Carbon hydrides in bromine water 22.03.
2023
CARBON HYDRIDES IN BROMINE WATER
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Carbon hydrides in bromine water 22.03.2023
Objective-
The objective of the experiment is to observe the time taken for 3 different reactions.
Theory-
For this experiment we use bromine in water, Heptane and Cyclohexene. At room
temperature, bromine is a liquid. As a result, bromine is the third-lightest halide, with the
symbol Br and atomic number 35. At room temperature, it is a fuming red-brown liquid that
vaporizes to form a gas of the same color. It has properties that are halfway between chlorine
and iodine. It is, however, liquid at low temperatures and solid when frozen. It's a colorless
and odorless gas with a strong chlorine odor. An alkane with the chemical formula
H3C(CH2)5CH3 or C7H16 is heptane or n-heptane.Cyclohexene is a hydrocarbon with the
formula C6H10. There is a sharp smell to this colorless cycloalkene.
Two distinct reactions will occur when the chemicals are mixed together. Because a hydrogen
atom is replaced by a bromine atom, bromine and heptane will undergo a substitution
reaction. When Dibromine and Cyclohexene react, an addition reaction occurs, in which an
atom bonds with an organic molecule, thereby replacing one of the broken double bonds.
The distribution of electrical charge among atoms connected by a chemical bond is referred
to as polarity. Electronegativity refers to an atom's ability to attract electrons when it is a
component of a compound. As a result, even if a bond in a compound is made up of a shared
pair of electrons, the atom of the more electronegative element will pull the shared pair
toward itself, acquiring a partial negative charge. The atom that no longer has an equal share
of the bonding electron pair gains a small amount of positive charge because its nuclear
charge is no longer completely cancelled by its electrons.
Bromine water is polar, but Bromine is non- polar, so during the reaction, you will see how
some of the Bromine moves up and mixes with the Heptane, creating a color change. Because
alkanes only contain hydrophobic carbon and hydrogen groups, there is no difference in
electronegativity between them. Cyclohexene is also non-polar; after forming covalent bonds
that define the structure of the cyclohexene molecule, the carbon and hydrogen atoms remain
relatively neutral in their relationship, making cyclohexene non-polar. The polarity is also
important because, after the experiment, you should have seen how the Bromine moves up to
mix with the Heptane, changing the color of the liquid.
Hypothesis-
Alkanes are normally inert, and they will react when heated or assisted by light. Alkenes are
typically inert and without heat they will not react as fast. In this experiment 3 reaction will
occur, 2 substitution reactions and one addition reaction. The one substitution reaction which
is placed beneath the light will take the shortest time. As a result, the heptane assisted by light
will react the quickest.
Materials-
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Carbon hydrides in bromine water 22.03.2023
The materials used in the experiment are listed below:
Br2 (1mL)
Heptane (1mL) - in the preformed experiment, iso-octane was used instead
Cyclohexene (1mL)
Pipettes
Cabinet with vacuum
Test tube rack
3 Test tubes
Rubber stoppers
Lab coats
Gloves
Lab coats
Glasses
For safety reasons, kindly see the H and P statements for Heptane and Cyclohexene. A
detailed description is provided at the end of the report, see Appendix 1 and Appendix 2.
Heptane-
H statements P Statements
Highly flammable liquid and vapour Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks,
open flames and other ignition sources.
May be fatal if swallowed and enters No smoking
airways causes skin irritation
May cause drowsiness or dizziness Avoid release to the environment
Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting If swallowed: immediately call a poison
effects center/doctor
Cyclohexene-
H statements P statements
Highly Flammable Keep out of reach of children
Harmful if swallowed Read label before use
May be fatal if swallowed and enters Keep container tightly closed
airways
Toxic to aquatic life and long-lasting effects Avoid release to the environment
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Carbon hydrides in bromine water 22.03.2023
Important-When disposing of the chemicals, remember to pour them in the organic waste
bin.
Procedure-
In order to perform the experiment, take 1 mL of bromine and add it to each of the testube-2
testubes containing 1 ml of heptane and 1 testube containing 1 ml of cyclohexene. Put one of
the testubes with heptane under light and time the reaction for the same. Make a table and
analyse the color changes. For the exact procedure, Look at the end of the report for
Appendix 3.
Figure 1 Set up of the test tubes
Results-
Content of Test Tube Type of Reaction Time taken
Heptane with no light Substitution 35 seconds
Heptane with light Substitution 15 seconds
Cyclohexene Addition 17 seconds
Table 1 Time taken for each reaction
After changing to brown, the colors became clear.
Discussion-
After analysing the table, it is clear that the testube with Heptane that was under light reacted
the fastest. Unfortunately, heptane wasn’t available, and iso-octane was used instead which
could have altered the results.
Errors-The recorded time may not have been precise, during the end of the experiment a “gas
leak” occurred which led to observers not being able to analyse the colour changes fully.
The results still support the hypothesis and the theory.
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Carbon hydrides in bromine water 22.03.2023
Conclusion-
In conclusion, the findings supported the hypothesis and theory. The heptane under light had
the shortest reaction time and thus the fastest reaction.
References-
https://www.echemi.com/cms/833374.html
Basic Chemistry C book – Mygind, Nielsen, Axelsen
https://www.britannica.com/science/polarity-chemistry
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Carbon hydrides in bromine water 22.03.2023
Appendix 1 Risk Assessment for Heptane
Appendix 2 Risk Assessment for Cyclohexene
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Carbon hydrides in bromine water 22.03.2023
Appendix 3 Procedure of the experiment
1) Add 1 mL bromine water to each test tube.
2) Add 1 mL cyclohexene slowly to tube no. 1, making sure they are phase separated.
3) Add butyl rubber stoppers and observe the reaction.
4) Add 1 mL heptane to tube no. 2 carefully; Note the time of beginning and end of reaction.
5) As 4 but with light from overhead projector.
