evsjv wkÿY- 1

BDwbU 2

evsjv fvlv wkÿY c×wZmg~n

mbvZb c×wZ
e³…Zv I cÖk-œ DËi c×wZ, Av‡jvPbv I cÖ`k©b c×wZ, Av‡ivnx I
Ae‡ivnx Ges MvVwbK c×wZ

Awa‡ekb-8 : e³…Zv I cÖkœ-DËi c×wZ : ˆewkó¨, myweav

I Amyweavmg~n

Awa‡ekb-9 : Av‡jvPbv I cÖ`k©b c×wZ : ˆewkó¨, myweav

I Amyweavmg~n

Awa‡ekb-10 : Av‡ivnx I Ae‡ivnx Ges MvVwbK c×wZ :

ˆewkó¨, myweav I Amyweavmg~n

Awa‡ekb-11 : f~wgKvwfbq, gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ :

ˆewkó¨, myweav I Amyweavmg~n

Awa‡ekb-12 : mgm¨v mgvavb I gvBÛ g¨vwcs : ˆewkó¨,

myweav I Amyweavmg~n

mbvZb
Awa‡ekb-13 : GKK, `jxq KvR Ic×wZ
†Rvovq KvR :
ˆewkó¨, myweav I Amyweavmg~n

79
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

80
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb-8

e³„Zv I cÖk-œ DËi c×wZ : ˆewkó¨, myweav I Amyweavmg~n

mbvZb c×wZi Ab¨Zg cÖavb cÖPwjZ KiYxq, A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB n‡q G‡m‡Q : e³…Zvi
ga¨w`‡q †kLv‡bv| Ab¨vb¨ mKj welq wkÿv`v‡bi gZ fvlvwkÿ‡YI GB c×wZ c~e©Kvj
†_‡K GLb ch©šÍ me©vwaK e¨eüZ| cÖv_wgK fv‡e mnR I m¤¢ve¨ n‡jI GB c×wZi
mxgve×Zv AvaywbK wkÿY-Kvh©µ‡g `~i Kivi D‡`¨vM wek¦e¨ß| GiB Abyµ‡g G‡m‡Q cÖkœ-
DËi c×wZ, hv e³…Zv c×wZi mxgve×Zv †_‡K DËi‡Yi GKUv avc we‡kl| †UKmB I
Kvh©-Dc‡hvMx wkÿv`v‡b AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡j GB `yB mbvZb c×wZi ¯^iƒc fvjfv‡e
ey‡S wb‡qB AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 e³„Zv c×wZi ¯^iƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges myweav Amyweav ej‡Z cvi‡e|
 cÖk-œ DËi c×wZi ¯^iƒc I myweav-Amyweav Kjv‡KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

ce©mg~n
ce©-1 t e³„Zv c×wZi (Lecture Method) ¯^iƒc
 Avcbv‡`i AwfÁZv †_‡KB Rv‡bb †h, GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿK GKvB e³…Zv †`‡eb ev K¬v‡k
e‡j hv‡eb -- Avi wkÿv_©xiv ï‡b hv‡e (a‡i †bqv nq : PzcPvc ï‡b hv‡e) Ges KL‡bv
wkÿK wKQz wR‡Ám Ki‡j wkÿv_©x ïay Reve †`‡e ev K_v ej‡e| GK_v Lye wek` Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb †bB †h, wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK Ges welq‡Kw›`ªK c×wZi Ab¨Zg mbvZb c×wZ n‡jv
e³„Zv c×wZ| ejv n‡q _v‡K: ga¨hy‡M BD‡iv‡c D”P wkÿvi we`¨vcxV cÖwZwôZ nIqvi
mgq †_‡KB GB c×wZ Abym„Z n‡Zv; †mLv‡b wMÖK cwÛZ‡`i gZev` Dc¯’vcbvi Rb¨
cvÛzwjwci welqe¯‘ e³…Zvi gva¨‡g cwi‡ewkZ n‡Zv| 18k kZvãx‡Z hyw³ev‡`i mg_©‡b
GB c×wZ Av‡iv my`„p nq, Rvg©vb D”P-we`¨vcx‡V cÖ_g GB c×wZ weÁvb m¤§Z wfwˇZ
cÖewZ©Z nq|
e³…Zv c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewj
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wkÿK-cÖwkÿY we‡klÁMY e³…Zv c×wZi wb¤œiƒc ˆewkó¨vewj wb‡`©k
K‡ib|
1. GwU me©`vB wkÿK-wbf©i cvV`vb cÖwµqv we‡kl|
2. e³…Zv c×wZ‡Z (Ic‡i †hgbwU ejv n‡q‡Q), wkÿKB e‡j hvb Avi wkÿv_©xiv cÖavbZ
ï‡b hvq|

81
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

3. wbtm‡›`‡n e³…Zv c×wZ A‡bK cyi‡bv cvV`vb cÖwµqv, GK_v ejvB evûj¨|
4. ¯^í msL¨K †_‡K AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_©xi †ÿ‡ÎB GB c×wZwU cÖ‡hvR¨|
5. mvaviYZ, G‡Z †Kv‡bv iKg hš¿cvwZ ev mnvqK DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
6. mgq I A_© mvkÖq `yB-B G‡Z Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
7. ‡evSvB hvq †h, e³…Zv c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Ki Kg©ZrciZvB me©vwaK|
8. a‡i †bqv nq †h, Gi gva¨‡g Aí mg‡q A‡bK welqe¯‘i cvV`vb m¤úbœ Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|

e³…Zv c×wZi myweav/Dc‡hvwMZv

e³„Zv c×wZ cÖvPxb ev MZvbyMwZK n‡jI GwUi e¨env‡i wKQz myweav/Dc‡hvwMZvi K_v ejv
n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
1. G‡Z GK m‡½, cÖ‡qvRb n‡j, AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_©x‡K cvV`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
2. e¨q I mgq mvkÖqx, †Kbbv wkÿ‡Ki †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcb m¤^j K‡iB cvV`vb Pj‡Z
cv‡i|
3. cÖvK-cwiKíbv Ki‡Z cvi‡j, Aí mg‡q AwaK Z_¨ cwi‡ekb K‡i GB c×wZ‡Z
cvV`vb Kiv hvq e‡j wba©vwiZ mg‡q wkÿvm~wP mgvß Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
4. DcwiD³ cÖvK-cwiKíbvq wkÿ‡Ki cÖ¯‘wZ mgq-Dc‡hvMx n‡Z cv‡i; e³…Zv my›`i I
kÖæwZ-AvKl©K Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK cÖ¯‘Z n‡q _v‡Kb|
5. e³…Zv ï‡b-ï‡b wkÿv_©xi ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î kÖeY-ÿgZv I kÖæZ wel‡qi Zvrch© Abyave‡bi
Abyf~wZ e„w× cvq e‡j a‡i †bqv nq|
6. GB c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi gva¨‡g myweav gZ fvlv, †KŠkj I Dcgv e¨envi K‡i wkÿYxq
welq‡K c~Y©v½ iƒ‡c e¨³ Kiv hvq|
7. e³„Zvi mgq wkÿv_©xiv †ewk cÖkœ Kivi my‡hvM cvq bv e‡j wkÿK evavnxbfv‡e,
wb‡Ri gZ ¸wQ‡q cvV`v‡b GwM‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib|
8. Dbœqbkxj †`‡k AvaywbK c×wZ Abymi‡Yi Rb¨ ch©vß cvVmnvqK DcKiY, hš¿cvwZ I
mg_©b (logistic support) cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cvIqv hvq bv; ZvB e³…Zvg~jK c×wZi
Ici wbf©i Ki‡ZB nq|

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 evsjv wkÿY- 1

e³…Zv c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v

AvcvZZ e³„Zv c×wZi wKQz-wKQz myweav _vK‡jI Kvh©Ki cvV`v‡bi djjv‡f GB c×wZi
Amyweav¸‡jvB cÖKU n‡q _v‡K| †m¸‡jv‡K wb¤œiƒc fv‡e ZvwjKvK…Z Kiv n‡q _v‡K :
1. GB c×wZ e¨env‡i †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB wkLb Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq, KviY - wkÿK
me©¯^ e‡j GwU GKgyLx Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i m‡½ wg_w¯Œqv (interaction, Z_v fv‡ei
Av`vb-cÖ`vb)-Gi my‡hvM G‡Kev‡iB mxwgZ|
2. GLv‡b wkÿv_©xi mvg_©‡K we‡ePbvq Avbvi my‡hvM ev cÖwµqv Kvh©Ki bq; Zvi
†gav, gbb, Pvwn`v -- meB AcÖavb, ¸iæZ¡nxb| ZvB GB c×wZ g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z
bq e‡j eo Awf‡hvM|
3. e³…Zvi me©e¨w߇Z wkÿv_©xiv GKvšÍfv‡e wkÿ‡Ki IciB wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o|
d‡j mgm¨v I Ávb-wePv‡ii †ÿ‡Î, †Kv‡bv wel‡qi Zvrch© †evSvi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki
gyLv‡cwÿ bv n‡q cv‡i bv|
4. GB c×wZ cv‡Vi jÿ¨ AR©‡b A‡bK †ÿ‡Î e¨_© nq, KviY- GLv‡b cvV`vb‡K
mdj Kivi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki †h †hvM¨Zv I `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb †m iKg Dchy³-wkÿK
Lye KgB cvIqv hvq|
5. GLv‡b wkÿv_©xiv nv‡Z-Kj‡g KvR Kivi my‡hvM cvq bv; d‡j cixÿY, ch©‡eÿY
I Ab¨vb¨ `ÿZv evov‡bvi my‡hvM †_‡K Zviv ewÂZ nq|
6. e³…Zv c×wZi cvV`v‡b DbœZ‡gav I ÿxY‡gav m¤úbœ wkÿv_©xiv mvwe©K fv‡e ‡ewk
ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq|
7. GLv‡b wkÿK‡K ‡kÖYxk„•Ljv iÿv I cv‡Vi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek eRvq ivLvi Rb¨
wKQzUv K‡Vvi n‡Z nq, bZzev cvV`vb mv_©K Kiv hvq bv|
8. G‡Z hw`I wkÿ‡Ki Áv‡bi cÖKvk N‡U wKš‘ wkÿv_©xi Zv nq bv; d‡j ÔwkLb
mÂvjbÕ m¤¢e nq bv|
9. GKevi e³…Zv c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡b Af¨¯Í n‡q †M‡j wkÿ‡Ki D™¢vebx kw³ e¨vnZ
n‡Z cv‡i; Zv‡Z Zvui H D™¢vebx kw³I w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o|

e³…Zv c×wZi GK‡N‡qwg †hgb K‡i `~i Kiv hvq

1. GKRb mdj Awf‡bZvi A‡bK ¸Y G‡ÿ‡Î Kv‡R jv‡M; †hgb - wkÿ‡Ki KÚ¯^i,
e³e¨, Dc¯’vcb Ges cÖKvkfw½ h‡_ó g‡bvÁ nIqv| Ggb wK KÚ¯^i †Zgb fvj
bv n‡jI Ab¨ `ywU ¸‡YB A‡bK mdj wkÿK n‡q _v‡Kb (knx` eyw×Rxex,
¯^bvgL¨vZ evsjvi Aa¨vcK gywbi †PŠayix ‡hgbwU wQ‡jb)|
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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

2. †h‡nZz GB c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡b wbQK e³…Zvq wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡b GK‡Nu‡qgx, Aemv`,

K¬vwšÍ, weiw³i mÂvi N‡U, ZvB e³…Zv‡K AvKl©Yxq Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wkÿK
cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿvmnvqK DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡j fvj nq|
3. GLv‡b wkÿ‡Ki h_vm¤¢e wgZfvlx nIqv Avek¨K| AcÖvmw½K wee„wZ`vb I eY©bv-
e¨vL¨v †_‡K wZwb m‡PZb fv‡e weiZ _vK‡eb| Z‡e Zvu‡K g~j welqe¯‘i mv‡_
Aek¨B m½wZc~Y© Dcgv, D`vniY I Mí Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|

G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R e³…Zv c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewji e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx D‡jøL¨ †hvM
Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

 ce©-2 t cÖ‡kœvËi (Question Answer Method) c×wZ

g~j e³e¨‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ Ges wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z g~j e³e¨
Abyave‡b Zrci nq †m D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ‡kœvˇii †KŠkj GLv‡b AbymiY Kiv nq| Av‡jvP¨
cvV‡K †K›`ª K‡i KZ¸‡jv ‡QvU-†QvU cÖkœ Kiv nq| Zv‡Z K‡i ‡m me cÖ‡kœi Reve w`‡Z
w`‡Z wkÿv_©xiv g~j e³e¨‡K Abyave‡b Zrci nq|
Gi me‡P‡q eo w`K n‡jv - wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i g~je³e¨ †_‡K wePy¨Z nIqvi my‡hvM
†Zgb bvB, †Kbbv cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœB g~j e³e¨‡K cwiùzU Kivi Rb¨B iwPZ nq| wkÿ‡Ki
cÖkœ Kivi `ÿZv I †KŠkj G‡ÿ‡Î mvd‡j¨i †cQ‡b KvR K‡i| `ÿ I AwfÁ wkÿ‡Ki
mnvqZvq cÖ‡kœvËi cÖwµqv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡j cvV`v‡bi g~j jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z
nIqv mnR nq|
AvaywbK hy‡M c„w_exi DbœZ I cÖvMÖmi †`‡k cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Q| †kÖYx
cvV`v‡b GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿK I wkÿv_©x DfqB DcK…Z, d‡j GwU‡K DrK…ó c×wZ ej‡Z
evav †bB|
GB c×wZi myôy ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ, cv‡Vi c~e©-cwiKíbv, cÖ‡qvRbxq
DcKiY cÖ¯‘wZ, msMÖn I cÖ‡qvM AZ¨vek¨K|

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewj

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi wKQz ‰ewkó¨ mvaviY fv‡eB Avcwb ‡ei K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| †hgb-
1. cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z wkÿK-wkÿv_©x mgvb f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Df‡qiB
gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ _vKv evÃbxq, †Kbbv gvbwmK ˆkw_j¨ †MvUv wkÿv`vb cwiw¯’wZ‡K
AeÁvi e¯‘‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

84
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

2. GB c×wZ wkÿK- wkÿv_©x‡`i welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© †KŠZ‚nj RvMÖZ Kiv Ges Zv

wbeviY GB c×wZ‡Z Kiv hvq|
3. K¬v‡ki mKj wkÿv_©x‡K GKB cÖkœ K‡i Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wewfbœ †gavi hvPvB Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
4. `vgx wk‡ÿvcKiY QvovB GB c×wZ‡Z mvejxjZvi m‡½ †kÖYxK‡ÿ cÖv‡Yi mÂvi
n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr GwU e¨env‡i †Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v †bB|
5. wkÿv_©xi eyw×gËv‡K Zx² K‡i|
6. GwU‡K wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK cvV`vb c×wZ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi myweav/Dc‡hvwMZv

K) GB c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v m„wó nq bv|
L) mivmwi g‡bi fve Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM _vKvq wkÿYxq wel‡qi †h Ask RwUj
e‡j g‡b nq wkÿv_©x cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wkÿ‡Ki KvQ †_‡K Zv ey‡S wb‡Z cv‡i|
wkÿKI cÖkœ K‡i wkÿv_©xi cviMZv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡q †m Abyhvqx cvV`vb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges cÖ‡kœvˇii cybive„wËi Øviv cv‡Vi g~j e³e¨ Abyave‡b
wkÿv_©x‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
M) cvV MÖn‡Y wkÿv_©x KZUzKz g‡bv‡hvMx wkÿK cÖ‡kœvˇii gva¨‡g Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡ib|
N) cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ †kÖYxK‡ÿi †fZ‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ mwµqZv I Kg©ZrciZv
RvwM‡q †Zv‡j|
O) GB c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ wkÿv_©xi eyw×i `iRv Lyj‡Z Ges hyw³Z‡K©i AeZviYv Ki‡Z
wkÿK h‡_ó mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
P) cÖ‡kœvËi cÖwµqv e¨envi K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b †Kv‡bv welq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j
Zviv ¯^KxqZv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM cvq|
Q) cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ wkÿKMY cÖK…ó wkÿY c×wZi K‡qKwU bxwZ AZ¨šÍ
mnR I mvejxjfv‡e AbymiY K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i Ávb e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv
`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| [†mB bxwZ¸‡jv n‡jv : g~Z© †_‡K Ag~Z©, mnR †_‡K RwUj,
Rvbv †_‡K ARvbv, wbw`©ó †_‡K Awbw`©ó, we‡kl †_‡K mvaviY, mgMª †_‡K Ask
BZ¨vw`|]
R) cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a kÖeY-`k©bg~jK DcKiY I hš¿cvwZi e¨envi cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi gvb
Av‡iv DbœZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
S) MZvbyMwZK e³…Zv c×wZi mnR weKí n‡jv cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ|

85
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

T) wkÿv_©xi msL¨v †ewk bv n‡j (mvaviYZ 50 Gi †ewk) cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ ev¯Íevq‡b

Lye GKUv mgm¨vi m„wó nq bv|

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v

Dc‡i ewY©Z myweav¸‡jv _vKv m‡Ë¡I cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi wKQz Amyweavi w`KI Av‡Q|
†m¸‡jv GB iKg :
K) cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi me‡P‡q eo Amyweav n‡jv : avivevwnKZv iÿv K‡i welqe¯‘i mwVK
Dc¯’vcb| hw` cÖ‡kœi avivevwnKZv iÿv K‡i ‡m¸‡jv iwPZ I Dc¯’vwcZ bv nq Z‡e
cÖ‡kœvˇii g~j D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ nq| †Kbbv, welqe¯‘i ‡hb-‡Zb Dc¯’vcb wkÿv_©xi g‡b
†Kv‡bv wPi¯’vqx `vM KvU‡Z cv‡i bv, eis fzj aviYvi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i|
L) gvb‡ZB n‡e †h, e¨w³‡f‡` wkÿ‡Ki cÖkœ Kivi `ÿZv I †KŠkj mgvb Kvh©Ki nq bv;
GB ¸Y iß Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j DrK…ó cÖkœ ‰Zwi Ges welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© †h-‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi
cÖ‡kœi †gvKvwejv wZwb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
M) welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© c~e-© cÖ¯‘wZ bv NU‡j wkÿ‡Ki c‡ÿ cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z mvdj¨ AR©b
m¤¢e bq|
N) cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z Dcw¯’Z cÖkœvewj wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`v, eqm, AvMÖn I †gavi Dc‡hvMx bv
n‡j Zv †_‡K mydj Avkv Kiv hvq bv| cÖkœvewj Aek¨B †kÖYx-Dc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e --
Lye mnR n‡j wkÿv_©xiv cv‡V AvKl©Y †eva Ki‡e bv, Avevi Lye KwVb/RvwUj n‡j
Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Avkvbyiƒc mvov cvIqv m¤¢eci n‡e bv|
O) g~j cÖm½ ev` w`‡q A‡bK AevšÍi wel‡qi AeZviYvq A‡bKUv mgq bó nIqvi m¤¢vebv
_v‡K| cÖk-œ msMVb I Dc¯’vc‡b m~² wPšÍvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e, bq‡Zv g~j welqe¯‘
†_‡K `~‡i m‡i covi m¤¢vebv ev‡o|
P) †kÖYx‡Z wkÿv_©xi msL¨v AwaK n‡j cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi mdj ev¯Íevqb †Kv‡bv µ‡gB
m¤¢e bq|
Q) cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi myôy ev¯Íevq‡b wkÿK I wkÿv_©xi mwµqZv mgvbfv‡e Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Ki wbw®ŒqZv c×wZwUi ev¯Íevq‡bi
AšÍivq, Avevi wkÿv_©xi wbw®ŒqZvI G‡Z weivU evavi m„wó K‡i|

Dc‡ii G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewji e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx
D‡jøL¨ †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

86
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb-8
g~j wkLbxq welq
e³…Zv I cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ

e³…Zv c×wZ
e³…Zv c×wZ mbvZi wkÿv`vb c×wZi Ab¨Zg| hw`I cÖvPxb Ges g‡b Kiv nq e³…Zvi
 ga¨ w`‡q †kLv‡bvi †P‡q A‡bK DbœZZi I Kvh©Ki c×wZB GLb MÖvn¨, Zey mvgbv-mvgwb
(face to face) e³…Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv GL‡bv Acwinvh©| GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿK †kÖYxK‡ÿ
e³…Zv K‡ib -- wkÿv_©x bxi‡e †kv‡b| cieZ©x ch©v‡q, A_ev e³…Zvi dvu‡K-dvu‡KB wkÿK
cÖkœ K‡i ‡R‡b wb‡Z Pvb wkÿv_©x KZUv ey‡S‡Q| wkÿv_©x mva¨gZ Reve †`evi †Póv K‡i|
cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿv_©xi m¤ú~iK cÖ‡kœi Rev‡eI wkÿK welqe¯‘i mvwe©K ev LuywUbvwU cÖm‡½I
e³…Zv cÖ`vb K‡ib|

⁰ GB c×wZ wkÿK †Kw›`ªK Ges evPbag©x| †mB m‡½ GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Ki

Kg©ZrciZvB me©vwaK|

⁰ ¯^í msL¨K †_‡K AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_©xi †ÿ‡ÎB e³…Zv c×wZ cÖ‡hvR¨ Ges G‡Z
mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv iKg hš¿cvwZ ev mnvqK DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|

⁰ a‡iB †bqv hvq †h, GB c×wZ‡Z mgq I A‡_©i mvkÖq Kiv hvq Ges Gi gva¨‡g Aí
mg‡q A‡bK welqe¯‘i cvV`vb m¤úbœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

⁰ g‡b Kiv nq †h, e³…Zv ï‡b-ï‡b wkÿv_©xi ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î kÖeY-ÿgZv I kÖæZ wel‡qi
Zvrch© Abyave‡bi Abyf‚wZ e„w× cvq|

⁰ G‡Z myweav gZ fvlv, †KŠkj I Dcgv e¨envi K‡i wkÿYxq welq‡K c~Y©v½ iƒ‡c e¨³
Kiv hvq Ges wkÿv_©xiv †ewk cÖkœ Kivi my‡hvM cvq bv e‡j wkÿK evavnxb fv‡e
wb‡Ri gZ K‡i ¸wQ‡q cvV`vb GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib|

⁰ Dbœqbkxj ‡`‡k Ab¨vb¨ bvbv mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y e³…Zv c×wZi Dci wbf©i Kiv GK
ai‡bi Ab¨Zg †kÖô Dcvq we‡kl|
 AvcvZZ GB c×wZi wKQz-wKQz myweav _vK‡jI Kvh©Ki cvV`v‡bi djjv‡f e³…Zv
c×wZi Amyweav¸‡jv cÖKU n‡q _v‡K|
 GB c×wZ‡Z cÖvqktB e³…Zv ï‡b-ï‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i K¬vwšÍ Av‡m Ges e³…Zv
¯^fveZtB GK‡N‡q n‡q c‡o| e³…Zv `xN© n‡j NygI G‡m †h‡Z cv‡i|
 wkÿv_©x wkï n‡j g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLv m¤¢e nq bv| ˆewPΨnxb n‡j wkÿv_©xi weiw³I
D‡`ªK n‡Z cv‡i|
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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

 wkÿK mvwe©Kfv‡e Ges Dc¯’vwcZ welq mvaviY fv‡e AvKl©K bv n‡j e³…Zv
c×wZi Avmj D‡Ï‡k¨B e¨_© nq|
 e³…Zv c×wZ g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z bq, wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍv kw³i ù‚iY nq bv Ges
wkÿv_©xiv mwµq I ¯^Ztù‚Z© _v‡K bv|
 †kÖYxK‡ÿ mswÿß e³…Zvi cÖ‡qvRb _vK‡jI cy‡iv †kÖYx-Kvh©µg e³…Zv c×wZ‡Z
n‡j wkÿv`vb Kvh©µg djcÖm~ nq bv, eis cvV`v‡bi cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ nq|
 wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK Ges AskMÖnYg~jK AvaywbK c×wZ¸‡jvi e¨envi AwaK djcªm~
n‡jI mKj wKQzi Dc‡i AvR Aewa me‡P‡q mnR I me©vwaK e¨eüZ c×wZB
n‡jv e³…Zv c×wZ|

☼ e³…Zv c×wZ‡K h_vm¤¢e Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ wKQz †KŠkj e¨envi Kiv hvq hvi Ab¨Zg
n‡jv GKRb mdj Awf‡bZv I `‡ji Aa¨‡ÿi A‡bK¸Y GK‡Î Kv‡R jvMv‡bv| Avi
Av‡Q wgZfvlY A_P g~j welqe¯‘i m‡½ m½wZc~Y© Dcgv-D`vniY BZ¨vw` Dc¯’vcb
Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿvmnvqK DcKiY e¨envi|

cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ
†kªYxK‡ÿ cÖkœ Dˇii gva¨‡g cvV`v‡bi wkÿYxq welqwU Dc¯’vcb Kiv Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i
cÖkœ Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i cvV`vb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv‡K cÖkœ-DËi c×wZ ejv nq|
GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿK cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i Rvbv †_‡K ARvbvi w`‡K Ges welqe¯‘
Abyave‡b cwic~Y©Zvi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib| wkÿv_©xivI cÖkœ K‡i welq m¤ú‡K©
mg¨K Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†kªYxK‡ÿ cvV`v‡b GB c×wZi f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j wkÿK-
wkÿv_x© DfqB mwµq _v‡Kb| wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ wkÿYxq wel‡q †evSv cov Ges
Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi h‡_ó my‡hvM _v‡K|
cÖkœ Kivi wKQy †KŠkj wkÿK‡K c~‡e©B wba©viY Ki‡Z nq|
wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ‡kœi Rev‡ei Rb¨ welqe¯‘ mswkøó cÖPzi cov†kvbv Ki‡Z nq|
ïay cÖk-œ DËi c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i †kªYxK‡ÿ mdjZv AR©b Kiv hvq bv|
wKQy wkÿv_x© cÖkœ Kiv †_‡K Ges DËi cÖ`vb †_‡K weiZ _v‡K|
wkÿv_x©i msL¨v †ekx n‡j GB c×wZ djcÖm~ nq bv|
cÖk-œ DËi c×wZ‡Z QvÎ-wkÿK mwµq _v‡Kb GUv †hgb mwZ¨ Avevi ïaygvÎ cÖkœ-DËi
c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i †kªYx cvV`vb cwic~Y© mdj nq bv GUvI mwZ¨ |

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 evsjv wkÿY- 1

⁰ wkÿv_©x‡`i welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© †KŠZ‚nj RvwM‡q Zv wbeviY Kiv, mKj‡K GKB cÖkœ
K‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wewfbœ †gavi hvPvB Kiv, `vgx DcKiY QvovB mvejxjZvi m‡½
†kÖYxK‡ÿ cÖv‡Yi mÂvi cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡ZB m¤¢e|

⁰ G‡Z wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi f‚wgKv mgvb n‡jI Df‡qiB gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ AZ¨vek¨K|

GRb¨B GwU wkÿK-wkÿv_©x †Kw›`ªK cvV`vb c×wZ| ZvB, cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ m½Z
Kvi‡YB wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi eyw×gËv‡K Zx² K‡i|

⁰ G‡Z A_©‰bwZK mswkøóZv †bB, ZvB Giƒc mgm¨vI †bB| Z‡e, cÖ‡qvR‡b Ges m¤¢e
n‡j kÖeY-`k©bg~jK DcKiY I hš¿cvwZ e¨envi K‡i Gi gvb Av‡iv DbœZ Kiv hvq|

⁰ wkÿv_©xi msL¨v mvaviYZ 50-Gi †ewk bv n‡j GB c×wZi ev¯Íevq‡b mgm¨vi m„wó nq
bv|

 GB c×wZi me‡P‡q eo Amyweav n‡jv : avivevwnKZv iÿv K‡i cÖkœvewj iwPZ I

Dc¯’vwcZ bv n‡j GB c×wZi D‡Ïk¨ e¨nZ nq| GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿK
Ges/A_ev wkÿv_©xi wbw®ŒqZv weivU evavi m„wó K‡i| AevšÍi welq I cÖ‡kœi
AeZviYvq †ek mgq bó n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi cÖkœ-msMVb I Dc¯’vc‡b m~² wPšÍvi
cÖ‡qvM bv n‡j g~j welq †_‡K `~‡i covi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| m‡e©vcwi wkÿ‡Ki c~e©-
cÖ¯‘wZ I PP©v-DrKl© bv _vK‡j cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi mvdj¨ jvf Am¤¢e|

☼ GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Ki welqwfwËK h‡_ó Ávb Ges cov †jLv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖkœ
Kivi wewfbœ †KŠkj Rvbv _vK‡Z nq| ïay cÖkœ Dˇii gva¨‡g cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡g †kªYx
cvV`vb ZvrÿwYKfv‡e mdj nq, wKš‘ wkLb dj ¯’vqx nq bv Ges ÿxY †gavi
wkÿv_x©iv wcwQ‡q _v‡K| `jMZ ev AskMÖnYg~jK KvR Kiv‡bv nq bv e‡j †gav
e¨env‡ii (gv_v LvUv‡bv) my‡hvM Kg _v‡K| wkÿv_x© msL¨v †ekx n‡j mKj wkÿv_x©‡K
AskMÖnY Kiv‡bv m¤¢e nq bv| mgq ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y GB c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb A‡bK
mgqB †kl nq bv|

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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

 g~j¨vqb:

iPbvg~jK-DËi cÖkœ :
1. e³…Zv c×wZi cÖavb KiYxq Kx cÖKvi ? G‡K mbvZb c×wZ ejv n‡”Q †Kb ?
2. GB c×wZi cÖavb myweav Kx ? †Kb e³…Zv c×wZ me©vwaK e¨eüZ nq ?
3. e³…Zv c×wZi Avmj Amyweav †Kv_vq ? Gi mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ wkÿv`vb e¨e¯’vq
Kxiƒc cÖwZdjb NU‡Z cv‡i ?
4. cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi m‡½ e³…Zv c×wZi †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq ?
5. ‡Kvb c×wZwU †Kb Ges KZUzKy MÖnY‡hvM¨ I e¨envi‡hvM¨ ?

m¤¢ve¨ DËi :

ce©-1 :
e³…Zv c×wZi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Av‡iv wKQz ‰ewkó¨ -
K) e³…Zv c×wZ me mgq wkÿK-wbf©i cvV`vb cÖwµqv;
L) G‡Z †Kv‡bv iKg hš¿cvwZi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv;
M) Gi gva¨‡g Aí mg‡q A‡bK welqe¯‘i cvV`vb †kl Kiv hvq|

ce©-2 :
cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Av‡iv wKQz ‰ewkó¨ -
N) cÖkœ K‡i wkÿK †R‡b †bb wkÿv_©xiv Kx wPšÍv Ki‡Q;
O) cy‡iv ev‡K¨ cÖ‡kœvËi Av`vq Ki‡Z nq:
P) cÖwZwU cªkœB g~j e³e¨‡K cwiù‚U Kivi j‡ÿB iwPZ nq;
Q) cvV`v‡bi g~j jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡Z n‡j wkÿK‡K cÖ‡kœvËi cwiPvjbvq `ÿ I
AwfÁ n‡Z nq|

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 evsjv wkÿY- 1

BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb-9

Av‡jvPbv I cÖ`k©b c×wZ

†kªYxK‡ÿ e¨eüZ Av‡jvPbv I cÖ`k©b c×wZ wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c×wZ¸‡jvi
Ab¨Zg| wkÿK wkÿv_©x Df‡qi mwµq AskMÖn‡Y G `yB c×wZ we‡kl Kvh©Ki nq e‡j
g‡b Kiv hvq| wØZxq c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv ZvwË¡K welq‡K e¨envwiK cixÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb m¤¢e| cwiKíbv gvwdK cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j GB `yB c×wZ
`¦viv wkÿK I wkÿv_©x Df‡qB DcK…Z nb| Z‡e wkÿ‡Ki gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ Z_v c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ
`yB †ÿ‡ÎB AZ¨vek¨K|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 Av‡jvPbv c×wZi ˆewkó¨ kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges Gi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv
m¤^‡Ü mg¨K aviYv jv‡f mg_© n‡e|
 cÖ`k©b c×wZi ‰ewkó¨ kbv³ Kivi cvkvcvwk Gi e¨envi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡e Ges Gi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv †R‡b wb‡Z cvi‡e|
 Dfq c×wZ e¨env‡i wkÿK Kx fv‡e wb‡R Kv‡R jvMv‡eb Zvi Kg©cš’v w¯’i Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|

ce©mg~n
 ce©-1 t Av‡jvPbv c×wZ (Discussion Method)
†h c×wZ‡Z wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡q cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq †Kv‡bv we‡kl mgm¨v ev
welq m¤ú‡K© Avjvc K‡ib Zv‡KB ejv n‡q‡Q Av‡jvPbv c×wZ| ev¯ÍeZvi LvwZ‡i GB
c×wZ A‡cÿvK…Z DuPz K¬v‡ki †ÿ‡ÎB AwaKZi cÖ‡hvR¨|
Av‡jvPbvq mwµqfv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wkÿv_©xivB eB-cy¯ÍK msMÖn K‡i Ges cvV¨welq-
mswkøó mnvqK MÖš’vewji ZvwjKv mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i| c×wZi Kjv-†KŠkj wel‡q wkÿK
mswÿß e³„Zv w`‡Z cv‡ib Ges GB c×wZi myweav Amyweav¸‡jv cÖkœ-Dˇii gva¨‡g
wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q wZwb Dc¯’vcb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
cvV¨ welqwU `xN© n‡j wkÿK †mwU‡K K‡qKwU As‡k fvM K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| wkÿv_©xiv
K‡qKwU `‡j wef³ n‡q Av‡jvPbvq Ask †bq| Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i wbR¯^
gZvgZ `v‡bi my‡hvM N‡U Ges wb‡Ri †Póvq Ávb AR©b Kivi d‡j Zv ¯’vqx nq|

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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

Av‡jvPbv c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewj

1. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ AbymiY K‡i wkÿK wkÿv`v‡bi welqe¯‘ mnR‡eva¨ Kivi Rb¨
wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvq e‡mb|
2. e¨w³ †Kw›`ªK wkÿ‡Y Av‡jvPbv c×wZi we‡kl †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ †bB, †Kbbv Av‡jvPbvB
GLv‡b GK ai‡bi `jMZ c×wZ| ZvB Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_gZ
wkÿK‡K GK ev GKvwaK `j MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿ‡Ki we‡kl fv‡e †Lqvj ivL‡Z
n‡e †hb MwVZ-`j mg¸Ym¤úbœ nq| `j m¤ú~Y©-†kÖYx Øviv MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i ev †kÖYxi
Ask-we‡kl ØvivI n‡Z cv‡i| Av‡jvPbvi mgq wkÿK m¤ú~Y© †kÖYx‡K GK‡Î
AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM w`‡Z cv‡ib A_ev ‡QvU-‡QvU `‡j fvM-Kiv †kÖYx‡KI my‡hvM w`‡Z
cv‡ib|
3. Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘ cvV¨ wel‡qi AskwfwËK n‡Z cv‡i A_ev mgm¨vg~jK n‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e, welqe¯‘ wbe©vP‡bi mgq wkÿK‡K we‡klfv‡e bRi w`‡Z n‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i ev
we‡kl `‡ji cÖ¯‘wZi w`‡K; GB we‡ePbv †_‡KB wZwb me mgq welqe¯‘ wbe©vPb
Ki‡eb|
4. ejvB evûj¨ †h, Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ wkÿK I wkÿv_©x Df‡qiB c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ cÖ‡qvRb|
Av‡jvwPZe¨ welq ev mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡`i †Kv‡bv aviYv bv _vK‡j ¯^fveZtB
Zviv Av‡jvPbvq mwµq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| wkÿKI H wel‡q AeMZ bv
_vK‡j Zvui c‡ÿI Av‡jvPbv mwVK c‡_ cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv|
5. Av‡jvPbv c×wZi ‰ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q : cÖ‡Z¨K Av‡jvPbvq GKRb †bZv
_vK‡eb Ges Av‡jvPbvq mvgwMÖK †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY Ki‡eb wkÿK wb‡R (Burney and
Hance Kw_Z)| wKš‘ wkÿK me mgq wb‡Ri gZvgZ wkÿv_©x‡`i Ici Pvwc‡q ‡`‡eb
bv, eis Av‡jvPbv wkÿ‡Ki Øviv hZUv Kg cªfvweZ n‡e wkÿY ZZB ‡ewk Kvh©Ki
n‡e| wkÿK Av‡jvPbvi ïiæUv K‡i ïay m~ÎUv awi‡q †`‡eb, wKš‘ Zvici wkÿv_©xiv
ci¯úi gZ wewbgq K‡i Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q hv‡e| ïaygvÎ hw` Av‡jvPbv w`Kåó n‡Z
Pvq ZLb wkÿK ïa‡i ‡`‡eb| GB mv‡_ wkÿK ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z _vK‡eb Ges gv‡S
gv‡S Dchy³ cÖ‡kœi AeZviYv K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i Av‡jvPbvi MwZ wba©viY Ki‡eb|
A_©vr, Av‡jvPbvq wkÿ‡Ki †bZ…Z¡ me mgq c‡ivÿ fv‡e _vK‡e|
6. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z cvV cwiPvjbv Kivi mgq cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x hv‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i †m w`‡KI bRi ivL‡Z n‡e| †h wkÿv_©x Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Q bv, Zvi
mvg‡b wKQz mgm¨v Zz‡j a‡i Zv‡K DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e| [†kÖYx cwiPvjbvq G w`KwU GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|]

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7. welqe¯‘i cÖK…wZ we‡ePbv K‡i wkÿK mgqmxgv wba©viY K‡i †`‡eb| Zv bv n‡j
Awbqwš¿Z Av‡jvPbv cv‡Vi AMªMwZ‡K n«vm Ki‡e|
8. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ ¯^vaxb gZvgZ wewbgq Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖf~Z my‡hvM
`vb K‡i _v‡K Ges gy³ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ wel‡q wkÿK
A‡bK bZzb Z_¨ †hvM Kivi my‡hvM †c‡q _v‡Kb| wKš‘ Av‡jvPbv Kv‡j wkÿK‡K
mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq †hb Av‡jvP¨ welqe¯‘ Zvi ALÛZv bv nvivq|

Av‡jvPbv c×wZi myweav/Dc‡hvwMZv :

Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb Ki‡j wkÿvi AbyK~j wKQz myweav cvIqv hvq e‡j wkÿY c×wZ
wn‡m‡e Av‡jvPbv‡K eZ©gv‡b we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ ‡`qv n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvPbv c×wZi myweav¸‡jv
wbgœiƒc :
1. GB c×wZi cÖavb myweav n‡jv GLv‡b wkÿv_©xiv mwµqfv‡e wkÿ‡Y AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM
cvq| Zviv wb‡RivB welqe¯‘i Av‡jvPbvq GwM‡q hvq; d‡j wkÿY A‡bKvs‡k
wkÿv_©xi cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq|
2. Giƒc wkÿY c×wZ‡Z cvV cwiPvjbv Ki‡j wkÿ_©x‡`i †fZ‡i GK we‡kl ai‡bi
mvgvwRK eÜzZ¡ myjf cwi‡ek ˆZwi nq| GB fv‡e m„ó cwi‡ek GKw`‡K †hgb welq
†Kw›`ªK wkL‡b mnvqZv K‡i Ab¨w`‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i bvbv iK‡gi mvgvwRK ¸Y weKv‡k
mnvqZv K‡i|
3. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xiv ¯^vaxbfv‡e wb‡R‡`i gZvgZ e¨³ Kivi my‡hvM cvq,
Zv‡`i e¨w³Z¡ M‡o I‡V, AvZ¥wbf©iZv m„wó nq, Zv‡`i AvZ¥wek¦vm ev‡o, Zv‡`i wPšÍb
ÿgZviI weKvk N‡U|
4. wkÿv_©xiv GB c×wZ‡Z wbR¯^ gZvgZ e¨³ Kivi my‡hvM cvq e‡j Zv‡`i wkLbI
cwic~Y©Zv cvq| Zviv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i Amyweav `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i| Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z
wkÿY Ges ms‡kvabg~jK KvR GKB mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z nq|
5. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z cvV cwiPvjbvi mgq wkÿv_©x-wkÿv_©x m¤úK© Ges wkÿv_©x-wkÿK
m¤úK© Av`k©¯’vbxq nq| m¤úK© Nwbô nq e‡j wkÿv_©xiv wbtms‡Kv‡P cvV MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Zviv ¯^Ztù‚Z© fv‡e wb‡R‡`i Amyweavi K_v e¨³ Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j welq‡Kw›`ªK
Ávb cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i|
6. cÖ‡Z¨K Av‡jvPbv †KŠk‡ji wba©vwiZ wKQy wbqg _v‡K| Av‡jvPbvi mgq wkÿv_©xiv †m
wbqg¸‡jv †g‡b P‡j| d‡j †kÖYxK‡ÿ k„•Ljv iÿvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv
†KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq bv| GLv‡b †kÖYxK‡ÿi k„•Ljv ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e Av‡m|

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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

7. Av‡jvPbv mwVKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i ¯’vqxfv‡e PvwiwÎK cwieZ©b Avbv

m¤¢e nq| Zv‡`i wewfbœ NUbvi cÖwZ ¯’vqx g‡bvfve MVb Ki‡Z Ges Rxebv`k© M‡o
Zzj‡Z GB Av‡jvPbv c×wZ we‡klfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i|
Av‡jvPbv c×wZ Amyweav/mgm¨v
Av‡jvPbv c×wZi †ek wKQz myweav _vKv m‡Ë¡I GwUi cwiPvjbvq KZ¸‡jv AmyweavI
Av‡Q| c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M GB me Amyweav c~e©-aviYv wn‡m‡e Aek¨B wkÿ‡Ki _vK‡Z n‡e|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e ‡h -
1. Av‡jvPbv c×wZi cvV cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB `iKvi mycwiKíbvi, hv mKj wkÿ‡Ki
c‡ÿ ‰Zwi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| Avi †mwU bv n‡j m¤ú~Y© Av‡jvPbvB e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i|
AcwiKwíZ Av‡jvPbvq wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Abwf‡cÖZ Af¨vm M‡o IVvi SzuwK _v‡K|
2. GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i Av‡jvPbv ‡hgb MwZ †b‡e, †m Abyhvqx Zvu‡K cÖwZwµqv
Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB GLv‡b wkÿ‡Ki we¯Í…Z †ÿ‡Î cÖ¯‘wZ _vKv Riæwi, †Kbbv Zvui c‡ÿ
c~e©-wba©vwiZ c×wZ‡Z me mgq cvV cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e bq| eis wkÿv_©x‡`i †h
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi mgm¨v ev cÖ‡kœi mgvavb Kivi gZ Zvui Zwir I ZvrÿwYK cÖ¯‘wZ _vKv
GKvšÍfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb| Av‡jvPbv mwVK miYx‡Z cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y-`ÿZv cÖwkÿY
mv‡cÿ; mevi Zv _v‡K bv ev mevB Zv ißI Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
3. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ‡ÿvwfK (fveMZ fv‡e) cÖwZwµqv‡K me mgq wbqš¿Y
Kiv m¤¢e bq, d‡j wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î A¯^vfvweK g‡bvfve M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv we‡kl
gZev‡`i mv‡_ Zviv Zv‡`i cÖ‡ÿvwfK Abyf‚wZ‡K wgwk‡q ‡d‡j| Zvi weiæ×vPiY
Ki‡j Zviv ÿzbœ nq| d‡j wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î h_v‡hvM¨ †cÖlYv M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i bv| GB
cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿Y mnR bq|
4. GB ai‡bi `jMZ Av‡jvPbv c×wZi cÖfv‡e A‡bK mgq wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ AevwÃZ
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve †`Lv †`q, ci¯ú‡i Cl©vi fve RvMÖZ nq| GiKg Ae¯’vq GB
c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Ki †kÖYx cvV`vb I mvwe©K k„•Ljv wbqš¿Ymn mgg‡bvfve m¤úbœ
cwi‡ek eRvq ivLv KwVb n‡q c‡o|
5. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z `j MV‡bi mgq mvaviYZ †kÖYxi A‡cÿvK…Z fvj wkÿv_©x‡`i
wbe©vPb Kiv nq| Gi d‡j †kÖYxi Ab¨vb¨‡`i g‡a¨ nxbgb¨Zvi fve RvM‡Z cv‡i|
Av‡jvPbvi mgq wkÿK ¯^vfvweK fv‡e fvj‡`i gZvg‡Zi Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡Kb,
KviY ZvivB †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î mwVK gZev`/gZvgZ/Reve w`‡q _v‡K| GB ai‡bi
Ae¯’v me mgq wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq bv|
Dc‡ii G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R Av‡jvPbv c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewji e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx
D‡jøL¨ †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?
94
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

ce©-2 : cÖ`k©b c×wZ (Demonstration Method)


mbvZb c×wZ wn‡m‡e cÖ`k©b c×wZ e¨eüZ nq, Z‡e GiI i‡q‡Q myweav-Amyweav hv
cÖwkÿY MÖnYKvix wkÿK‡K Rvb‡Z nq I wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| cwiKíbv gZ cÖ‡qvRbxq
hš¿cvwZ ev DcKiY e¨envi K‡i nv‡Z-Kj‡g cixÿv-wbixÿvi gva¨‡g ev e¨envwiK fv‡e
†Kv‡bv NUbv A_ev welqe¯‘ wkÿv_x©‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb Kivi c×wZ GwU| cÖ`k©b c×wZ
Ggb cÖwµqv-mswkøó †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv wKQz cÖ`k©b, eY©bvKiY Ges Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM
we`¨gvb|

cÖ`k©b c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewj

1. cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i mn‡hvwMZvq cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY msMÖn ev hš¿cvwZ mw¾Z
Kwi‡q mnRfv‡e cvV`v‡bi welqwU‡K nv‡Z-Kj‡g K‡i †`Lv‡bv Ges cixÿvi mgq
‰ewkó¨c~Y© Askmg~n wkÿv_©xi wbKU e¨vL¨v Kiv, BZ¨vw` GB c×wZi cÖavb ˆewkó¨|
2. cÖ`k©b c×wZ hw`I wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK Z_v mbvZb cvV`vb c×wZi AšÍM©Z GKwU c×wZ
wn‡m‡eB MY¨ n‡q G‡m‡Q Zey, GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿKB Dc¯’vc‡Ki f‚wgKvq AeZxY©
n‡q welqe¯‘ wkÿv_©x‡`i ü`q½g Kiv‡Z m‡Pó _v‡Kb|
3. cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xiv mvaviYZ wbw®Œq †kÖvZv I `k©K (e³…Zv c×wZi gZB)
wn‡m‡e ‡kÖYxK‡ÿ Dcw¯’Z _vK‡jI cvV¨welq Abyaveb Ki‡Z A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk Zrci
nq|
4. GB c×wZi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv †h Ávb AvniY K‡i Zv ev¯Íe|

cÖ`k©b c×wZi myweav/Dc‡hvwMZv

mbvZb c×wZi AšÍM©Z nIqv m‡Ë¡I GwU wb¤œwjwLZ myweavw` I Dc‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ wkÿv`vb
†ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq -
K) cÖ`k©b c×wZ GKwU mwµq c×wZ we‡kl -- hw`I GB mwµqZv wkÿ‡Ki †ejvq hZUv
wkÿv_©xi †ejvq ZZUv cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|
L) wkÿv_©xiv GB c×wZi gva¨‡g wKQzUv n‡jI ev¯Íe AwfÁZv mÂq Kivi my‡hvM cvq;
†Kbbv GB c×wZ‡Z †gŠwLK wee„wZi cvkvcvwk DcKi‡Yi e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Av‡jvP¨
welq RxešÍ K‡i wkïi mvg‡b Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv nq| ZvB, GB c×wZi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_©x †h Ávb AvniY K‡i Zv ev¯Íe e‡U|
M) †h me we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©xi msL¨vbycv‡Z hš¿cvwZ I DcKi‡Yi Afve †mLv‡b GB
cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z A‡cÿvK…Z ¯^í msL¨K hš¿cvwZ I wk‡ÿvcKiY e¨envi K‡i ‡ewk
msL¨K wkÿv_©x‡K wkÿv †`qv hvq|

95
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

N) cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU A½cÖZ¨½ mwµq †i‡L cvV¨/AwaZe¨ welq

Abyave‡b m‡Pó n‡Z nq| KviY GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Ki wee„wZ kÖeY Bw›`ªq mRvM †i‡L
†kvbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq, `k©b Bw›`ªq mRvM †i‡L cÖ`wk©Z DcKiY †`Lv‡Z nq Ges
wkÿ‡Ki wee„wZ I iƒc‡Ki g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡`i gb‡KI ivL‡Z nq
m‡PZb I mwµq|
O) wkÿv_©x‡`i Av‡iv mwµq Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK cÖvmw½K Kv‡R Zv‡`i mnvqZv wb‡Z cv‡ib|
†hgb- hš¿cvwZ mvRv‡Z, ai‡Z, DcKiY GwM‡q w`‡Z cÖ‡qvRbgZ wZwb wb‡Ri
Z`viwK‡Z fvj I eyw×gvb wkÿv_©x‡`i Øviv †QvU-LvU I mnR cÖ`k©‡bi e¨e¯’vI Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| Zv‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ AskMÖnY I wKQz Kivi GKUv AvZ¥Z…wß Av‡m Ges
Zviv wkL‡b DrmvwnZ nq|
P) me‡P‡q eo fvj w`K GB †h, cÖ`k©b c×wZ wkÿv_©xi g‡b wkÿvi welqe¯‘i GKUv ¯’vqx
Avmb cÖwZwôZ K‡i| wkÿv_©x wkÿvi welqe¯‘ m¤^‡Ü Ávb Avni‡Yi mgq wkÿ‡Ki
wee„wZ I cÖ`wk©Z DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ GKUv †hvMm~Î †`L‡Z cvq, ZvB Zvi g‡b †m GKUv
¯’vqx AwfÁZvi Rb¥ w`‡Z mÿg nq|
Q) mvaviY wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ GwU GKwU Kvh©Ki c×wZ|
R) mevi AskMÖnY I Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z _v‡K|
cÖ`k©b c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v
DcwiDwjøwLZ GZme ¸Yvewj m‡Ë¡I cÖ`k©b c×wZ †`vl-ÎæwU †_‡K m¤ú~Y© gy³ _vK‡Z
cv‡i wb|
1. mbvZb c×wZ ev wkÿK-†Kw›`ªK c×wZi ÎæwU GLv‡b †_‡KB hvq, †Kbbv GLv‡b
wkÿ‡Ki mwµqZv AwaK|
2. hw` wkÿv-DcKiY AcÖZzj nq Z‡e GB c×wZ myôzfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ Kiv AwaKvsk
†ÿ‡ÎB m¤¢e nq bv|
3. Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wkÿvcÖwZôv‡b ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB cÖ‡Z¨K †kÖYx‡Z wecyj msL¨K wkÿv_©x
_v‡K e‡j cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb mgm¨v n‡q I‡V| wkÿ‡Ki GKvav‡i †gŠwLK
wee„wZ, DcKiY e¨envi Ges †kÖYx k„•Ljvi cÖwZ mRvM `„wó -- GB wZb `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Kiv myKwVb n‡q I‡V|
4. wkÿv_©xi wbR nv‡Z KvR Kivi my‡hvM GLv‡b †bB, ZvB cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xiv
†Zgb e¨envwiK `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
5. GLv‡b wkÿ‡Ki h‡_ó `ÿZv I cÖ¯‘wZi cÖ‡qvRb, hvi my‡hvM me mgq Zvui _v‡K bv|
6. cÖ‡kœvËi, Av‡jvPbv I cixÿv Kv‡R mnvqZv `v‡b ïay †gavex wkÿv_©xivB GwM‡q Av‡m,
d‡j mvaviY wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZ `„wó Gwo‡q hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
Dc‡ii G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R cÖ`k©Y c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewji e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx D‡jøL¨
†hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib?

96
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb-9

g~j wkLbxq welq

Av‡jvPbv c×wZ I cÖ`k©b c×wZ

AvaywbK c×wZ¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg `ywU c×wZ Av‡jvPbv I cÖ`k©b c×wZ -- G‡K Ac‡ii
 m¤ú~iK we‡kl| cwiKíbv gvwdK cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j GB Dfq c×wZ‡ZB wkÿK I
wkÿv_©x DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡ib| Av‡jvPbv I cÖ`k©b c×wZi ‰ewkó¨ kbv³ K‡i ZvB we‡kl
†KŠkj m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nIqv cÖwkÿYv_©x I Kvh©iZ wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K| †`Lv hv‡e,
wkÿ‡Ki gvbwmK-cÖ¯‘wZ/c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ `yB †ÿ‡ÎB cÖK…Z mnvqK|

Av‡jvPbv c×wZ
GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i mn‡hvwMZvq †Kv‡bv we‡kl mgm¨v ev welq m¤ú‡K© wkÿK
Avjvc K‡ib| c×wZwU GiKg †h, wkÿK †kªYxK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi welqwU Av‡jvPbv K‡i
w`‡q †mLvb †_‡K †QvU-‡QvU cÖkœ K‡ib Ges Ggwb fv‡eB, wkÿv_©xivI Ask MÖnY
K‡i|
c×wZi Kjv-‡KŠkj wel‡q wkÿK mswÿß e³…Zvq, cÖkœ-Dˇii gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i
Kv‡Q Zv Dc¯’vcb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
wkÿK wkÿv_©xi cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi mgvavb Luy‡R †ei Kiv nq|
KL‡bv-KL‡bv wkÿv_©xiv GKB-D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q ci¯úi Av‡jvPbv I fve
wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nq|
wkÿv_©xiv K‡qKwU `‡j wef³ n‡q Av‡jvPbvq Ask †bq| Z‡e †Lqvj ivL‡Z nq †hb
cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x Av‡jvPbvq Ask MÖnY K‡i|

⁰ Av‡jvPbv c×wZi cÖavb myweav n‡jv ‡h, GUv g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z c×wZ|
⁰ GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍv kw³i ù‚iY nq, wkÿY A‡bKvs‡k wkÿv_©xi cÖ‡Póvi
gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq|
⁰ G‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i wbR¯^ gZvgZ `v‡bi my‡hvM N‡U Ges wb‡Ri †Póvq †h‡nZz
ÁvbvR©b Kiv, †m‡nZz Zv ¯’vqx nq|
⁰ mvgvwRK eÜzZ¡myjf cwi‡ek m„wói d‡j mvgvwRK ¸Y weKv‡k mnvqZv N‡U|

97
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

⁰ Av‡jPbvi mgq wb‡R‡`i †KŠkj wn‡m‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i wKQz wbqg M‡o I‡V, Ges Zv
Abymi‡Yi d‡j †kÖYxK‡ÿ k„•Ljv iÿvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K AwZwi³ wKQz Ki‡Z nq
bv, †kÖYxK‡ÿi k„•Ljv Avcbv †_‡KB iwÿZ nq|

 Av‡jvPbv c×wZi cÖavb Amyweav n‡jv : wb¤œ †gavi wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ GB c×wZ
djcÖm~ bq, D”P †gavi Rb¨ GB c×wZ cÖ‡hvR¨|
 wkÿYxq me welqB GB c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e bq| nv‡Z-Kj‡g wkÿvi my‡hvM
G‡Z Kg|
 msL¨vwaK wkÿv_©xi †ejvq GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e bq| wkÿv_©x‡`i dvuwK †`qvi
m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
 †kÖYxK‡ÿ eivÏK…Z mxwgZ mgq GB c×wZi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq|
 Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xiv cÖ‡ÿvwfK Abyf‚wZ‡K wgwk‡q †d‡j; Zvi
weiæ×vPiY Ki‡j Zviv ÿzä nq, wkÿv †ÿ‡Î †cÖlYv M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i bv --
GB cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿Y Kiv mnR bq|
 `‡ji g‡a¨ e¨w³MZ Cl©v, Ang mËvi cÖfve A_ev nxbgb¨Zv ev D”Pgb¨Zvi
d‡j g~j wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i|

cÖ`k©b c×wZ
cÖ`k©b c×wZi g~j K_v welqe¯‘ m¤ú©wKZ Dc¯’vcb I cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g †kªYxK‡ÿ
wkÿv_©©x‡`i welqe¯‘ m¤^‡Ü mwVK aviYv †`qvi †Póv Kiv| G‡Z wkÿKB Dc¯’vc‡Ki
f‚wgKvq welqe¯‘ wkÿv_©x‡`i ü`q½g Kiv‡Z m‡Pó _v‡Kb|
DcKiY cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Kiv nq e‡j welqe¯‘ m¤^‡Ü
wkÿv_x©iv Lye mn‡RB ¯úó I mwVK aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK wel‡qB welqe¯‘
cÖ`k©b c×wZi gva¨‡g wkÿv`vb Kiv hvq (mwµq c×wZ, we‡kl K‡i wkÿv_©xi
†ejvq)|
GB c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿK‡K fvjfv‡e cvVc~e© cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z nq| cvV-
mswkøó DcKiY ˆZwi I msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| cvV Dc¯’vcb Kivi mgq cÖvmw½K I mswkøó
DcKiY cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z nq|
cÖ`wk©Z DcKiY mwVK I cÖvmw½K bv n‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ fyj aviYv m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
GB c×wZi h_v_© e¨env‡ii Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki cÖPzi kªg cwiKíbv I cv‡Vi c~e© cÖ¯ÍywZ
cÖ‡qvRb|

98
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

⁰ cÖ`k©b c×wZi cÖ_g myweav GB †h, ev¯Ze aviYv jv‡fi gva¨‡g wkLb cÖwµqv
Kvh©Ki nq|
⁰ A‡cÿvK…Z ¯^í msL¨K hš¿cvwZ I wk‡ÿvcKiY e¨envi K‡i A‡bK wkÿv_©x‡K
wkÿv ‡`qv hvq|
⁰ wkÿv_©xiv wKQzUv n‡jI ev¯Ze AwfÁZv jv‡fi my‡hvM cvq|
⁰ mvaviY wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ cÖ`k©b c×wZ GKwU Kvh©Ki c×wZ|
⁰ mevi AskMÖnY I Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z _v‡K|
⁰ cÖ`k©b c×wZi me‡P‡q fvj w`K n‡jv : wkÿv_©xi g‡b Gi Øviv wkÿvi welqe¯‘i
GKUv ¯’vqx Avmb cÖwZwôZ nq|

 cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wbR nv‡Z KvR Kiv hvq bv e‡j wkÿv_©xiv †Zgb e¨envwiK
`ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 DcKiYmg~n mwVK I cÖvmw½K bv n‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ fzj aviYvi m„wó n‡Z
cv‡i|
 wkÿv_©xi msL¨v AwaK n‡j mKj‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv‡bv Ges mgq ¯^íZvi Rb¨ cvV
mgvß Kiv KwVb nq|
 GB c×wZ Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z †M‡j, wkÿ‡Ki c‡ÿ GKvav‡i wZb iKg `vwqZ¡
cvjb Kiv myKwVb n‡q I‡V|

 g~j¨vqb:

1. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Ki Abym„Ze¨ Kjv‡KŠkj ms‡ÿ‡c ZvwjKvK…Z Kiæb|

2. Av‡jPbv c×wZi cÖavb cÖavb myweav-Amyweavmg~n mswÿßvKv‡i D‡jøL Kiæb|
3. wkÿv_©x‡K Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z Drmvne¨ÄKfv‡e m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ Kx Kx Kiv
‡h‡Z cv‡i ?
4. cÖ`k©b c×wZ †Kv_vq mdj Ges †Kv_vq bq ?
5. cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wkÿK‡K †Kvb w`KUvq me‡P‡q †ewk hZœevb n‡Z nq ?
6. GB Awa‡ek‡b Dc¯’vwcZ †Kvb c×wZwU Avcbvi Kv‡Q me w`K †_‡K Dc‡hvMx
g‡b nq? †Kb?

99
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

m¤¢ve¨ DËi

ce©-1
1. Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z e³…Zv †kvbvi GK‡N‡qwg †_‡K †invB cvIqv hvq|
2. wkÿv_©xi mwµq AskMÖnY N‡U e‡j Zvi wb‡Ri Drmvn e„w× cvq|
3. Av‡jvPbv I fve wewbg‡qi Kvi‡Y wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ cÖ‡Yv`b N‡U|
4. 35/40 wgwbU mg‡qi g‡a¨ GB c×wZ‡Z †kªYxi KvR †kl nq bv|

ce©-2
1. ev¯Íe, Aa©ev¯Íe, e¯‘, g‡Wj, Qwe, PvU©, WvqvMÖvg, gvbwPÎ, BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g cÖ`k©b
c×wZ Kvh©Ki nq|
2. cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wkÿK‡K m`v Awfwb‡ewkZ _vK‡Z n‡e, Ges wkÿv_©x‡K cÖwZwU
cÖ`k©b, Z_¨ I hyw³ ZvrÿwYKfv‡e ch©‡eÿY I Abyaveb Kwi‡q Z`byhvqx mvov
†c‡Z n‡e|
3. ch©vß I Dchy³ cÖ`k©b DcKiY bv cvIqv †M‡j wkÿK weKí e¨e¯’v wPšÍv Ki‡Z
cv‡ib, †hgb - iƒc‡Ki AvkÖq †bqv ev wbQK aviYvg~jK cÖm½ w`‡q †evSvevi †Póv
Kiv|
4. cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wkÿv`vb Ki‡Z n‡j we`¨vj‡qi Av`k© cwiw¯’wZ I k„•Ljv eRvq
_vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
5. G‡Z mgqI GKUv we‡eP¨ welq|

100
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb -10

Av‡ivnx I Ae‡ivnx Ges MvVwbK c×wZ : ˆewkó¨, myweav I

Amyweavmg~n
GB wZb c×wZi wewfbœZv _vK‡jI mbvZb c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ G¸‡jv Ab¨Zg| ˆewkó¨ I
cÖ‡qv‡Mi w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡j wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ GB c×wZ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Av‡Q| Kvh©KvwiZv †hgbB †nvK cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡a wkÿ‡Ki AvswkK ev c~Y©v½fv‡e GB GK ev
GKvwaK c×wZi hyMcr e¨envi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| †k‡liwUi e¨envi hw`I cÖvq-
cwiZ¨v³, wKš‘ evwK `y‡Uvi e¨envi I Kvh©KvwiZvi c‡ÿ hyw³ Av‡Q|
GB BDwb‡U Avcwb ‡m m¤ú‡K© GKUv msnZ cÖm¤¢vi †c‡Z cv‡ib|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 Av‡ivnx c×wZi ‰ewkó¨ kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges Gi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü
mg¨K aviYv jv‡f mg_© n‡e|
 Ae‡ivnx c×wZi ‰ewkó¨ kbv³ Kivi cvkvcvwk Gi m‡½ Av‡ivnx c×wZi cv_©K¨
Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges GB c×wZi e¨envi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e, †mB
mv‡_ Gi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv †R‡b wb‡Z cvi‡e|
 MvVwbK c×wZ †Kb GKwU cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡q G‡m‡Q ‡m m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|

ce©mg~n
 ce©-1 : Av‡ivnx c×wZ (Inductive Method)
D`vniY ch©‡eÿY I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g m~Î ev msÁv MVb Ki‡Z nq Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z|
Rvbv †_‡K ARvbv, g~Z© †_‡K weg~Z, mnR †_‡K KwVb, we‡kl †_‡K mvaviY m‡Z¨ DcbxZ
nIqv, D`vniY †_‡K m~Î MVb Kiv‡K Av‡ivn c×wZ ejv nq| evsjv e¨vKiY cvV`v‡b GB
c×wZ AwaK djcÖm~| GB Kvi‡Y, GB c×wZ m¤ú‡K© evsjv wkÿK‡K we‡kl fv‡e AeMZ
nIqvi civgk© †`qv hvq|
KZ¸‡jv D`vniY fv‡jv fv‡e cixÿv K‡i †m¸‡jv †_‡K hw` hyw³i mvn‡h¨ †Kv‡bv wm×v‡šÍ
DcbxZ nIqv hvq ev m~Î MVb Kiv hvq Z‡eB Av‡ivnx c×wZ Kvh©Ki nq -- †Kbvbv GB
c×wZi g~j K_vB †Zv ÔD`vniY †_‡K m~ÎÕ| wkÿv_©xi mvg‡b KZ¸‡jv D`vniY Zz‡j ai‡j
Zviv †m¸‡jv‡K wePvi we‡kølY K‡i wbR¯^ wPšÍv I hyw³-web¨vm ÿgZv Øviv ¯^vfvweK c‡_
m~Î ev wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQ‡e|

101
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

†hgb- m~Î gyL¯’ bv K‡i ÔÔc`Ó †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿK cvuPwU wfbœ ai‡bi dzj w`‡q ˆZwi
GKwU †Zvov †kªYxK‡ÿ cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib D`vniY ¯^iƒc| GKwU K‡i dzj †Zvov †_‡K
Ly‡j bvg ej‡Z cv‡ib| †Mvjvc Mvu`v, Pv‡gjx, MÜivR, wjwj BZ¨vw` cÖwZwU GK-GKwU
wfbœ dzj| ev‡K¨i AšÍM©Z cÖwZwU kã‡K †Zgwb ejv hvq GK-GKwU c` A_ev ev‡K¨i
AšÍM©Z cÖwZwU kã‡K c` e‡j| Gfv‡e m~Î MVb Kiv hvq|

Av‡ivnx c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewj

1. GB cÖwµqvq wkÿv_©xiv GKw`‡K †hgb wbw®Œq †kÖvZv n‡q e‡m _v‡K bv, Ab¨w`‡K
†Zgwb eywׇK Kv‡R jvwM‡q GKUv bZzb ZË¡ I Z_¨ D`NvU‡bi Avb›` jvf K‡i|
2. †Kv‡bv me©Rbxb mZ¨ ev mvaviY m~Î wbY©‡qi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv we‡kl `„óv‡šÍi mnvqZvq
Zvi mZ¨Zv hvPvB Kiv nq|
3. Av‡ivnx c×wZi Abygvb cixÿv cÖm~Z|
4. Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z cÖvß mvaviY wm×všÍ‡K me mgq P‚ovšÍ e‡j a‡i †bqv hvq bv| Z‡e
†m¸‡jv mwVK nevi m¤¢vebv †ewk|
5. Av‡ivnx c×wZ we‡kl fv‡e Kvh©Ki MvwYwZK †ÿ‡Î, †Kbbv MwY‡Zi cÖv_wgK iƒcB
n‡jv Av‡ivnx|
6. GwU g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z c×wZ|

Av‡ivnx c×wZi myweav

K) Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z †h‡nZz D`vniY †_‡K m~‡Î, mnR †_‡K KwVb, Rvbv †_‡K ARvbvq,
we‡kl mZ¨ †_‡K mvaviY m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nIqv hvq †m‡nZz mvaviY wkÿv_©x‡`i
wkÿv`vb Kiv mnR nq|
L) wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZw`‡bi AwfÁZv m‡½ Ges ev¯Íe NUbvi m‡½ Av‡ivnx c×wZ
mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
M) Av‡ivnx c×wZ ch©‡eÿY, wPšÍb I cixÿ‡Yi Ici cÖwZwóZ|
N) wkÿv_©xiv wbR AwfÁZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Kxfv‡e Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z nq Zv †k‡L Ges
wKQzUv Avwe®‹v‡ii Avb›`I Zviv jvf K‡i|
O) †QvU †QvU AwfÁZv †_‡K m~Î wbg©vY Kiv MwY‡Zi ‡h GKwU cÖavb KvR, Zv GB c×wZ
†_‡K evsjv fvlvi †ÿ‡ÎI mn‡R Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq|
P) Av‡ivnx c×wZ wkÿv_©x‡`i gyw³ †`q -- bv ey‡S gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv, wbivb›` cVb I
evwoi Kv‡Ri Pvc ‡_‡K|
Q) wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍv Kivi Ges AbymÜvb Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i Av‡ivnx c×wZ|

102
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

R) wkÿv_©xiv Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z mwµq _v‡K|

S) Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xiv wb‡Ri eyw×, wPšÍv I wePvi kw³i gva¨‡g wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z
cv‡i|

Av‡ivnx c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v

K) Av‡ivnx c×wZwUi Øviv m~Î MVb Ki‡jB welqwUi cvV †kl n‡q hvq bv| m~Î cÖ‡qvM
K‡i wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡jB wkÿv_©xi g‡b welqwU m¤^‡Ü aviYv `„p nq|
L) MwY‡Zi †ÿ‡Î Av‡ivnx c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi K_v ejv n‡jI Gi e¨envi mxwgZ; evsjvi
†ÿ‡Î eis Ae‡ivn c×wZ A‡bKvs‡k cÖvavb¨ †c‡Z cv‡i|
M) D”P †kªYx‡Z Av‡ivnx c×wZ Kg Kvh©Ki A_ev Kvh©KiB bq| GLv‡b AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask
ev cybive„wËi Rb¨ GK‡N‡qgx I K¬vwšÍ Avmv Am¤¢e bq|
N) eo K_v, mvaviYfv‡e Av‡ivnx c×wZ `xN© I mgqmv‡cÿ|
O) Av‡ivnx c×wZ ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi AmsL¨ mgm¨v mgvav‡b we‡kl mnvqK nq bv|

Dc‡ii G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb Av‡ivnx c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewji e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx D‡jøL¨ †hvM
Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

ce©-2 : Ae‡ivnx c×wZ (Deductive Method)


Ae‡ivnx c×wZ Av‡ivnx c×wZi m¤ú~Y© wecixZ| †Kv‡bv m~‡Îi cÖ‡qvM K‡i †h mZ¨ cvIqv
hvq Zv wba©viY KivB Ae‡ivnx c×wZi g~j K_v| ZvB GB c×wZ‡Z GKwU mvaviY Z_¨‡K
¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q we‡kl we‡kl †ÿ‡Îi mZ¨Zv cÖgvY Kiv nq| Avi weg~Z© wm×všÍ †_‡K g~Z©
Z‡_¨ DcbxZ nIqv hvq e‡j GwU Ae‡ivnx c×wZ bv‡g L¨vZ| †hgb- gvbyl gvÎB
giYkxj| iwng GKRb gvbyl| ZvB iwng giYkxj| GiKg ejvi †ÿ‡Î Av‡MB m~ÎwU
MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zvici Dchy³ †ÿ‡Î Zv‡K cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zvi wbf©yjZv m¤^‡Ü wbtm‡›`n
nIqv †M‡Q|

GB c×wZ‡Z Ôm~Î †_‡K D`vni‡YÕ hvIqv hvq e‡j e¨vKi‡Yi †Kv‡bv m~·K wkÿv_©x‡`i
mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡j Zviv Zv AvqË K‡i; Zvici †mwU‡K wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ D`vniY I
`„óv‡šÍi g‡a¨ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zvi wbf©yjZv wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i| m~Î: A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kv‡ii
ci A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kvi _vK‡j Dfq wg‡j Av-Kvi nq, Av-Kvi c~e©e‡Y© hy³ nq| m~‡Îi
cÖ‡qvM : bxj&(A) + AvKvk // A+Av=Av// bxjvKvk|

103
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

GB fv‡e, g~jZ †Kv‡bv wee„wZ †_‡K †mwUi g~je³‡e¨ †cŠuQvi Rb¨ M„nxZ cÖwµqv‡K
Ae‡ivnx c×wZ bv‡g MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Ae‡ivnx c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewj

K) Ae‡ivnx c×wZ wVK Av‡ivnx c×wZi wecixZ c×wZ|
L) GB c×wZi wm×všÍ¸‡jv e¨vKiYkv¯¿ m¤§Z|
M) Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z mvaviY mZ¨ †_‡K we‡kl m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nIqv hvq|
N) Ae‡ivnx c×wZi mZ¨¸‡jv Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z wbiƒwcZ nq|
O) GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK¸‡jv D`vniY ev `„óvšÍ e¨vL¨v ev we‡kølY Ki‡Z nq|
P) e¨envwiK †ÿ‡Î fvlv e¨envi I fvlv e¨env‡ii `ÿZv e„w×i w`K †_‡K Ae‡ivnx c×wZ
LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©; KviY, fvlvi †ÿ‡Î h_vh_ fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Qvov wbQK e¨vKiY-Ávb
Abvek¨K|

Ae‡ivnx c×wZi myweav

1. Ae‡ivnx c×wZwU hyw³m¤§Z I mswÿß Ges `ªæZ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dc‡hvMx| mevB
GB c×wZ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z ¯§iYkw³i e¨envi Acwinvh©| hv‡`i ¯§iYkw³ Kg Zv‡`i
me©`v m~‡Îi ZvwjKv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
3. Av‡ivnx c×wZi m‡½ hy³ n‡j Ae‡ivnx c×wZ wkÿv_©xi gbbkxjZvi weKv‡k
mnvqK nq|
4. Abykxjb I cybiv‡jvPbvi †ÿ‡Î Ae‡ivnx c×wZ Kvh©Kix|
5. Kg eqmx I †gav mvaviY gv‡bi -- Ggb wkÿv_©x‡`i †ÿ‡Î Ae‡ivnx c×wZ
Aej¤^b Ki‡j wkÿY Kvh©Ki nq|
6. Av`k© wkÿvbxwZi Ab¨Zg n‡jv ÔmgMÖ †_‡K AskÕ ; Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z ZvB
AbymiY Kiv nq|
7. Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z A‡cÿvK…Z Kg mg‡q wkÿv`vb Kiv hvq|

104
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

Ae‡ivnx c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v

K) Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z wkÿv`vb g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z bq e‡j ejv n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv GB
c×wZ‡Z wkÿv`v‡bi mgq wkÿv_©xi gyL¯’ we`¨vi cÖwZ cÖeYZv ev †SvuK †`Lv hvq|
L) GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq f‚wgKv Kg e‡j wkÿvMÖn‡Y Zviv †ewk AvMÖn, †KŠZ‚nj
I Drmvn †`Lvq bv| welqwU Zv‡`i Kv‡Q RwUj Ges bximI g‡b nq †ewki fvM
†ÿ‡Î|
M) m~Î wbf©i Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xi †gavi h_vh_ weKvk N‡U bv|
N) wkÿv`v‡bi Ab¨Zg †KŠkj Rvbv †_‡K ARvbvq hvIqv, g~Z© †_‡K weg~‡Z© hvIqv| wKš‘
Gc×wZ‡Z Zv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e D‡cwÿZ| GB c×wZ ZvB wkÿvZ‡Ë¡i cwicš’x|
O) Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i wbR¯^ eyw×, hyw³ I wPšÍvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi †Kv‡bv AeKvk _v‡K
bv| ZvB, GwU g‡bi w`K w`‡q Zv‡`i wbw¯Œq K‡i †Zv‡j Ges Zviv cvVMÖn‡Y Zviv
AvKl©Y †eva K‡i bv|
P) e¨envwiK `ÿZv AR©‡b GB c×wZ mnvqK n‡jI gbbkxjZvi weKv‡k Av‡ivnx c×wZ
ZZUv mnvqK Ges Kvh©Kix bq|

Dc‡ii cÖm¤¢vi Qvov Avcwb wb‡R Av‡ivnx-Ae‡ivnx c×wZi e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx D‡jøL¨
†hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

 ce©-3 : MvVwbK c×wZ (Constructive Teaching Method)

fvlv wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ mbvZb c×wZ e‡j cÖPwjZ|

fvlvi weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î evK¨ MVb Ges fvlv MV‡bi GwU GKwU cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ
wQj| evK¨ MV‡b fvlv Dc¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î mh‡Zœ ch©vqµ‡g GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
wewÿßfv‡e fvlv bv wkwL‡q MVbg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g fvlv †kLv‡bv‡K MvVwbK c×wZ
e‡j|
kã wkwL‡q GKwU k‡ãi wewfbœ e¨envi Ges mij evK¨ wkwL‡q ax‡i ax‡i RwUj evK¨ Ges
†hŠwMK ev‡K¨ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM GB c×wZ‡Z †kLv‡bv nq| G fv‡e MVbg~jK c×wZ fvlv
wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î GKmg‡q h‡_ó Kvh©Ki wQj| fvlv‡K e¨vKiYMZ, D”PviYMZ I †gŠwLK
`ÿZvi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vc‡bi †Póv GB c×wZ‡Z Kiv nq|

105
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

†gŠwL‡Ki PvB‡Z †jLvi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ †ekx cÖ‡hvR¨| fvlvi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ `xN©
†gqv`x c×wZ e‡j AwfwnZ|

cÖwZwU wkÿv_x©i †ÿ‡Î hZœ wb‡q c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i fvlv †kLv‡bv mgq mv‡cÿ e‡j GB
c×wZi cÖPjb eZ©gv‡b †bB ej‡jB P‡j|

MvVwbK c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewj

K) g‡Wwjs (Modelling) : wkÿK RwUj welqmg~n‡K Awfbq K‡i mnRfv‡e Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡eb Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K ‡m welqwU AbyKiY K‡i Dc¯’vc‡bi Dchy³ K‡i M‡o
Zzj‡eb|
L) †KvwPs (Coaching) : wkÿK wkÿv_©xi mej I `ye©j w`K wPwýZ K‡i wkÿv_©xi
wkLbdj AR©‡b mn‡hvwMZvq m`v cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡eb|
M) KvVv‡gvMZ Ges aviYvMZ mnvqZv (Scaffolding and fading) : wkÿv_©x †h me wel‡q
c~Y©v½ aviYv cvq wb ev wb‡Ri †Póvq Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i wb wkÿK †m me wel‡q
mnvqZv Ki‡eb Ges ch©vqµ‡g Zvi mnvqZv Kwg‡q-Kwg‡q GK mgq cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i
†b‡eb|
N) K_vq Dc¯’vcb (Articulation) : G‡K †KD e‡j‡Qb Ôweb¨vmÕ| Gi A_© n‡jv :
wkÿv_©xMY Zv‡`i aviYv, wPšÍv Ges mgvavb¸‡jv‡K myweb¨¯Í fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|
O) cÖwZdjb (Reflection) : wkÿv_©xiv Zv‡`i welqe¯‘i aviYv ev mgvavbmg~n Ab¨vb¨
mncvVx‡`i Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡e|
P) mn‡hvwMZv (Collaboration) : wkÿv_©x Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv
Ki‡eb|
Q) mshyw³ (Connection) : wkÿv_©xi AwR©Z wkLbdj c~e© Ávb ev AwfÁZvi mv‡_ mshyw³
NUv‡e|
R) D‡Ïk¨c~Y©Zv (Goal orientation) : wkÿv_©xiv †Kv‡bv welqe¯‘ wkL‡bi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K©
cwi®‹vi aviYv cv‡e Ges hLbB m¤¢e wkÿv_©x Zvi wkLb cÖwµqvi mv‡_ D‡Ï‡k¨i
ms‡hvM NUv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡e|

106
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

MvVwbK c×wZi myweav

MvVwbK c×wZi myweav m¤ú‡K© Lye †ewk ejvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv; Z‡e mg¨K Dcjwäi c‡ÿ
KwZcq ‰ewk‡ó¨i ZvwjKv Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i :
1. wkÿv_©x †Kw›`ªK wkÿY c×wZ wn‡m‡e MvVwbK c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi welqwU eZ©gv‡b
wkÿv e¨e¯’vq Avwe©f‚Z n‡q‡Q|
2. ch©vqµ‡g I mh‡Zœ GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq e‡j Gi Kvh©dj cÖZ¨ÿ Kivi
my‡hvM _v‡K|
3. wkÿv M‡elK‡`i g‡Z MVbg~jK (constructive) wkÿv`vb c×wZ Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv`vb
c×wZi †P‡q ‡ewk wkÿv_©x †Kw›`ªK|
4. GB c×wZ Abym„Z n‡j wkÿv_©x gy³wPšÍv Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g
AskMÖnY K‡i wkÿv cÖwµqvi mv‡_ wb‡R‡K m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

MvVwbK c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v

K) MvVwbK c×wZi me‡P‡q eo Amyweav n‡jv GwU `xN© †gqv`x c×wZ|
L) cÖwZwU wkÿv_©xi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl hZœ I mgq wb‡q GwU cª‡qvM Ki‡Z nq e‡j mKj wkÿv
cÖwZôv‡bi Ae¯’v I AeKvVv‡gv‡Z GB c×wZ Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i bv|
M) eZ©gvb cÖMwZ Avi cÖhyw³i hy‡M †hLv‡b DbœZZi c×wZ AwaKZi dj-cÖ`vqx wn‡m‡e
mgv`„Z I Abym„Z n‡”Q †mLv‡b MvVwbK c×wZi cÖj¤^b mg_©b I PP©v jvf K‡i bv|
N) MvVwbK c×wZ g~jZ †hLv‡b mbvZb c×wZ iƒ‡c mgwaK cwiwPZ †mLv‡b Ôwkÿv_©x
†Kw›`ªKÕ c×wZ wn‡m‡e wkÿK‡`i Kv‡Q Gi cyivZb I AvaywbK aviYvi mse„Ëvqb
NUv‡bv AvcvZZ weåvwšÍKi g‡b n‡Z cv‡i|
Dc‡i †h¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ ev DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R MvVwbK c×wZi
e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

107
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb-10

g~j wkLbxq welq

Av‡ivnx, Ae‡ivnx I MvVwbK c×wZ

we‡kl we‡ePbvi A‡cÿv iv‡L †h-KqwU wkÿv`vb c×wZ †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GB wZb
 c×wZ‡K GK‡Î †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Av‡ivnx I Ae‡ivnx c×wZ cvi¯úwiKI
e‡U, we‡kl K‡i fvlv wkÿvi c×wZ wn‡m‡e GB Îqx c×wZi GKvwaK c×wZi Kvh©Ki
cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e|
GB wZb c×wZi wewfbœZv _vK‡jI mbvZb c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ G¸‡jv Ab¨Zg| ˆewkó¨
I cÖ‡qv‡Mi w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡j wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ GB c×wZ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡Q|

Av‡ivnx c×wZ
GwUi g~j K_v n‡jv Rvbv †_‡K ARvbv, g~Z© †_‡K weg~Z,© mnR †_‡K KwVb, D`vniY
†_‡K m~Î, we‡kl †_‡K mvaviY g‡Z DcbxZ nIqv| G‡Z D`vniY ch©‡eÿY I
we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g m~Î ev msÁv MVb Ki‡Z nq| GB c×wZ‡Z GKwU cÖgvwYZ m~·K
MÖnY Kiv nq| MvwYwZK †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jI evsjv e¨vKiY cvV`v‡bI GB c×wZ
djcÖm~ n‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniY ch©‡eÿY I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g m~Î ev msÁv MVb Ki‡Z nq Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z
<ÔD`vniY †_‡K m~ÎÕ>| KZ¸‡jv D`vniY fv‡jv fv‡e cixÿv K‡i †m¸‡jv †_‡K
hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv †M‡j ev m~Î MVb Kiv †M‡j Av‡ivnx
c×wZ Kvh©Ki nq|
⁰ G‡Z wkÿv_©x wbw®Œq e‡m bv †_‡K eywׇK Kv‡R jvMvq, bZzb ZË¡ I Z_¨ D˜NvU‡b
Avb›` jvf K‡i|
⁰ GB c×wZi Abygvb cixÿv cÖm~Z|
⁰ me mgq P‚ovšÍ bv n‡jI GB c×wZ‡Z cÖvß wm×všÍ¸‡jvi mwVK nIqvi m¤¢vebv
†ewk|
⁰ Av‡ivnx c×wZ g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z c×wZ e‡U|
⁰ G‡Z mvaviY wkÿv_©x‡`i wkÿv`vb Kiv mnR nq|

108
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

⁰ GB c×wZ ch©‡eÿY, wPšÍb I cixÿ‡Yi Dci cÖwZwôZ weavq Av‡ivnx c×wZ

wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZ w`‡bi AwfÁZv Ges ev¯Íe NUbvi m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
⁰ AwfÁZv †_‡K m~Î wbg©v‡Y, evsjv wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©xiv Avwe®‹v‡ii Avb›`I
jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
⁰ bv ey‡S gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv, wbivb›` cVb I evwoi Kv‡Ri Pvc †_‡K GB c×wZ
wKQzUv ‡invB †`q|

 Av‡ivnx c×wZ Øviv m~Î MVb Ki‡jB †kl n‡q †Mj bv, m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i wewfbœ
mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡jB wkÿv_©xi g‡b welqwU m¤^‡Ü aviYv `„p nq|

D”P †kªYx‡Z Av‡ivnx c×wZ Kg Kvh©Ki A_ev Kvh©KiB bq| †Kbbv, GLv‡b
AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask ev cybive„wËi Rb¨ GK‡N‡qgx I K¬vwšÍ Avmv Am¤¢e bq|

Av‡ivnx c×wZ ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi AmsL¨ mgm¨v mgvav‡b we‡kl mnvqK nq bv|

eo K_v, mvaviY fv‡e Av‡ivnx c×wZ `xN© I mgqmv‡cÿ|

Ae‡ivnx c×wZ
Av‡ivnx c×wZi wecixZ c×wZ GwU| GB c×wZ‡Z m~·K D`vni‡Y cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq
<Ôm~Î †_‡K D`vniYÕ >| G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©iv cÖ_‡g m~Î Rvbvi c‡i D`vniY
Rvb‡e, A_©vr mZ¨ †_‡K we‡kl m‡Z¨ DcbxZ n‡e| GB c×wZ‡Z GKwU cÖgvwYZ
m~·K MÖnY Kiv nq| e¨vKi‡Yi †h †Kvb welq cvV`v‡b Av‡ivnx-Ae‡ivnx c×wZ G‡K
Ac‡ii cwic~iK|
G‡Z GKwU mvaviY Z_¨‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q we‡kl-we‡kl †ÿ‡Îi mZ¨Zv cÖgvY Kiv
nq| weg~Z© wm×všÍ †_‡K g~Z© Z‡_¨ DcbxZ nIqv hvq e‡j GwU Ae‡ivnx c×wZ bv‡g
L¨vZ [wee„wZ †_‡K †mwUi g~je³‡e¨ †cuŠQvi cÖwµqv ]| Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z mvaviY mZ¨
†_‡K we‡kl m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nIqv hvq|

⁰ GB c×wZ hyw³m¤§Z, mswÿß I `ªæZ mgm¨v mgvavb-Dc‡hvMx Ges me©Rb

e¨envi-m¤¢e|
⁰ Kg eqmx I mvaviY-‡gav gv‡bi wkÿv_©x‡`i †ÿ‡Î Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z wkÿY
Kvh©Ki nq|

109
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

⁰ Abykxjb I cybiv‡jvPbvi †ÿ‡Î Ae‡ivnx c×wZ Kvh©Kix|

⁰ Av`k© wkÿv bxwZi Ab¨Zg ÔmgMÖ †_‡K AskÕ -- GB c×wZ‡ZB Abym„Z|
⁰ Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z A‡cÿvK…Z Kg mg‡q wkÿv`vb Kiv hvq|

 Ae‡ivnx c×wZ Abymi‡Y gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv/‡SvuK †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i, ZvB
Awf‡hvM n‡jv : GwU g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z bq|
 m~Îwbf©i e‡j G‡Z †gavi h_vh_ weKvk bv-I n‡Z cv‡i|
 wkÿv_©xi mwµq f‚wgKv Kg e‡j AvMÖn/‡KŠZ‚nj I Drmvn Kg _v‡K, wkÿYxq
welq RwUj Ges bxim g‡b n‡Z cv‡i|
 wkÿv_©xi eyw×, hyw³ I wPšÍvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi AeKvk _v‡K bv e‡j Zviv wbw®Œq Ges cvV
MÖn‡Y AbvMÖnx nq|
 gbbkxjZvi weKv‡k Av‡ivnx c×wZ ZZUv mnvqK Ges Kvh©Kix bq|

MvVwbK c×wZ
mbvZb c×wZ we‡kl| hw`I eZ©gvb wkÿv e¨e¯’vq Gi wfbœ cÖKvi Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q,
wKš‘ e¨envi I Kvh©KvwiZvi w`K †_‡K GwU me©Î I me©e¨cx iƒ‡c Av‡m bv| fvlv
wkÿvi e¨vKiYMZ, D”PviYMZ Z_v †gŠwLK `ÿZvi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e AwšÍ‡g GB Kvh©aviv mgq mv‡cÿ n‡q c‡o| ZvB mxwgZ I
cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡ÎB †Kej MvVwbK c×wZi mdj e¨envi wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ GB
c×wZ G‡Kev‡i cwinvi Kivi mgq GL‡bv Av‡m wb ejv P‡j|
fvlv Dc¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î mh‡Zœ ch©vqµ‡g GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
†gŠwL‡Ki PvB‡Z †jLvi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ †ekx cÖ‡hvR¨| fvlvi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ `xN©
†gqv`x c×wZ e‡j AwfwnZ|
MvVwbK c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewj wn‡m‡e ZvwË¡K fv‡e †h me aviYvi K_v ejv nq †m¸‡jv
n‡jv: g‡Wwjs, †KvwPs, KvVv‡gvMZ Ges aviYvMZ mnvqZv, K_vq Dc¯’vcb, cÖwZdjb,
mn‡hvwMZv, mshyw³ Ges D‡Ïk¨c~Y©Zv|

⁰ GwU wkÿv_©x †Kw›`ªK wkÿY c×wZ|

⁰ MVbg~jK (constructive)|

110
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

⁰ GwU Abym„Z n‡j wkÿv_©x gy³ wPšÍv Ki‡Z cv‡i, wewfbœ ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g Ask wb‡q
wkÿv cÖwZwµqvi mv‡_ wb‡R‡K m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 GwU `xN© †gqv`x c×wZ|
 mKj wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi Ae¯’v I AeKvVv‡gv‡Z GB c×wZ Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i bv|
 cÖMwZi hy‡M DbœZZi c×wZi mvg‡b GwU Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
 Ôwkÿv_©x †Kw›`ªKÕ GB c×wZwU‡K cyivZb I AvaywbK aviYvq mse„Ëvqb NUv‡bv
KwVb|

 g~j¨vqb:
1. Av‡ivnx c×wZ m¤ú‡K© †gŠwjK aviYv wjwce× Kiæb|
2. Ae‡ivnx c×wZ Kx Ges †Kb Gi e¨envi †ewk Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Zv ejyb|
3. Av‡ivnx Ges Ae‡ivnx c×wZi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK mswÿß wee„wZ Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|
4. e¨vKiY cvV`v‡b †Kvb c×wZ AwaK djcÖm~ Ges †Kb? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|
5. MvVwbK c×wZi g~j aviYvwU e¨³ K‡i ejyb †Kb GwUi e¨vcK e¨envi mxwgZ n‡q
c‡o|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©-1 :
1. wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b hLb wKQz D`vniY Zz‡j aiv n‡e, Zviv D`vniY¸‡jv‡K hLb wePvi
we‡kølY K‡i m~‡Î ev wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQ‡Z PvB‡e ZLb wkÿK‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb
ÔD`vniY †_‡K m~ÎÕ GB cÖPjb Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i|
2. G‡ÿ‡Î D`vniY I `„óvšÍ¸‡jv mywbe©vwPZ n‡Z n‡e|
3. `„óvšÍ¸‡jv wkÿv_©x‡`i AwfÁZvi fvÛvi †_‡KB msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. ZK©weÁv‡bi `„wó‡Z GB c×wZ PgrKvifv‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡Z cv‡i|
5. e¨vKiY ev evsjv D”PviY wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av‡ivnx c×wZ ‡ek Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i :
†hgb-

111
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

†jLv n‡”Q A+wZ=AwZ, wKš‘ D”PvwiZ n‡”Q IÕwZ| †Zgwb g+ay= gay, D”PvwiZ nq bv
g&Aay, eis nq gÕay| GKB fv‡e hÕ`y | GLvb †_‡K m~ÎwU cvIqv hvq : B-Kvi ev D-
Kvi c‡i _vK‡j Av‡Mi ¯^iaŸwbwU GKUz mse„Z/†MvjvKvi D”PvwiZ n‡e|

ce©-2 :
1. eyw× cÖ‡qv‡MiI my‡hvM _v‡K bv e‡j ïay Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z hw` wkÿv_x© cvV MÖnY K‡i
Z‡e Zvi cÖwZfvi m„wókxjZv‡K †m Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i bv|
2. evsjv, we‡kl K‡i e¨vKiY wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av‡ivnx-Ae‡ivnx `yB c×wZiB
cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv, Dfq c×wZ‡K ejv n‡q‡Q ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK|
3. m~Î wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Ae‡ivnx c×wZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡j fvj nq|

ce©-3 :
1. evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ev‡K¨i MVb I evK¨w¯’Z Dcv`vb GB c×wZi Abymi‡Y
AwaKZi ¯úófv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q Dc¯’vc‡bi my‡hvM Av‡Q|
2. k‡ãi MVb-cÖK…wZ, avZy I cÖZ¨q †hv‡M k‡ãi iƒc‡K e¨vL¨vi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ GKwU
Dchy³ nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|
3. Ggb wK Aÿ‡ii MVbI MvVwbK c×wZ‡Z my›`i fv‡e cÖ`wk©Z n‡Z cv‡i †hgbwU
AvaywbK fvlvweÁvbxiv evsjv fvlvi cÖK…wZ Zz‡j aivq e¨envi K‡ib|

112
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ
BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb -11

f‚wgKvwfbq I gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ :

ˆewkó¨, myweav I Amyweavmg~n

mbvZb c×wZi evB‡i †hme c×wZ ‡kÖYx wkÿv`v‡b we‡ePbv I Kvh©Kifv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq
Zvi g‡a¨ f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZ Ges gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ we‡kl `„wó jv‡fi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L|
wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K †kªYxK‡ÿ Kg©Zrci †i‡L wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î ZvB GB `yB c×wZi h‡_ó
e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| GB `yB c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M wkÿv_©xiv welqe¯‘ mswkøó mgm¨v mgvav‡b
we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM †`q Ges cv‡V mwµq _v‡K| d‡j cvV¨ welq mn‡R cÖwZfvZ nq Ges
cÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZv AR©bI m¤¢e nq|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZi ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv jvf Ki‡e Ges †kÖYx K‡ÿ Kx-wel‡q
Kx-fv‡e GB c×wZi mdj cÖ‡qvM K‡i me©vwaK mydj cvIqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i, ‡m m¤ú‡K©
wb‡Ri wPšÍv-‡PZbv‡K msnZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi ˆewkó¨ kbv³ Kiv|
 gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi e¨envi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Kiv| †kªYxK‡ÿ gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ
e¨env‡ii myweav I Amyweavmg~n wPwýZ Kiv|
( GB `yB c×wZi ˆewkó¨vewj m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
( c×wZ `ywUi myweav-Amyweav †R‡b evsjv wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î f‚wgKvwfbq I gv_v LvUv‡bv
c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© wbR¯^ cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

ce©mg~n
ce©-1 : f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZ (Role-playing method)

†kÖYx cVb-cvVbvi GK‡N‡qwg `~i K‡i ‰ewPΨ Avbvi Rb¨ A‡bK Kvj Av‡M †_‡KB bvbv
c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv n‡Zv; ZviB GKwU f‚wgKvwfbq (Role-playing)| G‡Z g~jZ cvV¨
welq‡K bvUK AvKv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g cov‡kvbvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| evsjv

113
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

wel‡q mvwn‡Z¨i †Kv‡bv we‡kl PwiÎ BZ¨vw` Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ GB c×wZi mdj cÖ‡qvM
Kiv hvq| †h‡nZz wkïiv AbyKiY wcÖq ZvB GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M wkÿv_©xiv Avb›` I
¯^Ztù‚Z©Zvi mv‡_ cvV¨ welq‡K MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| wkï‡`i Giƒc AvMÖn‡K wkLb-Kv‡R
cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j fvj djI cvIqv hvq, Avi f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZI Gw`K †_‡KB Kvh©Ki n‡q
I‡V|

wkÿYxq welq‡K bvU‡Ki AvKv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i w`‡q Awfbq Kwi‡q mydj
jv‡fi Rb¨, AvaywbK hy‡M wewfbœ †`‡ki wkÿvwe`MY f‚wgKvwfb‡qi gva¨‡g wkÿv`v‡bi
c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib Ges ¯^Zš¿ c×wZ wn‡m‡e GwU‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`b|

f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewj

K) †kÖYx cvVbvi ˆewPΨgq dj †c‡Z cvV`vb c×wZi MZvbyMwZK cÖ‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ GB
f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZ cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡i|
L) f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZ‡Z †kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿv_©xiv AvšÍwiK I ¯^Ztù‚Z©Zvi m‡½ Ges mwµq
fv‡e cVb-cvV‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|
M) f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZ‡Z KwíZ welq Ges AZxZ NUbv‡K ev¯Í‡ei gZ wkÿv_©xi Kv‡Q
cÖZ¨ÿ-†MvPi K‡i †Zvjv hvq|
N) mvaviY †kªYx cv‡V GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgq i½gÂ, †cvlvK-cwi”Q`, `„k¨cU BZ¨vw`
msMÖn bv Ki‡jI P‡j|

f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZi myweav

1. f‚wgKv Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© M‡o I‡V|
2. Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g ev¯Íe NUbv ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Abyf‚wZ m„wó nq|
3. f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZ ¯^í e¨‡q Ges mn‡R cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
4. †kÖYxK‡ÿ mKj wkÿv_©x ch©vqµ‡g AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. mn‡RB AskMªnYKvix‡`i DØy× Kiv hvq|

f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v

1. f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZ‡Z mgq †ewk cÖ‡qvRb nq|
2. Gwel‡q AwfÁ wkÿ‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq|
3. Dc¯’vcbv I wb‡`©kbv wVKgZ bv n‡j wecixZ dj n‡Z cv‡i|

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4. Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g we‡kl cvV`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡j Awfbq‡KI m¤ú~Y© iƒc w`‡Z
n‡e|
5. evsjv wel‡qi mKj LuywUbvwU cvV¨-wel‡qi †ÿ‡Î Dchy³ Aven I cwi‡ek me
wkÿvcÖwZôv‡b bv-I cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Dc‡i ‡h¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ ev DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZi
e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

ce©-2 : gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ (Brain Storming Method)


wkÿY m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv Kivi
my‡hvM m„wó K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ wPšÍbg~jK GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| wkLb‡K Kvh©Kix
Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q wewfbœ RwUj mgm¨v Dc¯’vcb Kivi gva¨‡g, Zv‡`i‡K
gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ‡Z †kÖYx‡Z Kg©Zrci ivL‡Z cv‡ib|

GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xiv gy³fv‡e wPšÍv Kivi my‡hvM cvq Ges wkÿKI Zvui Kg© I wkÿY
cÖwµqvi µg-AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© mywPšÍ‡bi my‡hvM cvb| AskMÖnYKvixMYI ci¯ú‡ii wbKU
†_‡K AwfÁZvi wewbgq NUv‡Z cv‡i|

gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi ‰ewkó¨vewj

K) GwU †kÖYx cvV`v‡bi Ggb c×wZ hv‡Z †kÖYx‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K e¨w³MZ ev `jxqfv‡e
welqe¯‘ mswkøó †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Mfxifv‡e wPšÍvfvebv K‡i mgvavb Luy‡R
†ei Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i|
L) gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ‡Z K¬v‡ki me wkÿv_©x‡K mw¤§wjZfv‡e †Kv‡bv we‡kl mgm¨v
m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kivi my‡hvM †`qv nq| wkÿK B‡”Q Ki‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K GKwU
myweavRbK Dcv‡q K‡qKwU †QvU `‡j wef³ K‡iI GB c×wZ cª‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
M) cv‡Vi wba©vwiZ welqe¯‘‡K K‡qKwU ‡QvU †QvU mgm¨vq web¨¯Í K‡i cÖwZwU `j‡K c„_K
c„_K mgm¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| c‡i, `jwfwËK mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK cÖ‡qvRbxq
wb‡`©kbv †`b| mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wbw`©ó mgqI eivÏ Ki‡Z nq|
N) wkÿv_©xiv `jxqfv‡e cÖvß mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i Zv †kªYx‡K `jxqfv‡eB Dc¯’vcb K‡i
_v‡K|

115
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi myweavewj

1. mgMÖ †kÖYx‡Z GKB mg‡q GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
2. G‡Z RwUj mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Kvh©Kix c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nq|
3. mKj wkÿv_©x AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. Aí mg‡q AwaK dj cvIqv hvq|
5. cvi¯úwiK AwfÁZv wewbg‡qi my‡hvM cvIqv hvq|
6. AskMÖnYKvix wkÿv_©x‡`i wPÿvkw³ I AwfÁZv m¤ú‡K© wkÿ‡Ki aviYv ¯úó nq
Ges †m Av‡jv‡K wZwb cvV`vb Kg©m~wP †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡ib|
7. wkÿK wkÿv_©xi cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv mnR, my›`i I ¯úó nq Ges wkÿv_©xiv
†kªYxcv‡V AwaK cÖvYešÍ _v‡K|
8. †kªYxi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mg‡qi cwic~Y© e¨envi wbwðZ nq|
9. wbR¯^ wPšÍvkw³ I eyw×gËv cÖ‡qvM K‡i mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z nq e‡j wkÿv_©xiv
mve©ÿwYK m„wókxj wPšÍvq D¾xweZ _v‡K|
10. wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve m„wó nq|

gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v

K) gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ‡Z Av‡jvPbv A‡bK mgq wbw`©ó wel‡qi evB‡i P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i|
L) wbw`©ó mg‡q mgm¨vi mgvavb I Av‡jvPbv A‡bK mgqB †kl Kiv hvq bv|
M) welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv bv _vK‡j mKj ‡ÿ‡Î Avkvbyiƒc djvdjI cvIqv hvq
bv|
N) AskMÖnYKvixi msL¨v AwaK n‡j wek„•Ljv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
O) wkÿv_©x‡`i gZvgZ msiÿ‡Y cÖwkÿK‡K h‡_ó mwµq n‡Z nq hv‡Z †Kv‡bv gZvgZ
ev` bv c‡o|

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 evsjv wkÿY- 1

gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi Dcvq/‡KŠkj

1. cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i KL‡bv e¨w³MZ Ges KL‡bv `jMZfv‡e GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kivi
‡KŠkj MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
2. welqe¯‘ mswkøó mgm¨v‡K K‡qKwU As‡k Aek¨B c„_K K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
3. cÖwZwU `‡ji Rb¨ c„_K c„_K mgm¨v wbe©vPb I wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. wkÿv_©x‡`i ‡_‡K cÖvß mKj gZvgZ‡K cÖv_wgK fv‡e evQvB K‡i wb‡j fvj nq|
5. cÖvß-Z_¨ hv‡Z P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q evQvB‡qi mgq ev` bv c‡o †mRb¨ mevi e³e¨ wjwce×
K‡i wbw`©ó dvB‡j ivL‡Z cvi‡j Av‡iv fvj nq|
6. †KD fyj e³e¨ w`‡j Zv‡K Dcnvm Kiv wVK bq|
7. `jxq wPšÍv-fvebv Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †cv÷vi/B‡¯Ínvi RvZxq wKQz e¨envi Kiv hvq|
GiKg n‡j GK `‡ji wPwýZ mgvavb m¤^wjZ †cv÷vi Ab¨`‡ji wkÿv_©x‡`i ‡`Lv‡bv
DwPZ| [cÖvß †cv÷vi BZ¨vw` †`qv‡j Uvwb‡q ev B‡Rj RvZxq †Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z ¯’vcb
K‡i `jwfwËK Dc¯’vc‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv hvq|]
8. `yB c„_K `‡ji gZvgZ‡K (wfbœZv _vK‡jI) wgwj‡q mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c‡_ `ªæZ
†cŠuQvi †Póv wkÿK‡K Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. m‡e©vcwi, wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

Dc‡i ‡h¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ ev DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R gv_v LvUv‡bv
c×wZi e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

117
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb-11
g~j wkLbxq welq

f~wgKvwfbq I gv_v LvUv‡bv

mbvZb c×wZi evB‡i, wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K †kÖYxK‡ÿ Kg©Zrci †i‡L wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î, GB

 `yB c×wZi Kvh©Ki fv‡e cÖ‡qvM NUv‡bv hvq| GB `yB c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M wkÿv_©xi g‡bv‡hvM
w`‡q cv‡V mwµq ivLv hvq e‡j c×wZ `ywU we‡kl `„wó jv‡fi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L|

f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZ
f~wgKvwfbq c×wZ g~jZ we‡kl Kvh©Ki †hLv‡b cÖZ¨ÿKi‡Yi Rb¨ wkÿK Awfbq
†KŠk‡ji Avkªq †bb| Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K wel‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvi
†Póv| wkÿv_©x‡K †K›`ª K‡iB mvgwMÖK wkÿv e¨e¯’v cwiPvwjZ, Kv‡RB wkÿv`vb cÖwµqvI
wkÿv_©x‡K †K›`ª K‡iB GLv‡b cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| cvV`v‡bi welqe¯‘‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU
AvKl©Yxq I ü`qMÖvnx K‡i †Zvjv GB f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZi cðvr †KŠkj we‡kl|
evsjv wel‡q mvwn‡Z¨i †Kv‡bv we‡kl PwiÎ BZ¨vw` Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ GB c×wZi mdj
cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
⁰ cvV`v‡bi MZvbyMwZKZvi g‡a¨ ˆewP‡Î¨i gva¨‡g fvj dj †c‡Z GwU Dc‡hvMx|
⁰ cÖavbZ wkïiv AbyKiY wcÖq e‡j Zviv GB c×wZ‡Z Avb›` I ¯^Ztù‚Z©Zvi m‡½ cvV¨
welq‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi Øviv Giƒc AvMÖn‡K wkLb-Kv‡R cÖ‡qv‡M fvj dj
cvIqv hvq|
⁰ wkÿv`vb I wkL‡b ‰ewPΨ Avbvi Rb¨ f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZ‡Z KwíZ welq Ges AZxZ
NUbv‡K ev¯Í‡ei gZ wkÿv_©xi Kv‡Q cÖZ¨ÿ-†MvPi K‡i †Zvjv hvq|
⁰ G‡Z mvaviY †kÖYxcv‡V cy‡ivcywi bvU¨m¾vi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| ZvB ¯^íe¨‡q Ges
mn‡R GwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
⁰ Gi Øviv AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mn‡RB DØy× Kiv hvq|

 †kÖYx‡K mK‡j ch©vqµ‡g AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡jI AwšÍ‡g G‡Z mgq †ewk jv‡M|
 Dc¯’vcbv I wb‡`©kbv wVKgZ bv n‡j wecixZ dj n‡Z cv‡i, ZvB Gwel‡q AwfÁ
wkÿK AZ¨vek¨K|
 evsjv wel‡qi wkÿv`v‡b me©Î Gi Rb¨ Dchy³ Aven I cwi‡ek mnRjf¨ bq|

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 evsjv wkÿY- 1

gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ

wkÿY m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wkÿv_©x wb‡R‡`i‡K Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv
Kivi my‡hvM I Abykxjb m„wó K‡i †`qvi Rb¨B wPšÍbg~jK Õ‡eªb ÷wg©sÕ ev gv_v LvUv‡bv
c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| GB c×wZ‡Z mswkøó †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Mfxi fv‡e
wPšÍvfvebv K‡i mgvavb Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K wkÿK DØy× K‡ib| Gfv‡e
wkLb‡K Kvh©Kix Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q wewfbœ RwUj mgm¨v Dc¯’vcb Kivi
gva¨‡g, Zv‡`i‡K gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ‡Z, †kÖYx‡Z Kg©Zrci ivL‡Z cv‡ib|

G‡Z K‡i wkÿv_©xiv welqe¯‘ mswkøó mgm¨v mgvav‡b we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM †`q Ges cv‡V,
wPšÍvq I aviY ÿgZvq mwµq _v‡K| GB c×wZi mdj cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ †ek wKQz †KŠkj
Aej¤^‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡Q|
⁰ G‡Z wkÿv_©xiv gy³fv‡e wPšÍv Kivi my‡hvM cvq, wkÿKI Zvui Kg© I wkÿY cÖwµqvi
µg-AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© mywPšÍ‡bi my‡hvM cvb| AskMÖnYKvixMYI ci¯ú‡ii wbKU †_‡K
AwfÁZvi wewbgq NUv‡Z cv‡i|
⁰ GwU wkÿv_©x‡`i e¨w³MZ ev `jxqfv‡e welq ev mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Mfxi wPšÍvq mgvavb
†ei Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i|
⁰ mgMÖ †kªYx‡Z, GKB mg‡q, mK‡ji AskMÖnY m¤¢e-- ZvB GB c×wZ‡Z Aí mg‡q
AwaK dj cvIqv hvq|
⁰ G‡Z cvi¯úwiK AwfÁZv wewbg‡qi my‡hvM cvIqv hvq [wkÿK I wkÿv_©x Dfq
c‡ÿiB]|
⁰ wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍvkw³ I AwfÁZv m¤ú‡K© wkÿK aviYv jvf K‡i cvV`vb Kg©m~wP †e‡Q
wb‡Z cv‡ib|
⁰ eivÏK…Z mg‡qi cwic~Y© e¨envi wbwðZ nq I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve M‡o D‡V|
 GB c×wZ‡Z Av‡jvPbv wel‡qi evB‡i P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i|
 mywbw`©ó mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ †kl bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
 mKj †ÿ‡ÎB, wewea Kvi‡Y Avkvbyiƒc dj bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
 wkÿv_©xi msL¨vwa‡K¨ wek„•Ljvi gZ mgm¨v ‡`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
☼ gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi Kvh©Ki cÖ‡qv‡M wKQz †KŠkj †bqv hvq; †hgb - m¤úv`¨ welq‡K
I †kÖYx-m`m¨‡`i‡K K‡qKwU As‡k fvM Kiv I cÖ‡Z¨K fv‡M c„_K-c„_K mgm¨v
wbe©vPb Kiv, wkÿv_©x‡`i gZvgZ‡K hvPvB-evQvB K‡i mywe‡ePbvq mKj gZ‡K Zz‡j
aiv, fzj e³e¨‡K Dcnvm bv Kiv, c„_K `‡ji wfbœZv‡K wgwj‡q mgvavb †ei Kiv
Ges wbw`©ó mg‡q mgvavb I wkLb Kvh© mgvß Kiv|

119
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

 g~j¨vqb:
1. f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZi †gŠwjK w`K¸‡jv ms‡ÿ‡c wjwce× Kiæb|
2. f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZi myweav-Amyweav Zz‡j a‡i †`Lvb †h, Gi †Kvb w`KwU AwaK
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
3. gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi PgrKvwiZ¡ ev AvaywbK wkÿv`vb †ÿ‡Î Gi cÖavb-cÖavb AvKl©Y
†Kv_vq ?
4. gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ wkÿvMÖnY Kv‡j I DËiKv‡j Kxfv‡e Kv‡R jvM‡Z cv‡i ?
5. Dfq c×wZi c„_K-c„_K cÖ‡qvM ev hyMcr cÖ‡qv‡Mi m¤¢vebv m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi mywPwšÍZ
AwfgZ/`„wófw½ Zz‡j aiæb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©-1
K) Ab¨vb¨ c×wZi e¨env‡i †hLv‡b GK‡N‡qwg Avm‡Z cv‡i †mLv‡b †ÿÎ we‡k‡l
f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZi cÖ‡qvM wkÿv_©x I wkÿK Df‡qi Rb¨ ‰ewPΨ I cÖ‡qvM
Kvh©KvwiZv Avb‡Z cv‡i|
L) wkïiv AbyKiY wcÖq e‡j GB ˆewkó¨wU Kv‡R jvwM‡qB Zv‡`i w`‡q ¯^wkÿvi Kg©wU
m¤úv`b Kiv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
M) f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZi gva¨‡g A‡bK weg~Z© wKQy‡K mv_©K fv‡e †kLv‡bv hvq, d‡j wkLb
Kvh©µg ¯’vqx nq Ges gyL¯’ Kivi cÖeYZv K‡g Av‡m|
N) wkÿv-AwZwi³ mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡eI GB f‚wgKvwfbq c×wZ
mnvqK f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|

ce©-2
1. gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ AwfÁZvq mg„× AskMÖnYKvixMY ci¯ú‡ii wbKU †_‡K
AwfÁZvi wewbgq NUv‡Z cv‡i Ges †m Av‡jv‡K cieZ©x Kv‡j Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi †Kv‡bv
mgm¨vi myôy mgvavbK‡í cÖwZôv‡bi mvwe©K bxwZgvjv cÖYq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|
2. GB c×wZ‡Z bxwZwba©viKMY RvZxq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ msMÖn
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. Av`k© wkÿv-cwi‡ek I mnvqK Kg©aviv wkÿvcÖwZôv‡b bv _vK‡j gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ
Kvh©Ki Kiv‡bv mnR n‡e bv|
4. wkÿK‡K ch©vß my‡hvM I cvwievwiK-mvgvwRK-A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv w`‡Z n‡e|

120
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

5. mnwkÿvg~jK wkÿv cÖwZôvb A_ev ïay evjK we`¨vj‡qi/evwjKv we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ

cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ewY©Z-†KŠk‡ji ZvrÿwYK I Dc‡hvMx e¨e¯’vqb wkÿK‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡Z
cv‡i|

121
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb - 12

mgm¨v mgvavb I gvBÛ g¨vwcs : ˆewkó¨, myweav I Amyweavmg~n

cÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZv †_‡K wkÿvjv‡fi †KŠkj-Abyl½ wn‡m‡e GB `yB c×wZi e¨envi AvaywbK
wkÿYweÁvb (Pedagogical) PP©vq M„nxZ| G `ywU g~jZ g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z c×wZ| Z‡e
wØZxqwU cÖK…Zc‡ÿ cÖ_gwUi Dc-c×wZ wn‡m‡eB we‡ewPZ nIqv DwPZ| AwaZe¨ welq I
Z`&m¤¢~Z Ávb‡K †hŠw³K KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ G‡b wkLb‡K AwaKZi djcÖm~ Kivi †KŠkj
wn‡m‡e GB `yB c×wZ h‡_ó mnvqK n‡q _v‡K| wkÿK hw` evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i †ÿ‡Î
G `y‡qi mdj iƒcvqb NUv‡Z Pvb Z‡e Zvu‡K GB Awa‡ek‡bi mKj LuywUbvwU mgxÿY
Ki‡Z n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 mgm¨v mgvavbg~jK c×wZ‡Z †h Mfxi wPšÍb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wkLb m¤¢e K‡i
†Zvjv nq Zvi m¦iƒc Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 wkÿv_©x‡K Kx K‡i mwµqfv‡e wkLb Kv‡R AskMÖnY Kwi‡q wkÿv`vb‡K mdj Kiv
hvq Zvi w`kv cv‡e|
 GB `yB †KŠk‡ji ‰ewkó¨, myweav I Amyweavmg~n m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 Dfq ‡ÿ‡Î †hŠw³K mgvav‡b DcbxZ nIqvi cÖwµqvi cwiPq cv‡e|

ce©mg~n
 ce©-1 : mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ (Problem Solving Method)
mgm¨v mgvavb †kªYx cvV`v‡bi GKwU ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z †hŠw³K Dcv‡q †Kvb
mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv nq| wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ mgm¨v wbe©vPb Kiv nq Zvi c~e©Ávb I aviYvi
wfwˇZ| Z‡e mgvavb Av‡M †_‡K Zv‡`i Rvbv _v‡K bv| Zviv Zv‡`i e¨w³MZ mvg_©¨
Abyhvqx wewfbœ Dcv‡q mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡i|
mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi g~j K_v n‡jv : welqe¯‘i mgm¨vg~jK Dc¯’vcbv| wkÿK †kÖYxK‡ÿ
Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GKwU AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i mevi Aj‡ÿ¨ GKwU mgm¨v
Zz‡j a‡ib| Zv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e mgm¨v mgvav‡b GwM‡q hvq Ges mgm¨vwU
Abyaveb I mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿ‡Ki mnvqZvq mgm¨vwU GKwU †hŠw³K
mgvav‡bi c‡_ AMÖmi nq| GRb¨B ejv n‡q‡Q: †h cÖwµqvq wkÿK Ges wkÿv_©x

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 evsjv wkÿY- 1

mw¤§wjZfv‡e wbôv I AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ wkÿvg~jK †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z wµqvkxj
nq Zv-B mvaviY A‡_© wkÿvg~jK mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ|

mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi ‰ewkó¨

wkÿv I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ GB c×wZi m„wó n‡q‡Q| wkÿv
wPšÍvwe`MY †`‡L‡Qb †h, e¨w³i AvPiY ev mwµqZv (Activity) Zvi wPšÍ‡bi cÖK…wZ Øviv
wba©vwiZ nq, Avi mgm¨v (Problem), KvR ev mwµqZv (Activity) Ges wPšÍb (Thinking)
ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| Zvuiv †`‡L‡Qb †h, wkÿv wkÿv_©xi mwµqZvi gva¨‡gB msMwVZ nq|
GB me †gŠwjK cÖe³b †_‡K mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi wKQz ˆewkó¨ wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb Gb.Gj.
ewms (N.L.Bossing) :
1. GB c×wZ‡Z cvV¨ welqe¯‘i we‡kl ai‡bi web¨vm (Organisation) cÖ‡qvRb|
2. mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z welqe¯‘i Dc¯’vcb n‡e mgm¨vi AvKv‡i| MZvbyMwZK
c×wZ‡Z welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡b wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb cÖwµqv mwµq nq bv| ZvB
welqe¯‘‡K GKwU cÖK…Z mgm¨vi AvKv‡i Dc¯’vwcZ Ki‡Z nq|
3. mgm¨vi AvKv‡i welqe¯‘‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡jB wkÿY nq bv| mgm¨vwU Ggb nIqv
DwPZ hv wkÿv_©xi gvbwmK Ae¯’v‡K mwµq K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i| <‡Kbbv, mgm¨v
Rxe‡bi AwfÁZvi mv‡_ mshy³ n‡jB †Kej Zv wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµqZv‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e
a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i|>
4. mgm¨vwUi mgvavb wkÿv_©xi gvbwmK ¯Í‡i m¤úbœ nq| A_©vr, †Kv‡bv cÖZ¨ÿ K‡g©i
gva¨‡g mgm¨vi mgvavb bq|
Kv‡RB ejv †h‡Z cv‡i : †h c×wZ‡Z cvV¨ welqe¯‘i cybwe©b¨v‡mi gva¨‡g Zv
cÖK…Z Zvrch©c~Y© mgm¨vi AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv-B n‡e mgm¨v mgvavb
c×wZ|

AbymiYxq
 mgm¨v mgvavb cÖwµqv K‡qKwU wbw`©ó avc AbymiY K‡i AMÖmi nq| †hgb
1. mgm¨v kbv³KiY;
2. mgm¨v we‡kølY;
3. AbywgZ wm×všÍ MÖnY;
4. Z_¨ msMÖn;

123
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

5. Z_¨ we‡kølY;
6. AbywgZ wm×všÍ hvPvB;
7. wm×všÍ MÖnY|

Dch©³
y mvZwU avc mgm¨v mgvavb cÖwµqvq memgq cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ nqbv| Z‡e
mgvav‡bi wPšÍb cÖwµqvq avc mvZwU c‡ivÿfv‡e me©`vB wµqvkxj _v‡K|

e¨eüZ †KŠkj
 †kªYxK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ AZ¨šÍ my‡KŠk‡j e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgb
1. mywbw`©ó mgm¨vg~jK Bmy¨ ˆZwi Kiv|
2. wkÿv_©xi c~e©Ávb I aviYvi wfwˇZ mgm¨v wbe©vPb Kiv|
3. Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx †kªYx cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv|
4. wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K `‡j fvM Kiv|
5. Kv‡Ri my¯úó wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv|
6. wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb cÖwµqvi e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv|
7. `jxq Kv‡R mvgwóK wPšÍvi cÖwZdjb NU‡Q wK-bv †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivLv|
8. mgm¨vi Ô†K›`ª-AwfgyLx I †K›`ª-wegyLxÕ Dfq cÖKvi wPšÍvi mgš^q mvab Kiv|
9. wkÿv_©xi ch©‡eÿY, cixÿY, we‡kølY I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZvi c~Y© cÖ‡qvM
wbwðZ n‡”Q wK-bv †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivLv|
10. cÖ‡qvR‡b mgvav‡bi Bw½Z cÖ`vb Kiv|

mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi myweav

mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi myweavi K_v A‡bK ejv n‡q‡Q; ms‡ÿc Ki‡j †m¸‡jv GB iKg
`vuovq:
K) cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i Rxe‡bB mgm¨v _v‡K Ges †m me mgvav‡bi gva¨‡g Rxe‡bi AMÖMwZi
aviv eRvq ivL‡Z nq e‡j GB c×wZi PP©vi d‡j Zv wkÿv_©xi Rxeb cÖwµqvi m‡½
A½v½xfv‡e wg‡j hvq|
L) GB c×wZi wkÿv_©x‡`i AbyivM m„wó‡Z mÿg nq| KviY G‡Z wkÿv‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i
‰`bw›`b Rxe‡bi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ Kiv nq| wkÿv wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q A_©en n‡q I‡V
e‡j Zv‡`i AbyivM a‡i ivLv m¤¢e nq|

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 evsjv wkÿY- 1

M) GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i †hŠw³K, wPšÍbg~jK I D™¢vebg~jK `ÿZvi

Kvh©Ki weKvk mvwaZ nq| eyw×e„wËK weKvk, ˆeÁvwbK `„wófw½ MVb, wePvi-we‡kølY
ÿgZv, AvšÍte¨w³K wPšÍ‡bi mgš^qmvab -- cÖf„wZ `ÿZvi mylg cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó
K‡i †`q e‡j GB c×wZ‡Z †kªYx cvV`vb AZ¨šÍ djcÖm~ n‡q _v‡K|
N) mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z cvV cwiPvjbv Ki‡j wkÿv_©xiv †Kv‡bv we‡kl wel‡q
¯^vaxbfv‡e wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i, ‡h ÿgZvi weKvk e¨w³ mËvi weKv‡ki GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K| wkÿv †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv hLb mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zv‡`i
wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î ¯^vaxb Ges wbi‡cÿ gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq| ¯^vaxb Ges wbi‡cÿ
gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ÿgZv GB c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ weKwkZ Kiv hvq|
O) mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z hw`I wkÿv_©xiv gvbwmK ch©v‡q mgm¨v mgvavb K‡i, Zv m‡Ë¡I
Zviv ‡kªYxK‡ÿ mwµq f‚wgKv MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| myZivs GB c×wZ‡K ÔmwµqZv wfwËK
c×wZÕ we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| <we‡ePbvq ivLv hvq †h, Kg©g~jK mwµqZv †hgb Rxe‡bi
c‡ÿ Dc‡hvMx, †Zgwb wPšÍbg~jK mwµqZvI Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq|
P) MZvbyMwZK wkÿY c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i ¯§„wZ (Memory)-i Dci me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡
†`qv nq| d‡j wkÿvi cÖ‡qvMg~jK w`‡Ki †P‡q hvwš¿K Ave„wËi DciB †mLv‡b †ewk
¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivwcZ nq| wKš‘ mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xi gvbwmK ÿgZvi Ici
†ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| d‡j wkÿvi welqe¯‘i †evaMg¨Zvi DciB ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc †ewk
nq|
Q) mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb Ki‡j wkÿv_©xiv wewfbœ ai‡bi Ávb cybivwe®‹vi
(Rediscover) K‡i| GLv‡b AbyKiY (Imitation) A‡cÿv m„Rbx¯ú„nvi Ici ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc Kiv nq| d‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q wkÿvg~jK AwfÁZv Avb›``vqK n‡q I‡V,
wkÿvg~jK AwfÁZv AÜ wek¦v‡mi Ici wfwË K‡i M‡o bv D‡V cÖZ¨ÿ hyw³ I wePv‡ii
Av‡jv‡K bZzb Zvrch© jvf K‡i|
R) GB c×wZ wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ bvbv iKg mvgvwRK ‰ewk‡ó¨i weKvk NUvq| Zviv A‡b¨i
gZvgZ‡K mn¨ Ki‡Z †k‡L, A‡b¨i gZvgZ‡K ‡hvM¨ gh©v`v w`‡Z ‡k‡L| ZvQvov
wkÿv_©xiv cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq KvR K‡i e‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ bvbv ai‡bi mvgvwRK
cÖe„wËiI weKvk N‡U|

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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v

mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi myweavi K_v †hgb A‡bK wkÿvwe` e‡j‡Qb †Zgwb Zvi Amyweavi
K_vI A‡b‡K e‡j‡Qb| †hgb -
K) mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z welqe¯‘i avivevwnKZv me mgq eRvq ivLv m¤¢e nq bv|
KviY cvV¨µ‡gi mg¯Í Ask¸‡jv‡K mgm¨vi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq bv|
L) A‡bK wkÿvwe` g‡b K‡ib mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z cvV cwiPvjbv Ki‡j wkÿv_©xi my¯’
cvVvf¨vm (Reading habit) M‡o I‡V bv| mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ‡hUzKz Ask `iKvi
Zv-B Zviv c‡o, Ab¨ Ask c‡o bv| d‡j Zv‡`i cv‡Vi Af¨vm bó n‡q hvq|
M) mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z cvV cwiPvjbv Ki‡j A‡bK mgq †`Lv †M‡Q wkÿv_©xiv
welqe¯‘i Ávb A‡cÿv mgm¨vi mgvavbwUi Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q; d‡j wkÿvi cÖK…Z
D‡Ïk¨ e¨enZ nq|
N) A‡bK wkÿvwe` g‡b K‡ib : mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi m‡½ MZvbyMwZK wkÿY c×wZi
we‡kl †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| GLv‡b †h mwµqZvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q †mB mwµqZv
wkÿv_©x‡`i AbyivM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, wkÿv_©xiv nv‡Z-Kj‡g KvR Ki‡Z
†ewk fvjev‡m| GB c×wZ‡Z Zvi we‡kl †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB| wkÿv GLv‡b Kg©wfwËK
bq|
O) GB c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb †hgb †ewk mgq e¨q nq †Zgwb wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨
Sv‡gjvI †ewk|
P) mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ `ÿZvi mv‡_ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i †`‡k †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ
wkÿ‡Ki Afve i‡q‡Q|
R) wb‡Pi †kªYxi wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ Dc‡hvMx bq|
Dc‡i ‡h¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ ev DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R mgm¨v mgvavb
c×wZi e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

 ce©-2 : gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZ (Mind Maping Method)

c×wZi ¯^iƒc : AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µ‡gi AšÍf©y³ mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi

GKwU Dc-c×wZ n‡”Q gvBÛ g¨vwcs| Z_¨we‡k¦i Ávb‡K GKwU †hŠw³K KvVv‡gvq G‡b
wkÿv_©x‡`i aviYvq A_©c~Y©fv‡e mÂvjb NUv‡Z GB c×wZ Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|

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 evsjv wkÿY- 1

mvaviYZ GKwU aviYvi mv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv Dc-aviYv RwoZ _v‡K| GB Dc-aviYv¸‡jvi

†hŠw³K web¨vm Ges Kvh©KviY m¤úK©B g~j aviYv‡K my¯úó K‡i e¨vL¨v K‡i _v‡K| gvBÛ
g¨vwcs c×wZ‡Z aviYv-Dc-aviYvi GB †hŠw³K KvVv‡gvB we‡køwlZ n‡q _v‡K| GB Kv‡R
wkÿK cwiKíbv ˆZwi K‡ib Ges w`K-wb‡`©kbv †`b Avi wkÿv_©xiv mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi
gva¨‡g aviYv-KvVv‡gv wewbg©vY K‡i|

†`Lv hvq, gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZI wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK GKwU c×wZ e‡U| GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xiv
GKKfv‡e, †Rvovq A_ev `jxqfv‡eI KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Zv wbf©i Ki‡e wkÿ‡Ki
cwiKíbvi Dci|

gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZi ‰ewkó¨

1. GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i AwZgvÎvq NwbôZi mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi my‡hvM
_v‡K| ZvB, wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb `ÿZv ev‡o;
2. G‡Z Kg©ZrciZvq mwµq AskMÖnY ev‡o;
3. gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xi aviYv-KvVv‡gv ˆZwi nq;
4. wkÿv_©xi eû-Bw›`ª‡qi e¨envi nq;
5. wkÿv_©x‡`i mvgvwRK `ÿZv ev‡o;
6. wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve m„wó nq;
7. wkLb cÖwµqvq Zv‡`i AšÍ`„©wó Rv‡M I mvgwMÖK wkLb nq|

e¨envi †KŠkj: GB c×wZi e¨envi †KŠk‡j wKQzUv ˆewPΨ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖavbZ
`jMZfv‡e GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| e¨envi †KŠkj wel‡q wkÿK‡K wbgœewY©Z avivµg
AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|
1. mgm¨v wPwýZ Kiv / mgm¨vi Ask wbe©vPb Kiv|
2. mgm¨vi mv‡_ RwoZ Z_¨¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv jvf Kiv|
3. wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K `‡j fvM Kiv|
4. cÖwZ `‡j GKB KvR A_ev wfbœ wfbœ KvR †`Iqv|
5. `jxq KvR †kªYx‡Z Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjL‡Z ejv|
6. KvR Pjv Ae¯’vq wkÿv_©x‡K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
7. `jxq Kv‡Ri KvVv‡gve× iƒc †kªYx‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv|

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D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq- †Kv‡bv GKwU KweZvi mvivsk ˆZwi Ki‡Z wkÿK KweZv Ave„wË I
KweZvi welq‡Kw›`ªK wgwb †jKPvi †`evi ci, wkÿv_©x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ KweZv †_‡K wKQz
Zvrch©gwÛZ kã wbe©vPb K‡i †ev‡W© wj‡L w`‡Z cv‡ib Ges H k㸇jvi wfwˇZ KweZvi
welqe¯‘/g~jfve/mvivsk wjL‡Z w`‡Z cv‡ib| G †ÿ‡Î †ev‡W© wjwLZ H k㸇jv
wkÿv_©x‡`i aviYvi RM‡Z KweZvwU m¤ú‡K© GKwU KvVv‡gv ˆZwi Ki‡e Ges k㸇jvi
AvšÍtm¤úK© wePvi we‡køl‡Yi ga¨w`‡q wkÿv_©xiv hLb KweZvi welqe¯‘ wewbg©vY Ki‡e
ZLb Zv‡`i c~e©eZ©x aviYvi g‡a¨ my¯úóZv Avm‡e Ges wkLb A_©c~Y© n‡e|

DcwiD³ †KŠkj¸‡jvi m‡½ Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK wb‡Pi mnvqK Bw½Z¸‡jvi e¨envi Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
1. gvBÛ g¨v‡ci Z_¨¸‡jv wjL‡Z wewfbœ i‡Oi Kvwji/P‡Ki e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
2. gvBÛ g¨v‡c †Kej Z_¨g~jK e„Ë bq eis Gi e`‡j †iLv, bKkv, WvqvMÖvg, e„ÿ,
gvKo gvbwPÎ, wkKj gvbwPÎ cÖf„wZ KvVv‡gvI e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
3. `vM †U‡b Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î Z‡_¨i mv‡_ Z‡_¨i m¤ú‡K©i welqwU‡K AwaK
¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z nq|
4. GKwU ev‡K¨i g~j kãwU‡K Z_¨ wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
5. Z_¨ wn‡m‡e †Kej kã wbe©vPb KivB †kªq, evK¨ ev evK¨vsk bq|
6. gvBÛ g¨vc ˆZwi Ki‡Z †`qvi Av‡M wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K GB wel‡q my¯úó Ges my‡eva¨
wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z n‡e|
7. `‡j KvR w`‡j mvgwóK wPšÍvi cÖwZdjb NU‡Q wK-bv †mw`‡K ‡Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
8. cÖwZ `‡j GKB KvR A_ev wfbœ wfbœ KvR †`Iqv hvq|
9. gvBÛ g¨vc ˆZwi †Kej wba©vwiZ Text (Aby‡”Q`) Gi Av‡jv‡KB bq eis Text
e¨ZxZ †h-‡Kvb mgm¨vg~jK Bm~¨‡K †K›`ª K‡iI (gy³ wPšÍvi cÖwZdj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨)
†`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i|

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 evsjv wkÿY- 1

gvBÛ g¨vwcs-Gi bgybv

cÖ_g KiYxq : Av‡eM m„wó
eø¨vK‡ev‡W© Lye `ªæZ wbgœewY©Z QKwU Gu‡K/†cv÷vi †ccv‡i †`wL‡q wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K G wel‡q
(Kx g‡b n‡”Q?) fve‡Z ejv hvq, Ges Zvici 2/3 Rb‡K †gŠwLK fv‡e Zv‡`i fvebv
e¨³ Ki‡Z ej‡Z cv‡ib wkÿK :

wØZxq av‡c KiYxq : GKRb Kwei cwiwPwZg~jK GKwU Aby‡”Q` cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i g‡bv‡hvM
w`‡q co‡Z ejv hvq †h, wkÿv_©xiv †Rvovq wPšÍv K‡i Gi wb‡P DwjøwLZ dvuKv QKwU Kwe
cwiwPwZg~jK †hŠw³K Z_¨ w`‡q c~iY KiæK|
Z…Zxq av‡c : wkÿK †ev‡W© Z_¨mg~‡ni wbgœewY©Z web¨v‡m djveZ©b †`‡eb Ges
cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i‡K Zv‡`i †jLv Z‡_¨i mv‡_ wgwj‡q wb‡Z ej‡eb|
Kwe cwiwPwZ : gnv‡`e mvnv 1944 mv‡j wmivRMÄ †Rjvi avbNiv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
wZwb †ckvq mvsevw`K wQ‡jb (ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I c~e©‡`k)| wZwb GKRb AvaywbK Kwe|
FRy evYxfw½ Ges kã Pq‡b AbycÖv‡mi mv_©K e¨env‡iB Zvi AvaywbKZvi cwiPq †g‡j|
Zvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’ ÔAvb‡›`i g„Zz¨ †bBÕ, Ôgvbe G‡mwQ Kv‡QÕ, ÔUvcyi Uzcyi †g‡Ni `ycyiÕ
cÖf„wZ| Avb‡›`i g„Zz¨ †bB MÖ‡š’i Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi †c‡q‡Qb|

129
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[Dc‡i ewY©Z AskUzKz c‡o †Rvovq wPšÍv K‡i wb‡Pi Q‡K Z_¨mg~n web¨¯Í Ki‡Z n‡e]
gvBÛ g¨vwcs

avbNiv

Uvcyi Uzcyi wmivRMÄ

†g‡Ni
gvbe G‡mwQ 1944
Kv‡Q

gnv‡`e ˆ`wbK
mvnv mvsevw`K B‡ËdvK

Avb‡›`i g„Zz¨ AvaywbK

†bB Kwe
FRy
evsjv evYxfw½
GKv‡Wwg kã
Pqb
AbycÖvm

gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZi myweav

1. wkÿ‡Ki cwikªg Kg nq,
2. wkLb `ªæZ nq,
3. Kg©Z…wß Av‡m,
4. djcÖm~ mgvav‡b DcbxZ nIqv hvq|
gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v
1. wkÿv_©xi msL¨v †ewk n‡j GB c×wZ fvj fv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq bv|
2. G‡Z duvwKi cÖeYZv m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i wbweo Kg©ZrciZv eRvq bv ivL‡Z
cvi‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i dvuwKi cÖeYZv ev‡o|
3. †bZ…‡Z¡i †Kv›`j GB c×wZ‡Z nIqvi m¤¢vebv †_‡K hvq|
4. GB c×wZ‡Z mgq †ewk jv‡M Ges c×wZi ev¯Íevqb e¨eqeûjI e‡U|

Dc‡i †h¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ ev DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZi
e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

130
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb-12
g~j wkLbxq welq

mgm¨v mgvavb I gvBÛ g¨vwcs

mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ

†kªYx cvV`v‡bi GKwU ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ| c×wZwUi g~j K_v n‡jv : welqe¯‘i mgm¨vg~jK
 Dc¯’vcbv| Mfxi wPšÍb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g G‡Z wkLb m¤¢e K‡i †Zvjv nq|
GB c×wZ‡Z †hŠw³K Dcv‡q †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv nq| wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ mgm¨v wbe©vPb
Kiv nq Zvi c~e©Ávb I aviYvi wfwˇZ| Z‡e mgvavb Av‡M †_‡K Zv‡`i Rvbv _v‡K bv|
Zviv Zv‡`i e¨w³MZ mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx wewfbœ Dcv‡q mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡i| mgm¨v mgvavb
cÖwµqv GKwU wbw`©ó avc AbymiY K‡i AMÖmi nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿ‡Ki mnvqZvq mgm¨vwU
GKwU †hŠw³K mgvav‡b AMÖmi nq| Z‡e mgvav‡bi wPšÍb cÖwµqvq me KÕwU avc
c‡ivÿfv‡e me©`vB wµqvkxj _v‡K|
wkÿv I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ GB c×wZi m„wó| †kªYxK‡ÿ
cvV`v‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI Gi Rb¨ K‡qKwU avc Ges e¨eüZ †KŠkj mwVK AbymiYx Ki‡Z nq|
GB c×wZ AZ¨šÍ my‡KŠk‡j e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| welqe¯‘i Dc¯’vcb n‡e mgm¨vi AvKv‡i
-- A_©vr cvV¨ welqe¯‘i cybwe©b¨v‡mi gva¨‡g Zv cÖK…Z Zvrch©c~Y© mgm¨vi AvKv‡i
Dc¯’vcb|
Gme we‡ePbv‡ZB ejv nq †h, †h-cÖwµqvq wkÿK Ges wkÿv_©x mw¤§wjZfv‡e wbôv I
AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ wkÿvg~jK †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z wµqvkxj nq Zv-B mvaviY A‡_©
wkÿvg~jK mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ|
⁰ GB c×wZi PP©vi d‡j wkÿv_©xi Rxeb cÖwµqvi m‡½ A½v½xfv‡e wg‡j hvq|
⁰ wkÿv_©xi wewfbœ `ÿZvi mylg cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i †`q e‡j GB c×wZ‡Z †kªYx
cvV`vb AZ¨šÍ djcÖm~ n‡q _v‡K| ¯^vaxb Ges wbi‡cÿ gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ÿgZv GB
c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ weKwkZ Kiv hvq|
⁰ GB c×wZ‡K ÔmwµqZv wfwËK c×wZÕ we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| GLv‡b wkÿvi welqe¯‘i
†evaMg¨Zvi DciB ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc †ewk nq|
⁰ G‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q wkÿvg~jK AwfÁZv Avb›``vqK n‡q I‡V| wkÿvg~jK AwfÁZv
cÖZ¨ÿ hyw³ I wePv‡ii Av‡jv‡K bZzb Zvrch© jvf K‡i|
⁰ GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xiv A‡b¨i gZvgZ‡K ‡hvM¨ gh©v`v w`‡Z ‡k‡L, cvi¯úwiK
mn‡hvwMZvq KvR K‡i e‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ bvbv ai‡bi mvgvwRK cÖe„wËiI weKvk N‡U|

131
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

 mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z cvV¨µ‡gi mg¯Í Ask¸‡jv‡K mgm¨vi gva¨‡gB Dc¯’vcb Kiv
hvq bv e‡j welqe¯‘i avivevwnKZvI me mgq eRvq ivLv m¤¢e nq bv|
 A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, G‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i cvVvf¨vm bó n‡q hvq Ges nv‡Z-Kj‡g KvR Ki‡Z
†ewk fvjev‡m e‡j G‡Z wkÿvi cÖwZ AbyivM m„wó n‡Z cv‡i bv|
 g‡b Kiv nq : GB c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb †hgb †ewk mgq e¨q nq †Zgwb wewfbœ Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Sv‡gjvI †ewk|
 wb‡Pi †kªYxi wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ Dc‡hvMx bq|

gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZ

GwU g~jZ AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µ‡gi AšÍf©y³ mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi GKwU
Dc-c×wZ we‡kl| wkÿvjä aviYv‡K mswÿß i~‡c `„wóMÖvn¨ K‡i †Zvjvi GKwU mnR c×wZ
n‡”Q Mind Mapping. wPšÍvi msiÿY I cieZx© ch©v‡q Zvi `„wóMÖvn¨ KvVv‡gve× cÖwZdjbB
n‡”Q Mind Map. Mind Map KvVv‡gvwU Z_¨wfwËK n‡q _v‡K Ges GKwU Z‡_¨i mv‡_ Ab¨
Z‡_¨i m¤ú‡K©i we‡ePbvqB Z_¨-KvVv‡gvwU wbwg©Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î g~j aviYvwU‡K e„ËvKv‡i
†K›`ª-we›`y‡Z †i‡L Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Ab¨ Z_¨mg~n Pvicv‡k Qwo‡q wQwU‡q †jLv nq Ges
†iLv †U‡b Z_¨-m¤ú‡K©i †hvMm~Î eySv‡bv nq|

GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿK cwiKíbv ˆZwi K‡ib, w`K-wb‡`©kbv †`b Avi wkÿv_©xiv mwµq
AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g aviYv-KvVv‡gv wewbg©vY K‡i Ges wkÿv_©xiv GKKfv‡e, †Rvovq A_ev
`jxqfv‡eI KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Zv wbf©i Ki‡e wkÿ‡Ki cwiKíbvi Dci|

 GB c×wZi ‰ewkó¨ eûgvwÎK; †hgb - wkÿv_©xi NwbôZi mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi
my‡hvM, Kg©ZrciZvq mwµq AskMÖnY e„w×, wkÿv_©xi aviYv-KvVv‡gv ˆZwi I eû-Bw›`ª‡qi
e¨envi, Zv‡`i mvgvwRK `ÿZv e„w×i gva¨‡g mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve m„wó I wkLb cÖwµqvq
Zv‡`i AšÍ`„©wói RvMi‡Yi m‡½ mvgwMÖK wkLb N‡U|
 GB c×wZi we‡kl e¨envi †KŠkj Av‡Q hv‡Z wkÿK avivµg AbymiY K‡i Kv‡Ri
KvVv‡gve× iƒc †kªYx‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
 †KŠk‡ji m‡½ Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK wKQz mnvqK Bw½Z e¨envi K‡ib, wZwb Text-Gi
Av‡jv‡K Zvui ÔAwfôÕ wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡ib ÔgvBÛ g¨vcÕ|

132
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

 gvBÛ g¨vc ˆZwi †Kej wba©vwiZ Text (Aby‡”Q`) Gi Av‡jv‡KB bq eis Text e¨ZxZ
†h-‡Kvb mgm¨vg~jK Bm~¨‡K †K›`ª K‡iI (gy³ wPšÍvi cÖwZdj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨) †`Iqv †h‡Z
cv‡i|

⁰ GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Ki cwikÖg Kg nq, wkLb `ªæZ nq, wkÿv_©x I wkÿK Df‡qi
K‡g©B Z…wß Av‡m Ges djcÖm~ mgvav‡b DcbxZ nIqv hvq|

 AwaK wkÿv_©x GB c×wZi Ab¨Zg Amyweav|

 wkÿv_©x‡`i dvuwKi cÖeYZv _v‡K|
 G‡Z †bZ…‡Z¡i †Kv›`j n‡Z cv‡i|
 c×wZwU Abymi‡Y mgq †ewk jv‡M Ges ev¯ÍevqbI e¨qevûj¨|

 g~j¨vqb:
1. mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi cÖavb ¸iæZ¡ †Kv_vq ?
2. mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ wK fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i mKj †ÿ‡Î e¨envi †hvM¨ ? Avcbvi
e³‡e¨i c‡ÿ hyw³ I D`vniY w`b|
3. gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZ‡Z Kvi f‚wgKv KZUzKz? wkÿ‡Ki †ewk bv Kg? wkÿv_©xi
jvfvjvf †Kgb ?
4. gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZ wK GKwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© c×wZ ? GwUi cÖavb mswkøóZv †Kv_vq ?
5. DcwiD³ `yB c×wZi GKwU †hŠw³K I mswÿß Zzjbv wjwce× Kiæb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©-1 :
1. wkÿv wkÿv_©xi mwµqZvi gva¨‡g msMwVZ nq, ZvB GB c×wZ Kvh©Ki nIqvi
c‡ÿ hyw³ Av‡Q|
2. AvaywbK hy‡M mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi w`‡K beZi `„wófw½ cÖvavb¨ †c‡jI g‡b nq
A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB mgm¨v mgvavb Kv‡R GB c×wZ e¨eüZ n‡q _vK‡e|
3. e¨w³ Rxe‡b †h †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b-Ae¯’vB fvimvg¨ bó Ki‡j mgm¨vi m„wó nq, Ges
G iKgwU bv n‡j mgvav‡bi mywPšÍbI N‡U bv, Avi gvbylI bZzb †KŠk‡ji D™¢veb
NUvq bv| Gfv‡eB wPšÍ‡bi g~j n‡jv mgm¨v, Zvi mgvav‡bB ¯^wkÿv m¤úbœ n‡Z
cv‡i|

133
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

4. wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ wkÿvg~jK mwµqZv m„wó nq mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡j; ZvB wkÿv I
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ, mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZv
†_‡KB wkÿv nq|

ce©-2 :
1. gvBÛ g¨vwcs n‡”Q mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ hvi mvnv‡h¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨
m„RbkxjZv M‡o †Zvjv hvq|
2. †kÖYxK‡ÿ †Kv‡b welqe¯‘ mswkøó mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbfv‡e GB gvBÛ
g¨vwcs c×wZ mvnvh¨ K‡i|
3. GB c×wZi gva¨‡g †kÖYx K‡ÿ †ewkifvM wkÿv_©x †kÖYxi wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡g
mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv wkÿv_©x‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i [‡hgb -
wkÿK †ev‡W© GKwU kã wjL‡Z cv‡ib, Zvi mv‡_ A_©‡evaK Ab¨ kã ms‡hvM
Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv_©xiv Drmvn †c‡Z cv‡i|]
5. Ávb‡K GKwU †hŠw³K KvVv‡gvq G‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i wkÿvi w`MšÍ‡K cÖmvwiZ Kiv
hvq|

134
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb-13

GKK, `jxq I †Rvovq KvR : ‰ewkó¨, myweav I Amyweavmg~n

†kªYxK‡ÿ GKK, `jxq I †Rvovq Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj e¨vL¨v KivB GB BDwb‡Ui cÖavb
jÿ¨| G ch©šÍ Dc¯’vwcZ wkÿY c×wZ¸‡jv‡K wfbœ gvwÎK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K cybtch©v‡jvPbv
mv‡c‡ÿ, wgkª-c×wZ wn‡m‡e GB BDwb‡U web¨¯Í Kiv n‡”Q| GKUz jÿ¨ Ki‡jB †`Lv hv‡e
†h, GKK ev `jxq KvR B‡Zvc~‡e©Kvi c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Awew”Qbœ fv‡eB mv½xK…Z n‡q‡Q;
d‡j G¸‡jv wkÿv`vb-cÖwkÿY MÖnYKvix‡`i Kv‡Q m¤ú~Y© bZzb wKQz bq| D`vniY ¯^iƒc
ejv hvq : gv_v LvUv‡bv (‡eªb ÷wg©s) c×wZ‡ZB Avm‡j cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x‡K GKK fv‡e
KvR Kiv‡bv nq; Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xB wbR¯^ gZvgZ ‡`q--GUvI GKK
KvR we‡kl, Av‡jvPbv GK ai‡bi `jMZ KvRI e‡U, mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z GKUv
ch©v‡q wkÿK †kÖYxK‡ÿi wkÿv_©x‡`i K‡qKwU `‡j wef³ K‡i `jxq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g
wkÿYxq wel‡qi Abyaveb, Abykxjb Ges wkLb I AvqËKi‡Yi Kvh©Ki my‡hvM K‡i †`b|
c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbvqI G e¨vcviwU N‡U| gvBÛ g¨vwcs c×wZ‡ZI wkÿv_©xiv `jMZ I
NwbôZi mwµq AskMÖnY K‡i|

DcwiD³ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z, GB BDwb‡U wkÿv_©x‡`i AvšÍ-e¨w³K gvbwmK ÿgZv Dbœq‡bi

gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ¯^wkÿY cvi½gZvi DrKl© NwU‡q e„nËi cvi¤ú‡h© wkÿ‡Yi m¤úªmviY
Ges G m¤ú‡K© mij-‰iwLK I wZh©K Kvh©-mgxKi‡Yi c×wZ wee„Z n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 GKK, `jxq I †Rvovq Kv‡Ri ¯^iƒc e¨vL¨v Kiv | GLv‡b Gme Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K©
cybtwPšÍ‡bi w`kv cv‡e|
 GKK, `jxq I †Rvovq Kv‡Ri e¨envi †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv| G¸‡jvi AšÍwb©wnZ ¯^iƒc
m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 GKK, `jxq I †Rvovq Kv‡Ri myweav Amyweav wbiƒcY Kiv | D‡jøwLZ wZb c×wZ m¤ú‡K©
B‡Zvc~‡e© cÖvß aviYv¸‡jvi AwZwi³ KiYxq I wPšÍ‡bi my‡hvM cv‡e|

ce©mg~n
 ce©-1 t GKK KvR (Individual task/assignment)
GKK KvR c×wZi ‰ewkó¨
1. GKK KvR g~jZ mycÖvPxb Kvj †_‡K A`¨vewa e¨vcK-Abym„Z GKwU c×wZ| wkïKv‡ji
nv‡ZLwo †_‡K ïiæ K‡i gvZv-wcZv, M„nwkÿK, e¨w³MZ wkÿK, AZ¨í mg‡q KvD‡K
wKQz hw` †KD wkÿv`vb K‡i -- mevB wkÿv_©x‡K GKK Kv‡RB cÖe„Ë Kivb|
2. GKK KvR GK A‡_© ¯^wkÿvi †mvcvb we‡kl ( Avi ¯^wkÿvB nq mywkÿv)|
135
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

3. GKK Kv‡R wewfbœ †gav I cvi½gZvi wkÿv_©xi wkLb Kvh©Ki nq|

4. GKK KvR wkÿv_©x †f‡` wewfbœ gvÎvq djcÖm~ nq|
5. mKj wkÿv`vb c×wZ‡ZB †Kv‡bv-bv-‡Kv‡bv ch©v‡qB Acwinvh© n‡jv GKK wkÿv`vb|

GKK KvR c×wZi myweav

1| cÖwZwU wkÿv_x© wbR¯^ wPšÍv kw³ weKv‡ki my‡hvM cvq|
2| wkÿv_©xi AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv e„w× cvq|
3| AvwgI wKQy Ki‡Z cvwi, wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ G †PZbv‡eva RvMÖZ nq|
4| wewfbœ †gav I cvi½gZv-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx wkÿv`vb
Kivi my‡hvM G‡Z _v‡K|
5| GKK c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡K ¯^wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z nq, ZvB GB c×wZi we‡kl myweav
_v‡K|

GKK KvR c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v

1| wewfbœ †gav, wewPÎ cvwievwiK-mvgvwRK, †kÖYxi I gvbwmK cUf‚wg/cvwicvk¦© †_‡K
wkÿv_©xiv Avm‡Z cv‡i e‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ¯^Kxq ‰ewkó¨ wewfbœ nIqv AeavwiZ| G‡`i
mK‡ji GK m‡½ mgwš^Z wkÿv`vb wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv`vb P¨v‡jÄ
we‡kl|
2| GB c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ wkÿK‡K GKK fv‡e bRi ivL‡Z nq I hZœ wb‡Z
nq; Gi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K hyMcr wkï-gb¯ÍË¡ I wkÿv`vb †KŠk‡ji m¤ú„w³ NwU‡q cy‡iv
†kªYxKÿ wbqš¿‡Y m`v-RvMÖZ I AwZ-hZœ&kxj (meticulous) _vK‡Z nq; d‡j
wkÿ‡Ki gvbwmK Pvc co‡Z cv‡i|
3| AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_©xi K¬v‡k GB c×wZ me©`v Kvh©Ki fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv cÖvqktB `yiƒn
n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z wkÿ‡Ki Ges wkÿv_©xiI AjmZv Avm‡Z cv‡i| g~j welq n‡Z
wkÿK wePz¨ZI n‡Z cv‡ib|
4| wkÿv_©x‡`i †gav, wkLb-ÿgZv (aptitude) I wbweó cv‡V g‡bvwb‡e‡ki wfb&œZv †nZz
mvgwMÖK †kÖYxK‡ÿi cVb I wkLb AMÖMwZ mywbw`©ó ¯Íi AR©‡b e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i|
5| GKK KvR c×wZ‡Z cÖvqktB wkÿv_©x Avcb fze‡b Wz‡e hvq, d‡j †m Av‡jvPbv I
wkÿYxq wel‡qi evB‡i P‡j hvq|

GKK KvR c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi m¤¢ve¨ †KŠkj

1. ïiæ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡K GKUv mycwiwPZ I me©Rb wew`Z welq †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i hv n‡Z n‡e
mywbw`©ó, mnR‡eva¨ Ges AvMÖn-DÏxcK| Zv n‡Z cv‡i : wkÿv_©xi ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb
†_‡K jÿ¨ Kiv hvq -- Ggb wKQz|
2. welqe¯‘ Ggb n‡j fvj nq hv n‡e wkÿYxq wel‡qi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z|
136
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

3. GKB †kÖYxK‡ÿi cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x‡K GKwU Awfbœ welq I †mB mv‡_ wfbœ-wfbœ welq
†`qv †h‡Z cv‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †gav I wkLb-cÖK…wZ wba©wi‡Yi Rb¨|
4. Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ M‡`¨i ev c‡`¨i cvV¨vs‡ki Dci wfwË K‡i GK-GK R‡bi wfbœ-wfbœ
wP·bi KvR †`qv ‡h‡Z cv‡i; †hgb- iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔAvgv‡`i †QvU b`x P‡j evu‡K
evu‡K....Õ Aej¤^‡b cÖ‡Z¨K‡K GK-GKwU eY©bvi wPÎ AvuK‡Z ‡`qv hvq, KvD‡K GKUv
g¨vc AvuK‡Z †`qv hvq -- BZ¨vw`|
5. †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ AšÍZ †gŠwLK Abykxjb (h_v : cVb, Ave„wË, Mí I eY©bv
BZ¨vw`) we‡kl fv‡e fvlv I mvwnZ¨ welqK wkL‡bi Rb¨ dj`vqK n‡Z cv‡i|
wkÿK‡K ch©‡eÿY, we‡ePbv I cwiw¯’wZ Abyhvqx †mme ZvrÿwYK †KŠkjvw` wba©viY
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

Dc‡i †h¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ ev DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R GKK KvR
c×wZi e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

 ce©-2 t †Rvovq Kv‡Ri c×wZ

†Rvovq KvR c×wZi ‰ewkó¨

1| †kÖYxK‡ÿ ev †kÖYxK‡ÿi evB‡i mxwgZ ch©v‡q Kvh©Ki GB c×wZI cÖvPxb I cÖ_vMZ
fv‡e e¨eüZ|
2| †Rvovq KvR c×wZi cÖavb n‡jv `yB Rb mg-ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©x‡K (evjK I evjK,
evwjKv I evwjKv A_ev †hLv‡b mnwkÿv cÖPwjZ †mLv‡b cÖ‡qvR‡b wecixZ wj‡½i `yB
Rb‡K) GK‡Î Abykxjb, cVb I wkL‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv|
3| †ÿÎwe‡k‡l †Rvovq KvR c×wZ h‡_ó dj`vqK|
4| †Rvovq Kv‡R wkÿv_©xØq ci¯úi‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges GK Ac‡ii m¤ú~i‡Ki f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i|
5| †Rvovq Kv‡R e„nËi `jxq Kv‡Ri wfZ iwPZ nq I Zv gReyZI nq|

†Rvovq KvR c×wZi myweav

1. ‡Rvovq Kv‡Ri eo myweav n‡jv wbweo, AšÍi½ I cvi¯úwiK eÜzZ¡myjf g‡bvfv‡ei
gva¨‡g Avb‡›`i m‡½ wkLb|
2. GKRb hv Rv‡b bv Ges hv wkÿK ev Ab¨m~‡Î Rvbv hvq bv Zv †Rvovi m½xi KvQ
†_‡K mn‡RB Rvb‡Z cviv hvq, Avi Gfv‡eB wkLb-NvUwZ A‡bKvs‡kB `~i Kiv
hvq|
3. wPšÍv †PZbvq Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
137
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

4. wel‡qi Dci AwaK Z_¨ cÖ`vb m¤¢e nq|

5. cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© e„w× cvq|
6. A‡cÿvK…Z Kg mgq mv‡cÿ mgvavb Ly‡R †ei Kiv hvq|

†Rvovq KvR c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v

1. †Rvovq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g me©cÖKvi wkLb AMÖMwZ jvf m¤¢e bq|
2. gZcv_©K¨ NU‡Z cv‡i|
3. mgq †ekx jvM‡Z cv‡i|
4. G‡K A‡b¨i m¤ú‡K© †b‡MwUf aviYv Avm‡Z cv‡i|
5. `yR‡bi wgj bv n‡j we‡iva evu‡a Ges g~jZ wkLb AMÖMwZ wKQzB nq bv|

Dc‡i ‡h¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ ev DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R ‡Rvovq KvR
c×wZi e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

 ce©-4 : `jxq KvR (Group task)

wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µ‡gi AvaywbK c×wZi Ab¨Zg n‡jv `jxq KvR| GB c×wZ‡Z
wkÿv_©x‡`i NwbôZi I mwµq AskMÖnY Kiv‡bvi gva¨‡g wkÿv`vb‡K djcÖm~ Kiv‡bv hvq|
GKK, †Rvovq I `jxq KvR Avm‡j GKB avivevwnKZvq MÖw_Z| GKUv wPÎvsKb GKK
KvR n‡Z cv‡i, `yR‡b wg‡j †Rvovq wPÎ ev g¨vc AvuK‡Z cviv hvq Ges `jxq Kv‡R Gi
†P‡q e„nËi I e¨vcKZi Kg© m¤úv`b n‡Z cv‡i -- †hgbwU B‡Zvc~‡e©, GB BDwb‡U
Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q : gvBÛ-g¨vwcs c×wZ| †mLv‡b Z_¨ we‡k¦i Ávb‡K GKwU †hŠw³K
KvVv‡gvq G‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i aviYvq A_©c~Y©fv‡e mÂvjb NUv‡Z `jMZ KvR Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv
ivL‡Z cv‡i|

`jMZ KvR c×wZi ‰ewkó¨

1. mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ `jfvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji KvR eywS‡q †`qv nq|
2. GB c×wZ‡Z wkL‡bi-cÖvß djvdj (outcome) wkÿv_©x‡`i Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ DwÏó
Dcv‡qi m‡½ cÖZ¨ÿ fv‡eB m¤úK©h³
y |
3. cwie¨cK †Kvm© wfwËK (pervasive course-based) wkLb cwiw¯’wZ †UKmB
fv‡e/MVbg~jK fv‡e mvgvj w`‡Z n‡j `jMZ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Zv my›`ifv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
4. Mfxi A_P we¯Í…Z wkLb-D‡`¨vM (adaption of deep learnign approach) `jMZ
Kv‡Ri Kvh©Ki ˆewkó¨ we‡kl|

138
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

`jxq KvR c×wZi m¤¢ve¨ †KŠkj

K| `jMZ KvR Kiv‡Z n‡j wkÿK‡K Zvui m‡e©v”P e¨w³Z¡, †gav, †bZ…Z¡-ÿgZv Ges
m‡½-m‡½ Av‡iv we‡ePbv, ch©‡eÿY, cwiexÿY (monitoring) I Z`viKxi
m¤ú„³Zvq cy‡iv †kÖYx‡K Avg‡j wb‡Z n‡e|
L| wkÿ‡Ki g~j DÏxó n‡e Kvh©Ki wkLb (Active learning) m¤úbœ Kiv‡bv|
M| Gi Rb¨ wkÿK wewfbœ `j (Cohorts)-Gi AvMÖn m„wó, g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLv Ges
AwfNvZ Dc¯’vc‡b hZœevb n‡eb|
N| wkÿK‡K m‡Pó Ges wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e †hb `‡ji cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x wb‡Ri Ges `‡ji
†hŠ_ Kv‡R mwµq _v‡K| wZwb cÖwZ K¬v‡k, wkÿvKv‡ji cy‡iv mgq a‡iB Zv Ki‡eb
-- †hb Zvui cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡e, ïay GKwU K¬v‡k ev mvgwqK mg‡qi Rb¨ bv n‡q eis
mviv wkÿv eQi Ry‡oB wkÿv_©xi AvMÖn eRvq _v‡K; Avi AwšÍ‡g †hb Ggb nq †h,
†h-Ávb I `ÿZv `jMZ Kv‡R wkÿv_©x AR©b Ki‡e Zv Zv‡`i cvi½gZvq hy³ n‡e|
O| eid Mjv‡bv : wkÿK cÖ_‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i kxZjZv `~i Kivevi Rb¨ eid Mjv‡bvi
KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡ib; cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x‡K ej‡Z cv‡ib wb‡Ri cwiPq w`‡Z Ges Zvi
fxwZi I ms‡Kv‡Pi KviY e¨³ K‡i Zvi cÖZ¨vkvi K_v ej‡e|
P| Z_¨ msMÖn I msKjb : cÖ‡Z¨K‡K cÖ_‡g wb‡Ri gZ K‡i cvV-mswkøó Z_¨-DcvË msMÖn
Ki‡Z ejv hvq <h_v : GKUv Mívs‡ki PwiÎvewj, kã e¨envi, NUbv, we‡kl w`K
BZ¨vw`>, Zvici GK-GKRb cvVm½xi (peer)-mgš^‡q †m¸‡jvi msKjb Kiv
hvq| AZtci bgybv hvPvB-evQvB K‡i wkÿK `jfvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges wfbœwfbœ
`‡ji wewfbœ KiYxq wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|
Q| cÖ`Ë Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡e cVbxq/AwaZe¨ wel‡qi mvgwMÖK LwZqvb MÖnY Ges
wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v wbiƒcb| GB Pvwn`vB ch©vqµ‡g wkLb-dj wn‡m‡e
†ewi‡q Avm‡e -- hv wkÿv_©x Ges wkÿ‡Ki eQiv‡šÍi Kvg¨ n‡e|
R| Dc¯’vcb †KŠkj : wkÿv_©x‡`i gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi ms‡kø‡l wkÿK Zvui wbR¯^
fvl‡Y I †KŠk‡j AwaZe¨ welq‡K I KiYxq‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| Gi Rb¨ wZwb
†evW© e¨envi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i m¤úK©h³ y wPÎ, g¨vc, †cv÷vi, m¤¢e n‡j OHP ev PC
¯øvBW A_ev cvIqvi c‡q›U BZ¨vw`i e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib Abyiƒc Dc¯’vcbvi Rb¨|
AšÍZ ÔÔ†gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbvIÓ Drmvn e¨ÄK I ¯^wkÿYxq n‡Z cv‡i <ÔwkL‡Z PvB‡j
†kLvIÕ -- Av`k© Z˦vbymv‡i>|

GKwU bgybv
1g avc| cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i wkÿK 6/7 wU `‡j (A_ev K¬v‡ki †gvU wkÿv_©xi msL¨vi Dci
wfwË K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq K‡qKwU `‡j) fvM Ki‡eb Ges cÖwZwU `‡j GKRb K‡i
`j‡bZv g‡bvbqb ‡`‡eb|
2q avc| Gevi, aiv hvK Zv‡`i cvV¨ cjøx Kwe Rmxg DÏxb-Gi Dci GKKfv‡e wkÿK
wPšÍv Ki‡Z ej‡eb Ges Kwe m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Z_¨ LvZvq wjL‡Z ej‡eb (05
wgt)

139
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

2q avc| Zvici cÖwZwU `‡ji gv‡S wZwb GKwU Kg©cÎ wewj Ki‡eb Ges †mwU Mfxi
g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q cvV Ki‡Z ej‡eb, †mB mv‡_ Gi g~jfveI LvZvq wjL‡Z
ej‡eb|
3q avc| Gevi †Rvovq ev `j‡K wjwLZ Z‡_¨i Av`vb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z Ges Kwe Rmxg
D`&`x‡bi Dci Z_¨ QK ˆZwi Ki‡Z ejv n‡e (†Rvovq KvR/ `‡ji KvR) (07
wgt)
4_© avc| 3-4 †Rvov‡K/`j‡K Gevi wkÿK †kªYx‡Z Zv‡`i Z_¨ QK Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z
ej‡eb Ges mwVK Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡b wZwb mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb (08 wgt)

m¤¢ve¨ QKe× Dc¯’vcb t

cjøx Kwe
Rb¥ t 1903
Rb¥¯’vb t dwi`cyi
Gg. G (evsjv) fvlv I mvwnZ¨, KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq
Aa¨vcbv t XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv t Kei
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨ MÖš’ t bKkx Kuv_vi gvV
* ‡mvRb evw`qvi NvU
* nvmy, ivLvjx, evjyPi BZ¨vw`|

ågb Kvwnbx t P‡j †gvmvwdi

ci‡jvK Mgb t 14 gvP© 1976 wLªt

5g avc| Gevi Kg©c‡Î D‡jøwLZ ÔiƒcvBÕ KweZvwUi g~jfve `‡ji mK‡ji mn‡hvwMZvq
`j‡bZv‡K †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjL‡Z ejv n‡e Ges †jLv †k‡l †mwU †`qv‡j
Uvbv‡Z n‡e|

6ô avc| 3-4 †Rvov/`j †_‡K wkÿK ‡kªYx‡Z DËi co‡Z ej‡eb, Zvui gZvgZ †`‡eb
Ges cÖwZwU wkÿv_x© Zuv‡`i LvZvq DËimg~n wjL‡Qb wKbv- G e¨vcv‡i †LvR
Lei ‡b‡eb|

7g avc| GLb 2-3wU †cv÷vi †ccv‡i-D‡jøwLZ g~jfve `j‡bZv‡`i w`‡q wkÿK cvV
Kiv‡eb Ges wZwb djveZ©b ‡`‡eb, †mB mv‡_ wkÿv_x©‡`i g~jfve wjL‡ZI
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb|

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 evsjv wkÿY- 1

m¤¢ve¨ DËi t
G KweZvq cÖK…wZi c‡U Pvlxi †Q‡j iƒcvB Gi mnR my›`i iƒcwU Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
Pvlxi †Q‡j iƒcvB| Kv‡jv Zvi Mv‡qi is, wKš‘ †m Kv‡jv Avgv‡`i `„wó‡Z gvqvi cik
eywj‡q †`q| †m †hb cjøx cÖK…wZi mnR mij iƒc‡K a‡i †i‡L‡Q Zuvi me©v‡½| †m iƒc
mn‡RB mK‡ji ü`q Rq K‡i| Zv‡K †`‡L GK mnR Avb‡›` gb f‡i hvq| Pvlxi
†Q‡j Kv‡jv iƒcvB‡qi Zzjbv †bB|

wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLb g~j¨vqb Dcvq

ch©‡eÿY
cÖ`Ë KvR m¤úv`b wbwðZ KiY
`jxq Kv‡R AskMªnY Z`viK KiY
cÖkœ KiY
B‡Zvc~‡e© GKK I †Rvovq Kv‡R mwµq AskMªnY Af¨vm KiY

S| mgvcbx eqvb : `jxq Kv‡Ri Dc¯’vcb mgvw߇Z wkÿK ch©v‡jvPbv g~jK GK ev

GKvwaK e³…Zv-Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| fvj g‡b Ki‡j wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i w`‡qI cÖavb-
cªavb e³e¨¸‡jv ejv‡Z cv‡ib|
T| evwoi KvR : K¬v‡k wba©vwiZ cvV¨-wfwËK cÖKí (Class project) Ô†Km ÷vwWÕ wn‡m‡e
evwoi KvR †`qv hvq| K¬v‡k †h¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ I cwVZ n‡q‡Q Zvi c×wZi wfwˇZ
wkÿv_©xiv ˆÎgvwmK, lvb¥vwmK ev evrmwiK ch©vq fv‡M evwoi KvR K‡i `jxqfv‡e
K¬v‡k Dcw¯’Z Ki‡Z cv‡i|

`jxq KvR c×wZi myweav

1. GB c×wZ‡Z Kv‡R Avb›` Av‡m| `jMZ m¤úªxwZ M‡o I‡V Ges cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi
¯ú„nv ˆZwi nq, d‡j DrK‡l©i w`‡K wkÿv_©xiv hZœevb nq|
2. Kv‡R MwZ Av‡m| wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡b `jMZ c×wZ †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB mydj e‡q
Av‡b|
3. wel‡qi we‡kølY cy•Lvbycy•L Kiv m¤¢e nq, d‡j wkLb wkÿv_©xi g‡b ¯’vqx nq|
4. `ªæZ KvR †kl Kiv hvq Ges `jMZ HK¨ wkÿv_©xi fwel¨Z Rxe‡b msNe×Zvi
†mvcvb ‰Zwi K‡i|
5. nvi wR‡Zi fq _v‡K bv, ZvB wkÿv_©x wbtk‡¼v‡P KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i, A‡b¨i KvQ
†_‡K webv wØavq wkL‡Z cv‡i|

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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

`jxq KvR c×wZi Amyweav/mgm¨v

1. `‡ji g‡a¨ wewfbœ †gav I Kvh©ÿgZvi wkÿv_©x _vKvi d‡j GK ev GKvwaK Rb
†ewki fvM Kv‡Ri †evSv enb K‡i _v‡K, d‡j Ab¨ KÕR‡bi duvwK †`qvi cÖeYZv
e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i|
2. wewfbœ †gRvR, gvbwmKZv I cÖK…wZMZ ‰ewk‡ó¨i wkÿv_©x _vKvi d‡j gZcv_©K¨
m„wó nIqv LyeB ¯^vfvweK| GgZve¯’vq Kv‡Ri mgš^‡qi Afve N‡U| GK `yR‡bi
fzj ev MvdjwZi Rb¨ cy‡iv `‡ji KvR Sz‡j †h‡Z cv‡i|
3. `ÿ I Kg©kxj K‡qK Rb Kv‡Ri wmsn fvM m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j Ab¨‡`i
wbf©ikxjZv e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i|
4. †ÿÎwe‡k‡l `jxq KvR e¨q eûj n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv n‡qI _v‡K|

Dc‡i †h¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ ev DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q G¸‡jv Qvov Avcwb wb‡R `jxq KvR
c×wZi e¨vcv‡i Avi Kx-Kx †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib ?

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 evsjv wkÿY- 1

BDwbU-2 Awa‡ekb-13
g~j wkLbxq welq

GKK, `jxq I †Rvovq KvR

GKK KvR
cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB wkïi wkLb ïiæ nq GKK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g| ZvB GwU ¯^wkÿvi †mvcvb
 Ges cÖK…Z mywkÿv e‡U| mKj wkÿv`vb c×wZ‡ZB †Kv‡bv-bv-‡Kv‡bv ch©v‡qB Acwinvh©
n‡jv GKK wkÿv`vb| G‡Z wewfbœ †gav I cvi½gZvi wkÿv_©xi wkLb Kvh©Ki nq Ges
wkÿv_©x †f‡` Zv wewfbœ gvÎvq djcÖm~ nq|

wkÿv_©x‡`i ¯^Zš¿fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z ejv nq †Kv‡bv wel‡qi Dci Zv‡`i‡K wbR¯^ wPšÍvi
gva¨‡g mgvavb †ei Kivi Rb¨| G‡Z A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU mgm¨v wb‡q Ges Kg mgq
mv‡c‡ÿ GKK KvR m¤úbœ nq|

GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M wkÿK‡K wKQz †KŠkj w¯’i K‡i wb‡Z nq| mycwiwPZ I me©Rbwew`Z
Ges wkÿYxq wel‡qi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z A_P mnR‡eva¨ I AvMÖn-DÏxcK wKQz cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨
wbe©vPb Kiv †KŠk‡ji g~j K_v| e¯‘Z wkÿK‡K ch©‡eÿY, we‡ePbv I cwiw¯’wZ Abyhvqx
ZvrÿwYK †KŠkjvw` wba©viY K‡i wb‡Z nq|

⁰ GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xi wbR¯^ wPšÍvkw³ weKv‡ki my‡hvM Ges AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv e„w×

cvq|

⁰ wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ ¯^wkÿvi-mvg‡_©i †PZbv Rv‡M|

⁰ wewfbœ †gav I cvi½gZv-m¤úbœ wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ my‡hvM G‡Z Av‡Q|

 wewPÎ cUf‚wg/cvwicvk¦© †_‡K AvMZ wkÿv_x©‡K wkÿv`vb P¨v‡jÄ we‡kl| wkÿ‡Ki

gvbwmK Pvc _v‡K|
 AwaK wkÿv_©x n‡j GwU `yiƒn Ges g~j †_‡K wkÿK weP¨yZ n‡Z cv‡ib|

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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

mvgwMÖK †kÖYxKÿ-wkLb mywbw`©ó ¯Í‡i †cuŠ‡Q bv, wkÿv_©xI wel‡qi evB‡i P‡j hvq|

†Rvovq KvR
GKRb wkÿv_©x Ab¨ GKRb mg‡MvÎxq wkÿv_©xi mv‡_ (evjK ev evwjKv) GK‡Î GKwU
welq wb‡q KvR Kiv n‡jv GB c×wZi g~j| G‡Z `yRb wkÿv_©x GKwU wel‡qi mgvavb
Lyu‡R †ei K‡i| GLv‡b G‡K A‡b¨i gZvgZ‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q cvi¯úwiK Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi
gva¨‡g wkÿvjvf K‡i| Gfv‡e ci¯ú‡ii m¤ú~i‡Ki f‚wgKv cvj‡bi m‡½-m‡½ e„nËi
`jxq Kv‡Ri wfZ iwPZ I gReyZ nq|

`jxq KvR
GKK KvR I †Rvovq Kv‡Ri avivevwnKZvi †kl ch©vq `jxq KvR| G‡Z wkÿYxq welq‡K
cy‡iv †kªYxi g‡a¨ AskMÖn‡Yi wfwˇZ fvM K‡i †`qv nq hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv wb‡RivB wkÿYxq
welq‡K wkL‡b g~Z© K‡i †Zv‡j|

G‡Z wewfbœ `j Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK ¯ú„nv †_‡K wkLb KvR‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq|
G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡K m`v mZK©, cwiexÿYÿg I wkÿv_©x myü`myjf g‡bvfve eRvq †i‡L
wewfbœ `j‡K cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z nq|

AZ¨í mg‡qi g‡a¨ Kvh©Ki dj jv‡fi GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcvq `jMZ KvR| Gi Rb¨ we‡kl
†KŠkj, g~jZ wkÿK‡KB D™¢veb K‡i wb‡Z nq| GB c×wZi myweav I Amyweav `yB-B
Av‡Q, Z‡e myweavi w`K-B †ewk|

GB c×wZi GKvwaK we‡kl ‰ewk‡ó¨i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv : Mfxi A_P we¯Í…Z wkLb-
D‡`¨vM (adaption of deep learnign approach)| G‡Z KwZcq †KŠkj Kvh©Ki; h_v-
cy‡iv †kÖYx‡K Avg‡j †bqv, Kvh©Ki wkLb m¤úbœ Kiv‡bv, AwfNvZ Dc¯’vc‡b hZœevb nIqv
Ges mviv wkÿveQ‡iB wkÿv_©xi AvMÖn eRvq ivLv| Gi AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e : eid Mjv‡bv,

144
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

Z_¨ msMÖn/m¼jb, wel‡qi mvgwMÖK LwZqvb MÖnY Ges Dc¯’vcb †KŠkj| Gi m‡½
wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbI nq|

⁰ `jxq KvR c×wZ‡Z Kv‡R Avb›` I `jMZ m¤úªxwZi m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi ¯ú„nv ˆZwi

nq, wkÿv_©xiv DrK‡l© hZœevb nq|

⁰ Kv‡R MwZ Av‡m, gvb Dbœq‡b mydj Av‡b, wel‡qi we‡køl‡Y cy•Lvbycy•L Kiv hvq --

d‡j wkLb g‡b ¯’vqx nq|

⁰ `ªæZ KvR †kl Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, fwel¨Z Rxe‡bi msNe×Zv Av‡m, nvi wR‡Zi fq

_v‡K bv, mevB wbtm‡¼v‡P KvR K‡i, A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K wkL‡Z cv‡i|

 G‡Z GK ev GKvwaK Rb‡KB Avmj KvR Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i, Ab¨iv duvwK w`‡Z cv‡i|
 gZ cv_©‡K¨i m¤¢vebv _v‡K, Kv‡Ri mgš^‡qi Afve N‡U Ges Kv‡iv fz‡j KvR Sz‡j
†h‡Z cv‡i|
(K‡qK Rb Kg©kxj nq, Ab¨iv wbf©ikxj n‡Z cv‡i|
c×wZwU KL‡bv e¨qeûjI n‡Z cv‡i|

 g~j¨vqb:
1| `jxq I †Rvovq Kv‡Ri myweavmg~n Kx ?
2| GKK, †Rvovq Kv‡Ri Amyweavmg~n Kx ?
3| wkÿv_x©‡`i †Rvovq wPšÍv K‡i Kx iKg DËi LvZvq wjL‡Z ejv hvq ?
4| †Rvovq Kv‡R †h me mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv Kx fv‡e †gvKvwejv Kiv hvq ?
5| `jxq Kv‡R ¯^iƒc Zz‡j aiæb| Giƒc Kv‡Ri eo myweav Kx?
6| wkÿ‡Ki m¤ú„³Zv `jxq Kv‡R KZUzKz I Kx cÖKvi?

145
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

146
 evsjv wkÿY- 1

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:

ce©-1
1| wbgœ, ga¨ I D”P †gavi wewfbœ wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ hZœ †bqvi Rb¨ GB c×wZi we‡kl myweav
_v‡K|
2| wkÿv_©xi myß cÖwZfv, ¯^Kxq-cvi½gZv I †gŠwjKZvi cÖKvk Ges weKvk GB c×wZ‡Z
m¤¢e|
3| Ag‡bv‡hvMx I wkL‡b †h wkÿv_©xi Abxnv _v‡K wPwýZ K‡i GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿK
cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡ib|

ce©-2 t
K| ïay wbqwgZ wkÿv_©x‡`i †ejv‡ZB †Rvovq KvR Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i; `yR‡bi g‡a¨
†Kv‡bv GKRb AwbqwgZ n‡j A_ev †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y we`¨vj‡q Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j
†Rvovq KvR djcÖm~ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
L| mvgvwRK, ag©xq, mvs¯‹…wZK, AvÂwjKZv-cÖfve Ges †MvÎMZfv‡e ZdvZ _vK‡j
†Rvovq Kv‡Ri Drmv‡n KgwZ n‡Z cv‡i|
M| cÖ_vMZ/cÖPwjZ (traditional) wkÿv_©x‡`i evB‡i †Rvovq Kv‡R e¨vc„Z Kiv‡bv mnR
bvI cv‡i|
N| †Rvov wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡K DcwiD³ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq †i‡L wePvi-
wePÿYZvi m‡½ cy‡iv †kÖYx ev wkÿv_©x`j‡K web¨¯Í Ki‡Z n‡e|
O| †Rvovq KvR †_‡K (Ggb wK `jMZ KvR †_‡KI) wkÿv_©xiv wb‡Riv-wb‡Riv Kx-Kx
wkL‡Z cvi‡Q -- †mB AwfÁZv e¨³ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
P| wjLb-Abykxj‡b G‡K Ac‡ii wjwLZ Kv‡Ri/As‡ki Dci †hb wbf©ikxj bv nq †m
w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|

147
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW

ce©-3
1| `jxq Kv‡R me‡P‡q eo `vwqZ¡ wkÿ‡Ki| Zvu‡K cy‡iv e¨vcviwU myóz cÖvK-cwiKíbv I
wePÿYZvi m‡½ cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| wkÿK `j fv‡Mi mgq wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖK…wZ, †gav, mvgvwRK cUf~wg I wkïi gb-
gvbwmKZvi Ici we‡kl †Lqvj ivL‡eb|
3| wkÿK `jMZ KvR Pjvi mgq †kªYx K‡ÿi mew`‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Ny‡i-Ny‡i
ch©‡eÿY Ki‡eb GUv †`Lvi Rb¨ †h, cÖ‡Z¨K `j Kx K‡i Zv‡`i `jMZ KvRwU
GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡”Q Ges Gfv‡e wZwb `‡ji Kvh©ÿgZv I MwZkxjZvi g~j¨vqb
Ki‡eb|
4| ¯^íeqmx wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri GKvMÖZvi †P‡q B”Qvbyhvqx wewÿß I †Lqvjx wKQy
Kivi cÖeYZv _v‡K; GgbwU n‡j K¬v‡ki mvwe©K k„•Ljv wewNœZ nq| wkÿK‡K `jxq
Kv‡Ri mgq Gw`‡K we‡kl †Lqvj ivL‡Z nq|
5| cwiexÿY GKwU `xN© †gqv`x AvqËKiYxq `ÿZv| wkÿK‡K cÖv_wgK fv‡e GKK,
†Rvovq Ges me©‡kl ch©v‡q `jxq Kv‡R Zvi c~Y© e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
6| wkÿv jvf Kivi Rb¨ Dchy³ cwi‡ek AZ¨vek¨K -- we‡kl K‡i `jxq Kv‡Ri mgq Zv
Av‡iv we‡kl fv‡e Dchy³ I AbyK~j _vK‡Z n‡e| Ggb cwi‡ek ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e
†hb cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x wb‡R Ges Zvi `‡ji †fZi mwµq Kg©x wn‡m‡e e¨¯Í _v‡K|
7| `j‡K wKQy ÔMvBW jvBbÕ †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb Zviv wb‡R‡`i
a¨vb-aviYv I m„wókxjZv‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ nq|
8| wewPÎ ev A™¢yZ †Kv‡bv wKQy, `j †_‡K Dc¯’vwcZ n‡j Zvi cÖwZ wZi®‹vi ev e¨½-we`ªæc
bv K‡i h_vmva¨ gvwb‡q wb‡q, m¤¢e n‡j Zv‡`i aviYv‡K wKQyUv mgwš^Z K‡i, `j‡K
Drmvn †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|

148