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Manganese in poultry nutrition and its effect on

performance and eggshell quality

O. Olgun

To cite this article: O. Olgun (2017) Manganese in poultry nutrition and its effect on
performance and eggshell quality, World's Poultry Science Journal, 73:1, 45-56, DOI: 10.1017/
S0043933916000891

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 doi:10.1017/S0043933916000891

Manganese in poultry nutrition and its

effect on performance and eggshell
quality
O. OLGUN

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya,

Turkey
Corresponding author: [email protected]

Manganese (Mn) is an element required in nutrition, functioning largely in the

enzyme systems involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. It plays an
important role in growth, bone development, perosis prevention, optimal eggshell
quality and performance maintenance of poultry. The current NRC (1994)
guidelines recommend 20 and 60 mg/kg of Mn for laying hens and broilers,
respectively. In practical poultry feeds, however, the dietary requirement of Mn
is considered higher than these values. Traditionally, Mn is added to the diet in the
sulphate form, which is typically used as the standard in nutritional studies.
However, in recent times, other, more natural forms have been made available to
the feed industry, e.g. organic chelates. From this current review of published data,
it appears that inorganic Mn supplementation up to 200 mg/kg is ineffective on the
performance of both laying hens and broilers but at lower levels it improves eggshell
quality. The dietary Mn requirement of laying hens and broilers appears to be 90
mg/kg, and the availability of Mn-sulphate is higher than that of other inorganic Mn
sources but lower than its organic sources. More studies should be undertaken to
determine the optimum Mn requirement in its various forms for laying hens and
broilers.

Keywords: manganese; laying hens; broiler; performance; eggshell quality

Introduction
The performance of birds and quality of eggs are the main factors affecting the income of
poultry producers. Macro nutrients such as protein and energy have effects on these
factors, as do the trace elements. Manganese (Mn), which is the fifth most abundant
element on earth, is one of these trace elements. Since the 1930s, Mn has been known to
be essential in animals (Suttle, 2010). In poultry nutrition, Mn plays an important role in
bone formation (Underwood, 1977) and in many biochemical processes by activating
enzymes, such as pyruvate carboxylase, superoxide dismutase and glycosyl transferase

© World's Poultry Science Association 2017

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 73, March 2017
Received for publication September 9, 2016
Accepted for publication September 27, 2016 45
Manganese in poultry nutrition: O. Olgun

(Suttle, 2010). Mn is essential for embryonic development, normal growth of the body
and bones, reproduction, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (Underwood, 1977).
Furthermore, Mn has an important function in preventing perosis and maintaining
eggshell quality (Cox and Balloun, 1968; Lu et al., 2007; Suttle, 2010).
The dietary Mn requirement for poultry suggested by the NRC (1994) may no longer
be sufficient to maintain the optimal performance and eggshell quality of birds due to the
considerable improvement in their performance. In most studies conducted to determine
the Mn requirement of birds, between 15-200 mg/kg Mn is added to the diets, and these
amounts, particularly for egg layers, can be much higher than the levels recommended by
the NRC (1994). The element is added to the diets of poultry as inorganic or organic Mn.
The organic sources of Mn are known to have more positive effects on eggshell quality
compared to the inorganic sources (Gheisari et al., 2011a; Xiao et al., 2015).
This review examines the nutritional role of Mn and its inorganic and organic sources
on the performance of broilers, and the production and eggshell quality of laying hens.

Manganese requirements of broilers and laying hens

Nowadays, the increased performance capacity of birds has necessitated an increasing
Mn requirement, and research has been carried out to determine the optimum Mn level
for both laying hens and broilers. For laying hens, the NRC (1994) proposed a Mn
requirement of 20 mg/kg. However, the Mn requirement for maximal performance,
including egg production, egg mass and optimal eggshell quality in laying hens, as a
result of changes in genetics, management and nutrition of birds over the past 50-60
years, is estimated to be higher than NRC levels. Various Mn levels for laying hens have
been reported by researchers. For instance, the Mn requirement of laying hens was
recommended as 50 mg/kg by Ochrimenko et al. (1992), 105 mg/kg by Sazzad et al.
(1994), 120 mg/kg for second-cycle hens by Fassani et al. (2000) and 60 mg/kg by
Leeson and Summers (2005). In contrast to these results, Yıldız et al. (2010) stated that
dietary Mn addition was not necessary for the basal diet (14 mg/kg Mn) of 22-42-week-
old laying hens.
There has been a marked increase in disorders, such as perosis, due to the rapid growth
of broilers. NRC (1994) recommends 60 mg/kg of Mn in broiler diets. Sunder et al.
(2006) showed that supplementation of Mn at 100 mg/kg optimised performance
parameters, mineralisation and the immune systems of broilers. The Mn requirement
of broilers has been suggested as 83 (Berta et al., 2004), 70 (Leeson and Summers,
2005), 122 (Lu et al., 2006), 137 (Sunder et al., 2006) and 130 mg/kg (Li et al., 2011).
The reason for the varying dietary Mn levels for laying hens and broilers recommended
by past research may be due to differences in the age and genotype of the animals studied
as well as management and rearing factors.

Availability and sources of manganese

High levels of dietary calcium, phosphorus, phytate and cellulose decrease the absorption
of Mn in the intestinal tract of poultry (Halpin and Baker, 1986; Wedekind and Baker,
1990a; 1990b). The Mn content of cereal grains used in poultry diets is between 5-45 mg/
kg based on dry matter, whereas protein sources and bran contain more (Suttle, 2010), as
Mn availability in these cereal grains is low (Turk et al., 1982; Halpin and Baker, 1986).
Therefore, commercial corn-soybean meal based diet cannot meet the Mn needs of laying
hens and broilers.

46 World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 73, March 2017

 Manganese in poultry nutrition: O. Olgun

In the poultry sector, cheaper trace mineral salts, such as sulphates and oxides are
added in high amounts to ensure adequate dietary requirements are met (Ao and Pierce,
2013). As a Mn source, Mn-sulphate is reported to be more available than Mn-oxide and
Mn-carbonate (Black et al., 1984). Korol et al. (1996) demonstrated that Mn-oxide
contained 61-74% available Mn and this was lower than Mn-sulphate, which was
taken as 100%. Similarly, Gheisari et al. (2011a) noted that the dietary addition of
Mn-sulphate instead of Mn-oxide improved performance parameters such as feed
intake and feed conversion ratio of laying hens and decreased the percentage of
broken eggs.
The availability of inorganic sources of trace elements is relatively low and an
important portion of inorganic elements are excreted with faeces without absorption in
the digestive system. The bioavailability of organic Mn sources (chelates or propionates)
was found to be higher than inorganic sources (Mn-sulphate) for broilers (Brooks et al.,
2012), allowing an organic Mn source to be added to the diet at 50 or 75% less than its
inorganic counterpart (Gheisari et al., 2011b). Gheisari et al. (2011b) recommended that
diets supplemented with Mn at 40 mg/kg from organic sources, can be used instead of
Mn-oxide at 100 mg/kg to support broiler chick performance. Xiao et al. (2015) showed
that as an organic source, Mn-amino acid complexes improved eggshell quality
parameters in aged laying hens compared to inorganic Mn-sulphate. Organic Mn was
observed to have greater efficacy than inorganic Mn (Mn-sulphate) and, as a methionine
ligand, was more effective in facilitating Mn absorption than Mn-glycine (Ji et al., 2006).
Conversely, other studies comparing the availability of inorganic with organic sources
of Mn have reported no significant difference in either performance or eggshell quality in
laying hens and broilers. Swiatkiewicz and Koreleski (2008) showed that substitution of
inorganic Mn with a Mn-amino acid complex in the diet had no effect on the
performance or eggshell quality of laying hens. Similar results were reported by
Yıldız et al. (2011). In a study in broilers, Wang et al. (2012) indicated that there
was no significant difference in bioavailability between Mn-proteinate and Mn-
sulphate fed to 1-21-day-old broilers. Berta et al. (2004) reported that Mn-fumarate
had less efficacy than Mn-oxide. Similarly, it was shown that the relative
bioavailability of a Mn-amino acid chelate was lower than Mn-sulphate for broilers
aged between 1-21 days of age (Miles et al., 2003).

Effect of manganese on performance parameters

BROILERS
Many experiments have been undertaken to determine the optimum Mn level required
to obtain optimal growth of broilers (Table 1). Unfortunately no significant effect on
performance has been observed when Mn was added to diets at up to 200 mg/kg, whilst
performance parameters were adversely affected when Mn was added to the diets at high
levels (400 mg/kg and above). Body weight, feed conversion ratio and mortality, and
carcass parameters, such as carcass weight or the amount of abdominal fat of broilers,
were not influenced by supplemental Mn at 180 mg/kg (Collins and Moran, 1999). Berta
et al. (2004) demonstrated that dietary supplementation of Mn at 30, 60 or 240 mg/kg as
Mn-oxide or -fumarate did not affect body weight, feed conversion ratio or mortality of
broilers. Sunder et al. (2006) reported that no addition or a high dosage (1600 mg/kg and
above) of Mn to broiler diets increased leg abnormality scores, deteriorated performance
parameters and adversely impacted immune response. Yan and Waldroup (2006) showed
that the performance parameters of broilers were not affected by Mn supplementation at
100, 200, 400, 600 or 800 mg/kg, regardless of the source (Mn-oxide or -sulphate, or

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 73, March 2017 47

Manganese in poultry nutrition: O. Olgun

organic Mn). Miles et al. (2003) reported that feed intake was not affected by the source
(sulphate or -amino acid chelate) or amount of dietary Mn (500, 100 or 1500 mg/kg), but
body weight decreased in 21-day-old broilers fed diets containing Mn at 1500 mg/kg.
Ghosh et al. (2016) reported that dietary addition of Mn at 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg to a
basal diet containing 25 mg/kg Mn did not benefit the growth performance of broilers.
While no effect of Mn on poultry performance has been found when the birds are fed a
balanced diet or raised in a neutral environment, it may be effective in stressful situations.
Nevertheless, from the trials published to date, approximately 90 mg/kg Mn in diets can
be said to be essential for maintenance of normal development of broilers.

LAYING HENS
Manganese is one of the enzyme cofactors involved in the synthesis of cholesterol,
which is the main structure of ovarian steroids (Klimis-Tavantzis et al., 1983). Cao and
Chen (1987) and Feng and Feng (1998) reported that a dietary deficiency of Mn caused
changes in circulating ovarian steroids in layer hens, and consequently reduced
reproduction in hens.
The dietary addition of Mn at 50 or 75 mg/kg increased egg production and egg weight
(Hossain and Bertechini, 1998). Xiao et al. (2015) reported that for 50-week-old laying
hens fed supplemental Mn (inorganic Mn at 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg or organic Mn
at 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), organic Mn at 50 mg/kg had the highest feed efficiency
and the lowest feed intake when the data were extrapolated out from the 12-week feeding
trial to 55-62 weeks of age. However, Sazzad et al. (1994) observed that the performance
parameters of 23-35-week-old laying hens were not affected by dietary supplementation
of Mn at 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg. Similarly, Yıldız et al. (2010) reported that the dietary
supplementation of Mn (35 or 70 mg/kg) did not affect the performance of laying hens
between 22-42 weeks of age. Similarly, Faria et al. (1999) showed that dietary Mn levels
(70, 140 or 210 mg/kg) did not affect the performance of laying hens as did Venglovska
et al. (2014) who stated that feeding 120 mg/kg did not affect the performance of 20-
week-old hen layers.
In an experiment conducted by Yıldız et al. (2011) dietary addition of Mn (15-70 mg/
kg), regardless of its form, did not affect performance, but egg weight was increased by
supplementation with organic Mn (Mn-Bioplex) in laying hens at 49 weeks of age. In
broiler breeders, the addition of Mn at up to 240 mg/kg feed did not affect performance
or hatchability parameters (Xie et al., 2014). Yang et al. (2012) reported that egg
production decreased with increasing amount of supplemental Mn (15 or 35 mg/kg)
but egg weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected in laying
hens at 40 weeks of age, and this contradiction may be due to the age of hens used
in the experiment, as rate of egg production reduces with age and as such mineral
requirements may decline. The lack of a supplemental Mn effect on bird performance
may be due to sufficient Mn in the basal diets or an insufficient treatment period (Table
2).

Effect of manganese on eggshell quality

Manganese plays an important role in eggshell quality by promoting the synthesis of
mucopolysaccharides (Leach, 1976). A dietary deficiency of Mn decreases eggshell
thickness (Leach and Gross, 1983), and Sazzad et al. (1994) reported that eggshell
thickness was improved in laying hens fed supplemental Mn (20, 40 or 80 mg/kg), as
Mn-oxide. Similarly, Xiao et al. (2014) reported that dietary Mn supplementation (25 or
100 mg/kg) improved eggshell quality parameters, such as breaking strength and

48 World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 73, March 2017

 Manganese in poultry nutrition: O. Olgun

thickness in eggs from 50-week-old laying hens. In agreement, Venglovska et al. (2014)
reported that the percentage of cracked eggs from 20-week-old laying hens was decreased
by Mn supplementation at 120 mg/kg, regardless of the source. Fassani et al. (2000)
reported maximal eggshell thickness from laying hens fed a diet containing Mn at 200
mg/kg. Thus, both the source and level of Mn in the diet influences eggshell quality.
Furthermore, organic Mn is more effective than inorganic sources of Mn at improving
eggshell quality. Xiao et al. (2015) reported that at 100 mg/kg, dietary supplementation
of organic Mn increased the eggshell breaking strength, whilst inorganic Mn increased
the eggshell thickness, in aged laying hens. In a study on broiler breeders, the dietary
addition of Mn (120 and 240 mg/kg) increased eggshell breaking strength without
affecting the thickness (Xie et al., 2014).
However, some research results reported that eggshell quality parameters were not
affected by the addition of Mn to diets. For example, Yıldız et al. (2010) reported that the
eggshell quality of 22-24-week-old laying hens was not affected by supplemental Mn. In
another study by the same researchers, laying hens were fed a diet containing Mn at 15,
30, 45, 60 or 70 mg/kg, in an inorganic or organic form, for 12 weeks without any effect
on the eggshell quality parameters but, compared to the inorganic Mn-sulphate, the Mn-
Bioplex supplement decreased the percentage of damaged eggs (Yıldız et al., 2011).
As shown in Table 3, the addition of Mn to the diet generally has beneficial effects on
eggshell quality parameters, such as thickness and fracture resistance, and decreases the
portion of damaged eggs. Therefore, Mn is effective in decreasing economic losses to egg
producers by increasing the number of marketable eggs.

Conclusions
The minimum dietary addition for Mn for laying hens and broilers is ~60 mg/kg when
fed as its sulphate salts or organic forms, so that the total Mn in the diet is maintained at
~90 mg/kg. This level is sufficient to improve eggshell quality parameters of laying hens
and prevent various disorders such as perosis and to maintain normal development of
broilers. Manganese sulphate is frequently used as the standard rather than other
inorganic or organic sources. The availability of Mn-sulphate is higher than other
inorganic sources such as Mn-oxide, but its availability in poultry is lower than
organic sources (i.e., Mn-proteinate or -amino acid chelates). Organic Mn sources can
be used to decrease the amount of Mn added to the diets of poultry, due to this higher
bioavailability.

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 Table 1 Effect of sources and dosages of Mn on performance of broilers.

52
Age of birds, Mn content of Source of Mn Supplemental Final body Feed intake Feed conversion References
days basal diet, mg/kg Mn, mg/kg weight ratio

49 23.00 Mn-oxide 30 -2.46 -5.78 Berta et al., 2004

60 -3.45 -4.73
120 -1.97 -4.73
Mn-fumerate 30 -0.49 -3.67
60 -1.97 -3.15
120 -0.99 -4.21

28 37.00 Mn-sulphate 100 -5.71 -2.85 +1.68 Sunder et al., 2006

400 -4.08 -4.47 -1.68
800 -5.44 -5.32 -1.12
1600 -6.94* -6.40* -3.35
3200 -12.79* -9.95* +2.25
Manganese in poultry nutrition: O. Olgun

21 30.00 Mn-oxide 20 +4.20 -1.26 -5.08 Brooks et al., 2012

100 +7.41 +7.15 -0.56
500 +7.90 +3.37 -4.52
Mn-propionate 20 +4.94 -2.66 -7.34
100 +4.20 +1.86 -1.69
500 -1.48 +20.66 +18.64

21 15.26 Mn-sulphate 60 +0.53 +0.40 0.00 Wang et al., 2012

120 -1.60 -1.39 0.00
180 -0.80 -0.40 +0.75

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 73, March 2017

Mn-propionate 60 +0.53 -0.20 -0.75
120 0.00 0.00 0.00
180 +2.40 +2.19 0.00

42 25.00 Mn-Sulphate 50 -0.65 -2.13 -1.10 Ghosh et al., 2016

75 -0.65 -2.13 -1.10
100 -0.65 -0.95 0.00
1
Numbers in columns indicate the percentage change relative to the control group; significant difference found *(P < 0.05).
 Table 2 Effect of sources and dosages of Mn on performance of laying hens.

Experimental Mn content of Source of Mn Supplemental Feed Egg Egg Egg mass Feed References
Period, basal diet, mg/kg Mn, mg/kg intake production weight conversion
weeks of age ratio

40-50 46.60 Mn-sulphate 15 +0.46 -2.46 -0.75 +2.05 Yang et al., 2012
35 -0.71 -7.32* +0.22 +6.47

59-62 14.30 25 +3.93 +1.95 +1.37 +0.77 -3.67 Xiao et al., 2014
100 -1.69 -0.79 -1.68 +0.61 -1.63

20-28 46.40 Mn-sulphate 120 +0.44 0.00 +0.52 +0.41 -0.50 Venglovska et al., 2014
Mn-propionate 120 +0.61 0.00 -0.39 -0.83 -2.50
Mn-glycine 120 +0.44 +1.03 -0.60 -0.86 0.00

22-42 13.86 Mn-sulphate 35 -1.84 +1.46 -1.93 -0.65 -1.03 Yıldız et al., 2010
70 -2.12 -0.23 -1.52 -2.44 +0.51

49-61 15.11 Mn-sulphate 30 -4.36 +0.18 -1.00 -1.19 -3.54 Yıldız et al., 2011
45 -3.95 +1.14 -0.08 +0.91 -4.88
60 -0.97 +0.35 +2.23 +2.48 -3.73
75 +1.37 -1.40 +1.91 +0.29 +0.76
Mn-bioplex 15 +0.08 -1.15 +1.99 +0.62 -1.05
30 -2.18 -1.32 +4.01 +2.45 -4.68
45 +1.29 -1.98 +4.69 +2.52 -1.63
60 -1.45 -3.08 +3.08 -0.18 -1.63
75 +7.83 +3.42 +3.69 +7.00 -0.10
1
Numbers in columns indicate the percentage change relative to the control group; significant difference found *(P < 0.05)

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 Table 3 Effect of sources and dosages of Mn on eggshell quality from laying hens.

54
Experimental Mn content of Source of Mn Supplemental Eggshell Eggshell Eggshell Cracked eggs References
period, weeks basal diet, Mn, mg/kg thickness breaking weight
of age mg/kg strength

28-44 30.00 Mn-oxide 30 0.00 +6.37* +1.45 Zamani et al., 2005

60 0.00 +11.78* +7.17*
90 0.00 +4.46 +0.22

40-50 46.60 Mn-sulphate 15 +3.56** Yang et al., 2012

35 +5.09**

22-42 13.86 Mn-sulphate 35 +0.54 +8.27 +4.22 Yıldız et al., 2010

70 +0.27 +8.27 +4.11

49-61 15.11 Mn-sulphate 30 +0.60 +0.52 +1.00 +147.29 Yıldız et al., 2011
45 -2.13 -0.24 0.00 -41.09
Manganese in poultry nutrition: O. Olgun

60 -4.76 -0.78 -0.44 +1.55

75 -1.48 +0.05 +0.37 -65.89
Mn-bioplex 15 +3.28 +6.63 +1.33 -44.19
30 +2.95 -1.02 +1.33 -34.88
45 -3.23 +4.94 +0.29 -41.86
60 -0.22 +2.07 +1.08 -37.21
75 -1.97 +0.17 -0.37 -48.06

59-62 14.30 Mn-sulphate 25 -5.00 +5.54 -1.77 Xiao et al., 2014

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 73, March 2017

100 +9.72* +15.69** +3.54

20-28 46.40 Mn-sulphate 120 +8.33** +8.80** -80.55** Venglovska et al., 2014
Mn-propionate 120 +8.33** +10.80** -88.16**
Mn-glycine 120 +8.33** +10.91** -67.86**
 Table 3 Continued

Experimental Mn content of Source of Mn Supplemental Eggshell Eggshell Eggshell Cracked eggs References
period, weeks basal diet, Mn, mg/kg thickness breaking weight
of age mg/kg strength

50-62 13.30 Mn-sulphate 25 +2.55 +3.13 +0.93 Xiao et al., 2015

50 +6.80** +12.82 +1.66
100 +13.03** +24.27** +2.49
200 +11.90** +23.98 +1.87
Mn-amino acid 25 +9.83** +20.54** -0.83
50 +13.60 +25.35** -1.14
100 +11.90** +28.86** +1.55
200 +10.20** +25.13** +1.55
1
Numbers in columns indicate the percentage change relative to the control group; significant difference found *(P < 0.05), **(P > 0.01).

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56 World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 73, March 2017