ENERGY
The capacity or an ability to do any work is called as the energy.
We use energy in everything we do in our daily life in various forms.
The different forms of energy are;
Heat energy
Sound energy
Light energy
Electrical energy
Nuclear energy
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Chemical energy
IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY
Energy is essential to life and all living organisms.
The sun, directly or indirectly, is the source of all the
energy available on Earth.
We use energy for lights and appliances.
Plants use the light from the sun to grow.
Animals and people eat the plants and use the
energy that was stored.
Food is fuel for our bodies' energy needs like muscle
power.
Vehicles use fuel to run which has the stored energy
in them.
All the electrical appliances we use in our daily life
need electrical energy.
FUEL
The substance that reacts chemically with another substance to
produce heat is called as fuel.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF ENERGY
ON THE BASIS OF FORM THEY ARE USED
1. Primary sources of energy : those sources of energy that can
be used in the same form in which they are found in nature.
Eg. Wood, coal, crude oil, dung, solar energy, etc.
2. Secondary sources of energy : those sources of energy that
are derived from primary sources of energy are called as
secondary sources of energy.
Eg. Coal gas, petrol, diesel, etc.
ON THE BASIS OF REPLACING PERIOD
3. Non-Renewable sources of energy
4. Renewable sources of energy
DIFFRERENCES BETWEEN RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES
OF ENERGY
Renewable sources of energy Non-Renewable sources of energy
These sources of energy can be These sources of energy can not
renewed or reproduced. be renewed or reproduced
It can be used as the alternative It can not be used as the
sources of energy. alternative sources of energy
It causes less pollution. It causes more pollution.
It can be renewed over a short It takes millions of year to occur.
period of time.
Cost of renewable resources is Cost of Non-renewable resources
low. is high.
Available in large amount. Available in limited amount.
It can not be stored. It can be stored.
Eg. Solar energy, biogas, etc. Eg. Coal, petroleum, etc.
MAJOR SOURCES OF ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
Solar power is the most abundant energy source on earth.
The sun radiates large amount of energy in the form of heat and
light which is the result of nuclear fusion reaction occurring in the
sun and this energy is called as the solar energy.
Nowadays solar energy used in solar power plants.
The sun emits 2.7*1024kW of energy every second.
The earth receives only 2.6*1022joules of energy every second.
LIMITATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY
The initial cost of purchasing a solar system is fairly high. This
includes paying for solar panels, inverter, batteries, wiring, and
the installation.
Solar energy is not available at all the places on earth and at all
the time.
It is also weather dependent and is not available on night and
cloudy days.
ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY
It is the best renewable sources of energy.
It reduces the electricity bill and thus have to be less dependent
on hydropower supply.
It has very low maintainance cost.
SUN AS THE ULTIMATE SOURCES OF ENERGY
The sun is the ultimate source of almost all kinds of energy on
earth, either directly or indirectly.
Directly sun gives us solar power and is perfect non-conventional
energy source.
Moreover, Fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) are the transformed
forms of plants (and animals) which once lived on the earth and
grew capturing the energy of the sun.
Biomass is a product of photosynthesis where the sun has the
major role.
Hydro-electricity depends upon the water cycle which again is
dependent on solar radiation.
Similarly, wind energy, tidal power, wave power all, in some way
or other, and depend on the sun.
NUCLEAR FUSION AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
Nuclear fusion is the process by which two light atomic nuclei combine
to form a single heavier one while releasing massive amounts of
energy.
TERMS USED IN FUSION
Proton (1H1)
Deutron or Deuterium (1H2)
Positron (1eo)
Light isotope of helium or Light Helium (2He3)
Helium nucleus (2He4)
At a very high temperature on sun hydrogen atom splits into protons
and electron.
At such high pressure and temperature on sun proton binds with
proton to form deuteron or deuterium and positron with the emission
of lot of energy.
H1 + 1H1
1
at high temperature and pressure
H2 + 1eo + energy
1
Then a proton and a deuterium binds to form light isotope of helium
nucleus.
H2 + 1H1
1
at high temperature and pressure
He3 + energy
2
After that the 2 light isotope of helium nuclei unite to form helium
nucleus and some hydrogen nuclei.
He3 + 2He3
2
at high temperature and pressure
He4 + 1H1 + 1H1 + energy
2
Shortcut equation can be written as
21H1 + 21H1 at high temperature and pressure
2 He4 + 21eo + energy
FOSSILS FUELS
Plants and animals that died millions of years ago get decomposed
inside earth crust at a very high pressure and temperature that results
in the formation of coal and petroleum. Those coal and petroleum are
called as fossil fuels.
1. COAL
It is the non-renewable sources of energy which is found in deep
mines below the surface of the earth.
VARIETIES OF COAL (they vary in carbon content, moisture content and
volatile nature)
i. Lignite ( low quality coal)---- found in Dang district of Nepal
ii. Sub-bituminous
iii. Bituminous (soft coal)
iv. Anthracite (hard coal / high quality coal)--- not found in Nepal
USES OF COAL
Coal is used for cooking,heating and as a fuel for different steam
engines and some industries.
Also useful for the manufacture of dyes,fertilizers,explosives,etc.
2. PETROLEUM
Petrol , diesel , kerosene , lubricating oil , petroleum gas , etc. are
collectively called as petroleum.
Crude and mineral oil are the main source that are found beneath
the earth’s surface trapped in the rocks that is obtained by drilling
holes.
When the crude oil is refined then petrol,diesel and kerosene is
obtained.
USES
Petrol is used to run light vehicles like motorbike,cars,etc.
Diesel is used to run heavy vehicles like trucks,trains,buses,etc.
Kerosene is used for the household and domestic purposes.
Lubricating oil is used as the lubricants in the moving parts of
machines.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COAL AND PETROLEUM
COAL PETROLEUM
i. It is found in solid state. i. It is found in liquid state.
ii. Since it is hard and bulky so ii. Since it is light weight and
the cost of transportation is liquid so the cost of
high. transportation is low.
iii. Extraction cost of coal is iii. Extraction cost of petroleum
high. is low.
iv. It is cheap. iv. It is realtively expensive.
HYDROPOWER OR HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
Hydroelectric energy is generated by converting kinetic energy from
moving water into electrical energy.
Fig. hydropower station
Water is collected in a reservoir or dam.
That water from a height is allowed to flow down with high
velocity(here potential energy of water is converted into kinetic
energy).
The high velocity water strikes the turbine and rotates it ( here
kinetic energy of water rotates the turbine at high speed that
rotates the blades of generator which produces the electricity.
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY
Alternative energy refers to energy sources other than fossil fuels (such
as coal, petroleum, and diesel).
BIOFUEL
The source of energy that is obtained from plants and animals are
called as biofuel.
Biomass and Biogas are the biofuels.
BIOMASS
Any organic matter that can be converted into energy.
It consists of wood,dung,agricultural and plant wastes.
Biomass energy can be obtained from biomasses by burning
them.
Firewood is the most common source of fuel used in our country
Nepal.
In villages dried cow and buffalo dung is also used as the source of
fuel.
BIOGAS
Biogas is obtained by fermenting or treating biomass with the
bacteria.
The gas thus obtained by the decay of wood,dung,agricultural and
plant wastes in the absence of oxygen is called biogas.
It is the mixture of hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide and
methane(CH4).
It can be used to cook food and glow lamps.
ADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS
It is the renewable source of energy and can be renewed.
It produces more heat on burning.
It is cheaper and can easily be prepared at domestic level.
It doesn’t cause air pollution.
It is used for cooking food and generating electricity.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
When a light nuclei combine together or a heavier nucleus splits then a
huge amount of energy is released in the form of heat and light. That
energy is called as nuclear energy.
It is obtained by nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
NUCLEAR FISSION
When a heavier nucleus like Uranium(92U235) nucleus is bombarded with
a slow neutrons(on1) the it splits into lighter nuclei i.e. barium(56Ba141)
and krypton(36Kr92) with the release of huge amount of energy. This
reaction is called as the nuclear fission.
92 U235 + on1 56 Ba141 + 36Kr92 + 3on1 + energy
This obtained energy rotates the blades of the generators in the nuclear
power plants which ultimately produces electricity.
NUCLEAR FUSION
Nuclear fusion is the process by which two light atomic nuclei combine
to form a single heavier one while releasing massive amounts of
energy.
21H1 + 21H1 at high temperature and pressure
2He4 + 21eo + energy
The fusion reactions occurs at a very high temperature and pressure
which is hard to maintain artificially on earth so takes place in sun only.
Hydrogen bomb is based on nuclear fusion.
ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGY OVER FOSSIL FUELS
A small amount of nuclear fuel can produce huge amount of energy. Eg.
1 gram of uranium can produce energy compared to energy produced
by 3000 kg of coal.
Green house gases emission is low as compared to fossil fuels.
This source of energy is used by vary few nations around the world so
can be used as the alternative sources of Energy.
DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGY OVER FOSSIL FUELS
The pollution caused by the nuclear reaction is very serious to human
kind.
It can cause nuclear accident which has a great potential to destroy the
human kind and the environment.
It takes lot of money and time to built a nuclear power plants.
It is not a renewable source of energy
TIDAL ENERGY
The energy that can be obtained by the tides occurring in the sea and
oceans is called as the tidal energy.
The tides occur due to the gravitational force of attraction between
earth and moon.
Water raised during the occurrance of tides are trapped in the dam and
then by the similar process of hydroelectricity generation electricity is
generated.
WIND ENERGY
The energy obtained from the fast moving air that is wind is called as
wind energy.
GEO-THERMAL ENERGY
The energy that is obtained from the heat present inside the earth is
called as the geo-thermal energy.
The inside of the earth consists of lava which has a very high
temperature.
A hole is drilled inside the earth upto that lava and water is poured in
the hole.
When that water comes in contact of lava then it evaporates and steam
comes up from other hole that is connected with the turbine.
That steam rotates the blades of turbines which generates the
electricity.
ENERGY/FUEL CRISIS
The future scarcity of sources of energy on the earth due to
overpopulation,urbanization and industrialization is called as energy
crisis.
CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISIS
overconsumption of non-renewable sources of energy.
Overpopulation.
Less use of alternative sources of energy.
Natural disatsers.
Wars and attacks.
REMEDIES
Moving towards the renewable sources.
Buying energy efficient products.
Using alternative enrgy sources.
Controlling population.
