The pressure at the upstream section and throat are actual pressures, and the velocities from

Bernoulli’s equation are theoretical velocities. When losses are considered in the energy equation,
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
the velocities are actual velocities.
CE 112 – HYDRAULICS
2nd Semester, S.Y 2023 – 2024 First, with the Bernoulli equation (i.e., without a head-loss term) the theoretical velocity at the throat is
obtained. Then, by multiplying this by the velocity coefficient Cv, the actual velocity is obtained. The
MODULE 2 (PART 2) actual velocity times the actual area of the throat determines the actual discharges.
FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT THROUGH ORIFICES, TUBES, VENTURI METER, AND WEIRS
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
2.3 NOZZLE 𝑉1 2 𝑃1 𝑉2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
A nozzle is a converging tube installed at the end of a pipe or hose for the purpose of increasing the
velocity of the issuing jet.

𝑉1 2 𝑃1 𝑉2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑃1 𝑃2
+ 𝑦 + ℎ − ℎ(13.6) − 𝑦 =
The discharge through a nozzle can be calculated using the equation. 𝛾 𝛾
𝑃1 − 𝑃2
= ℎ(13.6) − ℎ
𝑸 = 𝑪𝑨𝒏 √𝟐𝒈𝑯 𝛾
𝑃1 − 𝑃2
Where: = ℎ(13.6 − 1) = 12.6ℎ
H = total head at base of nozzle 𝛾
𝐴𝑛 =area at the nozzle tip
Meter Coefficient
2.4 VENTURI METERS
𝑸𝒂
𝑪=
𝑸𝒕

𝑄𝑎 = actual discharge
𝑄𝑡 = theoretical discharge
𝑄𝑡 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 𝑜𝑟 𝐴2 𝑉2

Example Problems:

1. Installed is a Venturi meter on a pipe 260 mm in diameter in which the maximum flow is 130
liters/sec, where the pressure head is 6.5 m. of water. To ensure that the pressure head at
the throat does not become negative.
a. Compute the velocity of flow at the throat.
The venturi meter is used to measure the rate of flow in a pipe. A different manometer is attached to b. Compute the smallest diameter of the throat.
the two piezometer rings. The size of the venturi meter is specified by the pipe and throat diameter, c. If the weight of water passes through the meter in 2.5 min. was 14000 kg, compute the
e.g. a 6 by 4 cm venturi meters fits a 6-cm-diameter pipe and has a 4-cm-diameter throat. For meter coefficient.
accurate results the venturi meters should be preceded by at least 10 diameters of straight pipe. In
the flow from the pipe to the throat, the velocity is greatly increased, and the pressure 2. A Venturi meter having a throat diameter of 200 mm is installed in a horizontal 350 mm.
correspondingly decreased. The amount of discharge in incompressible flow is shown to be a diameter water main as shown. The coefficient of discharge is 0.99 and the discharge of
function of the manometer reading. flow is 145 liters/sec.
a. Compute the velocity at the throat.
b. Determine the change in pressure head from 1 to 2.

ENGR. MELANIE ROSE P. PASCUA

3. For the venturi meter shown, the deflection of the mercury in the differential gauge is 0.36
m. Neglecting energy losses between A and B and relatively density of mercury = 13.6.
a. Determine the change in pressure head between head A and B.
b. Determine velocity at A.
c. Determine the flow of water through the meter.

References:
1. Besavilla, V.I. (1996) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, 3rd edition.,VIB Publisher
2. Gillesania, Diego Inocencio T.Fluid mechanics and hydraulics, c2003, Leyte
3. Evett, Jack B. & Liu, Cheng. (1989) Schaum’s 2500 Solved Problems in Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Inc.
4. Daugherty, R.L., Franzini, J.B., Finnemore, E.J. (2002) Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Applications,SI Metric Edition, USA
5. King, H. W., Wisler, C. O., and Woodburn, J. G. Hydraulics, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ENGR. MELANIE ROSE P. PASCUA