IMPACT OF GOBALISATION ON STATE SOVEREIGNTY

AND
INTERNATIONAL RELATION

RESEARCH PROJECT

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

MA SEM II – PAPER VI
(PSRP 206)
SUBMITTED BY –
Ujjwal Raj Chaurasiya
423752
SUBMITTED TO-
Dr. Juhi Srivastava
Dept. of Political Science
National P.G. College, Lucknow
 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON SOVEREIGNTY OF
STATES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATION

Introduction

We had lived in a world of essentially unchallenged sovereignty

for several generations now, and had begun to think of it as the
natural state of affairs. However, the idea of states as
autonomous, independent entities is collapsing under the
combined onslaught of monetary unions, global television, the
Internet, governmental and non-governmental organizations.
Many have proclaimed the death of sovereignty of states while a
few still believe that sovereignty is still the basis of state
interaction.
According to Stephen D. Krasner, ‘’Sovereignty was never quite as
vibrant as many contemporary observers suggest. The
conventional norms of sovereignty have always been challenged.
A few states notably the United States, have had autonomy,
control, and recognition for most of their existence, but most
others have not. The polities of many weaker states have been
persistently penetrated, and stronger nations have not been
immune to external influence. China was occupied. The
constitutional arrangements of Japan and Germany were
directed by the United States after World War II. The United
Kingdom, despite its rejection of the euro, is part of the European
Union.’’
Hypothesis
1. It is important to ensure that my Topic’s data collection and
processing activities are carried out in a transparent and fair
manner. Individuals should be able to understand about the
impact of globalization on state sovereignty and
international relations.
2. To understand basic about the globalization.
3. To know about the advantages and disadvantages of the
globalization.
4. Students must be educated about Role of the globalization
and importance of understanding them in contemporary
world.

Research Questions

1. How has globalization influenced the power dynamics between

different nations in international relations?

2. In what ways has globalization led to an increase in

transnational issues and challenges in international relations?

3. How has globalization affected the sovereignty and autonomy

of nation-states in international relations?
4. What role does globalization play in shaping diplomacy and
conflict resolution between nations?

5. How has globalization impacted the distribution of resources

and wealth among nations in international relations?

6. To what extent has globalization influenced the rise of non-

state actors and their influence in international relations?

7. What challenges does globalization pose for national security

and defence strategies in international relations?

8. How has globalization changed the nature of cultural

exchanges and interactions between nations in international
relations?

9. In what ways has globalization influenced the formation of

international alliances and partnerships in international
relations?

10. How can globalization be harnessed to promote cooperation

and mutual understanding between nations in international
relations?
Research Objectives
1. To examine the impact of globalization on economic growth
and development in different countries or regions.
2. To analyze the effects of globalization on income inequality and
poverty levels.
3. To investigate the role of globalization in shaping cultural
exchange and diversity.
4. To explore the implications of globalization on environmental
sustainability and resource management.
5. To assess the influence of globalization on political systems and
governance structures.
6. To study the challenges and opportunities presented by
globalization for businesses and industries.
7. To understand the role of technology and communication in
facilitating global interconnectedness.
8. To evaluate the effectiveness of international institutions and
agreements in managing the process of globalization.

Globalization

Globalization has become a favourite catchphrase of everyone;

journalists, economists, politicians, environmentalists, lawyers,
and even farmers. But what people mean by 'globalization' is
often confused and confusing. Scholte notes that "in spite of
publications on the subject, our analyses of globalization tend to
remain conceptually inexact, empirically thin, historically and
culturally illiterate, normatively shallow and politically naïve.
Although globalization is widely assumed to be crucially
important, we generally have scant idea what, more precisely, it
entails". This is associated with 'globalization' being a truly
multifaceted phenomenon, with implications that encompass
not just the economic but also the social, political, cultural and
geographical. Radice, for example, notes that "globalization has
been a prominent topic among geographers and sociologists as
well as economists and political scientists, and is studied within
every paradigm, from neoclassical economics to postmodern
social theory to realist international relations theory to Marxism'.
As widespread as the notion of globalization may be, there are
still those who challenge the concept and insist that there is
nothing like a globalized village. According to Yesufu Bala Usman,
"What sort of village is it, in which, the villagers in one part of the
village, are totally prohibited from going to the other part of the
village, even though most of the good things of life in the village
are to be found over there?... But, it is not only the notion that
we are living in a global village, which is a fantasy. The belief that
the whole world is now, largely, one huge global free market is an
illusion."
According to Leslie Sklair, the globalization literature is confused
because not all those who use the term distinguish it clearly
enough from internationalization. He encourages
democratization. Despite these assertions, which are evidenced
by the dramatic growth in foreign investment over the past
decade, the overwhelming majority of foreign investments still
occur between the world's richest nations. Even within the
developing world, it is still the stronger nations that receive the
bulk of foreign investment. Most small states believe that
globalization lead to dominance of the weak by the rich and
powerful states. Considering these and the anti-globalization
protest movements round the world, we raise the question,
'what has globalization done to sovereignty of states?

Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the central attribute of the state as a form of

political organization. Sovereignty and statehood have become so
closely interlinked that a non-sovereign state tends to be
regarded as only a quasi-state. It does not signify merely a certain
degree or quantity of power, as if the extent to which a state is
sovereign can be measured simply by calculating its relative
military and economic power. Sovereignty signifies
simultaneously a right to act and a power to act. There are cases
where the power of a state to act is so confined and limited that
its sovereign right to act is rendered largely meaningless. Equally,
there are times when the actual power of a state is so great that,
although its sovereign right to use this power has not been
formally acknowledged by others, it is tacitly recognized. These
are extreme cases, however. Normally, sovereignty means the
possession of a right and power, and disputes about sovereignty
are disputes about right and power.
Sovereignty manifests itself in different forms, and this largely
accounts for the varying definitions that are given of it. Seen from
one angle, the right and power of sovereignty is exercised over
territory, and is akin to the right and power of possession or
ownership of a potion of the earth's surface. This ownership of
territory includes in turn a right and power over all that exists,
whether static or mobile, human or non-human, within the
territory concerned, and extends to so-called territorial waters
and airspace.
Sovereignty can be defined more narrowly as the right and power
to make the ultimate or final decision about the terms of
existence of a whole territorially-based body politic. It denotes a
central core of right and power which may be called the right and
power of self-determination, that is, a right and power to
determine for and by oneself and not at the command of others-
the fundamental issues relating to one's existence. No external
body has the right to command or order a sovereign state to act
in a given way about matters of fundamental concern to it.

Perspectives of Globalization

As noted earlier, globalization is the term used to describe one of

the most contemporary phenomena of our time; involving the
diffusion of ideas, practices and technologies through the various
now available means of communication and interraction. It has
led to internationalization of most issues in human and state
existence. It is not merely liberalization of markets, though in
many cases that has been the result.
The definition by Anthony Giddens aptly describes this
phenomenon: "the intensification of worldwide social relations
which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings
are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa".
This involves a change in the way we understand geography and
experience localness. As well as offering opportunity, it brings
with it considerable risks linked, for example, to technological
change. Globalization, thus, has powerful economic, political,
cultural and social implications for sovereignty.

Globalization and Political Sovereignty

Globalization has led to a decline in the power of national

governments to direct and influence their economies (especially
with regard to macroeconomic management); and to determine
their political structures. There is a strong indication that the
impact of globalization is most felt through the extent to which
politics. everywhere are now essentially market-driven. It is not
that governments are now unable to run their states, but to
survive in office; they must increasingly "manage" national
politics in such a way as to adapt them to the pressures of trans-
national market forces.
The institutionalization of international political structures has
led to political globalization. Since the early nineteenth century,
the European interstate system has been developing both an
increasingly consensual international normative order and a set
of international political structures that regulate all sorts of
interaction. This phenomenon has been termed "global
governance" by Craig Murphy. It refers to the growth of both
specialized and general international organizations. The most
dominant of the general and global organizations that had
emerged was the League of Nations and now succeeded by the
United Nations. At the regional levels, the African Union,
European Union, Organization of American States, the Arab
League, etc exist.

Globalization and Cultural Sovereignty

From our perspective, culture refers to the patterns of behaviour

and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and
share. Culture distinguishes one human group from others. A
people's culture includes their beliefs, rules of behaviour,
language, rituals, art, technology, styles of dress, ways of
producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic
systems.
Culture has several distinguishing characteristics. First, it is based
on symbols -abstract ways of referring to and understanding
ideas, objects, feelings, or behaviours; and the ability to
communicate with symbols using language. Second, culture is
shared. People in the same society share common behaviours
and ways of thinking through culture. Third, culture is learned.
While people biologically inherit many physical traits and
behavioural instincts, culture is socially inherited. A person must
learn culture from other people in a society. Fourth, culture is
adaptive. People use culture to flexibly and quickly adjust to
changes in the world around them.
Since no human society exists in complete isolation, different
societies also exchange and share culture. In fact, all societies
have some interactions with others, both out of curiosity and
because even highly self-sufficient societies sometimes need
assistance from their neighbours. Today, for instance, many
people around the world use similar kinds of technology, such as
cars, telephones, and televisions. Commercial trade and
communication technologies, such as computer networks, have
created a form of global culture. Therefore, it has become
increasingly difficult to find culture that is shared within only a
single society.

Globalization and the Right to Development

Acceptance of the right to development of a people, imply a
concession to the need for interaction, cooperation and
dependence. The right to development has been defined as the
particular process of development in which all human rights and
fundamental freedoms can be fully realized. It is a process of
step-by-step progressive realization of all the rights, the
implementation of a development policy to realize these rights,
and the relaxation of resource constraints on these rights through
economic growth. The right to this process has to be viewed as a
composite right wherein all the rights are realized together in an
interdependent and composite manner. The right to
development is not only a claim on the outcomes of development
that is an improved realization of different rights, but also the
process of achieving these outcomes. That process would be
globalization.

In a globalized world, international developments affect

developing countries' ability to formulate and implement the
policies for realizing the right to development. Globalization in
principle expands the opportunities to enjoy goods and services
beyond what a country can produce itself, just as participating in
an expanding market does for an individual, thus potentially
enhancing the capabilities for enjoying the right to development.

Sovereignty in a Globalized World

Sovereignty used to mean final authority. This is no longer so.
When philosophers Jean Bodin and Thomas Hobbes elaborated
the notion of sovereignty in the 16th and 17th centuries, they
were concerned with establishing the legitimacy of a single
hierarchy of domestic authority. Although they both accepted the
existence of divine and natural law26, they believed the word of
the sovereign was law.
However, in the contemporary world, sovereignty primarily is
linked with the idea that states are autonomous and independent
from each other. Within their own boundaries, the members of a
polity are free to choose their own form of government. Another
point is that no state has the right to intervene in the internal
affairs of another state. Sovereignty is also associated with the
idea of control over trans-border movements. Finally, sovereignty
also means that political authorities can enter into international
agreements. States are free to endorse any contract they find
attractive. Any treaty among states is legitimate provided that it
has not been coerced. This is the new strength of sovereignty.

The Impacts of Globalization on the International

Relations

With the definition of the globalization which presented, we can

survey and determine the impacts of globalization on the
international relations. With due attention to these conditions
which the international relations are moving toward them in
current framework of an international system, any changes and
promotions in international relations can change them.
To determine the impacts of globalization on the international
relations, we should survey the six determiner indexes of the
international system. With due attention to what was brought up
as the globalization, we can foresee the intensive impacts of
globalization on these six factors. So, the process of globalization
causes the change in the international relations. The changes
which globalization causes are such as:
Firstly, the divergent of players and the appearance of global
players. With regard to the process of globalization the
international players will change. During the previous centuries
the states were the only players at first, and then they became
the most important international players. In the process of
globalization the new players are being activated. Besides the
new organizations (inter-governmental organizations, non-
governmental organizations, and multinational corporations) and
international and global institutions appear alongside of the
states. In a few cases they replace the states, or the international
non-governmental organizations and global organization that
usually can disregard the states (Berton 1999).
The most visible characters of new players are their collective,
multi-national and global characters. On the contrary the nation-
states emphasized on the national interests of a nation and they
attempted to make individual decisions to pursue their own
targets. But the new players pay much attention to the interests
which different nations take advantages of them, and they
attempt with cooperation and collectively to pursue their targets
(Ohmae 2002, 208-210). With activation of new players, the role
of states and governmental players becomes limited (Ohmae,
1999b, 3). The character of new players in the form of collective,
multinational and global forms, causes the loss of their validation
about their old type of games.

International Relation and Globalization

As more nations, people, and cultures adapt to the ever changing

international community, diplomats, politicians, and
representatives must meet and deal with accordingly to the
needs and wants of nations. Diplomacy can be exerted in many
forms; through peace talks, written constitutions, field
experiences, etc. Culture is a familiar term and remains
unchanged by definition. However, globalization and
international relations have constantly altered culture both
positively and negatively.
Globalization increases worldwide technology, and the
readability of fast, effective communication and consumption of
popular products. Globalization links cultures and international
relations on a variety of levels; economics, politically, socially, etc.
International relations have used globalization to reach its goal:
of understanding cultures. International relations focus on how
countries, people and organizations interact and globalization is
making a profound effect on International relations,
Understanding culture, globalization, and international relations
is critical for the future of not only governments, people, and
businesses, but for the survival of the human race.
In today's increasingly interdependent and turbulent world,
many of the leading issues in the news concern international
affairs. Whether it is the continuing impact of globalization.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization

Globalization has a range of advantages while it has also

disadvantages.

The Advantages include GDP Increase; statistics shows that GDP

in developing countries has increased twice as much as before.
Unemployment is reduced.

Education has increased. Competition on Even Platform: The

Companies all around the world are competing on a single global
platform which allows better options o consumers. It increased
fee trade between nations;

The Corporations have greater flexibility to operate across

borders. Global mass media ties the world together.
Increased flow of communications allows vital information to be
shared between individuals and corporations around the world.

It increases in environmental protection in developed nations.

Spread of democratic ideas to developed nations. Reduced
cultural barriers increases in the global village effect.

Effects of Globalization

With the roster of the mentioned disadvantages and advantages

Globalization culminates also effective facts. The following are
considered the Effects of Globalization;

 enhancement in the information flow between

geographically remote locations

 the global common market has a freedom of exchange of

goods and

 capital

 there is a broad access to a range of goods for consumers and

companies
 worldwide production markets emerge

 free circulation of people of different nations leads to social

benefits

 global environmental problems like cross-boundary

pollution, over fishing on oceans, climate changes are solved
by discussions

 more trans border data flow using communication satellites,

the Internet, wireless telephones, etc.

 international criminal courts and international justice

movements are

 launched the standards applied globally like patents,

copyright laws and world

 trade agreements increase

 corporate, national and sub-national borrowers have a

better access to external finance

 worldwide financial markets emerge

 multiculturalism spreads as there is individual access to

cultural diversity.

 This diversity decreases due to hybridization or assimilation

 international travel and tourism increases

 worldwide sporting events like the Olympic Games and the
FIFA World

 Cup are held enhancement in worldwide fads and pop

culture

 local consumer products are exported to other countries

 immigration between countries increases

 cross-cultural contacts grow and cultural diffusion takes

place

 there is an increase in the desire to use foreign ideas and

products, adopt

 new practices and technologies and be a part of world

culture

 free trade zones are formed having less or no tariffs

 CHAPTERIZATION

1. Introduction

2. Impact of Globalization on International Relations.

3. International Relation and Globalisation.

4. Advantage and disadvantages of Globalization.

5. Effects of Globalization.

6. Significance and scope of the study.

7. Conclusion.

8. References.
Significance and Scope of study

The study of the impact of globalization on state sovereignty and

international relations is significant for a variety of reasons.
Globalization has led to increased interconnectedness among
countries, resulting in a blurring of traditional boundaries and a
shift in power dynamics. This has had profound implications for
the sovereignty of nation-states and the functioning of the
international system. Some of the key aspects and scores of this
study include:

1. Global Governance: As state sovereignty is challenged, there

is an increasing need for global governance mechanisms to
address transnational issues such as climate change, terrorism,
and migration. The study of globalization and state sovereignty
can shed light on how these mechanisms can be developed and
implemented effectively.

2. State Sovereignty: Globalization challenges the traditional

notion of state sovereignty, as it involves the increasing
interconnectedness and interdependence of countries. This can
lead to a dilution of state authority as states are required to
cooperate and comply with international norms and regulations.
Understanding how globalization affects state sovereignty is
crucial for policymakers and scholars to navigate the changing
landscape of global governance.

3. International Relations: Globalization has transformed the

nature of international relations by creating new actors, such as
multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations,
and international institutions. These actors play a significant role
in shaping global politics and economics, often influencing state
behavior and decision-making. Studying the impact of
globalization on international relations helps to analyze the
power dynamics and interactions between states and non-state
actors in the global arena.

4. Scope of the Study: The study of the impact of globalization on

state sovereignty and international relations is broad and
interdisciplinary. It encompasses various fields such as political
science, economics, sociology, and international law. Researchers
examine how globalization affects state policies, trade relations,
security issues, cultural exchanges, and environmental
challenges. The scope of the study also extends to analyzing the
implications of globalization on human rights, democracy, and
social justice.

Overall, understanding the impact of globalization on state

sovereignty and international relations is essential for
policymakers, academics, and practitioners to address the
complex challenges and opportunities that arise in the globalized
world. It provides insights into how states can adapt to the
changing dynamics of global governance and foster cooperation
to address transnational issues effectively.
 Conclusion

Globalization is often seen in terms of impersonal forces

wreaking havoc on the lives of ordinary and defenceless people
and communities. It is not coincidental that interest in
globalization over the last two decades has been accompanied by
an upsurge in what has come to be known as New Social
Movements (NSM).34 NSM theorists, despite their substantial
differences, argue that the traditional response of the labour
movement to global capitalism, based on class politics, has
generally failed, and that a new analysis based on identity politics
(of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, age, community, belief systems)
has taken over. Today, more or less every specialism in the social
sciences has its 'globalization' perspective; for example,
globalization of law, 35 social welfare, crime, labour and politics.
Among the most important substantive issues, widely discussed
by globalization researchers inside and outside the four
approaches outlined above, are global environmental change and
gender and globalization.
The main challenge to global capitalism in the economic sphere
is the argument that the rich countries 'think global and act local'.
It is particularly the rich countries and few advanced developing
countries that are able to harness the benefits of global economy.
Poor countries are not able to get and as a result, the gaps
between the rich and poor countries, and rich and poor people
within countries have grown."

In conclusion, even though it can be shown that globalization has

reduced certain state powers, it is still within the sovereign power
of a state to decide not to be part of the integrated global life. It
is a choice a nation makes in exercise of its sovereign powers. The
central challenge however is to ensure that globalization
becomes a positive force for the entire world's people. While
globalization offers great opportunities, at present its benefits are
very unevenly shared, while its costs are unevenly distributed.

This situation is quite aptly captured by the United Nations thus;

We recognize that developing countries and countries with
economies in transition face special difficulties in responding to
this central challenge. Thus, only through broad and sustained
efforts to diversity, can globalization be made fully inclusive and
equitable. These efforts must include policies and measures, at
the global level, which correspond to the needs of developing
countries and economies in transition and are formulated and
implemented with their effective participation.
 Reference

Allan, Pierre and Christian Schmidt, 1994. Game Theory and

International Relations: Preferences, Information, and Empirical
Evidence. Edward Elgar Publisher.

Bhagwati, Jagdish, 2004. In Defense of Globalization. New York: Oxford

University Press.

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https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lseupr/2019/01/10/globalisation-
and-state-sovereignty-a-mixed-bag/

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