TABLE OF SPECIFICATION (2024) 3 TYPES OF MOTION

- Describe the instruments used to DIRECT MOTION

examine ballistics evidence, crime - The forward motion of the bullet or
scene processingof ballistic shots out of the shell by the action of
evidence, and presentation of the expansive force of gases from a
ballistic evidence in court. burning gunpowder.
- Analyze the branches of ballistics,
classification of firearms, parts of the ROTATORY MOTION
ammunition and class & individual - The action of the bullet passing
characteristics of firearms. through a rifled bore barrel firearm
- Explain the proper collection, which is either twisted to the left or
marking and preservation of to the right.
firearms, fired bullets, and fired
cartridge cases. TRANSLATIONAL MOTION
- The action of the bullet once it hits a
BALLISTICS target and subsequently ricocheted.

- The term also said to have been YAW

derived from the roman war machine - The unstable rotating motion of the
called “BALLISTA”, a gigantic bullet/projectile in flight
catapult that was used to furl
missiles or large object at a distance GYROSCOPIC
like stone, dead animal or even dead - The stillness rotating motion of the
person. projectile which attains highest
momentum for stability in flight and
BALLISTICS penetrating power.
- The science of motion of projectile
and the condition that affects their OTHER MOTION OF PROJECTILES
motion.
- It is a science in itself for it is an KEY SHOT HOLE
orderly arranged knowledge, which - The tumbling of the bullet in its flight
is a product of series of and hitting the target sideways as a
experimentation, observation and result of not spinning on its axis.
testing.
- Its not an exact science rather it is BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS
applied science, which is subject to
changes and improvement INTERIOR BALLISTICS
depending upon the demands of the - it treats of the motion of the
modern civilization. projectile while it is still inside the
firearms chamber/barrel which
extends from the breech to the
muzzle.
The conditions attributed to internal C. TRAJECTORY
ballistics are as follows; - The parabola like flight of the
a. Firing pin hitting the primer projectile from the time it
b. Ignition of the priming mixture leaves the muzzle until it hits
c. Combustion of the gun the target.
powder/powder charge or propellant. - It is also describe as the
d. Expansion of heated gas actual curve path taken by a
e. Pressure developed bullet during its flight.
f. Energy generated D. RANGE
g. Recoil of the gun. - The imaginary straight
h. Velocity of the bullet inside the barrel distance between the muzzle
i. Rotation of the bullet inside the point of the gun and the
barrel target.
j. Engraving of the cylindrical surface
of the bullet. TYPES OF RANGE

RECOIL ACCURATE RANGE – The distance

- The equal and opposite reaction of within which the shooter or gunner
the gun against the forward has control of his shots.
movement of the bullet upon EFFECTIVE RANGE – The distance
explosion. within which when the bullet was
- The backward or rearward fired it is still capable of inflicting
movement of the gun in relation to fatal injury.
the forward movement of the bullet. MAXIMUM RANGE – The distance
that a projectile can be propelled
JUMP from a firearm. The farthest the
- Another form of recoil action bullet could travel.
characterized as the backward and
upward movement that takes place E. VELOCITY
before the bullet leaves the muzzle. - The rate of speed of the
bullet (during it flight) per unit
EXTERIOR BALLISTICS of time usually express in
- it treats of the attributes or feet per second (ft/sec.)
movement of the projectile after
leaving the gun muzzle. F. PULL OF GRAVITY
- The downward reaction of
A. MUZZLE BLAST the bullet towards the earth
- The noise created at the surface due to its weight
muzzle point of the gun.
B. MUZZLE ENERGY G. AIR RESISTANCE
- The energy generated at the muzzle - The force of the air
point of the gun measured in foot – encountered by the bullet
pound. during its flight.
 H. PENETRATION EVOLUTION OF FIREARMS
- The depth of bullet entry on
the target. 1750
- The development of breech loading
TERMINAL BALLISTICS firearms.
- The branch of ballistics which deals 1805
with the effect of the impact of the - The percussion system was
projectile on the target. developed. Alexander John Forsyth
discovered a compound that would
TERMINAL ACCURACY ignite upon blow that would ignite
- refers to the size of the bullet the powder charge.
grouping on the target. 1836
TERMINAL ENERGY - PIN FIRE CARTRIDGE was
- is the energy or force of the developed by LE FAUCHEAUX. A
projectile when it strikes the much real pin fire cartridge was also
target same as striking developed in the same year by
energy. HOUILLER.
TERMINAL VELOCITY 1845
- is the speed of the bullet - RIM FIRE CARTRIDGE, FLOBERT
upon striking the target. developed the Bullet breech cap,
TERMINAL PENETRATION which was considered as the
- is the depth of entry of the forerunner of .22 cal.Cartridge.
bullet in the target. 1846
- SMOKELESS POWDER was
discovered. It was used in the
FORENSIC BALLISTICS shotgun first in the year of 1864 by
- This branch of ballistics is the Capt. Eschultze of Prussian Army
product of the application of the and in rifle by the year 1884by M.
ballistics to law. Vieille of France.
- The study of the motion of the 1884
projectile as applied to law or simply - Automatic Machine Gun. Hiram
the science of firearm identification Maxim ,
by means of the ammunition fired
through them. FIREARM
- it includes rifles, muskets, carbines,
SCOPE OF FORENSIC BALLISTICS shot gun, pistol, revolvers and all
other deadly weapons, to which a
- FIELD INVESTIGATION bullet, ball, shot, shell or other
- TECHNICAL EXAMINATION missiles maybe discharge by means
- LEGAL PROCEEDING on gun powder or other explosives.
- This term also includes air rifle,
except such of being small caliber
and limited ranged used as toys.
TAKE NOTE! ACCORDING TO THE CALIBER OF THE
• The BARREL of any firearm PROPELLED PROJECTILE
shall be considered a complete
firearm for all purposes hereof. ARTILLERY– refers to those type of
firearms that propels projectile with
FIREARM more than one inch in diameter.
LEGAL DEFINITION SMALL ARMS – are firearms that
- Any handheld or portable weapon propels projectile with less than one
whether small arm or light weapon, inch in diameter and it can be
that expels or designed to expel a handled, moved and operated by
bullet, shot, slug, missile or any one man.
projectile, which is discharged by
means of expansive force of gases CLASSIFICATION OF FIREARM
from burning gunpowder or other ACCORDING TO MECHANICAL
form of combustion or any similar CONSTRUCTION
instrument or implement.
1. SINGLE SHOT FIREARM – type of
TAKE NOTE! firearm designed to fire only one
- The BARREL, FRAME OR shot every loading.
RECEIVER of any firearm shall be 2. REPEATING FIREARMS – A type of
considered a complete firearm for all firearm designed to fire several
purposes hereof. (RA No. 10591) loads in one loading.
3. AUTOMATIC FIREARM – A type of
FIREARM firearm that constitute a continuous
TECHNICAL DEFINITION firing in a single press of the trigger
- An instrument used for the and while the trigger is press.
propulsion of projectile by means of 4. SLIDE ACTION TYPE - A type of
the expansive force of gases coming firearm in which loading take place
from burning gunpowder. by back and forth manipulation of
the under/over forearm of the gun.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIREARM
ACCORDING TO INTERIOR
BARREL CONSTRUCTION
5. BOLT ACTION TYPE - A type of
1. SMOOTH BORE FIREARMS – firearm in which reloading take place
firearms that have no rifling inside by manipulating the bolt back and
their gun barrel. forth.
2. RIFLED BORE FIREARMS –
firearms that have rifling inside their
gun barrel.

6. LEVER ACTION TYPE - A type of

firearm in which the loading take
 place by the action of the lever on F. SHOT GUN– a smooth bore and a
the firearm. breech loading shoulder arms
designed to fire a number of lead
pellets or a shots in one charge.

BARREL CONSTRUCTION OF THE

SHOTGUN

Pic

A. CYLINDER BORE TYPE – which

the bore size is the same through
out the barrel
B. CHOKED BORED GUN - Designed
with a diminishing or reducing bore
diameter type towards the
SHOULDER ARMS muzzle.This type is designed to
- Are those types of firearm that were cause an effect to the travel of the
normally fired from the shoulder shots. It makes the shots travel
longer before it spreads.
A. RIFLE– a shoulder weapon C. PARADOX GUN – still in a very rear
designed to fire a projectile with occasion another type of shot gun
more accuracy through a long rifled can be observed to be having rifling
bore barrel, usually more than 22 only a few inch from its muzzle
inches. points.
B. CARBINE– a short barrel rifle, with
its barrel rifle measuring not longer HANDGUNS
than 22 inches. It fires a single - Those type of firearms that are
projectile though a rifle bore either designed or intended to be fired
semi automatic or fully automatic, for using one hand.
every press of the trigger.
C. MACHINE GUN– A type of firearm PISTOL
that is primarily designed for military - In early firearm history, all handguns
use. are generally called as pistols.
D. SUB – MACHINE GUN– a light,
portable form of machine gun, THREE CLASSES OF PISTOL.
utilizing a pistol size ammunition, 1. THE SINGLE SHOT PISTOL
having a shoulder stock that may not 2. THE SEMI AUTOMATIC
be folded and designed to be fired 3. THE REVOLVING PISTOL
with both hands.
E. MUSKET– an ancient smoothbore REVOLVER
and muzzle loading military shoulder - A type of firearm designed to
arms designed to fire a shots or a position cartridge into position for
single round lead ball.
 firing with the aid of a rotating HARPOON GUN
cylinder serving as chamber. - It refers to a barbed spear used in
hunting fish.
2 TYPES OF REVOLVER ACCORDING TO
ITS MECHANICAL FIRING ACTION GAS GUN
- Generally referring to all gun
SINGLE ACTION – a type of revolver that designed from firing tear gas.
needs a manual cocking of the hammer
before squeezing the trigger. LIBERATOR
DOUBLE ACTION – a type of revolver - U.S. government made smooth bore
that does not need manual cocking. Just gun used inEurope during war
press the trigger and it both cocked and designed to fire an automatic colt
released the hammer causing a much faster pistol cartridge caliber .45
firing.
MULTI – BARRELED GUN
MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF GUN - Generally referring to all gun
designed from firing tear gas.
ANTIQUE FIREARM
- A firearm which was manufactured TOOLS
at least seventy five years prior to - are devices which resembles a gun
the current date but not including designed but are generally used for
replicas, certified by the National construction of furniture.
Museum of the Philippines. (RA No.
10591) TRAP
- It refers to a gun used for trapping
DEMILITARIZED FIREARM animals that are fired to woods.
- A firearm deliberately made
incapable of performing its main ZIP GUN
purpose of firing a projectile. - Refers to all types of home made
guns.
CANE GUN, KNIFE PISTOL, CELLPHONE
GUN AMMUNITION
- A device principally designed for LEGAL DEFINITION
other purpose to which a gun - It refers to loaded shell for rifles,
mechanism is incorporated also muskets, carbine, shotgun, revolvers
called as FREAKISH GUN. and pistols from which a ball, shot
shell or other missiles maybe fired
FLARE GUN by means of gun powder or
- A device principally designed for other,explosive.
other purpose to which a gun - The term also includes ammunition
mechanism is incorporated also for air rifles as,mentioned elsewhere
called as FREAKISH GUN. in the code. (chapter VII, Sec. 290 of
NIRC aswell as Sec. 877 RAC)
LEGAL DEFINITION mixture is located at the hallow rim
- A complete unfired unit consisting of of the case can be fired if the
bullet, gunpowder, cartridge case cartridge is tuck bythe firing pin on
and primer or loaded shell for use in the rim of the case (cavity rim).
any firearm. (RA No. 10591). C. CENTER FIRE CARTRID refers to a
cartridge in which primer cup is
TECHNICAL DEFINITION centrally placed in the base of the
- It refers to a group of cartridge or to cartridge case and the priming
a single cartridge. CARTRIDGE is a mixture is exploded by the impact of
complete unfired unit consisting of the firing pin and with the support of
bullet(ball), primer(cap), cartridge the anvil
case(shell) and
gunpowder(propellant)

CARTRIDGE – ETYMOLOGY
- The word CARTRIDGE was derived
from the Latin word “CHARTA”
meaning a “paper” CLASSIFICATION OF CARTRIDGE
- also from the French word ACCORDING TO THE RIM DIAMETER
“CARTOUCHE” meaning a “a rolled
paper”. A. RIMMED CASE TYPE – the
- This only indicates that the first type diameter of the rim is greater than
of cartridge was made up of a rolled the diameter of the body of the
paper. It was about the turn of the cartridge case.
16th century that the term
“CARTRIDGE” comes to use.

GENERAL TYPES OF AMMUNITION

- Dummy Ammunition B. SEMI RIMMED TYPE – the diameter
- Drill Ammunition of the rim is slightly greater than the
- Blank Ammunition diameter of the body of the cartridge
- Live Ammunition case.

CLASSIFICATION OF CARTRIDGE

ACCORDING TO THE LOCATION OF THE

PRIMER
CLASSIFICATION OF CARTRIDGE
A. PIN FIRE – is a type of cartridge in
which the ignition cap is concealed RIMLESS TYPE – the diameter is
inside the cartridge case and has a equal with diameter of the body of the
pin resting upon it. cartridge case.
B. RIM FIRE CARTRIDGE A type of a
cartridge in which the priming
REBATED TYPE – refers to the good weight is a small size and easy
cartridge with rimless pattern, but for casting
which has a rim diameter smaller
than the body of the case. JACKETED TYPE
- a type of bullet consisting of the
regular lead core, coated with a
copper alloy in order to prevent lead
fouling of the barrel and is generally
used in pistols and other high power
BELTED TYPE – a cartridge with a
guns.
prominent raise belt around its body
just in front of the extraction groove.
TYPES OF BULLETS ACCORDING TO
THEIR

MAXIMUM EFFECT TO THEIR TARGET

BALL TYPE
- a type of bullet which is intended for
anti – personnel and general use.

ARMOR PIERCING
- A type of military bullet designed to
penetrate light steel armor. Its
mechanical construction makes it
capable of penetrating through some
light vehicles.

INCENDIARY BULLET
BULLET
- A type of military type of military
- This term is generally used when we
bullet used to cause fire in a target,
are referring to projectile fired from
generally designed to use by aircraft
any small arms which has a variety
armament in order for the fuel tanks
of form, especially during the earlier
to ignite.
history.
- In a more technical sense, bullet
TRACER BULLET
refers to a metallic or non-metallic
- A type of military bullet capable of
cylindrical ball propelled from a
leaving visible marks or traces while
firearm.
in flight giving the gunner the chance
to observe the strike of the shot or
GENERAL TYPES OF BULLET
make adjustment in the event of a
miss.
LEAD TYPE
- A type of a bullet that is basically
composed of lead metal. Its used
was due to its density; having a
EXPLOSIVE BULLET SHOULDER
- Bullet contains a high charge - The part of the cartridge case which
explosive, used in weapons 20mm support the neck of the cartridge
and above. which is evident in a bottleneck type.
NECK
WAX BULLET - The part of the cartridge case
- A bullet made from paraffin and occupied by the bullet. This is
other wax preparation usually used obvious in a bottleneck type of shell
for short range indoor target but not with the straight type.
shooting. VENT
- the hole at the bottom of the primer
CARTRIDGE CASE pocket as the passage way for the
- The metallic or non metallic tabular priming mixture to impart an ignition
container usually of brass (70% to the propellant charge
copper and 30% zinc) designed to
unite the bullet primer and PRIMER
gunpowder into one unit. - The portion of the cartridge case
which consist of a brass or gilding
COMPONENTS OF THE CARTRIDGE metal cap. The cap contains a highly
CASE sensitive mixture of chemical
compound, which when struck by
BASE the firing pinwould detonate or ignite.
- The bottom portion of the cartridge
case which contain the head stamp
marking on the base of the shell
containing the caliber, manufacturer
and in some cases including the
date, trade, name and batch
number.

Pic

PRIMER POCKET COMPONENTS OF THE PRIMER

- The part of the shell which provides
the means for the primer to be put in
the central position, its function is
extended to; (a) hold the primer in
place; (b) to provide means to
prevent the escape of gas; (c) to PRIMER CUP
provide solid support for primer - The brass gilding metal cup which
anvil. contains the priming mixture, the
BODY disc and the anvil.
- The cylindrical part of the shell which
houses the gun powder.
PRIMING MIXTURE manufactured from a solid piece of
- the highly sensitive chemical metal.
compound which ignites by the - the metal may be cylindrical in form
mechanical blow of the firing pin. or it may have an irregular shape
ANVIL with projecting portions which are
- the portion of the primer which later machined into sights,
provides solid support and absorbs fastenings or other parts.
the blow of the firing pin causing - The metal from which the barrel is
friction that would initiates ignition. made is carefully selected for its
DISC chemical and metallurgical structure,
- a thin paper or foil which is pressed thus assuring a high quality product
over the priming mixture in order to after the various machine operations
protect it from moisture attack. and heat treatment are completed.
GUNPOWDER
- The gun powder in a cartridge is the The first step on the process is drilling. A
propellant which when ignited by the special deep hole drill is used, through the
primer flash is converted to gas center of which lubricating oil is forced
under high pressure and propels the under pressure. This operation results in the
bullet or shot charge through the comparatively rough hole of uniform
barrel and to the target. diameter which extends longitudinally from
- The mixture of chemicals of various one end of the barrel to the other. The
compositions designed to propel the interior surface at this stage
projectile by means of its expansive
force of gas when burned. The interior surface at this stage bears
BLACK POWDER numerous scars and scratches resulting
- The oldest known explosive, was from the irregular cutting of the drill and
initially made from SALTPETER the metal chips which mark finish.
(75%), CHARCOAL (15%) and
SULFUR (10%). In barrel intended for rifles the next step
consist of reaming the drilled hole for its
SMOKELESS POWDER entire length
- This is the type of gunpowder
commonly used now in modern This removes some of the scars and
small arms ammunition. scratches left by the drilling operation. The
- The powder is said to be smokeless reamer removes metal from the entire
only because this does not give off surface because it is slightly larger in
huge cloud of white smoke like the diameter that the drill
black powder.
If the barrel is to be rifled, it is done by
FIREARM CHARACTERISTICS means of several rifling methods

- All barrels, regardless of the type of

weapon they are made for, are
SOME OF THE RIFLING METHODS USED After the rifling operation is completed, the
TO MAKE THE RIFLING INSIDE A GUN barrel is lapped. This is the polishing
BARREL INCLUDE; operation in which a lead closely fitting the

HOOK CUTTER SYSTEM inside of the barrel is drawn back and forth
- cutting tool which has a hook shape on a rod carrying with it a polishing
and only cuts one groove at a time compound.

This operation polishes both the lands and

groove areas of the barrel and removes
many of the larger imperfections resulting
from the cutting or forming operations.
BROACHING SYSTEM
- used to cut spiral grooves in a FIREARM IDENTIFICATION
barrel. All grooves are cut with a
single pass of the broach - The process that deals with
analyzing the bullets and the
cartridge cases that are left behind
at the scene of the crime to
determine if they came from a
particular firearm.

SOME OF THE RIFLING METHODS USED The basis of firearm identification follows
TO MAKE THE RIFLING INSIDE A GUN the principle of Locard’s principle of
BARREL INCLUDE; exchange. The surfaces of the firearm that
meet the softer cartridge case and bullet
BUTTON/SWAGE SYSTEM contain few marks common to a group of
- an internal mandrel with rifling firearms and certain unique marks that
configuration which forms rifling in make it different from the other firearms-
the barrel by means of external even those of the same model.
hammering.
A. CLASS CHARACTERISTICS – are
those properties or attributes of a
firearms which can be determined
even before the manufacture of the
gun. This is true for such
characteristics are considered to be
a manufacture’s design or
SCRAPE CUTTER SYSTEM specifications and security.
- cutting tool which cuts two opposing
grooves at a time. TYPES OF FIREARM CHARACTERISTICS

EXAMPLES OF CLASS
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Bore diameter (caliber) subtracting all the grooves
2. Number of lands and grooves width.
3. Width of lands
4. Direction of twist
5. Pitch of rifling
6. Depth of grooves.
7. Caliber and gauges
8. Firing pin, breech – face, ejector,
extractor marks
D. WIDTH OF THE GROOVES
A. BORE DIAMETER - is measured as the shortest
- It is diameter to which the distance between the two
bore was reamed. The dies or edge of grooves.
distance measured between
two opposite lands inside the
bore in a hundredths or
thousandths of an inch.

E. DIRECTION OF TWIST

B. NUMBER OF LANDS AND

GROOVES F. PITCH OF RIFLINGS
- The number of lands and - it is the measure of the
grooves inside the barrel of a twisting of the lands and
firearm are always the same grooves. It refers to the
or equal. measure of the distance
advance by the rifling in
order to make a complete
turn inside the barrel.

C. WIDTH OF THE LANDS TYPES OF RIFLINGS

- is dependent upon the bore ● STEYER TYPE (4 RG=L)
diameter of the gun, grooves ● CARBINE TYPE (4RG2X)
width and number. The lands ● SMITH AND WESSON (5RG=L)
are the remainders of the ● COLT (6LG2X)
circumference after ● BROWNING (6RG2X)
 ● WINCHESTER (6RG3X) - The striations formed by the
● WEBLEY (7RG3X) extractor of the most
autoloading or repeating
CLASS CHARACTERISTICS OF firearm are called extractor
FIREARM marks. The striations
developed from the ejector
G. DEPTH OF THE GROOVES present as an opposing edge
- the grooves depth if on the rear end during the
measured on a radius of the removal of the cartridge case
bore , Grooves are usually from the chamber are known
few thousandths of an inch as ejector marks.
deep, which equal to the
height of the lands. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS

- Those characteristics which are

being determined only after the
firearm was already been
manufactured. They are the product
of machine imperfections and some
later due to the used of the firearms.
- These are characteristics whose
H. CALIBER AND GAUGE existence is beyond the control
- In smoothbore firearms, the number - of a man and which have random
of lead balls of a particular diameter distribution inside the gun.
it would take is equal to around - Their existence in a firearm is
known as gauge. The distance brought about by the tools used to
between the opposite lands or their manufacture in their normal
grooves in the rifled firearm is known operation resulting through wear and
as caliber. tear, abuses, mutilations, corrosion,
I. FIRING PIN MARKS erosion and other fortuitous causes.
- These are the marks or
indentations created when A. MANUFACTURING
the firearm’s firing pin strikes IRREGULARITIES
the primer of the centerfire - These are the random marks
cartridge case or the rim of produced incidentally during the
the rimfire cartridge case. manufacturing of a firearm by the
J. BREECH FACE MARKS tools and machinery.
- These are the marks developed B. STRIATION MARKS
when the projectile recoils rearward - These are imparted inside a
under the impact of high pressure bore of a firearm during
and strikes with the breech face of rifling. These are the
the firearm. irregularities found on the
K. EXTRACTOR & EJECTOR MARKS interior surface of the barrel
that is produced due to wear
 and tear, corrosion or 4. SHAVING MARKS – marks
damage. commonly found on bullet fired from
a revolver cause by its forward
MARKS FOUND ON THE movement to the barrel that is poorly
BULLET aligned to the cylinder.
5. STRIPPING MARKS - marks found
1. LAND MARKS – mark left on a fired on those bullet fired from a loose fit
bullet caused by its contact to the barrel wherein the rifling are already
elevated portion of the bore of the been badly worn out
firearm. It appear as slight 6. SLIPPAGE MARKS – marks found
depressions or scratches the on fired bullets passing through
cylindrical surface or the fired bullet. either on oily or oversize barrel.
2. GROOVE MARKS – marks found on
a fired bullet caused by the grooves MARKINGS OF FIRED BULLETS
of the barrel which is the same 1. Fired bullets should be marked by
number as that of the landmarks the recovering officer with initials in
the ogive or nose with the date of
recovery.
2. In case the ogive or nose is badly
damage or deformed, markings
should be made at the base but
never in the cylindrical surface of the
bullet because this is the portion that
contains the "riflings" or "striations".
3. Use the "stylus" or with any pointed
instrument in marking a bullet.
4. Do not use "X" as an identifying
mark on the bullet.

MARKING OF A FIRED CARTRIDGE

3. SKID MARKS – marks that are CASE
generally found on fired bullet from a 1. Fired shells should be marked near
revolver. It is more or less located at the open mouth (inside or outside)
the anterior portion of the fired bullet with the initials of the recovering
due to its forward movement from officer and the date of recovery.
the chamber to the barrel of the gun 2. Marking can be made at the body of
before it initially rotates. the shell but never place your marks
on the base of the fired shells
because it is in this part that
contains the "breech face marks".
3. Do not use "X" as an identifying
mark on shell.

MARKING OF SUSPECTED FIREARMS

 1. If the suspected firearms is a be photographed by any kind of
revolver, marking should be placed camera.
in three main and inseparable parts
of the firearms such as the barrel, BULLET RECOVERY BOX – is a wooden
cylinder and the frame. box 12’’x12’’x96’’ with hinged top cover and
2. If the suspected firearm is a pistol, with one open end filled with ordinary cotton
marking should be placed in the and divided into sections by carbon
barrel, slide and frame or receiver. partition. This is used to obtain test fired
3. Never mark at the stock alone as it bullet or test fired shell.
can be easily replaced and your
mark for future reference 7. MICROMETER/CALIPER
identification is forever lost. This is use in making measurements such
4. Mark the barrel on the underside just as bullet diameter, bore diameter, barrel
ahead of the receiver. length and other important details.
5. Mark the receiver on the underside
and to the front, if at all possible. 8 . ANALYTICAL OR TORSION BALANCE
- Used for determining weights of
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT bullets o r shotgun pellets - for
USED IN FIREARMS possible determination of type,
IDENTIFICATION caliber a n d make o f firearms from
which is fired
BULLET COMPARISON MICROSCOPE
- Instrument used to determine 9 . ONOSCOPE
similarities or dissimilarities - A small instrument that is sometimes
between the evidence shell or bullet and the used in examining the internal
test shell or surface barrel with a tiny lamp at the
bullet. terminal portion and this is inserted
inside t h e bore for internal
STEREOSCOPIC MICROSCOPE examination.
- is generally used in preliminary
examinations of fired bullet and fired 10. TAPER GAUGE
shells to determine the relative - Used primarily for determining the
distribution of class characteristic bore diameter of firearms.
and tampered serial numbers of
firearms. 12. ELECTRIC GUN MARKER/STYLUS
- Used in the laboratory for marking
CP-6 COMPARISON PROJECTOR fired bullets, fired shells and firearms
- wherein the evidence bullet can be submitted for examination
readily compared with the test bullet
with no eye strain since observation 13. CHRONOGRAPH
and comparison is done at a vertical - It is used to measure the speed of
and comfortable viewing distance, bullet. It was invented by Alfred Lee
what can be seen at the screen can Loomis in 1918.
14. BULLET PULLER - SMUDGING- the term as applied in
- It is used to separate the bullet from ballistic for the smoke that is
the cartridge case. deposited in the skin.

SHADOWGRAPH TATTOOING
- contains a series of microscopic - the particles of unburned or burned
lenses of varying magnification to gunpowder marks which are
determine class characteristics for propelled to the area surrounding
orientation purposes, it has a large the wound.
circular ground glass, 14 inches or
more in diameter wherein the SINGEING
observation and comparison is done. - the burning of the skin hair or the
skin itself due to close contact fire.
MODERN WORKS OF FORENSIC
SCIENCE RANGE OF FIRE
● CODIS– Combined DNA Indexing 1. LOOSE CONTACT OR NEAR FIRE
System – for DNA Profiles for - entrance wound may be
convicted offenders and unidentified large circular or oval
suspects in unsolved cases depending upon the angle of
● AFIS– Automated Fingerprint approach of the bullet.
Identification System – contains
known fingerprints and evidentiary ✓ abrasion collar or ring is distinct
fingerprints not yet identified ✓ burning and tattooing are
● NIBIN or the IBIS – National prominent with singeing of the hair.
Integrated Ballistic Identification
Network or the Integrated Ballistic
Identification System. 2. SHORT RANGE (1 to 15cm
● FIMS–Firearms Information distance)
Management System – it refers to
the compilation of all data and ✓ edges of the entrance wound is
information on firearm ownership inverted
and disposition for record purposes ✓ smudging is present due to
● Other DATA bases– for Modus smoke
Operandi ✓ powder tattooing is present
● Mug Files for purposes of ✓ abrasion ring or circular is present
identification (Photography)
3. MEDIUM RANGE (15cm. but less
GUNSHOT WOUNDS than 60cm.)
- the presence of gunshot residue is
used to determine the approximate ✓ gunshot wound with inverted
muzzle to victim distance when the edges and with abrasion collar is
firearm was discharged. present.
✓ burning effects is absent.
 ✓ smudging maybe present if less
than 30cm. Distance. SALIENT PROVISIONS OF THE
✓ gunpowder tattooing is present REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10591
but of lesser density and has a wider
area of distribution. SEC. 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
4. LONG RANGE (More than 60cm. LONG CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION
distance) - A license issued to government
agencies or offices for firearms to be
✓ gunshot wound is circular or oval used by their officials and
depending on the angle of employees who are qualified to
approach with the abrasion collar. possess firearm. Except security
✓ wound of the entrance has no guards.
burning, smudging or tattooing.
SEC. 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS LOOSE
FIREARMS
- An unregistered firearm, an
ENTRANCE EXIT WOUND
obliterated or altered firearm, which
Appears to be always bigger than has been lost or stolen, illegally
smaller than the the projectile manufactured firearms, registered
projectile owing to firearms in the possession of an
the elasticity of the individual other than the licensee
tissue.
and those with revoked license.
Edges are inverted. edges are everted
SEC. 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Usually oval or It does not manifest PERMIT TO CARRY FIREARM OUTSIDE
round shape any definite shape. RESIDENCE
Contusion collar or Contusion is absent - A written authority issued to a
contusion ring is licensed citizen by the chief of the
present, due to PNP which entitles such person to
invagination of the carry his/her registered or lawfully
skin and spinning of issued firearm outside of the
the projectile. residence.
Paraffin test may Always negative
be positive. SEC. 7. CARRYING OF FIREARMS
OUTSIDE OF RESIDENCE OR PLACE OF
Tattooing or Always Absent BUSINESS
smudging maybe 1. Members of the bar
present, when firing
2. Certified public accountants
is near.
3. Accredited media practitioners
- Always present Maybe absent in 4. Cashiers, bank tellers
after fire. the body, if 5. Priests, ministers, rabbi, imams,
projectile is lodge in 6. Physicians and nurses
the body. 7. Engineers
8. Businessmen
 ✓the backward or rearward movement of
SEC. 9. LICENSES ISSUED TO the gun in relation to the forward movement
INDIVIDUAL of the bullet.
JUMP
TYPE 1 LICENSE ✓Is another form of recoil action
- Maximum of 2 Registered Firearms characterized as the backward and upward
TYPE 2 LICENSE movement of that takes place before the
Maximum of 5 - Registered Firearms bullet leaves the muzzle.
TYPE 3 LICENSE
- Maximum of 10 Registered Firearms ✓PITCH OF RIFLING – is the number of
TYPE 4 LICENSE inches traveled by the
- Maximum of 15 Registered Firearms bullet to make a spin (1 complete turn)
TYPE 5 LICENSE ✓ BORE – refers to the interior of the barrel
- More than 15 Registered Firearms of a gun
✓ GRAVITATION – tendency of the object
SEC. 12. LICENSE TO POSSESS with mass to
AMMUNITION NECESSARILY INCLUDED accelerate toward each other.
- The licenses granted to qualified ✓ BOXER TYPE – type of primer that
citizens or juridical entities include consist of one flash hole
the license to possess ammunition or vent.
with a maximum of fifty rounds for ✓ BERDAN TYPE – type of primer that
each firearm. consist of two flash

SEC. 19. RENEWAL OF LICENSES AND

REGISTRATION
- All types of licenses to possess a
firearm shall be renewed every two
years.
- The registration of firearm shall be
renewed every four years.
- The renewal of the license or
registration may be submitted to the
FEO of the PNP within 6 months
before the date of the expiration of
such license or registration.

RECOIL
✓is the equal and opposite reaction of the
gun against the forward movement of the
bullet upon explosion.