Module 8

Introduction
For your final project, Assignment 5, you will complete an annotated bibliography
using either APA style or MLA style.

How will you decide on a style?

 Remember the job or career path you chose as your topic for your earlier
assignments.
 The business, education, health science, public service, and social
science (psychology, sociology, etc.) departments at IRSC recommend
APA format for papers written in these fields. If your major/career path
falls under one of those departments, then you will use APA style.
 The English departments at IRSC recommend MLA format for papers
written for that field. MLA format is generally used for the humanities
including English, literature, art, and music. If your major/career path falls
under one of these subjects, then you will use MLA style.
 If you aren’t sure which to use, contact your instructor A.S.A.P.

APA Style
APA Documentation of Internet Resources
The APA citation for a document obtained over the Internet will be similar in
format to a comparable document with some elements added and some omitted.
Audio files, video files, and images have become increasingly available on the
Internet and can be imported into electronic presentations such as PowerPoint.
These sites also need to be documented.
Reference List
You should include as many of the following elements as possible in the order
listed. For some sites, you may only have a title, date of access, and URL to cite.
The URL is the most critical element.
1. The author's last name and initials, if available. If not available, state with
the website title.
2. The date of publication, in parentheses, if available. The date should be
 expressed as either a year, a year and month, or a year, month, and day
depending on what information is available from the website. More often
than not, the date will be the year only. If no date is given, place (n.d.)
right after the author’s name (or title if there is no author).
3. The title of the document, italicized, webpage, italicized, or website,
italicized, if the entire site is used. Note: A webpage is defined as a single
page of data within a website. If instead the site comes from a periodical,
include the name of the periodical, italicized, followed by a volume
number, also italicized.
4. Pagination information, if available. Journal articles and book chapters
should provide page numbers.
5. Web information that includes the retrieval statement. If the document has
a Digital Object Identifier (doi), use it and leave out the URL. This
should be expressed as follows: doi: 10.1080/8756822092784366
6. The URL [Uniform Resource Locator] of the site. This should be
expressed as in this example: Retrieved from http://www.irs.gov/
7. The date of access is not necessary unless the document will be
changing in the future (i.e. a WIKI or website. A previously published
periodical article does not require a retrieved date.)
8. The reference list provides documentation of the material used in the
research process. The list starts on a new page with the word References
capitalized and centered. All entries are double-spaced. Each citation is
formatted using a “hanging indent”, meaning all lines except the first one
are indented from the left margin.

Example of APA Citation for Reference List

This is information about the online journal article as it is displayed on the
journal's website:

This is the same citation information written in APA style for the Reference List:
Please note that page numbers are not given because no page numbers are
provided in this online publication. If you were to use a direct quote from the
source, you would need to give a heading or paragraph number for the location
of the quote in the in-text citation.

Example of the in-text citation

Nursing students should consider all of these options (Raines & Taglaireni, 2008,
Diploma programs, para. 1).

Web Resources Examples

The following examples illustrate how to create APA citations for online
resources.
All information in red is meant to offer explanation and should not be
included in your own references.

Web Page within a Website

The Kodish Group. (2008). Teeth whitening services. Retrieved
from http://www.kodish.com/cosmeticmakeovers-toothwhitening.html
Corporate Author. (Publication Date). Web page title. Retrieved from: URL

In-text citation examples:

There are three common ways to construct in-text citations.
1) Placing the author and date in parentheses:
Studies are showing that violence in the media is becoming a larger issue for our
children than it was for us (American Psychological Association, 2004).
2) Placing the author's name in the sentence and the date in parentheses:
The American Psychological Association stated that studies are showing that
violence in the media is becoming a larger issue for our children than it was for
us (2004).
3) You can use a direct quote, placing the author's name in the sentence
and the date in parentheses. Notice for direct quotes, you must include the
exact paragraph number where the information was found:
The American Psychological Association (2004) stated that "violence on
television is a crucial issue in America today" (para. 6).

Images, Audiovisual and Graphical Resources

The following APA reference is to a typical image that might be used in a
PowerPoint presentation or as a visual aid in a speech. The documentation for
non-print Web sources must include the format of the source within brackets.
Some commonly used formats are:

 Image
 Video Blog
 Artwork
 Video webcast
 Podcast

Examples:
Podcast:
Conan, N. (2001, September 11). World trade center attack. Talk of the
nation [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/programs/talk-of-the-
nation/
Video Blog (i.e. You Tube):
Rifkin, J. (2010, August). Jeremy Rifkin on the "empathic civilization" [Video file].
Retrieved
from http://www.ted.com/talks/jeremy_rifkin_on_the_empathic_civilization.html
CD:
The Beatles. (2009). Lucy in the sky with diamonds. On Sgt. Pepper's Lonely
Hearts Club Band [CD]. New York, NY: EMI.

Personal Communications
APA style dictates that personal communications, including email, and non-
scholarly messages from discussion groups and mailing lists be cited in the text
of the report rather than in the reference list. The following example
demonstrates the appropriate format for this citation:
D. English (personal communication, June 22, 2004) stated that . . .
Any message you receive from a discussion group or mailing list that
has scholarly value and has been archived, i.e., is retrievable, should be
included in the reference list and cited as follows:
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day of posting). Title
of post [Description of form]. Retrieved from: http://www.xxx
You can use the author's screen name if that is the only name available.

Message posted to a Discussion Group

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day of posting). Title
of post [Description of form]. Retrieved from: http://www.xxx
No italicization is needed in this citation.

APA Documentation of Library-based Electronic

Resources
Reference List
The citation for a full-text article obtained from a library-based electronic
database such as Academic Search Complete is similar to a print source. You
should include as many of the following elements as possible in the order listed.
1. The author(s) last name and initials
2. The date of publication
3. The title of the article
4. The name of the periodical
5. Issue number if the periodical is paginated by issue. Explanation: There
are two types of periodicals - those that begin every issue with page 1 and
those that continue page numbering from issue to issue (January's issue
paged 1-49 and February's issue paged 50-99, etc.). If a periodical
is paginated by issue (each issue starts with page 1) you also include the
issue number.
6. Page numbers.
7. The DOI number. If the DOI is not available, give the publisher's URL. If
you are accessing the journal from a database such as EBSCO and OVID,
you will need to do a quick web search to obtain the publisher's URL. You
do not need to include database information.
8. When the document is not easily located through its primary publisher
(e.g. the publication is no longer in print), give the URL of the organization
that includes it in its online archive. For example http://www.JSTOR.org or
http://www.ERIC.ed.gov
9. The date of access only if the content may change over time (e.g. Wikis).
Periodical Article from a Library Database
Whitlock, J., Eells, G., Cummings, N., & Purington, A. (2009). Nonsuicidal self-
injury in college populations: Mental health provider assessment of prevalence
and need. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 23(3), 172-183. doi:
10.1080/87568220902794366
Authors with initials. (Publication Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume
Number (Issue Number), pages. doi: xxxxxxxx
In-text Citations
The following are common ways to construct in-text citations.
1) Placing the author and date in parentheses:
Studies are proving that violence in the media is becoming a larger issue for our
children than it was for us (Cobb, 2009).
2) Placing the author's name in the sentence and the date in parentheses:
Cobb (2009) stated that studies are proving that violence in the media is
becoming a larger issue for our children than it was for us.
3) Placing the author's name in the sentence and the date in parentheses.
Notice for direct quotes, you must include the page number, if available, directly
after the quote:
Cobb (2009) stated that "violence on television is a crucial issue in America
today" (p. 583).
You could also structure the above sentence this way:
"Violence on television is a crucial issue in America today" (Cobb, 2009, p. 583).

eBooks
The citation for an eBook obtained from a library-based electronic database such
as NetLibrary will be similar in format to a print book citation with some additional
information added.
You should include as many of the following elements as possible in the order
listed.
1. The author(s) last name and initials.
2. The date of publication in parentheses.
3. The book title, italicized.
4. Publication information including the place of publication and the
publisher.
5. DOI if available.
6. If the DOI is not available, the URL of the book publisher or collection
(e.g. http://www.NetLibrary.com).

Whole e-book:
Author, A. (date). Title of book. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx
Author, A. (date). Title of book. doi:xxxxxxxxxxxx
Chapter in an e-book:
Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx).
Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx
Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx).
doi:xxxxxxxxxx

MLA Style
MLA Documentation of Internet Resources
The MLA citation for a document obtained over the Internet will be similar in
format to a print document. Some information will be added and some omitted.
Audio files, video files and graphic images have become increasingly available
on the Internet and can be imported into electronic presentations/reports such as
PowerPoint. These sites also need to be documented. You should include as
many of the following available elements in the order given. For some sites, you
may only have a title, date of access and address to cite.
The Works Cited Page
1. The author's name, last name first; or the corporate author, if available.
2. The title of the Web page, in quotation marks if part of a website or the
title of the website in italics if the entire site was used. Note: A Web page
is defined as a single page of data within a website. Make sure to
differentiate the two when citing them. Web pages must be placed in
quotes; websites must be italicized.
3. Publication information that might be available for a print or original
version of the site, like the name of a periodical, italicized.
4. The date of publication, if available.
5. Pagination information. More often than not, this will not be available for
websites. If the document numbers its paragraphs, cite the relevant
numbers. For example: 16 pars.
6. The name of any institution or organization sponsoring or associated
with the website, if available.
7. The medium of publication (Web).
8. The date you accessed the site, expressed as day month year.
The purpose of the Works Cited page is to document works that were cited or
consulted in the research process. The formatted citations are listed on the works
cited page in alphabetical order. The citations are double spaced and have a
hanging indent, meaning the second and succeeding lines of the citation are
indented, making it easy for the reader, who has seen the parenthetical
reference, to spot the full citation from the list.
Example of MLA Citation for Works Cited page
This is an example of what a citation looks like on the website of an online
publication:
This is the same citation information formatted in MLA style:

Web Resources Examples

The following examples illustrate how to create MLA citations for online
resources.
All information in red is meant to offer explanation and should not be
included in your own references.
American Psychological Association. "Violence on Television: What Do Children
Learn? What Can Parents Do?" APA Online. 2004. Web. 22 May 2008.
Corporate Author. “Title of Webpage.” Title of Website. Year of Publication.
Medium of Access. Date of Access Day Month Year.
In-text parenthetical documentation
The point of parenthetical references is to lead the reader to the source of
information listed in the works cited page. The following are common ways to
construct in-text parenthetical documentation. Many electronic sources do not
contain page numbers. In this case, you would use the abbreviation n.
pag. (without the italics). If the paragraphs, lines, or stanzas are numbered, use
this number in parenthetical citations. You may also indicate in the text of your
writing where you found the information. For example, the last third of the article
or under the heading xyz...
1. Placing the author's name and page number in parentheses:
Studies are proving that violence in the media is becoming a larger issue for our
children than it was for us (American Psychological Association, p. 15).
2. Placing the author's name in the sentence and page/paragraph number
in parentheses:
The American Psychological Association (p. 15) stated that studies are showing
that violence in the media is becoming a larger issue for our children than it was
for us.
3. You can use a direct quote, placing the author's name in the sentence
and the page/paragraph number in parentheses:
"Violence on television is a crucial issue in America today" (American
Psychological Association, p. 15).

Images, Audiovisual and Graphical Resources

The MLA has not issued an official format to follow for Internet audiovisual
sources; this example is as similar as possible to the original source format with
the addition of the Internet information. For more specific information, consult
the MLA Handbook of Writers of Research Papers, seventh edition, or talk to a
librarian.
Aubrey, Charles. Still Life with Dahlias. 1864. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Web.
4 Mar. 2011.
Author Last Name, First Name. Title of artwork. Year Made. Name of Website.
Medium of Access. Date of Access.
In-text parenthetical documentation:
The following is an example of in-text parenthetical documentation for the above
corresponding citation:
Charles Aubrey’s Still Life with Dahlias is a popular painting.

Personal Communications
Personal communications, including e-mail and postings to blogs, are listed in
the Works Cited list. Use the following formats:
E-mail Message
DeLisle, Judi. "MLA Documentation." Message to Denise English and Christal
Wood. 16 June 2009. E-mail.
Message Posted to a Blog
Grohol, John M. "Surprise TV Violence isn't Portrayed Accurately." World of
Psychology Blog. PsychCentral. 20 May 2009. Web 4 June 2009.
MLA Documentation of Library-based Electronic
Resource
The citation for a full-text periodical article obtained from such library-based
electronic databases as Academic Search Complete will be similar in format to a
comparable one from a print source with some information added and some
omitted. You should include as many of the following elements in the order
listed. For further documentation consult the seventh edition of the MLA
Handbook for Writers of Research Papers or ask a librarian. Note: The seventh
edition of the MLA Handbook does not require a URL unless finding the article
would be very difficult without it, or your instructor requires one.
1. The author's name, last name first; or the corporate author, if available.
2. The title of the article in quotation marks.
3. The name of the periodical, italicized.
4. Depending on the type of periodical, the date or volume number or date only
of the periodical.
5. Inclusive pages, if given. The example given includes pagination.
6. The name of the database, in italics.
7. The medium use to access the database, such as Web.
8. The date you accessed the site expressed as day month year.
9. The Works Cited list is double-spaced. Each citation is formatted using a
hanging indent, meaning all lines except the first one are indented from the left
margin.

Periodical Article from a Library Database

Potter, W. James and Stacy Smith. "The Context of Graphic Portrayals of
Television Violence." Journal of Broadcast & Electronic Media 44(Spring 2000):
301-323. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 17 June 2009.
Authors with 1st name inverted, the rest are not. “Article Title.” Journal
Name Volume (Publication Date Month Year): Page Numbers. Database Name.
Medium of Access. Date of Access Day Month Year.
In-text parenthetical documentation:
The following are common ways to construct in-text parenthetical documentation.
1) Documenting a direct quote, placing the author's name in parentheses:
"Native American writers had a profound effect on American Literature" (Beidler).
2) Documenting a direct quote, using the author's name in the sentence:
Beidler stated that "Native American writers had a profound effect on American
Literature."
3) Paraphrasing a quote, placing the author's name in parentheses:
American Literature was greatly influenced by Native American writers. (Beidler).

eBooks
The citation for an eBook obtained from a library-based electronic database such
as netLibrary will be similar in format to a print book citation with some additional
elements added. Include as many of the following available elements in the order
listed.
1. The author(s) last name followed by the first name.
2. The title of the book, in italics. If you use just one chapter from a book,
include that, in quotation marks, before the title. After the title of the book,
include the editor(s).
3. The place of publication, publisher and date. If you use just one
chapter from a book, include the pages of the chapter after the date of
publication. If the page information is not available, use N. pag.
4. The title of the database, in italics.
5. The medium of publication (Web.)
6. The date you accessed the site expressed as date, month, year.
7. The Works Cited list is double-spaced. Each citation is formatted using a
hanging indent, meaning all lines except the first one are indented from
the left margin.

Chapter from an eBook

McCadden, Brian M. "Why is Michael Always Getting Timed Out? Race, Class,
and Disciplining of Other People's Children." Classroom Discipline in American
Schools: Problems and Possibilities for Democratic Education. Ed. Ronald E.
Butchart and Barbara McEwan. Albany: State University of New York Press,
1998. 109-131. NetLibrary. Web. 9 May 2009.
Author Last Name, First Name. “Chapter Title.” Name of Book. Ed. Names of
Editors First Name Last Name and Next Name. Publication Location: Publisher,
Publication Year. Page Numbers. Database. Medium of Access. Date of Access
Day Month Year.
In-text parenthetical documentation:
1) "Engaging in open dialogue with kindergarteners poses management and
disciplinary threats " (McCadden 130).
2) McCadden indicated that "engaging in open dialogue with kindergarteners
poses management and disciplinary threats" (130).
3) Open discussions with kindergarteners may present authority-related
challenges in the classroom (McCadden 130).
Tools for Constructing Citations
The good news is that there are free electronic citation builders.

Son of Citation Machine allows you to type the citation information into the blanks
provided, and it then creates the citation in the requested format. It also gives
you the information to include in the in-text citation. A great feature of the Citation
Machine is that you are able to type the ISBN of a published book and it
automatically builds the citation.

Zotero is a free, down-loadable program that allows you to collect, manage, cite,
and share your resources. The Quick Start Guide explains Zotero's features and
capabilities and instructs how to download the program.

Citation Builder is a free tool offered by the North Carolina State University
Library. Visit to learn more about this resource.

Microsoft Word 2013 has a citation feature. Click the References Tab to choose
a style and begin documenting sources. Use the help menu to find instructions
on documenting your sources and building your citations.

Ref Works is a subscription citation management program available from many

academic libraries. Though not free, the program allows you to export citation
information from a website or database. The program then formats it in the style
you request.

Warning!! No citation tool is perfect. These tools make mistakes. You

must check them. Ask your instructor if it is acceptable to use citations formatted
by citation tools. If your instructor requires strict adherence to APA style or MLA
style, you will have to refer to the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th Edition) or the MLA Handbook for Writers of
Research Papers (7th edition) to make slight modifications.

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Copyright © 1997-2015 Florida College System, Council on Instructional Affairs,
Learning Resources Standing Committee. Last revised June 2015 by the LIS 2004 Course Revision
Committee