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Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table

The document discusses the history and structure of the periodic table. It explains that all matter is made of atoms, which have a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. Scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr contributed theories to our modern understanding of atomic structure. The document also defines key terms and describes the different types of elements including metals, nonmetals, metalloids and more.

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10 views18 pages

Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table

The document discusses the history and structure of the periodic table. It explains that all matter is made of atoms, which have a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. Scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr contributed theories to our modern understanding of atomic structure. The document also defines key terms and describes the different types of elements including metals, nonmetals, metalloids and more.

Uploaded by

ofeliasebio21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Atomic Structure and the Periodic

Table

www.astro.virginia.edu
All Matter is Made of Atoms
⚫ Hydrogen is the most
common atom of our
universe

⚫ Types of atoms in Earth’s


www.earthshope.org
Crust
Iron 5%, Aluminum 8%,
Silicon 28%, Oxygen 47%,
Other 12%

⚫ Types of atoms in Humans


Nitrogen 3%, Hydrogen 10%,
Oxygen 61%, Other 26 % bubblingbrain.wordpress.com
Names and Symbols of Elements
⚫ Each element has its own symbol

⚫ Some elements use the first letter of the name:


hydrogen (H), Sulfur (S),Carbon (C)

⚫ Other elements use the first letter of the name


plus another letter: aluminum (Al), Platinum (Pt),
Zinc (Zn)

⚫ The first letter is always capitalized and the


following letters are lower case.
Early Greek Philosophers
determined that atoms are the
building blocks of matter.
John Dalton (1766–1844)
⚫John Dalton’s theory of the
atom started out as a solid
sphere with no charges

⚫Proposed the atomic theory


by investigating atomic
weights of atoms
J.J. Thomson determines that an atom
is made up of negative electrons
embedded in a sea of positive charges .

+ +
- -+
- -
+
www.ucl.ac.uk
Ernest Rutherford did some
experiments with thin metal foils and
found that the positive charge is
located within a central nucleus

www.scientific-web.com
Neils Bohr worked under Rutherford but
found problems with his theory. He
ultimately determined that Electrons are in
circular orbits with increasing energy
levels.

_
_
nobelprize.org
Vocabulary
Atom: the smallest particle of an element that has the
chemical properties of the element

Nucleus: found in the center of the atom and contains the


protons and neutrons

Proton: a positively charged particle found in the nucleus


of an atom

Neutrons: an uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an


atom

Electron: negatively charged particles that move around


outside the nucleus of the atom

Isotopes: atoms of the same element that have a different


number of neutrons. Chlorine atoms have 17 protons, but some
atoms of chlorine have 18 or 20 neutrons these atoms are the
isotopes of chlorine
Atoms form Ions
⚫ Ions: formed when an
atom loses or gains one
or more electrons(- or +
charge)

⚫ Cation: formed when an


atom loses an electron
(+ charge)

⚫ Anion: formed when an


atom gains an electron
(-charge)
⚫ Most elements are Metals
metals
⚫ Metals are
elements that
conduct electricity
and heat, have
shiny appearance,
and can be
shaped by
pounding
(malleability),
bending, or being
drawn into a thin
wire (ductility)
Metal types
⚫ Reactive metals: Group (up/down) 1 most reactive

⚫ Transition Metals: Group 3-12 (up/down) generally


less reactive than most metals
Rare Earth Elements

www.riken.jp
⚫ Top row of the two rows of metals that are outside of the main
periodic table

⚫ Also known as Lanthanides because they follow the element


lanthanum (La) on the table

⚫ Scientists once thought these metals were available only in tiny


amounts on the Earth
Actinide
• bottom row of the two
rows of metals that are
outside of the main
periodic table

• The Actinide series is


all radioactive and www.chem4kids.com
some are not found in
nature.
Nonmetals
⚫ Nonmetals: the elements on the right side of the
periodic table
⚫ Many are gases at room temperature, dull
surfaces on the solid nonmetals, cannot be
shaped by ductility or malleability
Halogens
⚫ Elements in group 17
⚫ 7 valence electrons

⚫ Greek “forming salts

⚫ Very reactive non-metals


that easily form compounds www.chem4kids.com
with metals. These
compounds are known as
salts.
Noble Gases
⚫ Group 18 on the
periodic table
⚫ 8 valence electrons

⚫ Noble or inert
because they almost
never react with other www.chem4kids.com

elements
Metalloids
⚫ Have properties of both metals and nonmetals
⚫ Located on either side of the zigzag line
separating metals and nonmetals
⚫ Most common is Silicon

www.mvschools.org

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