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Assessment and Monitoring of Mangroves of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India using Remote Sensing & GIS

May 2007 · Current Science 92(10):1409-1415

Authors:

Sudhakar Reddy Chintala Chiranjibi Pattanaik Msr Murthy

National Remote Sensing Centre Engineers India Limited Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College

Citations (77) References (19) Figures (7)

Abstract and Figures

The present study deals with periodic assessment and monitoring of the mangroves of
Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India using remote sensing and Geographic Discover the world's research
Information System techniques. Satellite data of Landsat MSS for 1973, IRS-1A LISS II for
25+ million
1988 and IRS-P6 LISS III for 2004 along with other spatial and non-spatial data were used
members
to find out the changes that occurred in mangrove and other landcover categories during
the last 30 years. It was found that the sanctuary is occupied by agriculture (51.76%), 160+ million
followed by dense mangrove (21.77%), water bodies (20.19%) and open mangrove publication pages
(2.73%). A loss of 1534 ha mangrove area and an increase of 2436 ha agriculture area 2.3+ billion Join for free
clearly depict anthropogenic activities by local villagers. A significant increase of 270 ha citations
plantations illustrates plantation activities taken up by the Orissa Forest Department to
protect the coastal shoreline.

+2

Location map of . Details of Flow chart Multi-temporal . Distribution of

the study area. remote sensing… indicating the… FCC image of… areas in…

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study of cobalamine synthesis gene clusters (cob/cbi), Assessment and monitoring of

where a multitude of potential cobalt transporters belonging
to various families (ABC family, NiCoT family, etc.) have mangroves of Bhitarkanika Wildlife
been identified8, we performed comparative genome analy- Sanctuary, Orissa, India using remote
sis of eight different bacterial species employed in this sensing and GIS
study. This in silico approach allowed us to identify high-
affinity cobalt transporters in the bacterial species used in
this study. Genome-wide analysis of radiation-resistant C. Sudhakar Reddy*, Chiranjibi Pattanaik and
bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans9 revealed the pres- M. S. R. Murthy
ence of three putative cobalt transporter genes (unpublished Forestry and Ecology Di vision, Nationa l Remote Sensing Agency,
data). Genetic engineering strategies to overexpress these Hyderabad 500 037, India
transporters in D. radiodurans10 would be the next ideal
The present study deals with periodic assessment an
step to increase the overall cobalt removal efficiency from a monitoring of the mangroves of Bhitarkanika Wildlif
margin of 40–90%, and such a recombinant strain could Sanctuary, Orissa, India using remote sensing an
be more promising for bioremediation. Geographic Information System techniques. Satellit
data of Landsat MSS for 1973, IRS-1A LISS II fo
1988 and IRS-P6 LISS III for 2004 along with othe
1. Gadd, G . M., Influ ence of microorganisms on the envir onmental
fate of radionucl ides. Endeavour, 1996, 20 , 150–156.
spatial and non-spatial data were used to find out th
2. Lloyd, J. R. and Lovley, D . R., Microbia l detoxification of meta ls
changes that occurred in mangrove and other land
and radionu clides. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 2001, 12, 248–253. cover categories during the last 30 years. It was foun
3. Rashmi, K., Naga Sowjanya, T., Balaji, V., Maruthi Mohan, P. that the sanctuary is occupied by agriculture (51.76%
and Venkateswar an, G., Bior emediation of 60 Co from spent decon- followed by dense mangrove (21.77%), water bodie
tamination solutions. Sci. Total Environ ., 2004, 328 , 1–14. (20.19%) and open mangrove (2.73%). A loss of 1534 h
4. Kobayashi, M. and Shimizu , S., Cobalt proteins. Eur. J. Biochem., mangrove area and an increase of 2436 ha agricultur
1999, 261, 1–9. area clearly depict anthropogenic activities by loca
5. Jeter, R., Escalante-Semerena, J. C., Roof, D., Olivera, B. and villagers. A significant increase of 270 ha plantation
Roth, J., Synthesis a nd use of vitamin B12 in Escherichia coli and
illustrates plantation activities taken up by the Oriss
Salmonella typhimurium. In Cellular and Molecular Biology (eds
Forest Department to protect the coastal shoreline.
Magasanik , B. and Scha echter, M.), America n Society for Micro-
biology, Washington D C, 1987, pp. 551–556.
6. Watson, R. J., Heys, R., Martin, T. and Savard, M., Sinorhizobium Keywords: Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Geographi
meliloti cell s require bioti n and either coba lt or methionine for Information System, mangrove, multi-spectral data, remot
growth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2001, 67 , 3767–3770. sensing.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235767133_Assessment_and_Monitoring_of_Mangroves_of_Bhitarkanika_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Orissa_India_using_Remote_Sensing_GIS 2/18
13/03/2024, 19:35 (PDF) Assessment and Monitoring of Mangroves of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India using Remote Sensing & GIS
7. Komeda, H., Kobayashi, M. and Shimizu , S., A novel transpor ter
involved in cobalt u ptake. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, 94,
36–44. MANGROVE forest is a vegetation community formed by
8. Rodionov, D. A., Vitreschak, A. G., Mironov, A. A. a nd Gelfand, variety of salt-tolerant species growing in the inter-tida
M. S., Comparative genomics of the vitamin B12 metabolism and areas and estuary mouths between the land and the sea
regulati on in prokar yotes. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278 , 41148– Mangrove forests are one of the most productive wet
41159.
9. White, O. et al., Genome sequence of the radio-resista nt bacteri um
lands on earth. They provide critical habitat for divers
DownloadDeinococcus
full-text PDF radiodurans R1.Download
Science, 1999, 286, 1571–1577. Copymarine
citation link
and terrestrial flora and fauna. Yet, these uniqu
10. Ha ssan, B. and Da ly, M. J., Engi neering Deinococcus radiodurans coastal, tropical forests are among the most threatene
for metal remedia tion in ra dioactive mixed wast e environments. habitats in the world. Traditionally, local communities i
Nature Biotechnol., 2000, 18 , 85–90. mangrove ecosystems collected fuelwood, harvested fis
and other natural resources1,2. However, in recent decades
ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS. W e acknowledge financi al assistance many coastal areas have come under intense pressure from
from the Board of Resea rch in Nucl ear Sciences, Depa rtment of Atomic rapid urban and industrial development, compounded b
Energy, CSIR a nd UGC (SAP), G overnment of India. a lack of governance or power among environmental in
stitutions. Mangroves have been overexploited or converte
to various other forms of land use, including agriculture
Received 18 F ebruary 2006; revised accepted 22 Ja nuary 2007
aquaculture, salt ponds, terrestrial forestry, urban and in
dustrial development and for the construction of road
and embankments3,4 . Mangroves are affected by severa
different activities simultaneously, or over time as land-us
patterns change 5 .
India has a total area of 4461 sq. km under mangr oves
which is 0.14% of the country’s total geographic area.

*For correspondence. (e-mail: [email protected])

CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 92, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2007 140

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account for about 5% of the world’s mangrove vegetation6. Sanctuary area from 1973 to 2004. It is hoped that the re
Nearly 57% of the mangr oves is found along the east sults of the study would be useful in effective developmen
coast7 . The National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), and management of mangroves.
Hyderabad, India recorded8 a decline of 59.18 sq. km of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary is a rich, lush green
mangrove between 1972–75 and 1980–82. According to vibrant ecosystem lying in the estuarine region of Brahman
the Government of India r eport (1987), India lost 40% of Dhamra and Baitarani rivers in the northeastern corner o
its mangrove area during the last century9 . Mangroves Kendrapara District, Orissa, east coast of India (Figure 1
have not received proper attention and they have been sub- It covers an area of 672 sq. km extending betwee

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jected to over-exploitation and encroachment, and hence 86°48′–87°03′E long. and 20°33′N–20°47′N lat. It is sur
there is a need for conservation and management of man- rounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, villages o
grove forests. Recognizing the environmental, social and Kendrapara District in the west, Baitarani and Dhamr
economic importance of mangrove ecosystems, a rivers in the north and the Mahanadi delta in the south
National Mangrove Committee was set up under the De- The area is intersected by a network of creeks with Ba
partment of Environment , Forests and Wildlife in 1976, of Bengal on the east. Salt-water crocodiles (Crocodylu
for a close monitoring of these valuable coastal resources porosus) and a variety of other wildlife inhabit in thi
and full-text
Download to evolvePDF a management plan for
Download the protection ofCopyecosystem,
citation link which forms one of the most spectacular wildlif
10
mangroves . Several floristic studies have been done in areas in Asia. The Government of Orissa declared thi
Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India by several area as a sanctuar y in 1975 for better protection of th
botanists from time to time 11–18 . However, reliable and habitat. Later, the core area (145 sq. km) of the sanctuar
timely information on the nature, extent, spatial distribu- was declared as a National Park in the year 1998. The tota
tion pattern and temporal behaviour of mangrove forests mangrove area is a mixture of 13 protected reserve forest
(which is prerequisite for restoration and management) is (PRF), 12 protected forests (PF) and one newly forme
not available. Satellite-based remote-sensing techniques island 21 . Due to its rich diversity in flora and fauna, thi
have proved successful in providing comprehensive, reli- mangrove area has been declared as a Ramsar site i
able and up-to-date information on land use, land cover 2002, being a wetland of international importance.
and change dynamics periodically in the most cost-effective This area experiences tropical warm and humid climate
manner 19,20 . This communication describes the use of with no distinct season. Rain occurs due to the southwes
remote sensing to evaluate changes in mangrove vegeta- monsoon from May to September, and the northeast mon
tion and other land-cover categories in the Bhitarkanika soon from November to December. The average rainfal
is about 1642 mm, bulk of which is received during Jun
to October17 . Th e maximum temperature recorded is 41°C
and the minimum is 9°C during May and January respect
vely. Mean relative humidity ranges from 70 to 85%
throughout the year. Soils of the mangrove areas are fine
grained silt or clay, formed by the sedimentation o
Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers.
The analysis is based on a multi-temporal satellite im
agery study that included the mangroves of Bhitarkanik
and the adjacent area, the extent of which was analyse
over time. As a result of the analysis, classified themati
maps were prepared to obtain a land-cover map. The fol
lowing satellite data and materials were used for the pre
sent study. Landsat multi-spectral scanner (MSS), India
Remote Sensing satellite 1A (IRS-1A), Linear Imagin

Table 1. Details of remote sensing data used

Satellite-sensor Path-row Date of acquisition

Data used
Landsat-MSS 142/46 17–03–1973
IRS-1A LISS II 19/53 17–12–1988
IRS-P6 (Resourcesat) 107/58 13–01–2004
Reference data
Landsat-TM 139/46 21–11–1990
IRS-P6 (Resourcesat) 107/58 18–04–2004
Figure 1. Location map of th e study area .

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1410 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 92, NO. 10, 25 MAY 200

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Figure 2. Flow chart indica ting the methodology used to pr epare mangr ove change detection map.

Table 2. Image interpretation k ey for mangrove and other land-cover mapping

Land-cover class Tone Textu re Shape Pattern Description

Mangrove Dark red Medium Varying Smooth Tall dense tr ees

Freshwater swamp Light red Medium Regular Smooth Moist and dry decidu ous species
Mangrove scrub Greyish Coarse Varying Rough Low vegetation density
Littoral scrub Dark ta n Coarse Regular Rou gh Scattered vegetation with exposed ground surface
Grasslands Dark grey Coarse Varying Smooth Medium-sized grasses with little herb species
Plantation Dark brown Coarse Regular Rough Patchy vegeta tion along the coa stal belt and ri ver beds
Mudflat Pale blue Medium Irregular Scattered River sedimentation on the bank
Sand Whitish Fine Regular Smooth Mound of sands with sparse vegetation
Water body Dark or li ght blue Smooth Irregular Scattered Rivers and tanks

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Agricultu re with habitat ion Light green or pi nkish Smooth Regu lar Smooth Cr ops with current fall ow lands

Self Scanner (LISS II), IRS P6 (Resourcesat) LISS III Visual interpretation of satellite imagery and recon
(January) and Survey of India (SOI) toposheets nos naissance survey of the area have been carried out for ob
73 L/10, 73 L/13, 73 L/14, 73 L/15, 73 P/1, 73 P/2 of taining patterns of vegetation and other land feature
1 : 50,000
Download full-text scale.
PDF In addition, Landsatcitation
Download Thematic MapperCopyduring
link June 2004 to September 2005. Ground truth wa
(TM) and IRS-P6 LISS III (April) data were used as ref- collected with the help of false colour composite (FCC
erence (Table 1). All the images were recorded during hard copy prints of the study area during 1973, 1988 an
approximately the same season between December and 2004 (Figure 3 a–c), SOI toposheets, Global Positionin
January, which corresponds to the wet season in this re- System (GPS) and magnetic compass. The satellite im
gion. All these datasets were geometrically corrected. For ageries were interpr eted and different land-use and lan d
geo-referencing, the IRS-P6 LISS III data were co-registered cover categories were delineated on the basis of tone, tex
to SOI topographic maps at 1 : 50,000 scale using ground ture, colour, pattern, etc. Based on reconnaissance surve
control points. All the datasets were brought into WGS 84 of the ground details and signatures, an interpretation ke
datum and UTM projection. These satellite data were has been developed to enable information extraction from
visually interpreted on-screen on a Silicon Graphics Work- the image (Table 2). Visually interpreted maps of 1973
station using ERDAS IMAGINE version 8.7 image proc- 1988 and 2004 were generated. The classified map of 200
essing software. Ancillary data like SOI toposheets and was corrected and finalized after thorough ground chec
forest management maps were also used to complement (Figure 4). Three maps were overlaid on each other to fin
the results of the classification. A flow chart representing out the net change in area of mangroves and other land
the research methodology used here is given in Figure 2. cover classes between 1973 and 2004 using ARC INFO
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 92, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2007 141

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(9.0) GIS software. The output maps showing positive as To determine the accuracy of the thematic map ob
well as negative changes are given in Figure 5 a and b. The tained using visual interpretation from the latest 2004 image
overall distribution of areas in mangrove cover and other an accuracy assessment was carried out. Doubtful area
land-cover categories (1973, 1988 and 2004) an d the net
changes in area (1973–2004) are estimated (Table 3).

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Figure 4. Classified land-use/land-cover ma p of Bhitarka nika Wild

life Sanctuary (2004).

Figure 3. Multi-temporal FCC image of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanc-

tuary, Orissa. a, Landsat MSS, 17 J anuary 1973. b, IRS-1A LISS II, 17 Figure 5. Mangrove a nd other land-cover changes in the sanctuar
December 1988. c, IRS-P6 LISS III, 13 January 2004. area du ring (a) 1973–88 and ( b ) 1988–2004.

1412 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 92, NO. 10, 25 MAY 200

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Table 3. Di stribution of a reas in mangrove a nd other land-use ca tegories (ha) in Bhitar kanik a Wildlife
Sanctuary from 1973 to 2004

Area (ha)
Percentage of Change (ha)
Category 1973 1988 2004 total area (2004 ) (1973–2004)
Dense mangrove 14,646 14,532 14,630 21.77 –1 6
Open mangrov e 3350 3333 1832 2.73 –1518
Freshwater s wamp 103 103 103 0.15 0
Littoral scrub 0 0 48 0.07 48
Grassland 28 28 28 0.04 0
Plantation 0 237 270 0.40 270
Mudflat 2298 1661 1219 1.81 –1079
Sand 664 464 723 1 .08 59
Water body 13,767 13,344 13 ,568 20 .19 –199
Agricultu re 32,346 33,501 34,782 51.76 2436
Total 67,202 67,202 67,202 100.00

Table 4. Accuracy a ssessment of the study area

1973 1988 2004

Classified data UA* PA** UA PA UA PA
Dense mangrove 85.7 100 100 100 80 100
Open mangrove 66.6 80 60 75 80 100
Freshwater swamp 100 100 100 100 100 100
Littoral scrub – – – – 100 100
Grassland 100 100 100 100 100 100
Plantation – – 100 100 100 98.7
Mudflat 60 60 60 100 80 99
Sand 80 100 100 83.3 100 100
Water body 100 100 100 100 100 98.3
Agriculture 90 75 87.5 70 100 62.5
Overall accuracy (%) 86 90 94
Kappa statisti cs 0.83 0.88 0.93

*UA, User’s accuracy (%); **PA, Producer’s accuracy (%).

were identified and the geographic coordinates of these adapted to survive on tidal mud, which is partially sub
points were noted from the visually interpreted classified merged with salt water or brackish water. A major area o

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map. All these points were thoroughly checked in the field the national park is covered by mangrove forests. Her
with GPS points. The overall accuracy assessment stands itiera fomes occupies a major portion of the Bhitarkanik
at 94% in 2004 (Table 4). Spatial changes in mangrove cover Reserve Forest (BRF) followed by Excoecaria agallocha
were assessed (Tables 3, 5 and 6). The change-analysis Avicennia alba and Sonneratia apetala. E. agallocha an
map showed that major changes were taking place in the A. alba occur as a pure community found on the offshor
proximity of agricultural lands due to high anthropogenic islands or in the fringes to the seaward side. S. apetal
pressure. Changes also observed in the river creeks may occurs along the creeks. It has been observed that from
be due
Download to sedimentation
full-text PDF or tidal inundation.
Download citation Of the totalCopy1973
link to 1988, around 473 ha of dense mangroves wer
study area, agriculture land with habitation is the major converted to open mangr oves (328 ha) followed by agri
category (51.76%) followed by dense mangroves (21.77%), culture (89), water (37) and mudflats (2). An area of 299 h
open mangroves (2.73%) and water bodies (20.19%) in mangrove forest has been gained from conversion o
2004 (Table 3). The overall change area statistics of differ- water body. Change from water to mangrove may be due t
ent land-cover categories from 1973 to 1988 and 1988 to sedimentation, and formation of new islands or tidal im
2004 is presented i n Tables 5 and 6. T he study area repre- pact. Whereas in 1988–2004, an area of 577 ha of dens
sents a rich repository of plant wealth18. The floristic diver- mangroves was converted to open mangr oves (126) fol
sity in each vegetation type and change dynamics in lowed by littoral scrub (48), water (85) and agricultur
different land-cover categories of the study area are dis- (286). Similarly, an area of 98 ha mangrove forest ha
cussed below. been gained from other land-use categories as a result o
Dense mangrove forest is typically a closed evergreen increased protection and consequent regeneration. Th
forest of moderate height, composed of species specially key to increase in mangrove area due to protection lies i
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 92, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2007 141

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Table 5. Change area matrix from 1973 to 1988 (area in ha)

Dense Open Freshwater Littoral Total

Land-cover class mangrove mangr ove swamp scrub Grassla nd Plantation Mudflat Sand Water body Agricu lture (1973)

Dense mangrove 14,174 345 0 0 0 0 2 0 37 89 14,6 46

Open ma ngrove 52 2698 0 0 0 5 253 0 0 342 3350
Freshwater s wamp 0 0 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 3
Littoral scrub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Grassland 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 28
Plantation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mudflat 0 121 0 0 0 0 1267 0 12 898 2298
Sand 0 19 0 0 0 155 0 464 0 26 66 4
Water body 299 133 0 0 0 38 20 0 13,277 0 1 3,76 7
Agricultu re 7 17 0 0 0 39 119 0 18 32,146 32,34 6
Total (1988 ) 14 ,532 3333 103 0 28 237 1661 464 1 3,344 33,501 67,20 2

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Table 6. Change area matrix from 1988 to 2004 (area in ha)

Dense Open Freshwater Littoral Total

Land-cover class mangrove mangr ove swamp scru b Grassla nd Plantation Mudflat Sand Water body Agricu lture (1988)

Dense mangrove 13,954 126 0 48 0 0 32 0 85 286 14, 532

Open full-text
Download mangrove PDF 336 1403 0
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Copy link 0 134 78 182 1200 3333
Freshwater s wamp 0 0 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 3
Littoral scrub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Grassland 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 28
Plantation 19 0 0 0 0 218 0 0 0 0 2 37
Mudflat 10 58 0 0 0 0 1007 176 151 259 1661
Sand 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 380 53 15 46 4
Water body 255 34 0 0 0 35 39 13 12,969 0 1 3,34 4
Agricultu re 57 210 0 0 0 0 7 76 128 33,022 33,5 01
Total (2004 ) 14 ,630 1832 103 48 28 270 1219 723 13,568 34,782 67,2 02

the wise management and use of mangrove habitat, and in deciduous elements. There is no appreciable change in th
the enforcement of existing rules and regulations by the vegetation cover because of its geographic location.
State Forest Department. Littoral scrub is a representative form of deforeste
Open mangrove forest is of low average height, often mangrove landscape occurring in semi-arid or arid salin
3–5 m in an d represents the species of mangrove forest. soils covering 48 ha of the study area. This was not foun
With increasing pressure from biotic factors, the vegeta- in 1973. After 1989, it was formed due to mass cutting o
tion is rapidly decreasing; it is characterized by mixed mangroves in Sunei Rupei Protected Forest area. Tamari
mangroves. Even though there is no specific zonation pattern, troupii and Salvadora persica are pioneering woody specie
E. agallocha and A. alba are the pioneering species found found in these areas and often form pure Tamarix an
in degraded and scattered mangrove areas. Palm swamp Tamarix–Salvadora communities towards the landwar
vegetation is also found in drier areas within or outside zone. It is typically a shrubby formation about 2 to 4 m i
the mangrove forests mixed with scrub areas on the height. The vegetation mostly represents exotic herba
landward side. Palm swamp shows typical representation ceous species like Parthenium histrophorus, Cleome vis
of tufted palms (Phoenix paludosa) up to 3 m in height. cosa, Croton bonplandianum, Hyptis suaveolens, Mimos
This forest vegetation faces high anthropogenic pressure pudica and Scoparia dulcis. Grasslands occupy an area o
and change in landscape dynamics is clearly noticeable 28 ha in the BRF, found near freshwater swamp fores
on the images. A net change of 1518 ha is observed due to admixed with muddy substratum. Major portion of th
conversion of open mangroves to other land-cover cate- area is covered by tall grasses. Arundo donax, Chrysopo
gories from 1973 to 2004. Freshwater swamp forest is gon aciculatus, Dicanthium pertusum and Imperata cyl
purely localized and found above the tide level mainly in indrica are some dominant grass species found in th
the BRF, and occupies an area of 103 ha. The gr ound is area. Mudflat is a low-lying muddy land that is covered a
inundated by freshwater. Forest cover is fairly dense and high tide and exposed low tide. The vegetation seen i
biologically rich with a good number of plant species. this area is of herbaceous type and generally referred t
Diospyros peregrina is the most dominant tree species, as mudflat (salt marshes) vegetation. Due to high mois
associated with several evergreen tree species and few ture and salt content, halophytic species like Suaed
1414 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 92, NO. 10, 25 MAY 200

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maritima, Suaeda nudiflora, Suaeda monoica, Sesuvium 4. Das, P., Ba sak, U. C. and Das, A. B., Restoration of the ma ngrov
portulacastrum and Arthocnemum indicum grow predomi- vegetation in the Ma hanadi delta , Orissa, Indi a. Mangroves Sa
Marshes, 1997, 1 , 155–161.
nantly. The sanctuary has a significant area under mud- 5. D ahdouh-Guebas, F., Verheyden, A., De Genst, W., Hettiarachch
flats (1219 ha), which is the main substratum for S. and Koedam, N., Four decade vegetati on dynamics in S
mangrove regeneration and plantation activities. It has Lankan mangroves as detected from sequential aerial photography: A
been observed that mudflat area had reduced from 1973 case study in Galle. Bull. Mar. Sci., 2000, 67 , 741–759.
(2298 ha) to 2004 (1219 ha). Loose sand mounds along 6. State of Forest Report 2003, Forest Survey of India, Ministry
Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, 200
the coastal strip of the southeastern side of Bhitarkanika pp. 21–22.
are well covered by the usual runners like Ipomoea pes- 7. Ka thiresan, K., Conservation str ategies for mangroves in I ndi
caprae and Launaea sarmentosa. Spinifex littoreus, Hy- Botanica , 2003, 53 , 61–75.
drophylax maritima and Polycarpon prostratum support 8. Mapping of forest cover in India from satellite imagery (1972–7
the foreshore zone. It covers an area of 723 ha in the sanc- and 1980–82), Summary Report, National Remote Sensin
Agency, Hyderabad, 1983, pp. 5–6.
tuary. The Orissa Forest Department has raised plantation 9. Kuma r, R., Di stribution of mangr oves in Goa. Indian J. For
of Casuarina equisetifolia and Rhizophora mucronata in 2000, 23, 360–365.
the coastal sand and riverbeds respectively. The planta- 10. Mangroves of India, Statu s report, Ministry of Environment an
tion area was considerably increased from 237 (1988) to Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, 1987, pp. 52–55.
270 ha (2004). 11. Banerjee, L. K., Vegetation of the Bhitarkanika Sanctuary in Cut
tack distri ct, Or issa, In dia. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot., 1984, 5, 1065
The lan d-cover system undergoes significant change 1079.
according to the changes in socio-economic and natural 12. Baner jee, L. K. and Ra o, T. A. (eds), Mangroves of Orissa Coas
conditions of the people. Agricultural practice is gradually and their Ecology, Bishen Singh and Mahendrapal Singh, D ehr
increasing from 32,346 (1973) to 33,501 ha (1988) and Dun, 1990.
reached 34,782 h a in 2004. A n et change of 2436 ha area 13. Biswal, A. K. and Choudhury, B. P., Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanc
tuary: Exploitation and management. Neo. Bot., 1993, 1 and 2, 17
was observed due to conversion of dense and open man- 22.
grove forests to agricultural field by the surrounding vil- 14. Saxena , H. O. and B rahmam, M. , The Flora of Orissa, Vols I–IV
lagers. Littoral scrub vegetation was formed due to mangrove Orissa Forest Development Corporation Ltd, Bhubaneswar, 1996
deforestation. In the course of time, several exotic species 15. Chadha, S. K. and Kar, C. S. (eds), Bhitarkanika: Myth and Rea
spread over the area, and are affecting the native vegeta- lity, Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun, 1999.
16. Dhal , N. K. and Rou t, N. C., Few ra re, endangered, vu lnerable a n
tion. The present study has shown that there is significant threatened manga ls from Orissa coast worth conserving. Eco
decrease of 1534 ha of mangr ove forest from 1973 to Environ. Conserv., 2001, 7 , 67–70.
2004. 17. Mishra, P. K., Sahu, J . R. and Upadhya y, V. P., Species diversit
Remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information in Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem in Orissa, India. Lyoni
System (GIS) are playing a major role in getting a synoptic 2005, 8, 73–87.
18. Reddy, C. S., Patta naik C hiranjibi, Dha l, N. K. and Bi swal, A. K
view of the status of the present vegetation. A comparative Vegetation and floristic diversity of Bhitarkanika National Pa rk
study of the present and past conditions of mangrove Orissa , Indi a. Indian For., 2006, 132 , 664–680.
vegetation brings out an overall picture, to convince forest 19. Ramachandran, S., Su ndaramoort hy, S., Krishnamoorthy, R
officials, managers, decision makers and planners for fur- Devasenapathy, J. and Tha nikacha lam, M., Applica tion of remo
ther conservation and restoration activities. RS in con- sensing and GIS to coasta l wetland ecology of Tamil Nadu an
Andaman and Ni cobar grou p of islands with special reference t
junction with GIS technology can play a vital role in the mangroves. Curr. Sci., 1998, 75 , 236–244.
monitoring and planning of mangrove forests, by multi-
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13/03/2024, 19:35 (PDF) Assessment and Monitoring of Mangroves of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India using Remote Sensing & GIS
g p g g y
20. Selvam, V., Ravichandran, K. K., Gnanappazham, L. and Nava
temporal interpretation of satellite data. The information muniya mmal, M., Assessment of communit y-based rest orati on o
Pichavara m mangrove wetla nd using remote sensing data . Cur
generated for the Bhitarkanika Sanctuary area will aid in
understanding the spatial distribution of mangrove forests Sci., 2003, 85 , 794–798.
21. Nayak, A. K., Pictorial Guide to Mangrove Flora of Bhitarkanika
and periodic changes over more than 30 years. This will Mangrove Forest Divi sion (Wildlife), Gover nment of Orissa, Raj
help the Forest Department, Government of Orissa in further nagar, 2004.
planning and taking appropriate decisions for sustaining
the remaining
Download full-text PDF mangrove cover.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We are gra teful to Dr P. S. Roy, D eput
Director (R S & GIS, Applicati on Area), NRSA, H yderabad. We than
the Chief Wildlife Warden, Bhubaneswar and Deputy Conservator of Fo
1. B andarna yake, W. M. , Tradi tional and medi cinal uses of man- est, Mangrove Forest Di vision (Wildlife), R ajnagar for granting pe
groves. Mangroves Salt Marshes, 1998, 2 , 133–148. mission and pr oviding field staff to do the resear ch work. We al s
2. Dahdou h-Guebas, F., Ma thenge, C., Kair o, J. G. and Koedam, N., thank the D epartment of Biotechnol ogy (DBT) and Depa rtment o
Utilization of mangrove wood products arou nd Mida Creek Space (DOS) , New Delhi for fundi ng biodiversity projects under whic
(Kenya) amongst su bsistence and commercial users. Eco n. Bot., this stu dy was ca rried o ut.
2000, 54, 513–527.
3. Gang, P. O . and Agatsiva, J. L., T he current sta tus of mangroves Received 23 J anua ry 2006; revised accepted 17 Januar y 2007
along the Kenyan coast: A case study of Mida Creek mangroves
based on remote sensing. Hydrobiologia, 1992, 247 , 29–36.

CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 92, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2007 141

Citations (77) References (19)

... Reduction in mangrove cover due to land use in the study area is associated with the increasing shrimp culture, the
exponential rise in population, and settlements followed by construction of Paradip port in the southern boundary and
Dhamra port at the northern boundary. Over 30 years , monitoring in Bhitarkanika reported 51.76% of land use of the
protected area was occupied by agriculture (Reddy et al. 2007 ). Loss of 1534 ha of the area under mangrove and
increase of 2436 ha under agriculture indicate change in land use as a mega driver of biodiversity loss. ...
... Loss of 1534 ha of the area under mangrove and increase of 2436 ha under agriculture indicate change in land use
as a mega driver of biodiversity loss. Another study that monitored the National Park boundaries from 2000 to 2015
reported 73.29% of the land use under mangroves and agriculture in 14.80%, but these results were contradictory to
that reported by Reddy et al. (2007) (Banerjee et al. 2018). Only 1.02% of the land use in this duration is reported to be
encroached and occupied under the aquaculture ponds, 0.76% under human habitations, 0.34% under roads and trails,
and 5.83% drainage, whereas 3.38% scrub forest followed by 0.58% of grassland mostly on the mudflats. ...
... Increasing connectivity through roads not only enhances support to the forest department for monitoring remote
inaccessible locations but also enhances market influences and enhanced access to human-induced interferences, but
compromises the sustainability of existing mangroves. Decreasing mudflats in the national park boundaries reported
from 1973 to 2004 indicate enhanced mangrove plantation efforts by the forest department (Reddy et al. 2007 ). The

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235767133_Assessment_and_Monitoring_of_Mangroves_of_Bhitarkanika_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Orissa_India_using_Remote_Sensing_GIS 12/18
13/03/2024, 19:35 (PDF) Assessment and Monitoring of Mangroves of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India using Remote Sensing & GIS
total loss of dense mangroves from the Bhitarkanika was 9.28 km 2 in one decade (1995 to 2004), while from 2004 to
2017, the loss was significantly high corresponding to 21.44 km 2 (Shrestha et al. 2019). ...

Ecosystem Services and Their Future Scenarios Centering on Mangrove Ecosystem in Ishigaki Island, Japan
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Sep 2022
Yasuo
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full-text PDF · Shizuka Hashimoto · Huang Wanhui
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... Reduction in mangrove cover due to land use in the study area is associated with the increasing shrimp culture, the
exponential rise in population, and settlements followed by construction of Paradip port in the southern boundary and
Dhamra port at the northern boundary. Over 30 years , monitoring in Bhitarkanika reported 51.76% of land use of the
protected area was occupied by agriculture (Reddy et al. 2007 ). Loss of 1534 ha of the area under mangrove and
increase of 2436 ha under agriculture indicate change in land use as a mega driver of biodiversity loss. ...
... Loss of 1534 ha of the area under mangrove and increase of 2436 ha under agriculture indicate change in land use
as a mega driver of biodiversity loss. Another study that monitored the National Park boundaries from 2000 to 2015
reported 73.29% of the land use under mangroves and agriculture in 14.80%, but these results were contradictory to
that reported by Reddy et al. (2007) (Banerjee et al. 2018). Only 1.02% of the land use in this duration is reported to be
encroached and occupied under the aquaculture ponds, 0.76% under human habitations, 0.34% under roads and trails,
and 5.83% drainage, whereas 3.38% scrub forest followed by 0.58% of grassland mostly on the mudflats. ...
... Increasing connectivity through roads not only enhances support to the forest department for monitoring remote
inaccessible locations but also enhances market influences and enhanced access to human-induced interferences, but
compromises the sustainability of existing mangroves. Decreasing mudflats in the national park boundaries reported
from 1973 to 2004 indicate enhanced mangrove plantation efforts by the forest department (Reddy et al. 2007 ). The
total loss of dense mangroves from the Bhitarkanika was 9.28 km 2 in one decade (1995 to 2004), while from 2004 to
2017, the loss was significantly high corresponding to 21.44 km 2 (Shrestha et al. 2019). ...

Assessment of Mangrove Colonization of Aquaculture Ponds Through Satellite Image Analysis: Implications for
Mangrove Management
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Sep 2022
Kriselda Anna delos Santos · Ram Avtar · Sev Salmo · Masahiko Fujii

View Show abstract

... Reduction in mangrove cover due to land use in the study area is associated with the increasing shrimp culture, the
exponential rise in population, and settlements followed by construction of Paradip port in the southern boundary and
Dhamra port at the northern boundary. Over 30 years , monitoring in Bhitarkanika reported 51.76% of land use of the
protected area was occupied by agriculture (Reddy et al. 2007 ). Loss of 1534 ha of the area under mangrove and
increase of 2436 ha under agriculture indicate change in land use as a mega driver of biodiversity loss. ...
... Loss of 1534 ha of the area under mangrove and increase of 2436 ha under agriculture indicate change in land use
as a mega driver of biodiversity loss. Another study that monitored the National Park boundaries from 2000 to 2015
reported 73.29% of the land use under mangroves and agriculture in 14.80%, but these results were contradictory to
that reported by Reddy et al. (2007) (Banerjee et al. 2018). Only 1.02% of the land use in this duration is reported to be
encroached and occupied under the aquaculture ponds, 0.76% under human habitations, 0.34% under roads and trails,
and 5.83% drainage, whereas 3.38% scrub forest followed by 0.58% of grassland mostly on the mudflats. ...
... Increasing connectivity through roads not only enhances support to the forest department for monitoring remote
inaccessible locations but also enhances market influences and enhanced access to human-induced interferences, but

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235767133_Assessment_and_Monitoring_of_Mangroves_of_Bhitarkanika_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Orissa_India_using_Remote_Sensing_GIS 13/18
13/03/2024, 19:35 (PDF) Assessment and Monitoring of Mangroves of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India using Remote Sensing & GIS
compromises the sustainability of existing mangroves. Decreasing mudflats in the national park boundaries reported
from 1973 to 2004 indicate enhanced mangrove plantation efforts by the forest department (Reddy et al. 2007 ). The
total loss of dense mangroves from the Bhitarkanika was 9.28 km 2 in one decade (1995 to 2004), while from 2004 to
2017, the loss was significantly high corresponding to 21.44 km 2 (Shrestha et al. 2019). ...

Fostering Mangrove Ecosystem Services for a Resilient Future for the Asia-Pacific Region: A Knowledge Synthesis
Chapter
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Sep 2022
Rajarshi Dasgupta · Shizuka Hashimoto · Osamu Saito

View Show abstract

... Albeit one of the more extensive mapping efforts executed by Giri et al. (2008) were able to map country-wide
mangrove changes for the tsunami affected regions of Asia (including Thailand and Myanmar) at three epochs over the
course of 1975 to 2005. Furthermore, by 2018, over 435 publications had been completed enumerating the extent of
mangrove ecosystems, but literature gaps remained from 1972 to 1995 (Kuenzer et al., 2011;Wang et al., 2019) with
little to none of the publications utilizing wall to wall LMSS coverage for regions in Southeast Asia (Lorenzo et al.,
1979; Reddy et al., 2007; Rahman, 2012;Li et al., 2013;Son et al., 2014;Islam et al., 2019). ...

A regional map of mangrove extent for Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia shows losses of 44% by 1996
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Jun 2023
Priscilla Baltezar · Paulo J Murillo-Sandoval · Kyle C. Cavanaugh · Lola E Fatoyinbo

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... The National Forest Policy of 1988 introduced the concept of Joint Forest Management (JFM). Although JFM ensured
some participation of communities, it has served in many cases to further entrench and extend the Forest Departments'
power (Reddy et al., 2007; Sarin, 2003;Sarin et al., 2003;Sundar, 2000). The central India case study is characterized
by community forestry claims made by community collectives in Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh states, which are shown
in figure 1 as Study Area. ...

Barriers and Facilitators for Successful Community Forestry: Lessons Learned and Practical Applications From Case
Studies in India and Guatemala
Article Full-text available
Apr 2023
Vishal Jamkar · Megan Butler · Dean Current

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... LULCC is one of the major drivers of mangrove loss in coastal Odisha, especially in and around Bhitarkanika
[28, 34, 35] (Table 2). One of the earliest long-term studies on mangroves, conducted between 1944 and 1999 by Das
and Vincent [24], shows that mangrove cover in Odisha dropped almost to half of 307.66 km 2 in 1944 and further to
179.0 km 2 in 1999. ...

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235767133_Assessment_and_Monitoring_of_Mangroves_of_Bhitarkanika_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Orissa_India_using_Remote_Sensing_GIS 14/18
13/03/2024, 19:35 (PDF) Assessment and Monitoring of Mangroves of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India using Remote Sensing & GIS
Participatory Stakeholder Assessment for Drivers of Mangrove Loss to Prioritize Evidence-Based Conservation and
Restoration in Bhitarkanika and Mahanadi Delta, India
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Jan 2023
Shalini Dhyani · Jayshree Shukla · Rakesh Kadaverugu · Shizuka Hashimoto

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... Hội nghị Khoa học Địa lý toàn quốc lần thứ XIII "Khoa học địa lý Việt Nam với sử dụng hợp lý, phục vụ tài nguyên và
phát triển kinh tế tuần hoàn" Việc tích hợp hai công nghệ này có thể giúp các bên liên quan lập bản đồ những khu vực
đang diễn ra thay đổi, hiểu rõ hơn về cách các mô hình phát triển bị ảnh hưởng bởi hành động của con người và những
xu thế thay đổi về khí hậu, cảnh quan theo mùa, từ đó đánh giá hiệu quả của các hành động và chính sách hiện tại, dự
đoán và lập kế hoạch phù hợp trong tương lai [5]. Liên quan đến RNM, nhiều nghiên cứu ứng dụng công nghệ viễn
thám và GIS trong đánh giá hiện trạng và phân tích biến động RNM đã đạt được nhiều thành tựu [6][7] [8] . ...

Đánh giá biến động rừng ngập mặn huyện Cần Giờ, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh trên cơ sở ảnh vệ tinh giai đoạn 1990-
2020 | Assessment of mangroves forest change from satellite images in Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh city in period …
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Bui Bao Thien · Do Thi Viet Huong · Liem Duy Nguyen

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... Remotely sensed data serves as a cheap and cost-effective tool to monitor the short-term (seasonal to inter-annual)
as well as long-term (multi-decadal) temporal changes in the mangrove cover (Green et al. 1998a(Green et al. ,
1998bVerhayden et al. 2002), which is essential from the viewpoint of characterizing the blue carbon stock of these
ecosystems. There are many studies conducted so far in India, which successfully mapped and monitored the
mangrove patches from Sundarbans, West Bengal (Giri et al. 2014), Mumbai, Maharashtra (Vijay et al. 2005),
Bhitarkanika mangrove forest, Odisha (Reddy et al. 2007 ), mangroves of Tamil Nadu and Andaman and Nicobar
Islands (Ramachandran et al. 1998), and overall India (Nayak and Bahuguna 2001). As mangroves thrive in the coastal
margins, pixels of soil, water, and vegetated portions remain intertwined with each other (Giri et al. 2014). ...

Blue Carbon Potential of India: The Present State of the Art

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13/03/2024, 19:35 (PDF) Assessment and Monitoring of Mangroves of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India using Remote Sensing & GIS

Inclusion of social values, priorities, and motivations for mangrove conservation in Bhitarkanika, India
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13/03/2024, 19:35 (PDF) Assessment and Monitoring of Mangroves of Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa, India using Remote Sensing & GIS

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