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Induction Motor Torque-Speed Analysis

The document discusses simulating the torque-speed characteristics of a 4 pole, 50 Hz induction motor. It first simulates the characteristics with linear V/f control from 1-50 Hz, showing decreasing maximum torque at low frequencies. It then calculates the required voltages to maintain the 50 Hz maximum torque at lower frequencies. Finally, it approximates these voltages with fixed and variable boost voltage control and simulates the corresponding torque-speed characteristics.

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wpabasara.345
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© © All Rights Reserved
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20 views19 pages

Induction Motor Torque-Speed Analysis

The document discusses simulating the torque-speed characteristics of a 4 pole, 50 Hz induction motor. It first simulates the characteristics with linear V/f control from 1-50 Hz, showing decreasing maximum torque at low frequencies. It then calculates the required voltages to maintain the 50 Hz maximum torque at lower frequencies. Finally, it approximates these voltages with fixed and variable boost voltage control and simulates the corresponding torque-speed characteristics.

Uploaded by

wpabasara.345
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Assignment 1

A 4 pole, 50 Hz, 400 V, 27A, star-connected cage rotor induction motor has the following
equivalent circuit parameters;
𝑟1 = 0.6 Ω
𝑙1 = 3.3 𝑚𝐻
𝑙𝑚 = 110 𝑚𝐻
𝑟2′ = 0.4 Ω
𝑙2′ = 3.8 𝑚𝐻

1. Assuming linear 𝑽⁄𝒇 from rated frequency down to zero, simulate and plot torque
speed characteristics for frequencies 1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 40 and 50 Hz, all in one diagram.
Comment on the maximum torque at low frequencies.

MATLAB code
f = [1 5 10 15 25 40 50]; % varible frequencies
v_phase1 = (230/50)*f; % calculated voltages for linear v/f variation

% defining variables
w_sync= 2*pi*f;
x1 = w_sync*3.3e-3;
x2 = w_sync*3.8e-3;
xm = w_sync*110e-3;
p = 2;
n_sync = (60*f)/p;
r1 = 0.6;
r2 = 0.4;

% defining synchronous speed for each frequency


w_sync7 = w_sync(7);
w_sync6 = w_sync(6);
w_sync5 = w_sync(5);
w_sync4 = w_sync(4);
w_sync3 = w_sync(3);
w_sync2 = w_sync(2);
w_sync1 = w_sync(1);

% defining rotor reactance for each frequency


x27 = x2(7);
x26 = x2(6);
x25 = x2(5);
x24 = x2(4);
x23 = x2(3);
x22 = x2(2);
x21 = x2(1);

% Calculating the Thevenin voltages and impedances


v_th = [];
for i = 1:7
v_thc = v_phase1(i) * ((110e-3)/(110e-3 + 3.3e-3));
v_th = [v_th ; v_thc];
end
v_thh = transpose(v_th);

v_th7 = v_thh(1,7);
v_th6 = v_thh(1,6);
v_th5 = v_thh(1,5);
v_th4 = v_thh(1,4);
v_th3 = v_thh(1,3);
v_th2 = v_thh(1,2);
v_th1 = v_thh(1,1);

% Calculating the Thevenin resistance


r_th = r1*((110e-3)/(110e-3 + 3.3e-3));

% Calculating the Thevenin reactance


x_th = [];
for i = 1:7
x_thc = x1(i) * ((110e-3)/(110e-3 + 3.3e-3));
x_th = [x_th ; x_thc];
end
x_thh = transpose(x_th);

x_th7 = x_thh(1,7);
x_th6 = x_thh(1,6);
x_th5 = x_thh(1,5);
x_th4 = x_thh(1,4);
x_th3 = x_thh(1,3);
x_th2 = x_thh(1,2);
x_th1 = x_thh(1,1);

% defining variation slip and relevant mechanical speed


n_mech = [];
for i = 1:7
s = (0:1:50) / 50;
s(1) = 0.001;
nm = (1 - s) * n_sync(i);
n_mech = [n_mech ; nm];
end
n_mech;
nm1 = n_mech(1,:);
nm2 = n_mech(2,:);
nm3 = n_mech(3,:);
nm4 = n_mech(4,:);
nm5 = n_mech(5,:);
nm6 = n_mech(6,:);
nm7 = n_mech(7,:);

% calculation of torque for each frequency


for ii = 1:51
t_ind7(ii) = ((6*v_th7^2)/w_sync7)*(r2/s(ii))*(1/((r_th+r2/s(ii))^2+(x_th7 +
x27)^2));
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind6(ii) = ((6*v_th6^2)/w_sync6)*(r2/s(ii))*(1/((r_th+r2/s(ii))^2+(x_th6 +
x26)^2));
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind5(ii) = ((6*v_th5^2)/w_sync5)*(r2/s(ii))*(1/((r_th+r2/s(ii))^2+(x_th5 +
x25)^2));
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind4(ii) = ((6*v_th4^2)/w_sync4)*(r2/s(ii))*(1/((r_th+r2/s(ii))^2+(x_th4 +
x24)^2));
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind3(ii) = ((6*v_th3^2)/w_sync3)*(r2/s(ii))*(1/((r_th+r2/s(ii))^2+(x_th3 +
x23)^2));
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind2(ii) = ((6*v_th2^2)/w_sync2)*(r2/s(ii))*(1/((r_th+r2/s(ii))^2+(x_th2 +
x22)^2));
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind1(ii) = ((6*v_th1^2)/w_sync1)*(r2/s(ii))*(1/((r_th+r2/s(ii))^2+(x_th1 +
x21)^2));
end
tmax50hz = max(t_ind7)
% Plotting Torque speed characteristic for each frequency
plot(nm7,t_ind7,'Color','k','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm6,t_ind6,'Color','r','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm5,t_ind5,'Color','b','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm4,t_ind4,'Color','#D95319','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm3,t_ind3,'Color','#7E2F8E','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm2,t_ind2,'Color','#0072BD','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm1,t_ind1,'Color','#77AC30','LineWidth',2.0);
xlim([0.00 1600]);
ylim([0 200]);
yticks(0:20:200);
xticks(0:100:1600);
grid on;
x0=5;
y0=5;
width=800;
height=600;
set(gcf,'position',[x0,y0,width,height])
title ('Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic under Linear
v/f','Fontweight','Bold','FontSize',15);
lgd =
legend('50Hz','40Hz','25Hz','15Hz','10Hz',"5Hz","1Hz",'Location','northwest');
lgd.FontSize = 8;
xlabel('Nmech (RPM)','Fontweight','Bold');
ylabel('Torque (Nm)','Fontweight','Bold');
• Maximum torque is getting decreased when moving from high to low frequencies when we
set linear 𝑉 ⁄𝑓 from rated frequency down to zero.

2. In order to retain the maximum torque as at rated frequency, compute the required
new voltage for each frequency in (1) above. Show the computed voltages in a graph
against frequency.
Maximum torque (Tm) is given by,

𝒑 𝟑𝑽𝟐𝒆
𝑻𝒎 = ( )
𝟐𝝎𝒔 𝒓𝒆 + √𝒓𝟐𝒆 + (𝒙𝒆 + 𝒙′𝟐 )𝟐
𝑙𝑚
Where 𝑉𝑒 = 𝑘𝑉1, 𝑟𝑒 = 𝑘𝑟1 and 𝑥𝑒 = 𝑘𝑥1 . And 𝑘 = .
𝑙1 +𝑙𝑚

400
So by substituting 𝑉1 = and 𝜔𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑓 we can get the maximum torque for the 50Hz .
√3

We can find the phase voltage for each frequency, when its maximum torque is the maximum
torque at 50Hz (i.e. 166.5291 Nm) from the above equation.

Maximum torque obtained from the previous plot at rated frequency (50Hz) = 166.5291 Nm
Voltage variation with frequency for maximum torque to be maintained as maximum torque
at frequency

MATLAB Code

f = [1 5 10 15 25 40 50]; % variable frequencies

% defining variables
w = 2*pi*f;
x1 = w*3.3e-3;
x2 = w*3.8e-3;
xm = w*110e-3;
p = 2;
r1 = 0.6;
r2 = 0.4;
k = (110e-3)/(110e-3 + 3.3e-3);
l1 = 3.3e-3;
l2 = 3.8e-3;
le = k*l1;

%Tm = 3*P*((Vth/(w_sync(i)))^2)*(1/(2*(le+l2))); formula for maximum torque


Tm_50hz = 166.5291;
%defining the slip variation
x=1;
s(x) = x/100;

%calculating voltages
V_new = [];
for i=1:7
V_newc= sqrt(Tm_50hz*(2*pi*f(i)^2)*r2 /(3*p*2*pi*f(i)*s(x)));
V_new = [V_new V_newc];
end

%plotting the curve


plot(f,V_new,'Color','#D95319','LineWidth',1.0)
title ('V-f Curve','Fontweight','Bold','FontSize',15);
grid on;
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)','Fontweight','Bold');
ylabel('Per Phase Voltage (V)','Fontweight','Bold');
ylim([0 300]);
yticks(0:30:300);
Plot

Torque Speed characteristics for the above V/f settings,


3. Approximate the voltage/frequency relationship obtained in (2) above to standard (a)
fixed boost and (b) variable boost plans, and sketch the new set of torque/speed
characteristics for the same set of frequencies for each plan. Comment on the new
maximum torque at low frequencies.

a. Fixed Boost Plan

MATLAB Code – Fixed Boost Plan – V/f curve

% defining variables
f = [0 1 5 10 15 25 40 50 60 70 80 90];
V_new = [];
V_b = [];
r1 = 0.6;
I = 27;
Vout = I*r1;
V_phase = 400/sqrt(3);
f_rated = 50;

%calculating voltages
for i=2:8

V_new = [Vout];
Vnc = (V_phase-Vout)*f(i)/f_rated+Vout;
V_b = [V_b Vnc];
end

V_new = [V_new V_b];


for i = 9:12
V_new = [V_new V_phase];
end
V_new
V_new1 = V_new(2:8);
%Plotting voltages
plot (f, V_new,'Color','#4DBEEE','LineWidth',1.0);
title ('V-f Curve for Fixed Boost Plan','Fontweight','Bold','FontSize',15);
grid on;
ylim([0 250]);
yticks(0:25:250);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)','Fontweight','Bold');
ylabel('Per Phase Voltage (V)','Fontweight','Bold');

Code - Torque Speed Characteristics for Fixed Boost Plan

% defining Variables
f = [1 5 10 15 25 40 50];
v_phase1 = V_new1; % applying volatges from fixed boost plan
w_sync = 2*pi*f;
x1 = w_sync*3.3e-3;
x2 = w_sync*3.8e-3;
xm = w_sync*110e-3;
l1 = 3.3e-3;
l2 = 3.8e-3;
lm = 110e-3;
le = (lm*l1)/(l1+lm);
p = 2;
n_sync = (60*f)/p;
r1 = 0.6;
r2 = 0.4;
v_phase = 400 / sqrt(3);

w_sync7 = w_sync(7);
w_sync6 = w_sync(6);
w_sync5 = w_sync(5);
w_sync4 = w_sync(4);
w_sync3 = w_sync(3);
w_sync2 = w_sync(2);
w_sync1 = w_sync(1);

% Calculate the Thevenin voltage and impedance from Equations


v_th = [];
for i = 1:7
v_thc = v_phase1(i) * ((110e-3)/(110e-3 + 3.3e-3));
v_th = [v_th ; v_thc];
end
v_thh = transpose(v_th);

v_th7 = v_thh(1,7);
v_th6 = v_thh(1,6);
v_th5 = v_thh(1,5);
v_th4 = v_thh(1,4);
v_th3 = v_thh(1,3);
v_th2 = v_thh(1,2);
v_th1 = v_thh(1,1);

% defining slip for each frequency varaition


n_mech = [];
for i = 1:7
s = (0:1:50) / 50;
s(1) = 0.001;
nm = (1 - s) * n_sync(i);
n_mech = [n_mech ; nm];
end
n_mech;

nm1 = n_mech(1,:);
nm2 = n_mech(2,:);
nm3 = n_mech(3,:);
nm4 = n_mech(4,:);
nm5 = n_mech(5,:);
nm6 = n_mech(6,:);
nm7 = n_mech(7,:);

%calculating torque
for ii = 1:51
t_ind7(ii) = (6*((v_th7/w_sync7)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync7)/(r2^2
+((w_sync7*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind6(ii) = (6*((v_th6/w_sync6)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync6)/(r2^2
+((w_sync6*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind5(ii) = (6*((v_th5/w_sync5)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync5)/(r2^2
+((w_sync5*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind4(ii) = (6*((v_th4/w_sync4)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync4)/(r2^2
+((w_sync4*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind3(ii) = (6*((v_th3/w_sync3)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync3)/(r2^2
+((w_sync3*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind2(ii) = (6*((v_th2/w_sync2)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync2)/(r2^2
+((w_sync2*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind1(ii) = (6*((v_th1/w_sync1)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync1)/(r2^2
+((w_sync1*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

%plotting the torque


plot(nm7,t_ind7,'Color','k','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm6,t_ind6,'Color','r','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm5,t_ind5,'Color','b','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm4,t_ind4,'Color','#D95319','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm3,t_ind3,'Color','#7E2F8E','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm2,t_ind2,'Color','#0072BD','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm1,t_ind1,'Color','#77AC30','LineWidth',2.0);
grid on;
x0=5;
y0=5;
width=800;
height=600;
xlim([0.00 1600]);
ylim([0 600]);
yticks(0:50:600);
xticks(0:100:1600);
set(gcf,'position',[x0,y0,width,height])
title ('Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic under Fixed Boost
Plan','Fontweight','Bold','FontSize',15);
lgd = legend('50Hz','40Hz','25Hz','15Hz','10Hz',"5Hz","1Hz");
lgd.FontSize = 8;
xlabel('Nmech (RPM)','Fontweight','Bold');
ylabel('Torque (Nm)','Fontweight','Bold');
b. Variable Boost Plan

Code – Variable Boost Plan – V/f curve


% defining Variables
f = [0 1 5 10 15 25 40 50 60 70 80 90 100];
V_new01 = [];
V_new11 = [];
V_new22 = [];
r1 = 0.6;
I = 27;
Vout = I*r1;
V_phase = 400/sqrt(3);
V_hlf = V_phase/2;
f_rated = 50;

%calculating voltages

for i=2:6

V_new01 = [Vout];
Vnc = (V_hlf-Vout)*f(i)/(f_rated/2)+Vout;
V_new11 = [V_new11 Vnc];
end

V_new01 = [V_new01 V_new11];


for i=7:8
Vnc1 = V_hlf + (V_phase-V_hlf)*(f(i)-f_rated/2)/(f_rated- f_rated/2);
V_new22 = [V_new22 Vnc1];
end
V_new01 = [V_new01 V_new22];
for i = 9:13
V_new01 = [V_new01 V_phase];
end
V_new33 = V_new01(2:8);
% plotting voltages
plot (f, V_new01,'Color','#77AC30','LineWidth',1.2);
title ('V-f Curve for Variable Boost Plan','Fontweight','Bold','FontSize',15);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)','Fontweight','Bold');
ylabel('Per Phase Voltage (V)','Fontweight','Bold');
ylim([0 250]);
yticks(0:25:250);
grid on;
Code - Torque Speed Characteristics for Variable Boost Plan

% defining Variables

f = [1 5 10 15 25 40 50];
v_phase1 = V_new33; % applying voltages from variable boost plan
w_sync = 2*pi*f;
x1 = w_sync*3.3e-3;
x2 = w_sync*3.8e-3;
xm = w_sync*110e-3;
l1 = 3.3e-3,
l2 = 3.8e-3;
lm = 110e-3;
le = (lm*l1)/(l1+lm);
p = 2;
n_sync = (60*f)/p;
r1 = 0.6;
r2 = 0.4;
v_phase = 400 / sqrt(3);

w_sync7 = w_sync(7)
w_sync6 = w_sync(6);
w_sync5 = w_sync(5);
w_sync4 = w_sync(4);
w_sync3 = w_sync(3);
w_sync2 = w_sync(2);
w_sync1 = w_sync(1);

% Calculate the Thevenin voltage and impedance from Equations


v_th = [];
for i = 1:7
v_thc = v_phase1(i) * ((110e-3)/(110e-3 + 3.3e-3));
v_th = [v_th ; v_thc];
end
v_thh = transpose(v_th);

v_th7 = v_thh(1,7)
v_th6 = v_thh(1,6);
v_th5 = v_thh(1,5);
v_th4 = v_thh(1,4);
v_th3 = v_thh(1,3);
v_th2 = v_thh(1,2);
v_th1 = v_thh(1,1);
%defining the slip and mech speed

n_mech = [];
for i = 1:7
s = (0:1:50) / 50;
s(1) = 0.001;
nm = (1 - s) * n_sync(i);
n_mech = [n_mech ; nm];
end
n_mech;

nm1 = n_mech(1,:);
nm2 = n_mech(2,:);
nm3 = n_mech(3,:);
nm4 = n_mech(4,:);
nm5 = n_mech(5,:);
nm6 = n_mech(6,:);
nm7 = n_mech(7,:);

%plotting the torque

for ii = 1:51
t_ind7(ii) = (6*((v_th7/w_sync7)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync7)/(r2^2
+((w_sync7*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind6(ii) = (6*((v_th6/w_sync6)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync6)/(r2^2
+((w_sync6*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind5(ii) = (6*((v_th5/w_sync5)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync5)/(r2^2
+((w_sync5*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind4(ii) = (6*((v_th4/w_sync4)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync4)/(r2^2
+((w_sync4*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind3(ii) = (6*((v_th3/w_sync3)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync3)/(r2^2
+((w_sync3*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind2(ii) = (6*((v_th2/w_sync2)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync2)/(r2^2
+((w_sync2*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

for ii = 1:51
t_ind1(ii) = (6*((v_th1/w_sync1)^2)*r2*s(ii)*w_sync1)/(r2^2
+((w_sync1*s(ii))^2)*(le+l2)^2);
end

plot(nm7,t_ind7,'Color','k','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm6,t_ind6,'Color','r','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm5,t_ind5,'Color','b','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm4,t_ind4,'Color','#D95319','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm3,t_ind3,'Color','#7E2F8E','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm2,t_ind2,'Color','#0072BD','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(nm1,t_ind1,'Color','#77AC30','LineWidth',2.0);
grid on;
x0=5;
y0=5;
width=800;
height=600;
xlim([0.00 1600]);
ylim([0 600]);
yticks(0:50:600);
xticks(0:100:1600);
set(gcf,'position',[x0,y0,width,height])
title ('Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic under Variable Boost
Plan','Fontweight','Bold','FontSize',15);
lgd = legend('50Hz','40Hz','25Hz','15Hz','10Hz',"5Hz","1Hz");
lgd.FontSize = 8;
xlabel('Nmech (RPM)','Fontweight','Bold');
ylabel('Torque (Nm)','Fontweight','Bold');
Fixed Boost Plan
The maximum torque at lower frequencies (1-5 Hz) have increased, and they are relatively
closer to the maximum torque at rated frequency. This behavior is due to the initial voltage
boost given.
Variable Boost Plan
The maximum torque at lower frequencies (1-5 Hz) have increased, and they are relatively
higher than the maximum torque at rated frequency. This behavior is due to there’s a
considerable deviation of the applied voltage in variable boost plan than which we computed
in part 2 v/f variation

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