DSS-MOD-V-PLATE GIRDER
Dr. G.C.BEHERA
• A plate girder is a beam built up from plate elements to achieve a more
efficient arrangement of material than is possible with rolled beams.
• Plate girders are economical where the spans are long enough to permit
saving in cost by proportioning for the particular requirements.
• Plate girders may be of riveted, bolted, or welded constructions.
Difference between Beam and Girder
• A plate girder is actually a deep beam. The limit states with regard to
beams are still applicable for plate girders.
• All rolled W (wide-flange shapes) have “compact” webs and only a few
sections have “non-compact” flanges.
• When the web is “non-compact” or “slender”, provisions should be
given to account for local and bend-buckling of the web.
• In general, plate girder webs are typically “slender”.
• The flexural and shear strengths of a plate girder are largely related to
the flange and web respectively.
ELEMENTS OF PLATE GIRDER
1. WEB
2. FLANGE
3. STIFFENERS
Webs of required depth and thickness are provided to
a) Keep flange plates at required distances.
b) Resist the shear in beam.
Flanges of required width and thickness are provided to resist bending moment
developing compressive force in one flange and tensile force in another flange.
Stiffeners are provided to safeguard the web against local buckling. Stiffeners
are provided along transverse( vertical) and longitudinal( Horizontal) direction.
Transverse Stiffeners are of two types.
A) End Bearing Stiffeners and B)intermediate stiffeners
A) End Bearing Stiffeners-These are provided to transfer the load from beam to
support. Near the support, certain portion of web is subjected to
compression, so there is possibility of crushing of web.Web needs some
stiffeners to transfer load to support.
B)Intermediate stiffeners: To resist shear, the required thickness of web may
be very small. As thickness is small. To avoid buckling, intermediate
stiffeners may be required.
Many times horizontal stiffeners are provided to incease buckling strength of
web. If only one horizontal stiffener will be provided then it should be
provided at a depth 0.2 d from compression flange ( d=depth of web). If
another horizontal stiffener is to be provided, it should be at mid of web.
Generally web, flange and stiffeners all are plates.
SELF WEIGHT OF PLATE GIRDER
w=W/200 kN/m, w= factored self weight, W=Factored Total load on girder
ECONOMICAL DEPTH:
Assuming the moment to be taken by flange only
M=fy*bf*tf*d
bf*tf*df=M/fy ( bf*df= Area of flange, bf, df= breadth and depth of flange
A=2*bf*tf+d*tw= 2M/(fy*d)+d*tw
Taking d/tw=k
A= 2M/(fy*d)+d2/k
To make area minimum,, differentiating w.r.t. d,
0=-2M/(fy*d2)+2d/k
d3=Mk/fy
d=[Mk/fy]1/3
=1, and [k=d/tw]67, design the beam as ordinary beam
=1, and [k=d/tw]= 67 to 200, , plate girder without intermediate stiffener.
Generally k from 100-110, intermediate stiffeners may not be required,
for higher values it is required.
=1, and [k=d/tw]=250, longitudinal stiffeners required.
K should not be taken more than 345.
Another practical guide line,
D/L=1/15 to 1/25 for girders in building.
D/L=1/12 to 1/18 for girders in highway bridge.
D/L=1/10to 1/15 for girders in railway bridge.
D depth of girder including flange.
L equivalent span length
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF WEB BASED ON FLANGE BUCKLING
Size of flanges
Assuming bending is to be resisted by flange
M=Af*fy*d/1.1
Select 9.4 <tf<13.6 for semi compact,
SHEAR BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF WEB:
For thin webs, shear resistance for webs is required.’
d/tw>67 for a web without stiffeners
d/tw>67 *sqrt[kv/5.35] for a web with stiffeners
Kv=5.35 when transverse stiffeners are provided.
C, d are spacing of transverse stiffeners and depth of web respectively35 when
transverse stiffeners are provided.
Vn=Vcr are calculated by
a) Simple post critical method
b) Tension field method
TENSION FIELD METHOD
The tension field method, based on the post-shear buckling strength, may be used for
webs with intermediate transverse stiffeners, in addition to the transverse stiffeners at
supports, provided the panels adjacent to the panel under tension field action, or the
end posts provide anchorage for the tension fields and if c/d≥1.0, where c, d are the
spacing of transverse stiffeners and depth of the web, respectively.
In the tension field method, the nominal shear resistance, Vn,is given by:
• Procedure of Design of Plate Girder
1. SELF WEIGHT OF PLATE GIRDER, w=W/200 kN/m, w= factored self
weight, W=Factored Total load on girder
2. Economical depth= d=[Mk/fy]1/3
3. Determine the area of the flange to resist moment. Proportion it so that
bf/tf satisfies requirements of plastic/ compact/ semi compact.
4. Check the moment capacity of the girder.
5. Find shear resistance of web using either simple post critical method or
tension field method.
6. Design the weld connecting flange plate to web plate.
7. Design the end bearing stiffeners.
8. Design the connection of stiffener.
9. Design the load carrying stiffeners. If required.
10. Design the intermediate stiffeners. If required.
Design a welded plate girder of span 24 m to carry a super imposed load 35 kN/m.
Avoid using of bearing and intermediate stiffeners. Use Fe415 steel.
Solution:
1. Calculation of moment and shear Force:
Span=24 m, Super imposed load= 35 kN/m,
Factored super imposed load=35*1.5=52.5 kN/m
Total factored super imposed load=1.5*35*24=1260 kN
Self weight= 1260/200=6.3 kN/m
Total load=52.5+6.3=58.8 kN/m
Bending moment= 58.8*242/8=4233.6 kNm
SF=58.8*24/2=705.6 kN
2.Depth of web Plate
Avoiding stiffeners, d/tw 67
Economical depth of web d=[Mk/fy]1/3
D={4233.6*103*67/250}1/3=1043 mm
Taking 1000 mm plate tw≥[1000/67=14.92 mm] Take tw=16 mm
Web plate is 1000 mm *16 mm
3. Selection of Flange:
Assuming moment to be taken by flange alone
[Af*fy*d/1.1] ≥ M
Af≥ M*1.1/[fy*d]
480
Af≥ [4233.6*106*1.1/{250*1000}] ≥ 18628 mm2 40
For making it a plastic section b/tf 8.4
Thickness
bf/(2*tf) 8.4 16
1000
bf=16.8tf
Af=bf*tf=16.8 tf*tf ≥ 18628 mm2 which gives tf=33.3 mm
Taking 40 mm thick plate , bf=18628/40=465.7 mm
Use flange plate=480 mm*40 mm.
4. Checking Moment Capacity of Girder
Md=[Zp*fy/1.1] 1.2*Ze*fy/1.1
Md= =[Zp*fy/1.1] =[480*40*(1000+40/2+40/2)*250/1.1]=4538.182 kN 1.2*Ze*fy/1.1
Md=4538.182> [M=4233.6 kNm]
5.Shear Resisting Capacity:
No stiffener is required.
6. Check for End Bearing:
Bearing strength of web: Fw=(b1+n2)tw*fyw/1.1
Assuming width of bearing 200 mm and stiff bearing length 100 mm
n2=2.5*bf=2.5*40=100 mm
Fw=(100+100)16*250/1.1=727 kN>705.6 kN
So, safe.
7. Weld Design to join web to Flange:
Shear force=705.6 kN
Shear force per mm length in the junction=0.512*480=245.76 N
If s is the size of the weld, providing weld on both sides
As minimum weld thickness is 5 mm for web thickness 16 mm, so provide
intermittent welds.
Percentage of weld=0.92*100/5=18.4 %,
Taking 20% weld length
As minimum weld length 40 mm, unweld length will be 40*4=160 mm
Maximum unweld length=12*t=12*16=192> 160 so OK>
Problem: Design the same plate girder thin web and end stiffener without
intermediate stiffeners.
Solution:
1. Maximum moment=4233.6 kNmand Maximum shear force=705.6 kN.
2. Selection of depth of web
For d/tw> 200,intermediate transverse stiffeners are required.
For d/tw< 67,no intermediate or end transverse stiffeners are required.
Take d/tw=100, so that only end transverse stiffeners are required.
k=d/tw=100 d=[Mk/fy]1/3
d=[4233.6*106*100/250]1/3=1192 mm, provide d=1200 mm
k=100=d/tw, 1200/100=tw=12 mm web plate=1200 mm*12 mm plate.
3. Design of Flange
[Af*fy*d/1.1] ≥ M
Af≥ M*1.1/[fy*d]
Af≥ [4233.6*106*1.1/{250*1200}] ≥ 15523mm2
For making it a plastic section b/tf 8.4
bf/(2*tf) 8.4
bf=16.8tf
Af=bf*tf=16.8 tf*tf ≥ 15523 mm2 which gives tf=30.4 mm, take tf=36 m
bf=15523/36=431 mm
Use flange plate=440 mm*36 mm
4. Checking Moment Capacity of Girder
Md=[Zp*fy/1.1] 1.2*Ze*fy/1.1
Md= =[Zp*fy/1.1] =[440*36*(1200+36/2+36/2)*250/1.1]=4449.6 kNm
1.2*Ze*fy/1.1 440
36
Thickness
12
End 1200
stiffener
200*12
Md=4449.6> [M=4233.6 kNm]
5. Shear Resistnace of web:
Trannsverse stiffener only providedkv=5.35
d/tw>67
Check for shear bucklingusing simple post critical method
Calculations:
As w=1.22 > 1.2
Vcr=d*tw*b=1200*12*96.97=1396.44 kN
Vd=Vcr/m0=1396.44/1.1=1269.49>705.6 kN
6.LOAD CAPACITY OF WEB
As per clause 8.7.4 load capacity of web Fw=(b1+n2)tw*fyw/m0
b1=0, n2=2*2.5*36=180 mm
Fw=(0+180)12*250/1.1=545.45 kN<705.6 kN
Hence end stiffeners are required.
7.DESIGN OF END STIFFENERS
PLATE GIRDER
Dr. G.C.BEHERA
Design a welded plate girder of span 24 m to carry a super imposed load 35 kN/m.
Avoid using of bearing and intermediate stiffeners. Use Fe415 steel.
Solution:
1. Calculation of moment and shear Force:
Span=24 m, Super imposed load= 35 kN/m,
Factored super imposed load=35*1.5=52.5 kN/m
Total factored super imposed load=1.5*35*24=1260 kN
Self weight= 1260/200=6.3 kN/m
Total load=52.5+6.3=58.8 kN/m
Bending moment= 58.8*242/8=4233.6 kNm
SF=58.8*24/2=705.6 kN
2.Depth of web Plate
Avoiding stiffeners, d/tw 67
Economical depth of web d=[Mk/fy]1/3
D={4233.6*106*67/250}1/3=1043 mm
Taking 1000 mm plate tw≥[1000/67=14.92 mm] Take tw=16 mm
Web plate is 1000 mm *16 mm
3. Selection of Flange:
Assuming moment to be taken by flange alone
[Af*fy*d/1.1] ≥ M
Af≥ M*1.1/[fy*d]
480
Af≥ [4233.6*106*1.1/{250*1000}] ≥ 18628 mm2 40
For making it a plastic section b/tf 8.4
Thickness
bf/(2*tf) 8.4 16
1000
bf=16.8tf
Af=bf*tf=16.8 tf*tf ≥ 18628 mm2 which gives tf=33.3 mm
Taking 40 mm thick plate , bf=18628/40=465.7 mm
Use flange plate=480 mm*40 mm.
4. Checking Moment Capacity of Girder
Md=[Zp*fy/1.1] 1.2*Ze*fy/1.1
Md= =[Zp*fy/1.1] =[480*40*(1000+40/2+40/2)*250/1.1]=4538.182 kN 1.2*Ze*fy/1.1
Md=4538.182> [M=4233.6 kNm]
5.Shear Resisting Capacity:
No stiffener is required.
6. Check for End Bearing:
Bearing strength of web: Fw=(b1+n2)tw*fyw/1.1
Assuming width of bearing 200 mm and stiff bearing length 100 mm
n2=2.5*bf=2.5*40=100 mm
Fw=(100+100)16*250/1.1=727 kN>705.6 kN
So, safe.
7. Weld Design to join web to Flange:
Shear force=705.6 kN
Shear force per mm length in the junction=0.512*480=245.76 N
If s is the size of the weld, providing weld on both sides
As minimum weld thickness is 5 mm for web thickness 16 mm, so provide
intermittent welds.
Percentage of weld=0.92*100/5=18.4 %,
Taking 20% weld length
As minimum weld length 40 mm, unweld length will be 40*4=160 mm
Maximum unweld length=12*t=12*16=192> 160 so OK>
Problem: Design the same plate girder thin web and end stiffener without
intermediate stiffeners.
Solution:
1. Maximum moment=4233.6 kNmand Maximum shear force=705.6 kN.
2. Selection of depth of web
For d/tw> 200,intermediate transverse stiffeners are required.
For d/tw< 67,no intermediate or end transverse stiffeners are required.
Take d/tw=100, so that only end transverse stiffeners are required.
k=d/tw=100 d=[Mk/fy]1/3
d=[4233.6*106*100/250]1/3=1192 mm, provide d=1200 mm
k=100=d/tw, 1200/100=tw=12 mm web plate=1200 mm*12 mm plate.
3. Design of Flange
[Af*fy*d/1.1] ≥ M
Af≥ M*1.1/[fy*d]
Af≥ [4233.6*106*1.1/{250*1200}] ≥ 15523mm2
For making it a plastic section b/tf 8.4
bf/(2*tf) 8.4
bf=16.8tf
Af=bf*tf=16.8 tf*tf ≥ 15523 mm2 which gives tf=30.4 mm, take tf=36 m
bf=15523/36=431 mm
Use flange plate=440 mm*36 mm
4. Checking Moment Capacity of Girder
Md=[Zp*fy/1.1] 1.2*Ze*fy/1.1
Md= =[Zp*fy/1.1] =[440*36*(1200+36/2+36/2)*250/1.1]=4449.6 kNm
1.2*Ze*fy/1.1 440
36
Thickness
12
End 1200
stiffener
200*12
Md=4449.6> [M=4233.6 kNm]
5. Shear Resistnace of web:
NO Trannsverse stiffener only provided kv=5.35
d/tw>67
Check for shear buckling using simple post critical method
Calculations:
As w=1.22 > 1.2
Vcr=d*tw*b=1200*12*96.97=1396.44 kN
Vd=Vcr/m0=1396.44/1.1=1269.49>705.6 kN
6.LOAD CAPACITY OF WEB
As per clause 8.7.4 load capacity of web Fw=(b1+n2)tw*fyw/m0
b1=0, n2=2*2.5*36=180 mm
Fw=(0+180)12*250/1.1=545.45 kN<705.6 kN
Hence end stiffeners are required.
7.DESIGN OF END STIFFENERS
Outstand of flange=[440-12]/2=214 mm
Take Two 200*12 mm plates
Effective end bearing=14*tW=14*12=168 mm
Core area of stiffener on each side=168*12=2016 mm2
Effective area of web=20*tw=20*12=240 mm2
168 200
mm mm
168mm
200
mm
20*12
Area of buckling resistance=A=2[168*12]+20*12*12=6912 mm2
Iz=1/12*[12*(168+168+12)3]+1/12*[{200*12}*(12)3]=42.17*106 mm4
r=sqrt(Iz/A)=78.12 mm
=KL/r=0.7*1200/78.12=10.75
For =KL/r=0.7*1200/78.12=10.75, fcd=227+[(224-227)*(10.5-10)/(20-
10)=226.78 N/mm2
buckling resistance=A*fcd=6912*226.78=1567.5 kN>705.6 kN
Hence stiffener is safe.
Check for bearing capacity: Cl.8.7.5.2
Area of stiffener in contact with flange=2*200*12=4800 mm2
Fpsd=Aq*fqp/(0.8*mo)
Fpsd=4800*250/(0.8*1.1)=1363.63 kN
Check torsional resistance provided by Stiffener:
As per Cl.8.7.4, during transport if torsional resistance is to provided by stiffeners
only,
Is≥0.34sD3Tcf
For girder Iy= 2*(1/12)*36*4403+(1/12)*1200*123=511.277*106 mm4
A=2*36*440+1200*12=46080 mm2
ry=sqrt(Iy/A)=sqrt(511.277*106/46080)=105.3 mm
=kl/ry=24*1000/105.3=227.92
s=30/ 2=30/(227.92)2=5.779*10-4
Is ≥ [0.34sD3Tcf=0.34*5.779*10-4*(1272) 3*36=14.548*106]
Is= second moment of inertia about x-x=1/12*{12*(200+12+200)3=69.93*106 mm4
Is=69.93*106 mm4 ≥ 14.548*106
For torsional resistance it is ok.
Weld design:
Shear force=V=705.6 Kn
Iz=1.21*1010 mm4
Shear stress
Use 5mm weld.
If 5 mm weld is to be used, then percentage of weld for intermittent
weld=2.153*100/5.0=43.06
Provide 50% weld and leave another 50%
Taking 40 mm minimum weld length, leave another 40 mm which is less
maximum un-weld length16*12=192 mm
9. Weld connecting stiffener and web:
I=1/12*d*t3
A=tw*d
r=sqrt(I/A)=tw/sqrt(12)
=0.7d/r=2.42d/tw =2.42*1200/12=242
n1=D/2=[1200+2*36]/2=636 mm
Fcd for =242, =26.2+[24.3-26.2]*2/10=25.82 N/mm2
Assuming b1=0
Area of web resisting shear=636*12
Shear taken by web=636*12*25.82=197.08 kN
Shear through weld=705.6-197.08=508.52 kN
Length of weld=1200-2*12=1176 mm
Shear per mm=508.52/1176=0.432kN/mm
Additional shear=tw2/5*bs==12*12/5*200=0.144 kN/mm
Total shear=0.432+0.144=0.576 kN/mm
Minimum weld length will be 5 mm.
If 5 mm weld is to be used, then percentage of weld for intermittent
weld=2.171*100/5.0= 43.06
Provide 50% weld and leave another 50%
