CHM 102

General Chemistry II (Introduction to

Organic and Inorganic Chemistry

Lecture 1

Oluwasayo E. Ogunjinmi, PhD

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 Course Contents
• Fullerenes as the fourth allotrope of carbon, is used as nanotubules, nanostructures,
and nanochemistry. Comparative chemistry of group IA, IIA and IVA elements.
Introduction to transition metal chemistry.

• Historical survey of the development and importance of Organic Chemistry. Isolation

and purification of organic compounds. Determination of structures of organic
compounds including qualitative and quantitative analysis in organic chemistry.

• First Mid Semester Examination.

• Nomenclature and functional group classes of organic compounds. Introductory

reaction Mechanism and kinetics. Stereochemistry. Electronic theory in organic
chemistry.

• The chemistry of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, amines, alkyl halides, nitriles,
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and derivatives.

• Second Mid Semester Examination.

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Lecture Overview

1. Introduction.
2. Contents.
3. Conclusion.
4. Tutorial Questions

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Historical survey of the development and importance
of Organic Chemistry.
• A survey of the basic organic compounds and the most common organic
reactions, with examples of biological and industrial processes involving
organic chemistry.

• You will understand how to name organic compounds, to draw and understand
their structures in two and three dimensions, and to learn how chemical structure
and chemical reactions are interrelated.

• In the early nineteenth century, a new problem emerged as chemists tried to

classify and bring some order to the ever-increasing number of organic substancs.
This began a period of confusion and controversy that would last several
decades, until the development of the structural theory of organic chemistry.

• Analytical methods pioneered by both Liebig and Wöhler were able to determine
the content of organic molecules but did not show how their elements were
arranged. The first attempt to solve the problem was known as radical theory.

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Historical survey of the development and importance
of Organic Chemistry Contd.
• Berzelius proposed a way to understand the formation of inorganic compounds by
assuming that some elements had a positive charge and others had a negative
charge. Scientists knew that opposite electrical charges would attract; thus the
formation of sodium chloride could be explained by assuming that sodium is
positively charged and chlorine is negatively charged.

• Radical theory was pioneered in the 1830s by Liebig and the French chemist Jean-B
aptiste André Dumas (1800–1884). Radicals were thought to be a stable group of
elements that were joined together to produce an electropositive group that was
joined to an electronegative atom to form a compound. In the case of organic
compounds the radical would contain carbon, hydrogen, and various other atoms
in combination with an electronegative inorganic partner. Thus ethyl alcohol was
represented as C2H4 H2O.

• The electropositive radical was capable of transformation but should remain intact.
This was demonstrated by Liebig and Wöhler in the case of benzaldehyde, which w
as extracted from almonds. The fact that compounds made from benzaldehyde all
contained the radical C14H10O2 provided evidence for radical theory.
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Historical survey of the development and importance
of Organic Chemistry Contd.
• In the early part of the 20th century, polymers and enzymes were shown to be large
organic molecules, and petroleum was shown to be of biological origin. The
discovery of petroleum and the development of the petrochemical industry spurred
the development of organic chemistry.

• Converting individual petroleum compounds into types of compounds by various

chemical processes led to organic reactions enabling a broad range of industrial
and commercial products including, among (many) others: plastics, synthetic
rubber, organic adhesives, and various property-modifying petroleum additives and
catalysts

What is Organic Chemistry? Is a sub discipline within chemistry involving the scientific
study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic
materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms. The study of
organic reactions includes the chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and
polymers, and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via
theoretical (in silico) study..
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Historical survey of the development and importance
of Organic Chemistry Contd.
The Rise of Organic Chemistry:
The 19th century saw the rise of organic chemistry as a separate field of study. The
French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, who is considered the father of modern chemistry,
established the concept of the conservation of mass and the law of definite proportios.
He also recognized the existence of organic compounds and showed that they
could be broken down into simpler substances.

Development of Organic Synthesis:

In the 19th century, chemists began to develop methods for synthesizing organic
compounds. Friedrich Wöhler, a German chemist, is credited with the first synthesis of
an organic compound. In 1828, he synthesized urea from inorganic materials, which
showed that organic compounds could be synthesized in the laboratory. The synthesis
of organic compounds became a major focus of organic chemistry in the late 19th
century. Hermann Kolbe synthesized acetic acid from inorganic compounds, demonstr
ating that organic compounds could be produced by chemical reactions and not just
by living organisms. Emil Fischer synthesized complex carbohydrates and amino acids,
leading to the development of biochemistry.
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 Importance of Organic Chemistry in Industry
Organic chemistry has played a significant role in the development of modern industry. The
discovery of new organic compounds and the development of synthetic methods have le
d to the production of a wide range of products, including pharmaceuticals, plastics, and
synthetic fibers.

Emergence of Biochemistry:
In the early 20th century, the study of biochemistry emerged as a new field that combined
organic chemistry with biology. Biochemistry deals with the study of the chemical processe
s that occur in living organisms, and it has led to important advances in medicine and agri
culture.

Structural Theory:
The development of structural theory in the mid-19th century was a major milestone in org
anic chemistry. It allowed chemists to understand the three-dimensional structure of organi
c molecules and to predict their properties and reactions. August Kekulé proposed the the
ory of tetravalent carbon and the concept of valence, which led to the development of a
systematic method for naming organic compounds.
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 Importance of Organic Chemistry
Therefore Berzelius proposed the vital force theory regarding the formation of carbon c
ompounds which could not be synthesized artificially.

However, Wholer a German Chemist student of Berzelius accidentally synthesized urea f

rom inorganic compound ammonium sulphate and potassium cyanate without using a
ny living organism. (NH4)2SO4 + 2KCNO 2NH4CNO + K2SO4
NH4CNO H2NCONH2

Then other people synthesized several other compounds like Kolbe synthesizing acetic a
cid from the elements and Berthelot synthesizing methane
Thus the name “Organic” lost its original significance.

Organic Chemistry is defined as the study of compounds of carbon or hydrocarbons an

d their derivatives.

Organic compounds are compounds of carbon except oxides, sulphides, hydrogen cy

anide, carbonates and bi carbonates of carbon
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 Importance of Organic Chemistry
Modern Developments
In recent years, organic chemistry has continued to advance with the development of
new synthetic methods and the discovery of new organic compounds. The field has also
played an important role in the development of materials science and nanotechnology.

In summary, Lemery in 1675 divided compounds sources into three vegetables, mineral
and animal. But Laviosier showed that all compounds obtained from animals and
vegetables contain carbon and hydrogen thus this lead to a reclassification of
compounds into two groups:
1. Those compounds which could be obtained from vegetable and animals (organic)
2. Those from non-living things (inorganic)

Berzelius thought that organic compounds differ from inorganic in two respects
1. They did not obey the law of chemical combination
2. They were the products of a vital and could not be synthesized in the laboratory.
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Importance of Organic Chemistry and Its
Application

Most of the chemical industry uses organic chemicals

• Textiles Support
• Cleansing agents
• Sterilizing agents
• Food
• Medicine
• Valuables
• Agricultural Products
• Weaponry Industry

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 Conclusion

You have learnt Historical survey of the development and importance of

Organic Chemistry. Next lecture will be on the Isolation and purification of
organic compounds.

Assignment:

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References
1. Karft, J.M. (2018). Organic Chemistry- Principle and Mechanism
s Second Edition Elon UniversityW. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110.
2. Asubiojo, O.I. (2015). University Organic Chemistry Safari Books
LTD.

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