The
objec)ve
of
this
presenta)on
is
to
highlight
the
main
concepts
related
to
the
surgical
anatomy
of
the
female
pelvic
floor.
The
main
contributors
for
the
vaginal
support
are:
the
bony
pelvis,
to
which
the
pelvic
)ssues
a>ach;
the
ligaments
and
fascia,
including
the
cardinal
and
uterosacral
ligament
complex
and
endopelvic
fascia,
which
a>aches
the
vagina
to
the
arcus
tendineous
and
to
the
pericervical
ring;
and
muscles,
which
are
grouped
in
the
urogenital
and
pelvic
diaphragms
and
are
the
main
components
of
the
perineal
body.
1
Bones
benchmarks
The
bones
are
the
ul)mate
fixed
a>achment
of
the
pelvic
soE
)ssues.
For
surgical
purposes,
it
have
to
be
highlighted:
• pubic
symphysis,
in
which
pubourethral
ligaments
are
inserted.
• obturator
foramen,
which
are
used
as
an
approach
for
the
transobturator
slings
and
vaginal
meshes.
• ischial
spine,
which
represents
the
upper
level
of
the
vagina
and
in
which
the
sacrospinous
ligament
are
inserted.
• Sacrum,
in
which
sacrospinous
and
sacrotuberous
ligaments
origin
and
where
the
levator
ani
bundles
are
inserted.
The
promontorium
sacrum
can
be
used
for
the
fixa)on
of
the
vaginal
vault
in
abdominal
/
laparoscopic
/
robo)c
vaginal
apical
prolapse
treatment.
2
Detail
of
the
obturator
foramen,
which
is
closed
by
the
following
structures
(deeper
within
the
skin):
• Skin
• Subcutaneous
)ssue
• Adductor
magnus
muscle
and
fascia
• Gracilis
/
adductor
brevis
muscles
and
fascias
• Obturator
externus
muscle
and
fascia
• Obturator
membrane
• Obturator
internus
muscle
and
fascia
(arcus
tendineous)
• Peraurethral
fascia
3
Urethra
is
suspended
from
pubic
bones
for
the
most
of
its
length
by
arched,
bilaterally,
symmetrical
anterior,
posterior
and
intermediate
pubourethral
ligaments
(Zacharin
R.
The
suspensory
mechanism
of
the
females
urethra.
J
Anat
1963;
97:423-‐427).
Its
posterior
aspect
blends
with
the
arcus
tendineous
of
the
levator
ani.
They
are
a>ached
to
the
lateral
sides
of
the
urethra
an
includes
dense
collagen,
both
smooth
and
striated
(from
pubococcigeous
muscle)
muscle
and
elas)c
fibers.
The
urogenital
diaphragm
form
an
envelope
around
the
midurethra,
composed
of
superior
and
inferior
fascial
layers
separated
by
a
layer
of
striated
muscle
(the
deep
transverse
muscle
of
the
perineum.
Although
there
ins
not
a
real
sphincter,
it
acts
a
support
for
the
midurethra
by
pressure
from
the
nearby
puboccocigeous
muscle.
The
complex
ins
also
called
urethrovaginal
“ligament”.
Although
sacrospinous
ligament
did
not
exert
a
direct
func)on
in
the
vaginal
support,
it
is
a
common
used
landmark
for
vaginal
prolapse
repair,
as
it
correspond
to
the
DeLancey’s
level
one,
in
which
an
op)mal
cervix
and/or
vaginal
apex
repair
has
to
reach.
In
this
model,
sacrotuberous
ligament
is
also
represented,
because
of
its
proximity
and
anatomic
rela)onship
to
sacrospinous
ligament.
4
5
The
m.
obturator
internus
muscle
and
its
fascia
are
considered
anatomical
references
for
the
modern
female
pelvic
surgery
because:
• It
is
an
regular
used
access
for
mesh
a>achment
• The
arcus
tendineous,
which
helps
the
vaginal
support,
lies
on
its
inner
surface
and
divide
pelvic
and
perineal
compartments.
• The
obturator
canal,
which
is
localized
in
its
anterior
and
medial
aspect,
is
a
poten)al
site
of
vascular
and
neural
damage
during
vaginal
surgery.
6
The
urogenital
diaphragm
is
composed
by
the
following
muscles:
• sup. transversus perineum
• deep transversus perineum
• Ischiocavernosus
• Bulbocavernosus
Detail
of
the
ischiocavernosus
and
superficial
transversus
perineum
muscles.
The
superficial
transverse
perineum
arise
from
the
pubic
rami
and
a>ach
to
the
perineal
body
and
deep
part
of
external
anal
sphincter.
The superficial transversus perineum muscle, ischiocavernosus muscle and
bulboespongiosus muscle are superficial to the urogenital diaphragm and
appear to be considerably less important in urogenital support.
7
The
deep
transverse
perineum
muscle
arises
from
the
inferior
ramus
of
the
ischium,
and
is
enclosed
within
the
layers
of
the
urogenital
diaphragm
in
the
each
site
of
the
vagina.
Because
of
the
presence
of
the
vaginal
hiatus,
only
few
fibers
can
cross
the
midline,
between
rectum
and
vagina.
8
The
pelvic
diaphragm
is
composed
mainly
by
the
levator
ani
and
its
fascias.
The
levator
ani
is
composed
of
four
por)ons,
according
to
its
origin
and
inser)on:
• Puborectalis:
arises
from
the
lowest
por)on
of
the
symphysis
pubis
and
passes
downward
and
backward
on
either
side
of
the
vagina
and
lateral
aspect
of
the
rectum.
Posteriorly,
it
fuses
in
the
midline
and
with
the
external
anal
sphincter.
Puborectalis
plays
a
role
in
rectal
con)nence.
• Puboccocygeus:
sweep
downward
and
posteriorly
along
the
sides
of
the
urethra,
vagina,
perineal
body
and
rectum.
It
is
considered
the
most
important
por)on
for
urinary
con)nence.
The
right
and
leE
pubococcygei
fuse
in
the
midline
posterior
to
the
rectum
and
con)nue
to
the
coccyx,
forming
the
levator
plate,
in
which
the
upper
por)on
of
the
vagina
and
rectum
lie
horizontally.
If
the
levator
ani
func)on
is
impared,
the
plate
moves
downward
and
the
hiatus
sags.
• Iliococcygeus:
is
thinner
and
fla>er
than
pubococcygeus.
It
origins
from
the
surface
of
obturator
internus
fascia
(tendineous
arcus)
and
inserts
along
the
lateral
margin
of
the
coccyx
and
lower
sacrum.
• Coccygeus
(ischiococcygeus):
is
the
most
posterior
por)on
of
the
levator
ani.
And
originates
in
the
ischial
spine
and
inserts
along
the
4th
and
5th
lateral
margins
of
the
coccyx.
It
lies
over
the
sacrospine
ligament.
9
The
perineal
body
is
a
fibromuscular
structure
between
the
rectum
and
the
vagina,
at
the
level
of
the
ischial
tuberosi)es,
and
is
composed
by
the
fusion
of
the
superficial
and
deep
transverse
muscles
of
the
perineum,
the
bulbocavernous
muscle,
the
external
anal
sphincter
and
distal
aspect
of
the
levator
ani.
The
increase
of
perineal
body
tonus
pulls
it
forward
and
upward
in
order
to
compensate
abdominal
pressure
and
prevent
prolapses.
The
external
anal
sphincter
is
divided
in
a
subcutaneous
por)on,
which
con)nues
with
fibers
odulbocavernosous
and
a
deep
por)on,
which
cannot
be
separated
posteriorly
from
fibers
of
the
pubococcigeous.
It
originates
from
the
coccyx
and
surrounds
the
anus,
and
then
inserts
into
the
perineal
body.
10
The
arcus
tendineous
of
the
levator
ani
runs
from
the
back
of
the
pubis
to
the
ischial
spine.
Somewhat
medial
to
this
is
the
arcus
tendineous
of
the
endopelvic
connec)ve
)ssue
(pelvic
fascia).
The
distance
between
these
two
arcus
varies
at
their
origin,
and
they
may
differ
in
their
lateral
extension;
however,
the
come
together
at
the
ischial
spine.
The
arcus
tendineous
of
the
levator
ani
provides
a
soE
)ssue
a>achment
for
the
connec)ve
)ssue
bundle
of
fibers
that
is
a>ached
to
the
anteror
vaginal
sulcus
(From
Nichols
DH
&
Randall
CL.
Pelvic
anatomy
of
the
living.
In
From
Nichols
DH
&
Randall
CL.
Vaginal
Surgery,
Willians
&
Wilkins,
4th
edi)on,
1996).
This
figure
also
shows
a
detail
of
the
arcus
tendineous.
Observe
its
direc)on
from
pubis
to
the
schial
spine.
For
vaginal
reconstruc)ve
surgery,
it
is
recommended
that
the
vaginal
axis
is
kept
in
the
same
direc)on
of
the
arcus
tendineous.
The
rectovaginal
septum
is
a
fibromuscular
)ssue
fused
to
posterior
vaginal
wall,
which
extends
from
the
caudal
margin
of
cul-‐de-‐sac
of
Douglas,
at
the
posterior
aspect
of
the
pericervical
ring,
to
the
proximal
edge
of
the
perineal
body.
Laterally,
its
extends
)ll
the
levator
ani
fascia,
closing
the
ischial
rectal
space
from
vagina.
It
is
composed
of
a
dense
collagen
)ssue
as
well
as
a
smooth
muscle
and
coarse
elas)c
fibers.
11
The
pubocervical
fascia
correspond
to
the
fibroelas)c
)ssue
between
the
vagina
and
bladder,
which
define
the
vesicovaginal
space
and
thus,
is
not
a
real
fascia.
In
fact
its
existence
as
an
unique
structure
is
on
debate,
and
some
ones
consider
it
as
the
external
vaginal
layer.
Pubocervical
fascia
supports
the
anterior
vaginal
wall
along
its
length:
• The
lower
third
is
a>ached
mainly
to
the
pelvic
diaphragm,
arcus
tendineous
and
urogenital
diaphragm.
• The
middle
third
support
is
contributed
by
lateral
fusion
with
fibers
in
the
pelvic
diaphragm,
but
even
stronger
lateral
support
is
obtained
by
a>achments
to
the
inferior
por)ons
of
the
cardinal
ligaments.
• The
upper
third
(anterior
pericervical
ring)
and
cervix
are
supported
by
their
lateral
a>achments
to
the
cardinal
and
uretrosacral
ligaments.
The
pericervical
ring
composed
by
fibromuscular
)ssues
which
surround
the
cervix
and
keep
it
in
its
proper
posi)on.
It
is
composed
by:
• Anterior
aspect:
pubocervical
fascia
• Lateral
aspect:
cardinal
ligaments
• Posterior
aspect:
rectovaginal
fascia
and
uterosacral
ligaments
12