© 2017 IJSRST | Volume 3 | Issue 6 | Print ISSN: 2395-6011 | Online ISSN: 2395-602X

Themed Section: Science and Technology

Finite Element Modelling of Temperature Distribution and Residual Stress in

Butt Welded Joints
Rakesh Kumar1,* and Gurinder Singh Brar2
1
(PhD Student, IKGPTU, Kapurthala) Department of Mechanical Engineering, North West Group of Institutions,
Dhudike (Moga), Punjab, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
*Corresponding Author- E-mail: hod_me@northwest.ac.in

ABSTRACT

Welding is one of the most important assembling methods which are widely used in different applications. In the
present work to predict residual stresses in the butt welded joint of two Fe3 410 WC steel plates, the thermo-
mechanical three dimensional finite element analysis was performed by utilizing the MSC Marc-Mentat software.
The simulation of welding process was done by using three dimensional finite element model and Goldak double
ellipsoid heat source model. For the welding simulation, a sequentially coupled thermo–mechanical analysis was
considered. The properties of the material depending upon temperature were specified. For the outward flux the heat
losses of convective and radiations through boundary conditions were taken into account. The distribution of
residual stresses and equivalent stresses are obtained in all directions. The welding process was simulated with nine
different process parameter settings from the combination of welding process parameters and it was shown that by
giving different heat inputs, there are variations in the temperature distribution and residual stresses. The maximum
temperature and residual stresses were encountered when maximum heat input was supplied.
Keywords:Fe3 410 WC steel, Butt–welds, Finite element analysis, Welding residual stresses, Temperature
distribution.

I. INTRODUCTION fatigue, fracture, creep and buckling are strongly

influenced by the results of these residual stresses.
Welding is one of the most important method which is
used to join different parts in almost all industries like Today still now welding processes have been considered
ship, aircraft, automotive and bridge building etc. as a weak point in the design of mechanical engineering
During the welding process, the internal stresses that in spite of the vast applications in the industry. The main
exist in the structure and welded components are known reasons are due to the limitations in the welding
as residual stresses which are induced by applying technology, unfit of the mechanical properties and, last
unequal temperature field. As the components/structure but not least, residual stresses in welding. Due to these,
cool down to ambient temperature, the residual stresses the analysis of these residual stresses in mechanical
develop which are associated with thermal cycles. The engineering design becomes an important task. The
structural parameters (viz. welding geometry and type of fatigue and creep lifetime also affected due to these
welded joint), material properties (viz. physical and residual stresses. These stresses not only reduce the
mechanical properties, and types of filler metal) etc. are lifetime of the weldment due to fatigue and creep but
strongly influence the distribution of residual stresses also produce undesirable deformation. As the highly
and welded joints distortion. The residual stresses are localized tensile residual stresses which is well known
also affected by the welding process parameters (viz. produced due to welding that often approach the metallic
welding current, welding voltage, travel speed of arc, arc yield stress but yet it is not completely know how
efficiency and process used). The weld deformation, residual stresses distributions are affected by these

IJSRST173613 | 25July 2017 | Accepted: 03August- 2017 | July-August-2017 [(3)6 :201-210]

201
various welding parameters. The counter measures experimentally validate the numerical result used a
against cracking and in service checking can be done contour method. Ueda and Yuan [6,7] and Mochizuki[8]
with the help of this information. The final residual to calculate the residual stresses used the inherent strain
stresses are also affected by many factors, both related to method. Stamenkovic and Vasovic [9] to predict residual
the process and geometry dependent because of inherent stresses have performed a 3D finite element welding
complexities in the process of welding. The effect of simulation in the butt welding of two carbon steel plates.
welding residual stresses may either be advantageous or The welding simulation was considered as a sequentially
disadvantageous depending on the magnitude, nature coupled thermo-mechanical analysis and for the
(tension or compression) and the distribution of the simulation of filler metal deposition used the technique
stresses. Hence the mechanisms of metal deformation of birth and death of elements. A close relation was
under both the internal and external conditions found between the finite element analysis results and
completely understand in which heat associated with the experimental results. Tahami et al. [10] in butt welded
heat source of welding. 2.25 Cr1Mo steel plates the residual stress state has
examined by the thickness effect. Finite element results
The prediction of distribution of these residual stresses show that there is increase in residual stresses and the
in the welding process is very complicated and there is zone of residual stress becomes larger by increasing the
no analytical solution to calculate it due to highly plate thickness. By increasing the plate thickness the
nonlinear behavior .Hence, in the recent last decades welding residual stresses in the longitudinal axis
numerical methods, especially finite element method in changes from compressive to tensile. Tahami and
welding process analysis and simulation have become Sorkhabi [11 studied the effect of welding electrode
interesting to researchers. Study on the thermal stresses speed by using the birth and death of finite elements.
of welding process began in 1930 and the first solution Jeyakumar et al. [12] performed a 2D finite element
was presented in 1936. In these years, for the first time analysis and predicted weld induced residual stresses in
computer was used to simulate the thermal stresses. butt-welded of two similar 2.25 Cr1Mo low alloy
Rosenthal [1] was among the first researcher that during ferritic steel and ASTM A36 steel plates. Murugan et al.
welding developed an analytical solution of heat flow [13] investigated residual stresses in AISI type 304
for determining the weld pool shape that was based on stainless steel and low Carbon steel V-groove pads of
the conduction of heat for the modeling of two and three thickness 6, 8, 12mm welded by MMAW process. The
dimensional. He also introduced the system of moving peak residual stresses produced in stainless steel and low
coordinate to find the solutions for point and line carbon steel was 193 MPa and 220 MPa found in the
modeling of the heat sources by using the equation of centre of weld bead. Tseng et.al investigated the effect
Fourier partial differential for the conduction of heat and of pulsed GTA welding parameters on the welding
a wide range of the modeling problems applied in a very residual stresses. The hole-drilling strain gage method
successful way. Goldak et al. [2] on the basis of was used to determine the residual stresses on the basis
Gaussian distribution of power density derive a model of ASTM standard E837. It was shown that the residual
for welding heat sources mathematically. In order to stress decreases in 304 stainless steel from 255 MPa to
capture heat source size and shape of the shallow and 200 MPA as the pulse frequency and pulse spacing
deeper penetration they proposed the double ellipsoidal increased. Chao et.al [14] studied 304 L stainless steel
distribution. Tsai et al. [3] investigated effect on welding plates by friction stir welding to show the transient
order on buckling and distortion of the thin plates. They temperature and residual stresses variations. It was also
also predicted the effect of welding parameters variation concluded that the longitudinal residual stress after
on both magnitude and distribution of the residual fixture release decrease significantly as compared to
stresses in the thick plates. Duranton et al. [4] through those before fixture release by 470 MPa to 60 MPa as
multi-pass welding of a 316 L stainless steel by using the increase in distance from weld centre. For analysis of
3D finite element simulations computed distortion and welding thermal elastic plastic stresses and distortion
residual stresses. Murugan and Narayanan [5] in a T- some of the packages of finite element method (FEM)
joint for transient residual stresses performed finite such as ABAQUS, ANSYS, NASTRAN, MARC etc.
element simulations of three dimensional and to can be used which are commercially available. There are

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)

202
many phenomenon involved for the simulation of Table 1. Chemical composition of base metal (Wt %)
welding residual stresses by the finite element are e.g
material behavior dependent on temperature non Grade Fe C Mn Si P Cr Ni
linearly, 3D nature of weld pool and the welding Fe3 Base 0.17 1.46 0.34 0.015 0.30 -
processes and phase transformation due to changes in 410
micro structure. WC

In this paper, the finite element simulation of residual Table 2. Welding Parameters
stresses in butt welding of Fe3 410 WC low carbon steel
plates is performed utilizing the MARC software. Fe3 Exp. Trial Current Voltage Welding
410WC was selected as the material for the welding No. (I) ampere (U) volts speed V
plates. This material has numerous applications in (cm/min.)
manufacturing the various structures and the parts such 1 150 19 12.24
as bridges, steel structures, auto parts and industrial 2 150 22 15.36
machines components. The 3D finite element model was 3 150 25 19.32
investigated and the temperature distribution and
4 175 19 15.36
residual stresses were obtained.
5 175 22 19.32
6 175 25 12.24
The weld joint geometry and welding parameters
7 200 19 19.32
8 200 22 12.24
Two Fe3 410 WC steel plates with dimensions of 100
9 200 25 15.36
mm in length, 100 mm in width and 10 mm in thickness
were butt-welded by the Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding
method using ER70S-6 electrodes. Figure 1 shows the II. METHODS AND MATERIAL
schematic presentation of welding samples. The base
metal chemical composition is shown in Table1 and Thermo-Mechanical analysis
Welding parameters are shown in Table 2.
Thermal and mechanical fields impress welding process.
Since heat that arises from plastic strain is insignificant,
the thermal and mechanical analysis could be
accomplished independently. So, modeling of the arc
welding process may be divided into two steps: heat
transfer and mechanical analysis. In both thermal and
mechanical analysis temperature dependent the thermo-
physical and mechanical properties of the base metal
were used in the computations. The material properties
of Fe3 410 WC steel plates as the function of
temperature including thermal conductivity, specific
heat, yield stress, elastic modulus, Poisson ratio and
thermal expansion coefficient were shown in Table 3.

Figure 1. Schematic representation of welding samples

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)

203
 Table 3. Physical and Mechanical properties of Fe3 410
WC steel plates

qrad   Ts4  T4 
Where the surface emissivity is constant and is the
Stefan-Boltzmann coefficient (J/K4.m2) .Deng [15]
represented the total temperature-dependent film
coefficient by combining both convection and radiation
effects as:

 w 
h  0.68  2  if 0  T  500o C
m 
 w 
h  0.231T  82.1 2  if T  500o C
m 
Mechanical Analysis

Innumerical analysis of welding to predict the residual

stresses the thermal, elastic and plastic models are
always necessary. Since phase transformation takes
place at a relatively high temperature for the low carbon
steel such as Fe3 410 WC, the change in volume and
hence the transformation of phase can be ignored. Thus,
the total strain is composed of an elastic, plastic and
a) Thermal analysis thermal part as:

The thermal transfer of welding process is time-  total   e   p   t

dependent problem. The heat conduction was assumed
to be governed by Fourier law: Considering the equation, the constitutive equation may
T   T    T    T  be expressed as follows:
cp   kx    ky    kz 
t x  x  y  y  z  z 
  D  D  total   p   t 
3
In this equation denotes the density (kg/m ), cp is the Where D is the material stiffness matrix. The elastic –
pressure-constant specific heat (J/kg. K), T is the plastic behavior with the linear kinematic hardening was
temperature (K), t is the time (s) ,k is the temperature used as the material model. For typically low carbon
dependent thermal conductivity(J/m .s/K), and q v is the steel Fe3 410WC, the yield stress considerably reduced
rate of internal heat generation (W/m3.s). Two kinds of with temperature rise and naturally vanished at the
boundary condition including convection and radiation melting temperature.
were considered in the thermal analysis. The surface
convection according to the Newton law is given by: Finite Element Simulation

qcon  hcon Ts  T  The analysis for fusion welding is performed in two
steps as an uncoupled problem. The transient thermal
analysis is performed for the prediction of temperature
Where h con is the film coefficient of convection (J/K.m2),
distribution in the weldment. Later, mechanical analysis
Tsis the surface temperature of plate (K) and T ∞ is the
is performed under the so obtained thermal loads to get
ambient temperature (K). It was assumed that the
the evolution and distribution of residual stresses. The
ambient temperature is 298K.Also heat loss due to
flow chart for the analysis procedure is given in Fig. 2. It
radiation is another surface effect and according to the
is assumed that change in the thermal state cannot be
Stefan-Boltzmann law is given by:
affected by the change in mechanical state but change in

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)

204
the mechanical state affected by the change in thermal These parameters are the zone of fusion (FZ),the zone of
state. heat affected(HAZ) and the distribution of the heat
input, the rate of cooling and thermal gradients. The heat
input in welding or the electrical power of welding arc
was calculated using the following equation:
Q=ή VI
Where ή is the arc efficiency, V is the voltage and I the
current of the welding process.

To calculate the volumetric heat flux distribution a

model was adopted which is known as Goldak double-
Figure 2. Flow chart of thermal and mechanical ellipsoid heat source as the input heat into the pool of
analysis. welding. The distribution of heat source shown in Figure
4 consists ellipses of two different categories i.e. one
4.1 Finite Element Model: heat source in the front quadrant and other in the rear
quadrant of it. The densities of power of the double
In this research, for finite element modeling- ellipsoid heat source, qf(x,y,z) and qr (x,y,z) inside the
MSC.Marc-Mentat software was applied to fulfill the front and rear quadrant of the heat source which describe
thermal and mechanical analysis. Because of the the heat flux distribution can be expressed as [16]:
symmetry of the welded plates only one of them was
modeled. Figure 3 illustrates the mesh configuration of  x2   y2   z2 
3 2 
the welded plates in the thermal and mechanical 6 3Qf f 3 2 
a 
3 2 
b 
 cf 
qf  e e e  
analysis. Due to the presence of high temperature and abc f  
the stress gradient near the weld line, a relatively fine
mesh was provided and the element size was increased
 x2   y2   z2 
progressively with distance from the weld line. The 6 3Qf r 3 a2  3 b2  3 cr2 
simulation of the weld passes and deposition of filler qr  e e e
abcr 
metal into the weld pool was done by the element birth
and death technique. In the finite element analysis 2340
eight node hexahedral elements are used to make the 3D In the above equation, weld width a is along the tangent
meshing of the geometry for the thermal and mechanical direction x; depth of weld penetration b is along the arc
analysis. direction y; and the forward length Cf and rear weld pool
length Cr in the weld path direction z; and ff and fr are
some dimensionless factors.

Two parameters Cf and Cr were determined using the

following relationship [17]

c f   0.5a, a  & cr   2a, 4a 

Two dimensionless factors ff and frwere obtained from

the following equations [18]

Figure 3. Finite element meshed model

2c f 2cr
The parameters that are used to model the thermal ff  & fr 
source resulting from electrical arc are the most c f cr c f cr
important parameters to analyze the welding process.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)

205
The parameters of the heat flux distribution were during welding is modeled in the MSC Marc-Mentat
calculated using the above discussion and are shown in software by the equivalent heat input which includes
Table 4. heat flux of the body. The amount of input of heat was
calculated as follows:

Where: η is the efficiency of arc, V is the welding travel

speed, U and I are the welding arc voltage and the
welding current, respectively.

The residual stresses calculations in welding usually

done on the temperature distribution basis and from the
increment thermal strain T the thermal stress
Figure 4. The Goldak double-ellipsoid heat source increment (=ET) is calculated .Here  is the
model coefficient of thermal expansion and E is the modulus of
elasticity. The residual stresses come not only from the
Table 4. The parameters of the heat flux distribution shrinkage of welding but also from the quenching of
surface (rapid cooling of the weld surface layers) and the
Parameters a b Cf Cr ff fr transformation of phase (transformation of austenite
during the cooling cycle).
Value (mm) 2.5 3 2.5 7.5 0.5 1.5
The calculation starts with time t=0 and for the initial
The mechanical analysis was conducted based on the temperature of the welded component the distribution of
thermal analysis results. The nodal temperatures from thermal stress is calculated. The thermal stress increment
the associated transient heat transfer analysis were the is added to the initial stress at step t=0 at the next time
only applied loads to the stress analysis. Since the inertia step. At actual temperature the magnitude of the
has an insignificant effect on the mechanical properties commutative thermal stress is limited to the material
of the plate, the static stress analysis was adopted in this yield strength. It should be noted that at each step, the
study. In mechanical analysis to prevent the motion of forces must be in equilibrium which is caused by the
rigid body boundary conditions are used. Because of the induced thermal stress. The procedure is repeated until
finite element model in symmetrical shape the the last step at which the thermal stress is that at ambient
symmetric plane is fixed in x-direction. The one edge temperature, i.e., the residual stress. The value of
was constrained in both x and z directions and the other welding parameters, distribution of temperature and
edge were constrained only in y-direction. Also the parts residual stresses are shown in Table 5.
of plates that were in contact with the fixture were
constrained in y direction. Table 5. Welding parameters, Temperature distribution
and Residual stresses

III. Results of Finite Element Analysis Exp.

Trial
Current
(I)
Voltage
(U)
Welding
speed V
Heat
Input
Temp
(K)
Residual
stress
No. ampere volts (cm/min.) (Watts) (MPa)
1 150 19 12.24 197.91 556 585
To determine the distribution of temperature in the 2 150 22 15.36 182.61 520 544
welded component the input of heat is the most 3 150 25 19.32 164.98 422 432
4 175 19 15.36 184 542 569
important parameter. To fabricate the welded joints the 5 175 22 19.32 169.38 493 513
output is heat quantity which is achieved from a 6 175 25 12.24 303.8 609 646
particular heat source. In all the welding processes, the 7 200 19 19.32 167.18 462 478
8 200 22 12.24 305.5 654 697
localized high temperature spot are caused by the energy 9 200 25 15.36 276.69 578 610
which is provided by the heat source. The input of heat

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)

206
This can also be shown on a bar chart as shown in heat affected (HAZ) and the stress become normal after
Figure 6 and Figure 7. a certain distance.

700
600
500
400
Temp (K)
300
200
100
0

Figure 8. Variation of maximum residual stress with

Heat Inputs (Watts)
heat input
Figure 6. Bar chart between temperature distribution
Figure 9 represent the variation of residual stress as the
and heat input
minimum heat input is supplied .It is shown that the
800 residual stresses is maximum at the weld centre which is
700 432 MPa but as we move away from the weld centre to
600
the edge of the plates the residual stresses decreases
Residual 500
suddenly which is 53 MPa that is known as the heat
Stress 400
(Mpa) 300 affected zone (HAZ) and the stress become normal after
200 a certain distance.
100
0 Figure 10 present the temperature variations as the
maximum heat input is supplied .It is shown that the
temperature is maximum at the weld centre which is
Heat Inputs (Watts) 654⁰ K but as we move away from the centre of weld to
the edge of the plates the temperature decreases
Figure 7. Bar chart between residual stresses and heat suddenly which is 98⁰ K.
input
From the results of temperature distribution it is found Figure 11 shows the variation of temperature as the
that by giving the different heat inputs to the welding minimum heat input is supplied .It is shown that the
samples the temperature increases as the heat input temperature is maximum at the weld centre which is
increased e.g as the heat input supplied 164.98 watts, the 422⁰ K but as we move away from the weld centre to
temperature is 422⁰ K and as we increase the heat input the edge of the plates the temperature decreases
upto 305.5 watts, the temperature increases to a amount suddenly which is 73⁰ K.
of 654⁰ K. Similarly from the result of residual stresses
it is found that as the heat supplied is 164.98⁰ K, the
value of residual stresses 432MPa and as we increases
the heat input , the residual stress reaches up to a 697
MPa.

Figure 8 shows the residual stresses variations as the

maximum heat input is supplied. It is shown that the
residual stresses is maximum at the weld centre which is
697 MPa but as we move away from the centre of weld
to the edge of the plates the residual stresses decreases Figure 9. Variation of minimum residual stress with
suddenly which is 86 MPa that is known as the zone of heat input

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)

207
 Figure 13 shows the Temperature variations and at a
distance of 25 mm from the centre line of weld on both
sides and it is found that the temperature is maximum at
weld centre which is equal to 723.75K but as we move
away from weld centre to the edge of the plates the
temperature decreases suddenly which is known as heat
affected zone (HAZ) and it become normal after a
certain distance.

Figure 14 shows the variation ofEquivalent Von Misses

Figure 10. Variation of maximum temperature with heat Stress and at a distance of 25 mm from the weld centre
input line on both sides and it is found that the residual
stresses is maximum at weld centre which is equal to
479.89 MPa but as we move away from weld centre to
the edge of the plates the residual stress decreases
suddenly which is known as heat affected zone (HAZ)
and the stresses become normal after a certain distance.
Figure 15 shows the variation ofTemperature and at a
distance of 25 mm from the weld centre line on both
sides and it is found that the temperature is maximum at
weld centre which is equal to 466.07K but as we move
away from weld centre to the edge of the plates the
temperature decreases suddenly which is known as heat
Figure 11. Variation of minimum temperature with heat affected zone (HAZ) and it become normal after a
input certain distance.

Figure 12 shows the variation of Equivalent Von Misses 800

Stress and at a distance of 25 mm from the weld centre
line on both sides and it is found that the residual 700
stresses is maximum at weld centre which is equal to 600
777.38 MPa but as we move away from weld centre to
the edge of the plates the residual stress decreases 500
suddenly which is known as heat affected zone (HAZ) Temp (K) 400
and the stresses become normal after a certain distance.
300
900 200
800
700 100
Equivalen 600
t Von 500 0
Mises 400 0 20 40 60
Stress 300 Distance From Weld Center (mm)
200 Figure 13. Variation of Maximum temperature with
100
distance from weld centre line
0
0 20 40 60
Distance From Weld Center (mm)

Figure 12. Variation of Maximum Equivalent Von

Misses Stress with distance from weld centre line

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)

208
 600 the heat input supplied was 164.98 watts, the maximum
500 temperature rose 422⁰ K and as heat input was increased
to 305.5 watts, the temperature increased to 654⁰ K.
400
Equivalent Similarly from the result of residual stresses it is found
Von Mises 300
that as more heat is supplied, the value of residual
Stress 200
stresses increases from 432MPa to 697 MPa.
100 It can also be concluded that the magnitude of residual
0 stress was maximum in the centre i.e. 777.38 MPa. Also
0 20 40 60 the effect of residual stress is upto 25 mm distance on
Distance From Weld Center(mm) both sides of the weld centre which is known as heat
affected zone (HAZ).

Figure 14. Variation of Minimum Equivalent Von

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Misses Stress with distance from weld centre line

Authors are highly thankful to the Department of RIC,

500
IKG Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab,
400 India for providing the opportunity to carry out this
research work.
300
Temp (K)
200 VI. REFERENCES
100
[1]. Rosenthal, D. (1941). Mathematical theory of heat
0 distribution of welding and cutting. Welding
0 20 40 60
Journal, Vol.20, No.5, pp.1007-16.
Distance From Weld Center(mm)
[2]. Goldak, J., Chakravati, A. & Bibby, M. (1984). A
new finite element model for welding heat
Figure 15. Variation of Minimum temperature with sources. Metallurgical Transactions B, Vol.15B,
distance from weld centre line pp. 299-305.
[3]. Tsai, C.L., Park, S.C. & Cheng, W.T. (1999).
IV. CONCLUSION Welding distortion of a thin-plate panel structure,
Welding Journal, Vol.78, pp.156-65.
In the present work, numerical simulation of temperature [4]. Duranton, P., Devaux, J., Robin, V., Gilles, P. &
distribution and residual stresses in welding by finite Bergheau, J.M. (2004). 3D modeling of multipass
element analysis in Fe3 410 WC steel plates of butt welding of a 316L stainless steel pipe. Journal of
welded joints was presented. For analyzing residual Material Process Technology, Vol.153-154, pp.
stresses in welding processes the finite element method 457-463.
is an efficient technique. A three-dimensional finite [5]. Murugan, N. & Narayanan, R. (2009). Finite
element welding simulation was carried out by MSC element simulation of residual stresses and their
Marc-Mentat software with thickness of plates as 10 mm. measurement by contour method. Materials and
A sequential coupled thermo-mechanical analysis was Design, Vol. 30, pp.2067-2071.
considered for the simulation of welding and for [6]. Ueda, Y. & Yuan, M.G. (1993). Prediction of
deposition of filler metal the technique of birth and residual stresses in butt welded plates using
death of finite elements was employed. The distributions inherent strains. Transactions of the ASME,
of residual stresses by the analysis of finite element of Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology,
two butt welded plates in the axial directions were Vol.115, No. 10, pp.417-423.
presented. It can be concluded that by giving the [7]. Yuan, M.G. & Ueda, Y. (1996). Prediction of
different heat inputs to the welding samples the residual stresses in welded T- and I-joints using
temperature increases as the heat input increased e.g as inherent strains. Transactions of the ASME,

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)

209
 Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology,
Vol.118, No.4, pp.229-234.
[8]. Mochizuki, H. & Hattori, H. (1999). Residual
stress analysis by simplified inherent strains at
welded pipe junctions in a pressure vessel.
Transactions of the ASME. Journal of Pressure
Vessel Technology, Vol.121, pp.353-357
[9]. Stemenkovic, D. & Vasovic, I. (2009). Finite
element analysis of residual stress in butt welding
two similar plates. Scientific Technical
Reviews,Vol.59, No.59, pp.57-60.
[10]. Tahami, F.V., Sorkhabi, A.H.D., Saeimis, M.A. &
Homayounfar, A. (2009). 3D finite element
analysis of the residual stresses in butt-welded
plates with modeling of the electrode-movement.
Journal of Zhejiang University Science A, Vol.10,
pp.37-43.
[11]. Tahami, F.V. & Sorkhabi, A.H.D. (2009). Finite
element analysis of thickness effect on the residual
stress in butt-welded 2.25Cr1Mo steel plates.
Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol.9, pp.1331-1337.
[12]. Jeyakumar, M., Christopher, T., Narayanan, R. &
Rao, B.N. (2011). Residual stress evaluation in
butt-welded steel plates, Indian Journal
Engineering and Material Sciences, Vol.18,
pp.425-434.
[13]. Murugan, S., Rai, S.K., Kumar, P.V., Jayakumar,
T., Raj, B. & Bose, M.S.C. (2001). Temperature
distribution and residual stresses due to multipass
welding in type 304 stainless steel and low carbon
steel weld pads. International Journal of Pressure
Vessels and Piping, Vol.78, Iss.4, pp.307-317.
[14]. Zhu, X.K. & Chao Y.J. (2004). Numerical
simulation of transient temperature and residual
stresses in friction stir welding of 304L stainless
steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology,
vol. 146, pp.263-272.
[15]. Goldak, J., Chakravarti, A. & Bibby, M.J. (1984).
A new finite element model for welding heat
sources, Metallurgical Transactions B, Vol.15B,
pp.299-305.
[16]. Goldak, J.A. & Akhlaghi, M. (2005).
Computational welding mechanics, Springer, New
York.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)

210