1. a PHYSICAL WORLD AND MEASUREMENT Absolute error A4= A.A 2 1" puthen ar=a4+AB Sa AB .B then Conversion from one system of units to another: eee UNIFORM MOTION total distance travelled average speed (H.)= "Tora ime taken Tytantaneous speed Y=" 3, average velocity V total displaces instantaneous speed U=—~ average velocity Fy = yi at S total time taken insta secty PE 5, avBrageacectertion 7 _ total change in velocity instantaneous velocity "= 5 __averageacceleration Vay = ken a otoy tox ane Instantaneous acceleration @=">- xo 240 Equations of uniformly accelerated motion Veu+at Veurgt 1 1 a at =sut+sgt Seut+5at S=ue+5! j oo view +2h i a ay+LZ(2n-' Sy =u (20-1) Sug Ut 5 (20-1) wae 4 aa Unit vector 4= 7 Magnitude of resultant vector : VA? +B +2ABcosO -a(_Bsing Direction of resultant vector ; 2 =tan’ (a, ead A+BeosO 4 Direction cosines of a vector : cosa="*, cos cos*a+cos? P +cos*y=1 Scalar product : 7.8 = ABcosO Vector product : Ax lsinon Area of tringle =>[4»B| Area of Parallelogram V, si Relative velocity: Vy = V2 +, -2V,V, cos tang=—Vesind _ Rain and Man: reve tang=!=, Stream and Boat : Time taken to cross the river : ¢ = a 050 Distance drifted, D=(u-Vsin)-—4 VcosO In shortest path : sind= Inminimumtime: — g=0°PROJECTILE MOTION Horizontal Projectile : . Equation of trajectory : ¥= 0px" = Kx? + Instantaneous velocity : v= r+ gt 2h + Time offlight T “< Horizontal Range : Oblique Projectile : 2 + Equation of trajectory : yextand- + Time of ascent : using + Time of descent: a + Time of flight: usin’ 29 + Maximum height L : + Horizontal Range : R= + Instantaneous velocity : v =\F +9°t? -2ugtcosd Lit + Velocity at highest point : V, =ucos@ + KE at highest point => mu’ cos? i +, . PE. at highest point =>mu'sin’O Uniform Circulra Motion : + Average angular velocity : Wey Jar acceleration : a= 2 + Angular ac tan * S=r0,V=rw,a=ra oe 0—w—2 a j Jew ae aw + Equations of rotational motion : 7 waw,tat — O=wgt+Zat wewe+200 Pr Wy+$2n-1) Hoke. Lin —$__—_—_———— LAWS OF MOTION entum : P=mV + Newton's 2nd law, de IN =10'dyne xkgwt=xxg newton xgwt=xxg dre + Impube: J=Far=2,-F Apparent weight of a persen in a lift: + R=mg, when y=0 or constant + R=m(g+a) when liftis moving up with acceleration ‘a" . R=m(g—a) when lift is moving down with acceleration ‘a’ Pulky problem : + Acceleration go + Tension : mt+m, Motion of a body down a smooth inclined plane : + Acceleration: a=gsin@ 2glsind =f2gh 2 gsind + Minimum force required to move the body up + Velocity at the bottom of the plane : + Time taken to reach the bottom : ¢ F =mgsin@ (Uniform speed) F'=mgsin@+ma (Uniform acceleration) Law of conservation of Linear momentum : If Fez =O, then P=my=constant Recoil velocity of gun: mV» V, ™, Force required to keep the gun in position: _ Fanmv, + Coefficient of friction : # £ “Angle of friction : = tan Angle of repose: yr=tanaAcceleration of a body down a rough inclined plane : a=(gsind- y, cosd) Time taken to reach the bottom of plane : Minimum force required to move the body up a rough inclined plane : F=mgsin0+ f+ma mV? . Centripetal force : F,=ma, =" =n =me{22) =mr(2avy" Bending of cyclist : aa( V7 O=tan (5) (angle of bending) Vv =,/rgtan (Max. velocity of the cyclist) Motion of a car on a circular level road: V4. = VHT Motion ofa car on a banked circular road : V= 4/9 Motion in a vertical circle : fi mv? Tension at any point: T= _—+mgcos8 2 , VY Tension at lowest point : T, a +mg Tension at highest point : Ty = Minimum velocity at the bottom and top for looping the loop are v, = Sng» V, =vrg» T.-Ty =6 mg seekWORK, ENERGY & POWER Work done by a constant force : y= FScos0=F- Work done by a variable force : Y= J dx 1 Kinetic energy of a body : E, =hmv? -£ nt doves mut ft Work energy theorem : W= a a ae Change in K.E. Gravitational potential energy of a body : E,=mgh Potential energy of a spring: E, Work done in moving body on a rough horizontal surface : w= dw _= ds + Instantar rer; P=—— — Instantaneous pow’ an at | ve rtion « ex felative velocity of separation Coefficient of restitution : °=oiative velocity ofapproach <0 for perfectly inelastic collision, ¢=1 for perfectly elastic collision Elastic collision in one dimension : m, i 2mm, uy + m +m, ' m,+m, % At m,+m,*" m,+m, Loss of energy in perfectly inelastic collision : mm, 2 AM uJ AE = 2m, +m) Einstein's mass energy equivalence relation : & =m? selelolokMOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES dni M Centre of mass of a system of N-particles : R 7 1 Velocity of CM. : Ven = Jelocity of CM. Mu Acceleration of C.M. : Gon = Torque : 7 xP, |p|=rF sing ‘Angular momentum : j =_dL Relation between torque and angular momentum : #= Moment of Inertia: /=m,r +m,r? +. Yar Radius of gyration : K =. ti Perpendicular axis theorem Parallel axes theorem MLL of a ring: 7 = MR? Lapp? ML ofa disc: /=5MR M.L of a cylinder : M.L. ofa sphere: ! ML ofa thin rod: / Torque momentum : Principle of conservation of angular momentum : 2a If p20 then b= /w=1-"—= constantKinetic energy of a rolling body : x6, +6, + Critical velocity: Me = 75 Equation of continuity : AV =constant Bernoulli's theorem : 1 a Pp" + pgh= constant (unit volume) Pit 3 +yu +gh=constant (per unit mass) Venturimeter : V=%2, Velocity of efflux : u= f2gh i F Surface tension : Sa Surface energy = Surface tension x increase in area nn 20088 Rise of liquid in a capillary tube, "=" 2S eta anc 4S Excess pressure: P=“ (Liquid drop) 4P =~ (Soap bubble) 2S) + Angle of contact : C080 = Pressure inside a liquid drop : Pin = Pose +MECHANICS OF SOLIDS AND FLUIDS internal restoring force _ deforming force sres5- rrr ror area area .__ change in configuration Al Strain = Sanee coniguranen Longitudinal strain =—— original configuration 1 ae strain = 4Y. : Volumetric strain =< Shear strain=6 Hooke's Law : F/A = =constant (modules of elasticity) Young's modulus, ¥="777 F/A P ae i F/A Bulk modules, 8= avy aviv Modulus of rigidity, 7=—5— ~Ab/D Poisson's Ratio, = a7 1 1), (al 2 . Energy stored in a wire: U=>F -Al= Ayal. = pxstressxstrain volume Energy density, u=>xstressxstrain us Breaking force = Breaking stress x area we Depression produced in a beam : 5= 77 Torque required to produce unit twist : r=amr*/2I mem lg Pr +VaPe , Pom mm, p= tare Density of mixture : ae V+0 . density of body _ weight of body in air density = Censity of body _ weight of body in air. Relative density = snsity of water upthrust 2cos8 Rise of liquid in a capillary tube, h= aa Excess pressure : = A: (Liquid drop) AP “= (Soap bubble) Pressure inside a liquid drop : F,, = P,, + + Angle of contact : C050 = a ee 13OSCILLATIONS Simple Harmonic motion : F =—ky Displacement in S.H.M.: y=rsinwe Velocity in S.H.M.: V =nycoswe = wir? y? Acceleration in S.H.M. : ‘ =-w*rsinwt =-w?y r “4 KE.in SHM.: 6, =>mw*(r?- y*) PE. in S.H.M.: E, Benny £-m 05,2 ‘ia factor displacement ‘1 jod : T= 20, pr = 2 | _>, [E Time period of simple pendulum : 7 = 27 5 Time period of oascillation of a spring : torn | Equivalent spring constant in series combination mis K; Equivalent spring constant in parallel combination : K, =K, +K, +K, + Spring cut into n equal parts: K’=nK seksekok« Speed of transverse wave in a string : £ « Speed of longitudinal wave ina medium: y,, m P 2 ‘ [ye _ [yr + Laplace's formula fc pun (2P = PRE aplace’s formula for speed of sound oN , 2 quation of plane progressive wave : y =Asin(wt-kx), K == is called propagation constant + Newton’s formula for speed of sound : : =asinze( £4) = Asin (ve-x) & é t_x 2a 2a . :@=2a(—- |. i Ngee mess Phase: # a(E x) Phase difference: A¢=—--At_ AP => Ax + Principle of superposition of waves: = 3, +I. +Ia+ + Modes of vibrations of strings: Fundamental mode: ¥%; ie 2LVm 1 [r 2nd mode : ¥, 2A fF (2nd harmonic or 1st overtone) 1 |Tv i] “20m (n-1) th overtone nth mode : « Modes of vibrations of open organ pipe : Fundamental mode ¥1 = nth mode: ¥, " Vv + Modes of vibrations of closed organ pipe : Fundamental mode : ¥ ==> nay, and mode: ¥2=3'47=3% (3rd harmonic or 1st overtone) nth mode: ¥,=(2n-1)¥, (2n—1) th harmonic or (n—1) th overtone + Doppler effect i are ° in sound : v~v, sree 18 / fat period = + Beat frequency=%4-"2 Be: