CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS FOR

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

MULTICELL

A multicell is a device consisting of one or more cells with

external connections for powering electrical devices such as

flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars.

Example- Battery

ALTERNATING CURRENT

Alternating current (also known as AC) is an electric current

which periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude

continuously with time. Alternating current is the form in which

electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and

it is the form of electrical energy that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen appliances,

televisions, fans and electric lamps into a wall socket.

CONNECTION

A connection is a point where at least three circuit paths meet.

It is also known as a wire junction.

CROSS, NO CONNECTION

It is a point where wires just graze over each other

but they are not in contact with each other.

Direct current (also known DC) is an electric current that is

uni-directional, so the flow of charge is always in the same direction.

As opposed to alternating current, the direction and amperage of direct currents

do not change. It is used in many household electronics and in all devices that use batteries.

NEUTRAL

Neutral is a circuit conductor that normally completes the circuit back to the

source. Neutral is usually connected to ground (earth) at the main electrical

panel, street drop, or meter, and also at the final step-down transformer of the supply.

POSITIVE POLARITY

When current flows in a circuit it creates a potential difference

in the circuit. The pole with fewer electrons then has a positive polarity.

NEGATIVE POLARITY

When current flows in a circuit it creates a potential difference

in the circuit. The pole with more electrons then has a positive polarity.

EARTH

Earth(also known as ground) is the reference point in an electrical circuit

from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current,

or a direct physical connection to the earth.

An underground cable is a cable that is buried below the ground.

They distribute electrical power or telecommunications. Such cables are an

alternative to overhead cables, which are several meters above the ground.

OVERHEAD CABLE

An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission

and distribution to transmit electrical energy across large distances.

It consists of one or more uninsulated electrical cables suspended by towers or

poles. It is generally used to supply electrical energy to electric trains, trolleybuses, trams, etc.

FUSE

In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is an electrical safety device

that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit.

Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current

flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the current.

RESISTANCE

Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an

electrical circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized

by the Greek letter omega (Ω). Resistance measurements are normally taken

to indicate the condition of a component or circuit.

A variable resistor is a resistor of which the electric resistance value

can be adjusted. A variable resistor is in essence an electro-mechanical transducer

and normally works by sliding a contact (wiper) over a resistive element.

Example- Rheostat

IMPEDANCE

Impedance is a measure of the overall opposition of a circuit to

current, in other words: how much the circuit impedes the Z

effects of capacitance and inductance.

CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field.

It is a passive electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a

capacitor is known as capacitance.

DC GENERATOR

DC generator is an electrical machine whose main function is to

convert mechanical energy into electricity. It is based on the

principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

AC GENERATOR

AC generator (also known as alternators) is an electric machine that

converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It is based on the

principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electric potential difference

between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer

across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a

numerical display of voltage by use of an analog-to-digital converter.

AMMETER

An ammeter (from ampere meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure

the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name.

Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere

range, are designated as milliammeters or microammeters.

CIRCUIT-BREAKER

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to

protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an

overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected.

OHMMETER

An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance

(the opposition offered by a substance to the flow of electric current).

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply

an alternating current. It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional

to the current in its primary. Current transformers, along with voltage or potential

transformers, are instrument transformers.

An electric light is a device that produces visible light from electric current.

Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic, metal, glass, or plastic, which secures

the lamp in the socket of a light fixture.

BELL

An electric bell is a mechanical or electronic bell that functions by means of an

electromagnet. When an electric current is applied, it produces a repetitive buzzing,

clanging or ringing sound.

BUZZER

A buzzer (also known as beeper) is an audio signalling device, which may

be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and

beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

SINGLE-POLE-SINGLE THROW

A Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) switch is a switch that only has a single input

and can connect only to one output. This means it only has one input terminal

and only one output terminal.

SINGLE-POLE-DOUBLE THROW

A Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch is a switch that only has a single input

and can connect to and switch between 2 outputs. This means it has one input terminal

and two output terminals.

Aim: To control the status of a given lamp using two different two – way switches

Materials Required:
1. Incandescent Lamp- 230 V, 25 W (1pc)
2. Lamp holder- 230 V, Level (1pc)
3. Switch Box- 4” x 4” (2pc)
4. 2 way switch- 230 V, 5 A (2pc)
5. P. V. C. casing capping-1/4” ()
6. Wooden Board- 4’ x 3.5‘ (1pc)
7 Wires- 1 sq. mm” (Based on requirement)

Tools Required: Screw driver, Wire stripper, Hacksaw, combination plier, drilling machine, electrician
knife.

Theory
In this circuit, a single lamp is controlled from two places. For this two pieces of two way-
switch are used. This circuit makes use of 2 switches to operate bulb at the beginning of the stair lights
and the bulb gives off by pushing the button in the end. One of the terminals of the bulb is connected to
the main line whose power line is connected to middle slot of two-way switch. Remaining first of these
slots is connected in parallel as in crossed node.

Procedure
1. Collect the materials required and draw the layout of the given circuit diagram on the circuit board.
3. Fix the materials, by using a drilling machine in the layout board.
4. One end of the lamp holder is connected to neutral point and other end is connected to the
center of the two-way switch (S2)
5. The center of the switch (S1) is connected to the phase line.
6. The connection of the other two ends of two-way switch is connected as follows. The point 1 of switch
S1 is connected to point 1 of switch S2 and point 2 of S1 is connected to point 2 of S2.
7. Fix the lamp in the lamp holder.
8. Test the Circuit for all possible combination of switch positions.

Precautions
1. Energize the circuit in presence of Lab instructor / Faculty.
2. Live circuit should not be touched by the bare hand.
3. Keep any part of your body, out of the circuit.
4. Keep the work area and workbench clear of items not used in the experiment.
5. While connecting the appliance do not apply excessive pressure as this may lead to malfunctioning.
6. When disassembling a circuit, first disconnect the source of power.
Fuse Rating Calculations
Power drawn by the circuit = 60 watts
Voltage of the circuit = 230 volts
P = V I COS Ø
P = V x I x 1 (Assuming COS Ø = 1 for resistive load)
Current in the circuit (I) = power (P) / Voltage (V)
= 60 W / 230 V = 0.260 AMP.
Fuse rating of the circuit= rounding off the current to the nearest 5 =5A
(Fuses are commonly available in the ratings of 5A, 10A and etc.)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

S1 and S2: 2-WAY SWITCHES

Expected conditions Observed conditions

1 1 1 ON 1 1 ON
2 1 2 OFF 1 2 OFF
3 2 1 OFF 2 1 OFF
4 2 2 ON 2 2 ON

Applications:
1. The main purpose of two-way switching connection is to connect and control AC appliances and
equipments from two separate locations.
2. It is mostly used in staircase wiring where a light bulb can be control (Switch ON / Switch OFF)
from different places, no matter you are in the upper or lower portion of stair.
3. It is used in rooms having large area which has two entry and exit gates.
4. It is used to control any electrical (AC or DC) appliance or equipment like fan, light bulbs etc
from two different places.
Result:

Condition-1

Condition-2
Condition-3

Condition-4
BIBLOGRAPHY
1. https://www.conceptdraw.com/
2. https://www.electrical-symbols.com/
3. https://www.electricaltechnology.org/
4. https://mechatrofice.com/
5. https://www.pinclipart.com/
6. https://in.pinterest.com/
7. https://www.circuitstoday.com/