – 4t2 
3
2t  1
2 At point (2, 10), x = 2 and y = 10.
(e) x = , y= t
3 t x = t2 – t
y = 3t + 10
x  2(3  t ) 1 Substituting, for x = 2,
1
dx t 2 2 = t2 − t
= -2(3 + t ) 2  t2 − t − 2 = 0
dt 2
1 t2 − 2t + t − 2 = 0
= t(t − 2) + 1(t − 2) = 0
(3  t )2 t (t − 2)(t + 1) = 0
y= t Either t − 2 = 0,
dy 1 1 1 t=2
= t 2 Or t+1=0
dt 2 2 t
t = -1
dy dy dt
  Substituting for y = 10,
dx dt dx 10 = 3t + 4
dy 1  3t = 6
  (3  t ) 2 t
dx 2 t t=2
 dy 3
(3  t ) 2 For 
 dx 2t  1
2

61
 dy 3 3 Product Rule
  1
dx t  2 2(2)  1 4  1 Consider y = uv, where v and u are functions of x.
y  10 y + y = (u + u )(v + v)
 1
x2 y + y = uv + u v + v u + u v
y – 10 = x – 2 As u   0, v 0
y = x – 2 + 10 u  v  0
y=x+8
 y + y = uv + u v + v u
Example VI y = uv + u v + v u − y
dy d2y y = uv + u v + v u – uv
If x = at2, y = 2at, find and in terms of t.
dx dx 2 y = u v + v u
Solution y v u
x = at2, y = 2at u v
x x x
dx
= 2at ;
dy
= 2a As x  0
dt dt y dy v dv u du
dy dy dt  ,  and 
  x dx x dx x dx
dx dt dx dy dv du
1  u v
 2a  dx dx dx
2at
dy dv du

1 u v
t dx dx dx
d 2 y d  dy  dt
   Example I
dx 2 dt  dx  dx Differentiate the following
1 1 1 (a) (x2 + 1)(x3 + 2)
= 2  
t 2at 2at 3 (b) x2(x + 1)3
(c) (1  x) 2 ( x 1) 4
3 5

Example VII
A curve is represented parametrically by (d) ( x  1) x 2  1
x = (t2 – 1)2; y = t3 (e) ( x  1)( x  2)3
dy
Find (f) ( x  1) 2 3 1  2 x
dx
Solution
x = (t2 – 1)2, y = t3 Solution
(a) y = (x2 + 1)(x3 + 2)
dx
= 2(t2 – 1)2t Let u = x2 + 1, v = x3 + 2
dt dy dv du
= 4t(t2 – 1) u v
y = t3 dx dx dx
dy
dy
= 3t2 = (x2 + 1)(3x2) + (x3 + 2)2x
dt dx
= 3x4 + 3x2 + 2x4 + 4x
dy dy dt
  = 5x4 + 3x2 + 4x
dx dt dx = 5x4 + 3x2 + 4x
= 3t2 × 1
dy
4t (t 2  1)  = 5x4 + 3x2 + 4x.
dx
3t
=
4(t 2  1) (b) y = x2(x + 1)3
Let u = x2, v = (x + 1)3
dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx

62
 dy 1
 ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2 3( x  1)  ( x  2) 
dy 1
= x23(x + 1)2  1 + (x + 1)32x
1

dx dx 2
= x(x + 1)2[3x + 2(x + 1)] dy ( x  2) 2
1

= x(x + 1)2(5x + 2)  1 3 x  3  x  2
dx 2( x  1) 2
= x(x+ 1)2(5x + 2)
dy 1 x  2
(c) y = (1  x) ( x  1)
  4 x  1
dx 2 x  1
3 5
2 4

u = (1  x ) 2 , v = ( x  1)
3 5
4

dy dv du (f) y = (1 – x)2 3 1  2x
u v Let u = (1 – x)2, v = (1 – 2x)
1
3
dx dx dx
dy 5 3 y = uv
  (1  x) 2  ( x  1) 4  1  ( x  1) 4  ( x  1) 2  1
3 1 5 1

dy dv du
dx 4 2 u v
dy 1 1 5 3( x  1)  dx dx dx
 ( x  1) 4 ( x  1) 2  ( x  1) 
1

1 
dy 1 2
2  (1  x) 2  (1  2 x) 3  2  (1  2 x) 3  2(1  x)( 1)
1
dx 2
dx 3
dy 1 1  5  5 x  6( x  1) 
2  1 
 ( x  1) 4 ( x  1) 2  dy
1

  2(1  x)(1  2 x) 3  (1  x)  1(1  2 x) 

dx 2  2  dx 3 
dy 1 1  11x  6 
 ( x  1) 4 ( x  1) 2 
1

 dy 2(1  x)  1  x  3(1  2 x) 
dx 2  2    
dx (1  2 x) 3  
2
3
dy ( x  1) 4 ( x  1) 2 (11x  6)
1 1

 dy 2(1  x)  1  3  x  6 x 
dx 4   
dx (1  2 x) 3  
2
3
dy 2(1  x)  7 x  4 
y = ( x  1) x 2  1 
dx 3 (1  2 x) 2  3 
(d)
Let u = x – 1, v = x 2  1
dy 2  1  x 
dy
dx
1
 ( x  1)  ( x 2  1)  2  2 x  x 2  1  1
2
1

   
dx 3  3 (1  2 x) 2

 (4 x  8)


dy 1
 x( x  1)( x 2  1) 2  ( x 2  1) 2
1

dx Example (UNEB Question)

dy
 ( x 2  1) 2  x( x  1)  x 2  1
1 Given that R  q (1000  q 2 ) , find:
dx dR
dy 1 (a)
  x 2  x  x 2  1 dq
dx ( x 2  1) 2 
1

(b) The value of q when R is maximum.

dy 1 Solution
  2 x 2  x  1
dx x 1
2
(a) R  q (1000  q 2 )
Let u = q, v = (1000  q 2 ) ;
(e) y= ( x  1)( x  2) 3
dR dv du
1 u v
y = ( x  1)( x  2)3 
2
dq dq dq
y = ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2 dR 1
1 3
1
 q  (1000  q 2 ) 2  2q  1000  q 2  1
dy 3 3 1 1
dq 2
 ( x  1) 2  ( x  2) 2  1  ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2
1 1

dR 1
dx 2 2   q 2 (1000  q 2 ) 2  1000  q 2
dq
 (1000  q 2 ) 2 (q 2  1000  q 2 ) 
1

1000  2q 2

1000  q 2

63
 dR Example
(b) For Rmax, =0 Differentiate the following:
dq
x2  1 x
1000  2q 2 (a) (b)
 =0 x2  1 x 1
2
1000  q 2
1000 – 2q2 = 0 ( x  2)3
( x  1)3
(c) (d)
q2 = 500 x 1 x2
q2 = 100 × 5 (1  x )2 2 x  x3
2
(e) (f)
q = 100  5 x2  1 x2  1
q = ±10 5 Solutions
q = 10 5 or q = -10 5 x2  1
(a)
x2  1
u
y
Quotient Rule v
u dy v du  u dv
Consider y = , where u and v are functions of x.  dx 2 dx
v dx v
u u = x2 + 1; v = x2 – 1
y= dy ( x 2  1)2 x  ( x 2  1)2 x
v 
u  u dx ( x 2  1) 2
y  y 
v  v dy 2 x[( x 2  1)  ( x 2  1)]

u  u dx ( x 2  1) 2
y  y
v  v dy  2 
u  u u  2x  2 2 
y   dx  ( x  1) 
v  v v
dy 4 x
(u  u )(v  v) u  2
y   dx ( x  1) 2
(v  v)(v  v) v
uv  uv  vu  uv u
  (b)
x
v 2  (v)2 v
x 1
2

As v   0 and vu  0 , (v ) 2  0

 0, u 
u = x, v = x 2  1
uv  vu  uv u
y   u
v2 v y
v
u vu  uv u  u dv
y    dy v du
u v2 v  dx 2 dx
dx v
vu  uv
 dy
1
x 2  1  (1)  x  12 ( x 2  1) 2  2 x
v2 
 
2
dx
y v ux  u xv x2  1

x v2 1
dy ( x 2  1) 2 [( x 2  1)  x 2 ]
y dy 
As x   0,   dx x2  1
x dx 
dy ( x 2  1) 2 [1]
1

u du 
  x2  1
x dx dx
v dv dy
 2
1
 
dx ( x  1) 2
3

x dx
dy v du - u dv
dy 1
= dx 2 dx 
dx v dx ( x 2  1)3

64
 ( x  2)3 dy 1  x  x 2  1  ( x ) x(1  x ) 
(c) y  3  
x 1 dx x ( x 2  1) 2  x 
( x  2) 2
3

y dy 1  x  x 1 x x  x 
2 2

( x  1) 2
1  3  
dx x ( x 2  1) 2  x 
dy v du  u dv
 dx 2 dx dy 1  x 1  x x 
dx v   
1
dy ( x  1) 2  32 ( x  2) 2  ( x  2) 2  12 ( x  1) 2
1 1 3 dx ( x 2  1)3  x 
 2
dx ( x  1) 2 
1

  Example (UNEB Question)

dy 12 ( x  2) 2 Differentiate:
1

 (3x  3  x  2) (a) ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2
1

( x  1) 2
3
dx
dy 1 x  2 2 x 2  3x
(b)
 (2 x  5) ( x  4)2
dx 2 ( x  1)3
Solution
(a) ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2
1

( x  1)3
(d) y = y = uv
x2
dy dv du
( x  1) 2
3
u v
y= dx dx dx
( x  2) 2
1

dy 1 1
 ( x  1) 2 2( x  2)  ( x  2) 2  ( x  1) 2
1

u dx 2
y
v dy 1  1 
dy v du  u dv  ( x  1) 2 ( x  2)  2( x  1)  ( x  2) 
 dx 2 dx dx  2 
dx v dy x  2  4( x  1)  x  2 
1
dy ( x  2) 2  32 ( x  1) 2  ( x  1) 2  12 ( x  2) 2  1 
x  1  
1 1 3

 dx 2 
[( x  2) 2 ]2
1
dx dy x2
1
dy 12 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2 [3( x  2)  ( x  1)]
1   4 x  4  x  2
 dx x 1
dx x2 dy x2
dy 1 ( x  1)
1  5 x  6
x 1
2
dx
 3 (3 x  6  x  1)
dx 2 ( x  2) 2
dy 1 x 1 2 x 2  3x
 (2 x  5) (b) y =
dx 2 ( x  2)3 ( x  4)2
dy v du  u dv
dy (2 x  5) x 1  dx 2 dx
 dx v
dx 2 ( x  2)3
dy ( x  4) 2  (4 x  3)  (2 x 2  3 x)  2( x  4)

dx [( x  4) 2 ]2
(1  x ) 2
(e) y
dy ( x  4)  ( x  4)(4 x  3)  2(2 x  3 x) 
2
x2  1 
dx ( x  4) 4
u  (1  x ) 2 , v  x2  1
dy 19 x  12
u 
y dx ( x  4)3
v
1 1
dy ( x 2  1)2(1  x )  21 x 2  (1  x ) 2 12 ( x 2  1) 2  2 x
 Differentiation of Implicit Functions
dx ( x 2  1)2

dy ( x  1) (1  x ) x  2( x  1)  2 x  (1  x ) x 
1 1
2 2 2 2 1 Example I
 dy
dx x2  1 Find when x2 + 2xy + y2 = 8
dx

65
Solution d 2 d
(x + 3xy – y2) = (3)
d 2 d dx dx
(x + 2xy + y2) = (8)
dx dx 2x dx + 3(x dy + y dx) – 2y dy = 0
2xdx + 2(xdy + ydx) + 2ydy = 0 dy dy
2x + 3x + 3y – 2y =0
dy dy dx dx
2x+2x + 2y + 2y =0
dx dx dy
(3x – 2y) = -2x – 3y
dy dx
(2x + 2y) = -2x – 2y
dx dy 2 x  3 y
dy 2( x  y ) 
 dx 3x  2 y
dx 2( x  y ) dy 2  3
dy  = -5
 1 dx (1, 1) 3  2
dx
y 1
Example II   5
dy x 1
If x2 – 3xy + y2 – 2y + 4x = 0, find y – 1 = -5(x – 1)
dx y – 1 = -5x + 5
Solution y = -5x + 6 is the equation of the tangent
x2 – 3xy + y2 – 2y + 4x = 0 Let the gradient of the normal be n
d 2 d n × -5 = -1
(x – 3xy + y2 – 2y + 4x) = (0)
dx dx 1
2x dx – 3(xdy + ydx) + 2ydy – 2dy + 4dx = 0 n
5
dy dy dy y 1 1
2x – 3x – 3y + 2y –2 +4=0  
dx dx dx x 1 5
dy 5(y – 1) = x – 1
(2y – 3x – 2) = -4 – 2x
dx 5y – 5 = x – 1
dy 4  2 x 5y – 4 = x is the equation of the normal.
=
dx 2 y  3x  2
Example V
Find the x-stationary points of the curve
Example III
x3 – y3 – 4x2 + 3y = 11x + 4
dy
Find when 3x2 – 4xy = 7 Solution
dx x3 – y3 – 4x2 + 3y = 11x + 4
Solution d 3 3 d
3x2 – 4xy = 7 (x – y – 4x2 + 3y) = (11x + 4)
dx dx
d d
(3x2 – 4xy) = (7) 3x2 dx – 3y2 dy – 8x dx + 3dy = 11 dx
dx dx (3 – 3y2) dy = (11 – 3x2 – 8x) dx
6x dx – 4(x dy + y dx) = 0
dy 11  3x 2  8 x
dy =
6x – 4x − 4y = 0 dx 3  3y2
dx
dy dy
6x – 4y = 4x At stationary points, =0
dx dx
dy 6 x  4 y 11  3x 2  8 x
  =0
dx 4x 3  3y2
11 – 3x2 – 8x = 0
Example IV 3x2 + 8x – 11 = 0
dy 11
If x2 + 3xy – y2 = 0, find at (1, 1). x = 1, x =
dx 3
Find the equation of the tangent and normal at (1, 1)
Solution
x2 + 3xy – y2 = 0 Application of Differentiation

66
Small Changes y 
1
 (x)
If A(x, y) is a general point in the curve with equation y = 2 x
f(x) and B(x+δx, y+δy) is a point in the curve close to A, 1
y   (1)
then δx is a small increase in x and δy is a small increase 2 100
in y 1
We know from differentiation that y 
20
 y  dy y  0.05
 lim   
 x  dx
y  y  x  x
x  0
x = 100, y  x
y dy
So when x is small, we can say that  y  100  10
x dx
dy 10 + 0.05 = 100  1
y   x
dx 10.05 = 101
The approximation can be used to estimate the value of a
function close to a known value y + δy can be estimated if Example III
y is known. In an experiment, the diameter x of a metal is measured
and the volume V cm3 is calculated using the formula
Example I 1
Given that y = 3x2 + 2x – 4. Use small changes to find the V   x3 . If the diameter is found to be 10 cm with a
6
small change in y when x increases from 2 to 2.02.
possible error of 0.1cm, estimate the possible error in the
Solution
volume calculated.
y = 3x2 + 2x – 4
Solution
dy
= 6x + 2 1
dx V   x3
6
dy
y   x dy
dx y   x
dx
x = (2.02 – 2) = 0.02
x = 0.1, x = 10
x = 2; x = 0.02
1
dy y   x 2  (0.1)
y   x 2
dx
1
y = (6x + 2) x y   (10) 2  (0.1)
2
y = [(6 × 2) + 2] × 0.02
 5
y = 0.28
Hence the possible error in the volume is 5π cm3
Example II Example IV
Use small changes to estimate 101 Find the approximate value of 3 1003
Solution Solution
y = 101 y3 x
y  y  x  x x = 1000, x = 3
y x y  y  3 1000  3
dy 1 12
 x 
1 y  y  3 1003
dx 2 2 x y3 x
x = 100, x = 1
yx3
1

dy
y   x dy 1 2 3 1
dx  x  2
dx 3 3x 3

67
 dy Use small changes to find 627 .
y   x
dx Solution
dy
y  2  3 y x
3x 3 y  y  x  x
1
 2 3 y x
3(1000) 3
dy 1 12 1
3  x  1
  0.01 dx 2 2x 2
300
dy
y  y  3 1003 y   x
dx
y3 x x = 625, x = 2
y  3 1000  10 1
y  2
2  625
10  0.01  3 1003
1
10.01  3 1003 y 
25
Example I y x
Use small changes to find the cube root of 1005 y  625
Solution
y  25
y  3 1005
1
y  y  3 x  x 25   625  2
25
yx3
1

625  25  0.04
dy 1 2 3 1 625  25.04
 x  2
dx 3 3x 3
x = 100, x = 5 Percentage Small Changes
y  y  3 x  x An error of 3% is made in measuring the radius of the
sphere. Find the percentage error in the volume.
yx
1
3
Solution
y  1000 3
1
4
V   r3
y  10 3
y  y  3 1005 dV
 4 r 2
dr
10  y  3 1005 3
dy r  r
y   x 100
dx V
1 V   r
y  2  5 r
3x 3 3
1 V  4 r 2  r
y  2 5
100
3(1000) 3 12 r 3
V  
5 100
y 
300 V 12 r 3 12 r 3

y  0.016667  100  100

 100  4 100 3  100
V V 3r
10  0.016667  3 1005  9%
10.016667  1005 3
Example II
3
1005  10.01667

Example

68
The height of a cylinder is 10 cm and the radius is 4 cm. 2 l
  100
100 g
Find the approximate percentage increase in the volume
when the radius increases from 4 to 4.02 cm. 2 l
g

Solution  1%
V   r 2h
dV Example
 2 rh An error of 2.5% is made in measuring the area of a circle.
dr What is the percentage error in the circumference?
V Solution
V   r
r A
A   r
r  4.02  4  0.02 r
V  2 rh(0.02) A   r2
V  2  10  4(0.02) dA
V  1.6  2 r
dr
V = 𝜋r2h 2.5 A
V = 𝜋 (4)2 × 10 A 
V = 160π 100
A  2 r  r
V
Percentage increase in the volume is  100 2.5
V A  2 r r
1.6 100
  100  1% 2.5 2
160  r  2 r r
100
Example III 1.25r
The period T of a simple pendulum is calculated from the r 
100
l C = 2πr
formula T  2 where l is the length of the pendulum
g C
 2
and g is the acceleration due to gravity constant. find the r
percentage change in the period caused by lengthening the C
C   r
pendulum by 2%. r
Solution 1.25
l C  2  r
T  2 100
g 2.5 r
C 
2 l 2
1
100
T 1
g2 C
Percentage error in circumference =   100
dT  l 2
1
 C
 1  1 1 2.5 r
dl g 2
g 2l 2  100
 100  1.25%
2 r
dT
T   l
dl Example
 2 If l is the length of a pendulum and t is the time of a
T  1 1  l
g l 100
2 2 complete swing, it is known that l = kt2. The length of the
pendulum is increased by x%. x is so small. Find the
2 12
T  1 l
corresponding increase in the time of the string.
100 g 2 Solution
2 l l  kt 2
T 
100 g dl
 2kt
T dt
Percentage change in period =  100
T dl
l   t
dt

69
l  2kt  t
x
l  2kt  t Rates of Change
100
xl
xl Application of derivatives
t  100  Example I
2kt 200kt
A side of a cube is increasing at a rate of 6cm/s. Find the
x(kt 2 ) xt
t   rate of increase in the volume of the cube when the length
200kt 200 of the side is 8cm.
t Solution
Percentage increase in time =  100
t
xt
x
  100  %
200
x
t 2

x
x
V = x3
dV
 3x 2
dx
dx
= 6 cm/s
dt
dV dV dx
 
dt dx dt
dV
 3x 2  6
dt
dV
 18x2
dt
dV
 18  82
dt x 8
 1152
dV
 1152 cm3/s
dt

Example II
The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 2 cm3/s.
Find the rate of change of the side of the base when the
length is 3 cm.
Solution

l
l
V = l3
dV
= 2cm3/s
dt

70
 dV A spherical balloon is inflated such that the rate at which
= 3l2 its radius is increasing is 0.5cm/s. Find the rate at which:
dl
dV dV dl (a) the volume is increasing at the instant when r = 5.0cm
  (b) the surface area is increasing when r = 8.5 cm
dt dl dt Solution
dV dl
 3l 2  4
V   r3 ,
dr
 0.5 m/s
dt dt 3 dt
dl
2 = 3l 2 dV
 4 r 2
dt dr
dl 2
 2 dV dV dr
dt 3l  
dt dr dt
dl 2 2
  dV
= 2πr2
dt l 3 3  3 3  9
2
dt
dt 2 dV
 cm/s  2 (5) 2  50π cm2/s
dl 27 dt r 5
A = 4𝜋r2
Example III
The area of the circle is increasing at a rate of 3cm2/s. Find dA dA dr
 
the rate of change of the circumference when its radius is dt dr dt
2cm. dA
= 8πr × 0.5
Solution dt
dA dA
3  4 r
dt dt
A   r2 dA
 4 (8.5)
dA dA dr dt r 8.5
 
dt dr dt dA
dA dr  34 cm2/s
 2 r  dt r 8.5
dt dt
dr
3  2 r Example IV
dt A hollow circular cone is held vertex downwards beneath
dr 3 a tap leaking at a rate of 2cm3/s. Find the rise of water

dt 2 r level when the level is 6 cm. Given that the height of the
dr 3 cone is 18 cm and its radius is 12 cm.
 Solution
dt r  2 2  2 12cm
dr 3

dt 4
C  2 r 18cm
dC dC dr
 
dt dr dt
dC 3
 2 
dt 4
dC 6
 1
dt 4 V   r 2h
3
dC
 1.5cm/s dV
dt  2 cm3/s
dt
Example III (UNEB Question)

71
 r 12 2 x = 12 × 18π
  = 216𝜋 cm3
h 18 3
r r
r h
2 tan 60   3 
3 h h
1 1 r  3h
V   r 2 h    23 h  h
2

3 3 1
V   r 2h
1  4h  2
3
V   h 1
3  9  V   ( 3 h) 2 h
4 3
V   h3 V   h3
27
dV 12 2 V = πh3
 h 216 π = πh3
dh 27 216 = h3
dV dV dh
  h = 6 cm
dt dh dt V = πh3
dV 12 h 2 dh dV
   3 h 2
dt 27 dt dh
12 h dh
2
dV dV dh
2   
27 dt dt dh dt
dh 54 dh
 18  3 h 2 
dt 12 h 2 dt
h6 dh 18

dh 54 dt 3h 2

dt 12 (6) 2 dh 18 1
  cm/min
dh 54 1 dt h 6 3  6 2
6
  cm/s
dt 432 8 Example VI
An inverted cone with vertical angle of 60° is collecting
Example V water leaking from a tap at a rate of 2cm3/s. If the height
An inverted right circular cone of vertical angle 120° is of water collected is 10cm, find the rate at which the depth
collecting water from a tap at a steady rate of 18π is decreasing at that instant.
cm3/min. Find: Solution
(a) the depth of the water after 12 minutes r
(b) the rate of increase of the depth at this instant.
Solution
r h

h 30°30°

60° 60°
r
tan 30 
h
1 2 1 r
Volume of the cone V = r h  h  3 h
3 3 h
dV h
 18 cm3/min r
dt 3
1 min   18π cm3
12 min   x cm3

72
 1 dV
V   r 2h  144π cm
3 dt
2
1  h  1  h2  (Because the bowl fills in a minute)
V      h When the bowl is not full, r  h
3  3  3  3  r = 6 cm
1
  h3 V   (rh 2  13 h 2 )
9
V   (6h 2  13 h 2 )
dV 1 2
 h dV
dh 3   (12h  h 2 )
dV dV dh dh
  dV
dt dh dt When h = 3,   (36  9)
1 dh dh
0.2   h 2  dV
3 dt  27
dh
0.6 dh
 dV dV dh
 h 2 dt  
When h = 10, dt dh dt
dV dh
dh 0.6
  27 
dt  h 2 dt dt
dh
dh

0.6 144  27 
dt  (10) 2 dt
dh 144 48
dh 0.6  
 dt 27 9
dt 100
dh 16 4
dh 6  cm/min  cm/s
 cm/s dt 3 45
dt 1000
Example
Example A horse trough has a triangular cross-section area of
A hemispherical bowl is being filled with water at a
height 50 cm and base 60cm and height 2m long. A horse
uniform rate when the height of water is h cm. The
is drinking steadily and when the water level is 5cm below
volume is  (rh 2  13 h3 ) cm3, r being the radius of the the top, it is being lowered at a rate of 1cm/min. Find the
sphere. Find the rate at which the water level is rising rate of consumption in litres per minute.
when it is half-way to the top, given that r = 6 and the Solution
bowl fills in 1 minute.
r h/2
h/2
h

h h = 50
1 
V   b hl
2 
V =  (rh 2  13 h3 ) l = 200 cm
When it is full, r = h 1
V   b  h  200
V =  (h3  13 h3 ) 2
V = 100bh
2 h3
V h 50
3 
b 30
r h6
2

2h 5
2 
V    63 b 3
3
 144 cm3
73
 5 Because it empties in 24s
2h  b
2 3 3
3 24s 
  a cm
6h 3
b 1 s 
x
5
 6h  x
2
 a3 cm3/s
V  100   h  120h 2
 5  72
dV dV  a 3
 240h  cm3/s
dh dt 36
dV dV dh When x  a
  1
dt dh dt V   x 2 (3a  x)
dV 3
 240h  1 dV dV dx
dt  
dV dt dx dt
 240h  a3 dx
dt  (2 ax   x 2 )
dV 36 dt
 (240  20)  4800 cm 3 /min
dt dx a 3

dV dt 36 x(2a  x)
 4.8 litres/minute
dt dx
 a3 [36 x(2a  x)]1
dt
Example (UNEB Question) 1
A hemispherical bowl of radius a cm is initially full of h a
water. The water runs out through a small hole at the 3
1
bottom of the bowl at a constant rate such that it empties V   x 2 (3a  x)
the bucket in 24 s. Given that when the depth of water is x 3
1
V    13 a  (3a  13 a )
1 2
cm and the volume of water is  x 2 (3a  x) cm3, show
3 3
that the depth of water at that instant is decreasing at a rate 1  a 2   8a 
of a3(36(2a – x))-1. Find how long it will take for the depth V     
3  9  3 
1
of water to be a cm and the rate at which the depth is 8 a 3
3 V
increasing at that instant. 81
Solution 8 a 3
Volume of water in the bowl =
1
V   x 2 (3a  x) 81
3 Volume of the water emptied
a 2 a 3 8 a 3 46 a3
=  
3 81 81
dV  a 3

x
dt 36
 a3
1 s  
36
46 a 3
When it is full of water, x = a x s  
1 81
V   a 2 (3a  a )
3
46 a3
46 a3 36
x  81a3   3
1 81 a
V   a 2 (2a ) 36

3 x = 20.4445 cm
2
V   a3
3

74