Helical Gears

Helical gears are cylindrical gears with teeth that are

cut at an angle to the gear's axis, resembling a helix.
This design enables smoother and quieter operation
compared to spur gears due to gradual tooth
engagement. Helical gears are widely used in power
transmission systems where efficiency and precision
are crucial, such as in automotive transmissions,
industrial machinery, and robotics. They offer higher
load-carrying capacity and can transmit motion at
various angles. Their unique helical tooth
arrangement minimizes vibration and backlash,
making them ideal for applications requiring precise
and continuous motion transfer. Helical gears are
known for their smooth and quiet operation due to
gradual tooth engagement.
 TERMINOLOGY OF HELICAL
GEARS
The conventional representation of a pair of
helical gears on technical drawings is illustrated
in Fig. 18.1. It is necessary to show the hand of
the helix or the direction of teeth on the drawing.
The hand of the helix is indicated by drawing
three thin continuous lines. The lines are
slopping downward to the right side of the page
for right-handed helical teeth. The lines are
slopping upward to the right side of the page for
left-handed helical teeth.
 Force Analysis
The resultant force P acting on the tooth of a
helical gear is resolved into three
components, Pt, Pr and Pa as shown in Fig.
18.5(a), where
Pt = tangential component (N)
Pr = radial component (N)
Pa = axial or thrust component (N)

The normal pressure angle αₙ is in the plane

ABC shaded by dots, while helix angle Y is in
the lower plane BCD.
(ii) Radial Component (Pr )
(a) The radial component on the pinion acts
towards the centre of the pinion.
(b) The radial component on the gear acts
towards the centre of the gear.
(iii) Thrust Component (Pa) The following
guidelines can be used to determine the direction
of the thrust component:
(a) Select the driving gear from the pair.
(b) Use right hand for RH-helix and left hand
for LH-helix.
(c) Keep the fingers in the direction of rotation
of the gear and the thumb will indicate the
direction of the thrust component for the driving
gear.
(d) The direction of the thrust component for the
driven gear will be opposite to that for the
driving gear.
 BEAM STRENGTH OF HELICAL
GEARS
In order to determine beam strength, the helical
gear is considered to be equivalent to a formative
spur gear, which is discussed in Section 18.3. The
formative gear is an imaginary spur gear in a plane
perpendicular to the tooth element. The pitch circle
diameter of this gear is d¢, the number of teeth is
z¢ and the module mn. From Eq. (17.16), the beam
strength of the spur gear is given by, Sᵇ = mbσᵇY
(a) This equation is also applicable to the
formative
spur gear.
Referring to Fig. 18.10,
EFFECTIVE LOAD ON GEAR
TOOTH
 BEVELGEARS
Bevel gears are used to transmit power
between two intersecting shafts. There
are two common types of bevel gears—
straight and spiral, as shown in Fig.
In some cases, bevel gears are classified on the basis of pitch
angle. Three types of bevel gears that are based on pitch angle are
as follows:
(i) When the pitch angle is less than 90°, it is called external bevel
gear.
(ii) When the pitch angle is equal to 90°, it is called crown bevel
gear.
(iii) When the pitch angle is more than 90°, it is called internal
bevel gear.
 TERMINOLOGY OF BEVEL GEARS

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FORCE ANALYSIS
Force Components on Pinion
 WORM GEARS
Worm gear drives are used to transmit
power between two non-intersecting shafts,
which are, in general, at right angles to each
other. The worm gear drive consists of a
worm and a worm wheel. The worm is a
threaded screw, while the worm wheel is a
toothed gear. The teeth on the worm wheel
envelope the threads on the worm and give
line contact between mating parts.
TERMINOLOGY OF WORM GEARS
PROPORTIONS OF WORM GEARS
 FORCE ANALYSIS
The analysis of three components of the resultant tooth
force between the meshing teeth of worm and worm
wheel is based on the following assumptions:
(i) The worm is the driving element, while the worm wheel
is the driven element. (ii) The worm has right-handed
threads.
(iii) The worm rotates in anti-clockwise directions
The three components of the gear tooth force between
the worm and the worm wheel are shown below. (P1)t =
tangential component on the worm (N) (P1)a = axial
component on the worm (N) (P1)r = radial component on
the worm (N)
The components (P2)t, (P2)a and (P2)r acting on
the worm wheel are defined in a similar way. The force
acting on the worm wheel is the equal and Opposite
reaction of the force acting on the worm.
It is better to construct an isometric sketch of the worm
and worm wheel for the directions. The directions can be
decided with the help of such isometric
i) Tangential Component (P1)t The worm is the driving
element. It is rotating in an
anti-clockwise direction, when viewed from A. For the driving
element, the direction of tangential component is opposite to
the direction of rotation. Therefore, (P1)t will act in the
positive X direction at the point of contact.
(ii) Axial Component (P1)a The worm has right hand threads
and when the right-hand thumb rule is applied, by keeping
the fingers in the direction of rotation, the thumb will be
projecting along the positive Y-axis. Therefore, if we treat the
worm as ‘screw’ and the worm wheel as ‘nut’, the screw will
have a tendency to move in the direction of the thumb or
along the positive Y-axis. The nut or the worm wheel will have
a tendency to move in the opposite direction,
(iii) Radial Component (P1)r The radial component always
acts towards the centre of gear. Therefore, (P1)r will act
towards the centre of the worm or along the negative Z-
direction at the point of contact. The resultant force acting
on the worm consists of two components— components of
normal reaction between the meshing teeth and components
of frictional force. The two components are superimposed to
get the resultant components.
 The force acting on the wheel
The resultant force acting on the
worm consist of two components
Components of normal reaction
between the meshing teeth
Components of the friction force
The two components are
superimposed to get the
resultant components
 FRICTION IN WORM GEARS
It has been observed that the coefficient of friction in worm gear drives depends
upon the rubbing speed. The rubbing speed is the relative velocity between the
worm and the wheel. The velocity triangle is shown.
In this velocity triangle,
V1 = pitch line ve1ocity of the worm (m/s)
V2 = pitch line velocity of the worm wheel (m/s) Vs = rubbing velocity (m/s)
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