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Final PPT Nikolas Contribution To Hyperbolic and Non Euclidean Geometry

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154 views25 pages

Final PPT Nikolas Contribution To Hyperbolic and Non Euclidean Geometry

Uploaded by

Mariel Jane Togonon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Nikolai Lobachevsky

Contributions in Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean


Geometries
Discussants: Arcilla, Balce, Encinas, Espallardo, Federico, Jimenez, Moraña, Rada,
Rañada, & Togonon
OBJECTIVES

To define Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean Geometries

To understand the significant contributions of Nikolai Lobachevsky in Hyperbolic


Geometry and Non-Euclidean Geometry

To explain the applications and significance of such contributions of Nikolai


Lobachevsky
Hyperbolic Geometry
&

Non-Euclidean Geometry
Hyperbolic Geometry

Hyperbolic geometry rejects Euclid’s fifth postulate, stating


that through a point not on a given line, there are at
least two lines parallel to the given line.

In hyperbolic geometry, parallel lines converge in one


direction and diverge in the other, unlike in Euclidean
geometry where they are everywhere equidistant.
Hyperbolic Geometry

The sum of angles in a triangle is less than


two right angles in hyperbolic geometry,
whereas it equals two right angles in Euclidean
geometry.
Hyperbolic Geometry

Similar polygons of differing areas do not exist in


hyperbolic geometry, contrary to Euclidean geometry where
they can be similar.
Nikolai Lobachevsky
Developed independently by mathematicians Nikolai
Lobachevsky and János Bolyai in the 19th century,
challenging the long-standing assumptions of Euclidean
geometry.

Janos Bolyai
Non-Euclidean Geometry

Non-Euclidean geometry encompasses geometries other than Euclidean,


including hyperbolic and spherical geometries, which differ from but are
related to Euclidean geometry.
Nikolai Lobachevsky
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky was a Russian
mathematician and geometer, born on December 1,
1792, died on February 24, 1856.

He was known primarily for his work on hyperbolic


geometry, otherwise known as Lobachevskian geometry.

Nikolai Lobachevsky
He was also known for his fundamental study on Dirichlet
integrals, known as the Lobachevsky integral formula.

Nikolai Lobachevsky
Nikolai Lobachevsky’s Contributions
Contributions in Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean Geometries
DEVELOPMENTS OF HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY

Lobachevsky developed a consistent and coherent system of geometry, now known as


Lobachevskian or hyperbolic geometry, which has different properties compared to
Euclidean geometry.

The pseudosphere has constant negative curvature; i.e., it maintains a constant


concavity over its entire surface. Unable to be shown in its entirety in an illustration,
the pseudosphere tapers to infinity in both directions away from the central disk. The
pseudosphere was one of the first models for a non-Euclidean space. Pangéométrie,”
in French in 1855.
Contributions in Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean Geometries
DEVELOPMENTS OF HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY

pseudosphere
Contributions in Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean Geometries
PIONEERING PUBLICATIONS

Lobachevsky published his ideas on non-Euclidean


geometry in several works, including "On the
Principles of Geometry" (1829-1830) and "Imaginary
Geometry" (1835-1838).

These publications were groundbreaking and helped


establish Lobachevsky as a leading figure in the
development of non-Euclidean geometry.

Lobachevsky's work was initially met with skepticism and resistance, as it challenged the long-held
beliefs about the nature of space. However, over time, his ideas gained acceptance and recognition.
Contributions in Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean Geometries
DEVELOPMENTS OF HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY

example of straight line not being shortest distance between two points
Contributions in Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean Geometries
DEVELOPMENTS OF HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY

In the mid-19th century it was shown that hyperbolic surfaces must have constant
negative curvature. However, this still left open the question of whether any surface
with hyperbolic geometry actually exists.

hyperbolic plane (designed and


crocheted by Daina Taimina)
Contributions in Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean Geometries
DEVELOPMENTS OF HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY

His work paved the way for the development of models of hyperbolic space, such
as the Poincaré disk model and the Poincaré half-plane model, which allowed
mathematicians to visualize and work with hyperbolic geometry effectively.
Contributions in Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean Geometries

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Lobachevsky's work on non-Euclidean geometry had a profound impact


on the development of mathematics and the understanding of the nature of
space.

His ideas challenged the long-held beliefs about the nature of space and
paved the way for the development of modern geometry and physics,
including Einstein's theory of general relativity.

Hyperbolic geometry has found applications in various fields, such as


physics, astronomy, and computer graphics.
Contributions in Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean Geometries
COLLABORATIONS AND INFLUENCE

Lobachevsky's work on non-Euclidean geometry was influenced by


the earlier work of Carl Friedrich Gauss, who had also explored the
possibility of non-Euclidean geometries.
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Lobachevsky's ideas were also developed independently by the
Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai, who published his own work
on non-Euclidean geometry around the same time.

János Bolyai
Contributions in Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean Geometries
COLLABORATIONS AND INFLUENCE

Lobachevsky's work had a significant influence on the development of


modern geometry and the understanding of the nature of space,
paving the way for the emergence of new mathematical and scientific
Carl Friedrich Gauss
theories.

János Bolyai
Additional Information
Beltrami’s Work
Lobachevsky called his work “imaginary geometry.”

He attempted to determine the “true” geometry of space by


analyzing astronomical data obtained in the measurement of the
parallax of stars.

A physical interpretation of Lobachevsky’s geometry on a surface


of negative curvature was discovered by the Italian
mathematician Eugenio Beltrami in 1868.

In 1842, Lobachevsky’s work was noticed and highly praised by


Gauss and was elected as a corresponding member of the Royal
Eugenio Beltrami
Society of Göttingen.
Further Achievements

Lobachevsky obtained interesting results in algebra and analysis,


such as the Lobachevsky criterion for convergence of an
infinite series (1834–36).

Bernhard Riemann His research interests also included the theory of probability,
integral calculus, mechanics, astronomy, and meteorology.

The real significance of Lobachevsky’s new geometry was not


fully understood and appreciated until the work of Bernhard
Riemann on the foundations of geometry (1868) and the proof of
the consistency of non-Euclidean geometry by Felix Klein in 1871.
Felix Klein
REFERENCES
https://www.britannica.com/science/hyperbolic-geometry

http://scihi.org/nikolai-lobachevsky-geometry/#google_vignette

https://archive.org/details/geometricalresea00lobaiala

https://www.storyofmathematics.com/19th_bolyai.html/?
fbclid=IwAR0I5SpAGM4TDBL27GjT4LKFq8MunqaWq8AjjQr0fnBuc7FeGo_w8poS7fM

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Hyperbolic_geometry?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR1ZmYMhxIHOg9dLmDYNfOUiO59aB6iP9KNAGp8pb8OjiNlrM34-
lEu5anw_aem_Ae5Jbx_uBbNe2YAQF3IhbL0BNkN3qdHmqZgTn1rmmRBvise3pkALzOjCvC9XooV9fFfKq_m1ER17e
X4Y6GqRLCCq
Nikolai Lobachevsky
Contributions in Hyperbolic and Non-Euclidean
Geometries
Discussants: Arcilla, Balce, Encinas, Espallardo, Federico, Jimenez, Moraña, Rada,
Rañada, & Togonon

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