STS

3.1 Human Flourishing ● stone, wood, bone, ivory, metals

(bronze & iron)
What is a Human Being 3. Domestication of animals
● A man, woman, or child of the species Homo ● Raised animals for clothing, medicine,
sapiens with superior mental development, and shelters.
power of articulate speech, and upright stance. ● First domesticated animal: GOATS
● Individual person responsible for the researches ● Oxen or horses – for plowing and
and innovations available today. transportation. Also called as beasts of
burden
According to Aristotle : 4. Changes in human body
Man is a ● Humans spread to different
● rational animal environments and changed their diet.
● creature whose destiny is to live in the spiritual ○ Short bodies and long guts (6
world and physical world. mya)
● material body and a spiritual soul - with belief ○ Tall bodies and short gut (9 mya)
on the existence and live in the kingdom ofGod ○ Compact bodies (400,000 ya)
○ Bones were smooth and weaker
Spiritual World (50,000 ya)
● Different beliefs, religions, doctrines, on the 5. Complexity of brains
existence ofGod have been explored ● New challenges that humans faced as
the environment changes
Physical world ● Bigger human bodies
● Destined to live and be part of it together with ● Larger and more complex human brains
other living organisms. ● The more information the brain receives,
the faster it process, the more
“The way human beings do things is by making rational adequately it will be able to respond.
choices.” 6. Social life
- Aristotle ● Society – friendly association with
others
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY ● group of people who share common
economic, social, and industrial
infrastructures
● IMPORTANCE
a. Support for each other
b. Formation of Social groups
c. Formation of a culture
d. Regulation of policies and
standards
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMANS THAT EVOLVED e. .Achieving a common goal
OVERTIME 7. Use of language and symbols
● Ancient times
1. Walking upright ○ communicate thru symbols,
● Earliest humans climbed trees and languages, or sounds
walked on the ground to gather food and ○ used pigments, paintings, and
find shelter for survival. cravings
● Four legged -> (jungles) walking upright ○ information in stone paintings,
(savanna) walls of caves etc.
2. Use of different tools ○ jewelry to reflect their identity
● Activities such as foraging, hunting, and ● Modern times
fishing to provide food supply -> tools
and tool making
 ○ colors, printing press, sounds, they bring to the SOCIETY and environment” affect
computers, and language to human flourishing.
communicate
“You will never be happy if you continue to search for
HUMAN FLOURISHING what happiness consists of.You will never live if you are
● an effort to achieve self- actualization and looking for the meaning of life. ”
fulfillment within the context of a larger - Albert Camus
community, each with the right to pursue his or
her own efforts
● Life-long existential journey of hopes,
achievements, regrets, losses, illness, suffering,
and coping 3.2 Technology and the Evolution of Human Society
● Known as eudaimonia, flourishing, happiness
● Highest good of human endeavors EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIETY
● Concept of religion and belief inGod are also
anchored A. Hunter and gatherers society
● Dependent on the resources available in
WELL-BEING THEORY nature
● Formulated by Martin E. P. Seligman ● Tools used:
● “Human flourishing is not only focused on ○ Stones
happiness of individuals alone but also in ○ Wood
psychological well-being." ○ Bone
● Rests on five pillars - PERMA ○ Ivory
B. Shifters and farmers
Positive Emotion ● People already learned how to tame
● contribute to the “pleasant life” animals and grow crops
● Emotion is an affective state of consciousness in ● Marked the beginning of an agricultural
which joy, sorrow, fear, and hate, is experienced. society
Engagement ● Domestication – a process in which
● doing everything with enthusiasm humans adopt wild animals and plants
● being one with the “music” for human use.
Relationships C. Manufacturing stage
● great feeling of joy and sorrow shared with other ● People discovered coal, gas, and oil
people. used in cooking
● “Other people”- best antidote to the downs of life ● door to industrialization
and the single most reliable up D. Future man-made world
Meaning ● where technologies are used for
● Every human being wants meaningful life producing synthetic food and for
● based on man’s value or worth recycling resources to satisfy the
● Purpose of your existence increasing human needs
Accomplishment
● successful; achieved after a lot of work or efforts CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIETY
● for its own sake 1. First wave
● replaced hunters-gatherers after
Human enhancement through technology is agrarian revolution
ubiquitous ● small scale technologies which came to
● Different technologies were developed to existence through trial and error.
improve health and nutrition. 2. Second wave
● Technology and Human development is ● Period of industrial revolution until the
interconnected with one another end of World war II
● mass production, mass consumption,
“Advancements in SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY mass distribution and weapons of mass
should be assessed according to the risks and costs destruction
 ● foundations from Newton’s physics,
biology, and chemistry were applied
3. Third wave
● after World War II
● People used modern technologies
(computers, robotics and the like).
● This society is associated with scientific-
technological evolution.

CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY
ACCORDING TO PROCESS CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY
● Technologies keep on changing through :
1. Energy technology a. Substitution
● Involves processes that could create or ● Happens when technologies
generate, convert and distribute energy. which may have been used for a
● Main purpose: yield high efficiency long period of time are replaced
without generally causing negative by the new and better version
effects b. Diffusion
● Examples: oil, coal, wind, water, ● Happens when technologies are
geothermal, hydroelectric, nuclear being adopted by individuals
fusion, and solar energy even after innovations come.

2. Equipment technology
● Designs, fabrication and invention of NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SCIENCE &
instruments, tools, gadgets, and TECHNOLOGY
machines. ● transportation
● Ex: motor, engines, plow mills, spinning ● Communication
wheels, robots, fermenters, laser, and ● medicine
computer-controlled machines ● infrastructure
3. Information Technology ● electricity
● computer systems their application to
manage, process, and distribute 1. Gross Domestic Product
information ● measures either the income or the
● Ex: typewriter, books, newspaper, expenditures within the country.
television, telephone, cellphone, radio, ● money spent by consumers buying
printer, and laser goods
4. Life technology ● business establishments
● To make advancements For ● government investments
preservation, maintenance, treatment, 2. Per capita income
reproduction of living things ● average income earned by a person in a
● Examples: animal breeding, herbal particular city, region, or country.
medicine, surgery, vaccine, antibiotics, ● a way of measuring the economic status
artificial and organ transplant, genetic and the quality of life in different areas.
engineering can be computed by dividing the
country’s national income by its
5. Materials Technology population
● Extraction, fabrication, and synthesis of 3. Income distribution
materials for the benefit of mankind ● measure of how the total gross domestic
● Ex: steel, plastics, brass, iron, copper, product of the country is equally
ceramics, aluminum, polymers, distributed among its members/people.
synthetics ● distribution of rich and poor.
4. Growth rate or Gross National Product
 ● increase in the country’s total income ● The decisions we make are a reflection of our
total economic activity. values and beliefs, and they are always directed
● sum of all the goods and services towards a specific purpose.
produced in a country per year by its
people 4 Types of Values:
● income of people + income overseas – ● INDIVIDUAL VALUES – reflect how you show
income paid to foreigners up in your life; principles to live by
5. Percentage of employment ● RELATIONSHIP VALUES – reflect how you
● measure at which all the available labor relate to other people
resources are being utilized. ● ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES – reflect how your
● computed as the ratio of the employed organization shows up and operates in the world.
to the working age population ● SOCIETAL VALUES – reflect how you or your
● Above 70% - high ratio organization relates to society.
● Below 50 % - low ratio
● The ratio of employment to the Intellectual Virtues
population is usually higher for men than ● Excellent personal traits or character strengths
in women. which are deemed to be good for thinking and
6. Structure of labor learning associated with knowledge and
● sum total of all the men and women who cognitive ability.
are able to work, be employed or ● Educational goal
unemployed.
7. Human life expectancy✅ Good thinking and learning require…
● average number of years an individual ● Intellectually careful
or a group of people could be expected ● Honesty
to live. ● Humility
● person’s life span from birth ● Attentiveness
● The life expectancy for Philippines in
2021 was 71.41 years, a 0.18%
increase from 2020.
● The life expectancy for Philippines in
2020 was 71.28 years, a 0.18%
increase from 2019.
● The life expectancy for Philippines in
2019 was 71.16 years, a 0.18%
increase from 2018.
8. Percentage of urban population
● percentage of people living in urbanized
area not depending upon agricultural
products and other government services. KEY FEATURES OF INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE

1. They are acquired

3.3 The Good Life ● Obtained through practice guided by
instructions
Virtue 2. They are excellent character traits
● A beneficial quality or power of a thing ● Possessed by a person w/ excellent
● A good moral quality in a person, or the general disposition in life
quality of being morally good 3. They involve human emotions, intentions,
● Behavior showing high moral standards. motivations, and values
● An intellectual virtuous person does not
Values rejoice with falsehood but loves truth.
● Principles or standards of behavior ● Reflects the principle that people value
● Inform our thoughts, words, and actions in life.
● One’s judgement of what is important in life 4. They are aimed at cognitive goods
 ● truth, knowledge, and understanding B. The public good from the politico-ethical sense
unified
● Cognition – mental action or process of Communal People and the Public
acquiring knowledge and understanding ● Community good
through thought, experience, and the ● Only inside their community Communal public
senses. good does not jibe to other communities’ public
5. They are means between two extremes good.
● Excess and deficiency ● Examples: Establishment of dam helpful to a
● Example: certain land, but can harm or has no use to the
Courage : rashness (excess) other.
cowardice (deficiency)
Humility : belittling oneself (excess) Microeconomy
arrogant (deficiency) ● The benefit that may accrue an individual or a
firm in pursuing a project that will offset possible
losses or adverse effects and that will benefit the
PLEASURE VS. HAPPINESS general public.
● Microeconomics would look at how a specific
Pleasure company could maximize its production and
● a positive, enjoyable, or worth seeking mental capacity, so that it could lower prices and better
state that gives a feeling of satisfaction and compete in its industry.
enjoyment.
● this feeling subsides Macroeconomy
● subjective (depends on the need) ● Distinction between service and profit
● Low satisfaction, Things, Unstable and orientations. economy as a whole
motivated by external factors ● Example: Macroeconomics would look at how
an increase/decrease in net exports would affect
Happiness a nation's capital account or how GDP would be
● state of well-being and contentment that affected by the unemployment rate.
encompasses living a good life with a sense of
meaning and deep satisfaction. Types of Public Goods✅
● life is at best 1. “Public” Public Goods
● product of pleasure and life well-lived ● non-rival and non-excludable in the
● High satisfaction, Experiences, Constant and interest of the entire nation
generate within ● Example : air, national security,
education, health services, trade and
Public Good industry,
● An item or service consumed without reducing 2. “Private” Public Goods
the amount available for others and cannot be ● set up by the private sector the general
withheld to those who do not pay for it. public benefits from them as customers
or as free riders
● Example: Sell products not consumable
2 concept : for all, only those who have the money
A. The public good from the politico-ethical sense can avail
3. “Mixed” Public Goods
National People and the Public Good ● undertaken by some private
● Benefits the communal or national public Morally organization for the common good.
good action is the one that helps the greatest service-oriented not profit
number of people. ● Examples: Wifi, cable, cinemas, toll
● Examples: National defense, education, public roads
health, public ports and highways, social 4. Public “Bads”
services. ● negative goods which the general public
scorns and avoided and not tolerated.
needs to be eradicated
 ● Examples: Corruption, pollution, crimes, Advantages Of Modern Technology
etc.  Improved communication, easy access to
information and social networking
The Green Economy  Improved housing, lifestyle, and entertainment
● The United Nations Environment Program  Convenience in Education
(UNEP, 2010), defines The Green Economy as  Convenience in traveling
a result of improved well-being and social equity  Change in Health Industry
while reducing environmental risks and  Star trek Style Tricorder
ecological scarcities.  Robotic Nurse Assistant
● Growth in income and employment driven by  Artificial Retinas
public and private  Remote Patient Monitoring
Investments  Anti-Aging Drugs
● reduce carbon emissions and population  Electronic Underwear
● enhance energy and resource efficiency  Efficiency and productivity
● prevent loss of biodiversity and  Creativity and Innovation
ecosystem services  Job loss and Human displacement

Reasons :
1. World destruction weapons
2. Increased loneliness
3. Competency
4. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
 Under UDHR, the state shall strive to promote and
secure the universal and effective recognition of
these rights through teaching and providing
education. From a practical perspective, technology
can help move the human rights agenda forward.
 However, those technologies can be utilized in a
wrong way such as authoritarian states monitoring
political dissidents by way of surveillance
technologies, to the phenomenon of “deepfakes”
destabilizing the democratic public sphere.

Emerging Technological Ethical Dilemmas

1. Real-time Surveillance Imagery
3.4 When Technology and Humanity Cross 2. Colonizing Mars: An astronaut bioethics
3. Wearable Technology
Technology : Practical Impacts 4. State-sponsored Hacktivism and “soft war”
 Health 5. Enhanced Pathogens
 Education 6. Non-lethal weapons
 Agriculture 7. Robot swarms
 Transportation 8. Artificial life forms
9. Resilient Social Ecological systems
Changing Technology Primarily Impacts 10. Brain to brain interfaces
Our Society Today:
 willingness to transform d
 esire to transmit information
 dominate information
 Why? - It brings comfort in our lives
 3. Organisms have different growth and metabolic
3.5 Why Does The Future Not Need Us? characteristics unique to a particular group and variable
reproductive patterns.
Brief History of Technology 4. Essential to human survival.

According to Schultz (2016), there are foour stages of BIODIVERSITY

technology:  The variety of life in the simplest form.
 Contracted from of the word biological diversity
1. Proto-technology.  B.D refers to the number, variety and variability of
 This focues on the time whenearly tools living organisms.
weredeveloped before civilization.
2. Classical Technology 3 Components :
 Rise of agricultural technologies and a. Genetic Diversity- diversity of genes
theestablishment of communities and cities b. Species Diversity- diversity of number of species
that enabled the survival of civilization. c. Community or Ecological Diversity- variety of
3. Modern technology. ecosystems
 This is fueled by science concepts and
principles date back 500 years ago. Genetic Diversity
4. Postmodern Technology.  Refers to the variation or differences in the genes of
 This replaces occuring products with a species of individuals.
technologically developed ones.
Genes
Technology-driven Extinction and Displacement  Segments of DNA which dictate the traits or
characteristics of an organism.
Two scenarios exists for the gradual extinction of  Contribute remarkably in the adaptive potential of
humans: the species that lead to microevolution

1. People replaced by other species more adapted to the Species Diversity

changing world.  Species is a group of interbreeding organisms with
2. Disappearance of ecological niche due to abrupt similar structures.
changes man has inflicted in the ecosystem.  Involves a combination of species number
(species richness) and their relative abundance in
Modern Technological Advancement and its a particular area (species evenness).
Possible Threats to Human Extinction
1. Ozone Layer Depletion through Species evenness
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)  is a measure of whether a particular ecosystem is
2. Usage of Fossil Fuel LEading to Global Warming dominated by a single species or if similar number of
and Climate Change individuals is present.
3. Nuclear War and Nuclear Contamination  High (all species are represented by the same
4. Plastics number of individuals)
5. Petroleum-based fertilizer  Low (some species are represented by many
6. Habitat Destruction individuals while others are not)

4.1 BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTHY SOCIETY

Biodiversity Four Concepts

1. Living things are numerous, from the smallest to the

largest creatures; composed of several species or
groups.
2. Living organisms are abundant in habitats supplying
all the foods and requirements that they need.
Community or Ecological Diversity 5. Exploitation
 Abuse flora and fauna threatens biological
 Ecosystem is a biological community including all diversity
the abiotic factors that affect them.  Gathering those organisms especially
 Aquatic endangered species are punishable by law
 Terrestrial 6. Overpopulation
 Ecological Diversity refers to a variety of  Poses the reatest threat to biodiversity.
ecosystems in a given region.  population growth is directly proportional to
the demand of resources.
Importance of Biodiversity  as the demand increases, the need for
natural resources also increases.
 The fundamental importance of biodiversity is that it
is our source of foods, clothing, shelter, and Conserving Biodiversity
medicines.  Strategies to conserve biodiversity need realistic
 Source of raw materials for industrial activities solution and will need to involve a multidisciplinary
 Biodiversity affects humans on various aspects: strategies, including political, socioeconomic and
 economy scientific input, in which all major stakeholder
 health and culture (government, non-government, national and
 aesthetic international organizations) must participate.
 environmental issues  Researches can also be done and proper
investigations on environmental problems can be
Taxonomy and Ecology used for policy making.
 are the two sciences which set the foundation of  It can be prevented through appropriate research,
biodiversity. government legislation, education, and awareness,
 Taxonomy is the study of classification of organisms. and sustainable use of biodiversity.
 Ecology is the study of abiotic and biotic
interactions. Government legislation
 There are laws and orders to save biodiversity in
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY the Philippines.
1. Habitat Destruction
 Urbanization, construction, agricultural land
development, logging, river damming and
use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.
2. Pollution
 a condition in w/c there is an unnatural
increase in the concentrations of naturally-
occurring environmental compounds
3. Introduction of non-native species and new
varieties
 Invasive alien species (IAS) includes exotic
and micro- and macro- species which are
introduced accidentally or deliberately, to a
place that is not part of their natural habitat
or distributional range.
4. Global Climate Change
 The gradual increase in the world’s
temperature also threatens biodiversity.
 Warnings: meltdown of icebergs , increased
amount of rainfalls, too hot summers and too
cold winters, frequent grass and forest fires,
sea temp. Changes
 Techniques in Conserving Biodiversity biodiversity.
 Cell and tissue culture allow the
propagation/multiplication of organisms at a rapid  Speciation - formation of new and distinct species.
pace. One way of conserving resources and rescue  Allopatric - new species are created by geographic
of endangered species. or reproductive isolation.
 Cryopreservation technology. Cryopreservation is a  Sympatric - one species evolves into two species
non-lethal storage of organelles, cells, and tissues without being geographically isolated.
or bone biological constructs at ultra low  Extinction - dying out or termination of a species. -
temperature. occurs due to:
 Advances in molecular biology and genetics have  Environmental forces like global change,
taken a stronghold in analyzing individual strains of habitat fragmentation, and overexploitation
an organism, identify species and predict future of species.
phenotypes. this is very important technique in  Evolutionary changes like inbreeding, poor
maintaining biodiversity. reproduction superior competition and
decline in the number of population.
Role of Evolution in Biodiversity

Evolution 4.2 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

 how the genetic composition of species over time.
 Can be microevolution or macroevolution. Key Concepts
 Microevolution - the evolution below the species  GMO - genetically modified organism
level  Vector - usually a plasmid or cosmid that accepts
 Macroevolution - the type that gives rise to a new foreign DNA and serve as a vehicle for
species or larger groups transformation
 Evolution can happen through artificial or natural  Plasmid - extrachromosomal element capable of
selection. independent replication
 Artificial selection - humans determine which  Cloning/Genetic engineering - technique used to
individuals breed as exemplified by the specific alter or move genetic material (genes) of living cells.
crops that are bred and varieties come out.  Restriction enzyme - enzyme that cuts the DNA
 Natural selection - the environment may also
determine which organisms or individuals survive What are GMOs?
and perpetuate.
 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are
By natural selection, there are several points to organisms with foreign genes incorporated into their
remember: genome such that they exhibit different but
 Individuals vary and variations could be inherited for desirable properties that do not occur naturally by
several generations. mating and/or natural recombination
 The variations may confer advantages to the next  The foreign genes may come from:
generations so that the individuals have better  Bacteria
capacity to adapt and survive.  Viruses
 Adaptations afford the organism a better chance to  Insects
survive in its surroundings.  Animals
 Humans
Camouflage – the ability to blend with surroundings and
a common example of an adaptation. Modification of GMOs
The modification of these GMOs can either be:
Evolution may be slow or rapid depending on the rate of a) Transgenic - The organism contains DNA from
environmental change, amount of genetic variation in the another species.
species, population size involved and the generation b) Cisgenic - The organisms contains DNA from a
time of particular species. member of the same species but doesn’t occur
naturally. Generally viewed as a safer practice,
In the course of evolution, speciation and extinction although there are concerns for all types of genetic
may happen and dictate modification.
  However a federal judge stopped the
The Making of GMOs, Steps in Cloning production of the product USDA failed to
 Cloning requires a source of DNA or a donor present an Environmental Impact Statement
organism. (EIS).
 The DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme and is 7. Cassava
ligated to a vector, usually a plasmid, previously cut  A starchy plant like potato that is consumed
with another restriction enzyme compatible with the by many people across the globe like Africa.
first enzyme used.  First engineered in 1955 Supposed to be
 The chimeric molecules are transformed in virus and pest resistant.
competent cells (e.g. Escherichia coli), and then  However, it was reported that the product
screened for the presence of genes of interest. lose its resistant quality.
 Several organisms have been genetically modified 8. Papaya
since the introduction of technologies and discovery  Also known as Carica papaya L. Has
of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double helix Caribbean coast of Central America as the
structure. point of origin.
 GM crops were first commercialized in 1996.  First modified in Hawaii and introduced in
 In 2011, the area had expanded to 160 million the market in 1999.
hectares in 29 countries.  Were developed to resist papaya ringspot
 Soybeans, maize, cotton, and canola remain to be virus (PRSV).
the leading GM crops. 9. Banana
 Majority of the bananas in the US are
GM Crops genetically modified.
1. CORN  Developed resistance to a disease known as
 Was first genetically modified with the fusarium wilt
insertion of toxin gene from the bacterium 10. Eggplant
Bacillus thuringiensis.  Bt eggplant is made in South and Southeast
 Also called as the Bt corn. Asia The new pest resistance eggplant was
 Gained resistance from the attack of corn made in Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds
borers Company (Mahyco) based in Jaina, India.
2. Cotton  In the Philippines, Bt eggplant was
 Almost half of cottons grown are genetically developed to address eggplant fruit and
modified to be resistant to pests and shoot borer (EFSB), Leucinodes orboralis.
pesticides. 11. Tomatoes
 Reported to have devastating results in  Widely used in the United States bur banned
Indian agriculture. in Europe.
3. Jatropha  Flavr Savr is the first commercially frown
 It seeds (Jatropha seeds) are similar to palm GM tomato granted with a license for human
oil. consumption.
 Can be used as a biofuel and a high source  First produced by Calgene, a Californian
of protein for livestock Plating company First sold in 1994
 Jatropha caused destruction of the native 12. Apple
plants.  PPO, or Polyphenol Oxidase, has been
4. Rice deactivated in apples.
 Golden rice is the genetically modified rice  PPO is the enzyme responsible for the
containing beta carotene Beta Carotene is a browning of apples.
precursor of Vitamin A. 13. Peas
5. Soy  Created by inserting kidney beans genes
 More than 90 percent of soybeans grown in into the DNA resulting to the production of
the United States are genetically modified to protein with pesticidal activity.
be herbicide resistant. 14. Yellow crookneck squash or zucchini
6. Sugar Beets  Resistant to viruses
 Sugar beets were engineered to grow faster
and to be more resistant to weeds.
15. Alfalfa
 Developed to produce a crop that will survive
exposure to glyphosphate herbicide.

Impacts of GMOs

 Through GM technologies, “designer crops” can be

produced. Crops with more nutrients, pesticide
resistant, insect resistant, require less inputs to
grow and produce more yield.
 There is a need to research to come up with salt
tolerant organisms because some soils are saline.
 The commercialization of Bt corn is very useful to
farmers as they were able to increase their income
 GM plants allows the farmers to spend less time
and money in pesticides and herbicides.
 Papaya resistant to ringspot virus and with delayed
ripening command a good place in export market.
 GMO foods are available in the market but it also
poses some health threats.