VECTORS

ERIC RYAN C. TALACTAC

 Learning Objectives

Differentiate a vector
Perform three ways of
quantity from a scalar
quantity
01 03 vector multiplication

Perform vector addition

Resolve a given vector
and subtraction using
analytical and graphical 02 04 into its components
using three unit vectors
methods

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QUANTITIES
Scalar Quantities
Vector Quantities

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Speed = 69 m/s

SCALAR QUANTITIES
▪ magnitudes and
appropriate units
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Velocity = 69 m/s, east

VECTOR QUANTITIES
▪ magnitudes, appropriate
units and directions
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 A vector
quantity
could be
represented
by arrow.

VECTOR REPRESENTATION AND DIRECTION

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 Force

F or Ԧ
𝐹
VECTOR REPRESENTATION AND DIRECTION
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 The direction of a
vector is the acute
angle it makes with
the east-west line.
The word north or south is
written after the measure of the
angle followed by the phrase
“of east” or “of west”.

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 A direction of 60º
south of west
means that the
starting point from
the west, you go
south by 60º.

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B = 60º south of west

A = 30º north of east

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A vector is a
carrier that
transfers an
infective agent
from one host to
another.

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Vector Addition
 R
RESULTANT VECTOR
sum of two or more vector
quantities
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Vector Addition
Commutative
Associative

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 A + B = B +A

COMMUTATIVE
Adding vectors may be changes
without affecting the resultant
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(A+B )+C = A +(B +C)

ASSOCIATIVE
grouping of vectors to be added
may also be changed without
affecting the resultant 17
 VECTOR ADDITION
Methods of Vector Addition

GRAPHICAL ANALYTICAL

Parallelogram Method Laws of sines and cosines

Polygon Method Component method

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Parallelogram
Method
1. Using a suitable scale, draw the arrows
representing the vectors from a common
point.

B
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2. Construct a parallelogram using the
two vectors as sides.

B
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3. Draw the diagonal of the
parallelogram from the common point.
This represents the resultant R.

A R

B
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4. Measure the length of the arrow
representing the resultant, and from the
scale used, determine its magnitude.

A R

B
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5. Determine the direction of the
resultant vector using a protractor.

A R

B
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Sample Problem
Two forces A and B are acting on an
object. A is 3.0 N directed north and
B is 4.0 N, 30º north of east. Find the
resultant force acting on the object
using the parallelogram method.
(Scale 1 cm = 1 N)
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1. After drawing the resultant of the first two vectors,
construct a second parallelogram using this resultant and
the third vector as sides.

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2. Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram from
the common point. This is now the new resultant.

R2

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Polygon Method
 Polygon Method
The polygon method is
otherwise known as the
tip-to-tail method.

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 Polygon Method
1. Represent each vector quantity by an arrow drawn to scale.

2. Starting from the origin, draw the first vector on the

rectangular coordinate system, accounting properly its
direction.

3. Connect the tail of the second vector to the head of the first
vector. Then, connect the tail of the third vector to the head of
the second vector. You may continue drawing the vectors head
to tail until you draw the last vector to be added.
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A = 2 m south, B = 6 m east, C = 4 m 45° south of west

A
B

R
C

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 DISTANCE
length of the
path taken by an
object in moving
from its initial to
its final position
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DISPLACEMENT
magnitude or
length equal to
the straight- line
distance from the
initial to the final
position
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An object moves from point A to point B to point C, then
back to point B and then to point C along the line shown in
the figure below.
a) Find the distance covered by the moving object.
b) Find the magnitude and direction of the displacement of
the object.

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An object moves from point A
to point C along the rectangle
shown in the figure below.

a) Find the distance covered

by the moving object.
b) Find the magnitude of the
displacement of the object.

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Pythagorean Theorem
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An object moves along the
grid through the points A, B, C,
D, E, and F as shown.

a) Find the distance covered

by the moving object.
b) Find the magnitude of the
displacement of the object.

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40
Laws of Sines
and Cosines
Law of Sines
B

c a

A C
b
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C 42
Law of Cosines

a = b + c − 2bcCos A
2 2 2

b = a + c − 2acCosB
2 2 2

c = a + b − 2abCosC
2 2 2

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Special Cases
 For two vectors
acting in the same
direction
The angle between the
two vectors is zero.
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 For two vectors
acting in opposite
directions
The angle between the
two vectors is 180°.
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For two vectors that
are perpendicular to
each other
The angle between the
two vectors is 180°.
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Resolution of
Vectors
A single vector is usually divided into two
vectors called components that are
perpendicular to each other.

The process of splitting the vector into its

components is called resolution.
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 VECTOR COMPONENTS

HORIZONTAL VERTICAL

x- axis y- axis
Vx Vy
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Vx = Vcosθ

Vy = Vsinθ
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Component
Method
1. Resolve the given vectors into its
horizontal and vertical components.

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2. Get the algebraic sum of all the horizontal
components, ∑Vx. Then, get the algebraic sum of
all the vertical components, ∑Vy.

∑Vx = Vx1 + Vx2 + Vx3 + … + Vxn

∑Vy = Vy1 + Vy2 + Vy3 + … + Vyn

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3. Since the vertical and horizontal components are
perpendicular to each other, the magnitude of the
resultant may be calculated using the Pythagorean
theorem.
𝟐 𝟐
𝑹= ∑𝑽𝒙 + ∑𝑽𝒚

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4. Solve for the angle θ that the resultant makes
with the horizontal.

∑𝑽𝒚
𝛉 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
∑𝑽𝒙

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 Sample Problem

Ana runs 4.00 m 40° north of east; 2.00 m,

east; 5.20 m, 30° south of west; and 6.50 m,
south before stopping for water breaks. Find
her resultant displacement from where she
started.
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 Vectors Horizontal Components Vertical Components

A= 4.00 m 40° north of

east

B= 2.00 m, east

C= 5.20 m, 30° south of

west

D= 6.50 m, south

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Vector
Subtraction
The negative of a vector V, written
as -V, is a vector equal in
magnitude to V but in opposite
direction.
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Give the negative of the following
vectors:
A= 2.0 m north and
B= 4.0 m, 30° south of west.
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 To subtract vector B from vector A,
we simply add the negative of B to A.
In symbols,

A – B = A + (-B)
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Find A – B for the following cases:

A= 6 units, east
B = 4 units, west
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Find A – B for the following cases:

A= 7.0 m, 60 ° north of east

B = 5.0 m , east
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