ANAPHY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1ST YR-SEMESTER

A.Y.23-24
LEC┃BSN Y1-14┃CUNANAN, KAYE ADRIELLE
MUSCULAR SYSTEM TYPES & CHARACTERISTICS
 refers to the skeletal system TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE:
 constitutes 40-50% of total body weight Made up of muscle cell and muscle fiber.
 a specialized tissue which converts chemical  SKELETAL MUSCLE
energy into mechanical work, thus muscles  SMOOTH MUSCLE
is instrument of action. (Microscopic  CARDIAC MUSCLE
striations) 

 Myology- This is the scientific study of CHARACTERISTICS:

muscles  Enables it to carry out its functions, thus
contributes to homeostasis.
Muscle tissues are unique, modification:
1. Excitability/Irritability- ability to respond to
 Muscle Cells
certain stimuli.
 Muscle Fibers
2. Conductivity- ability to transmit impulses.
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES 3. Contractility- ability to shorten and thicken to
generate to do work.
1. MOVEMENT- our brain is the command 4. Extensibility – ability to be stretched
center for us to produce movements (lenghten) without damaging the tissue
(Contraction of skeletal muscles is 5. Elasticity – ability to return to its originalform
responsible for the overall movements of the and shaped after contraction.
body,) - After contracting or lengthening, tissue always
2. POSTURE- maintain - partial contraction wants to return to its resting state.
3. RESPIRATION- Muscles of the thorax carry
out the movements necessary for respiration. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Continous contraction in the diaphragm  Muscle fibers– skeletal muscle cell
4. BODY HEAT- When skeletal muscles
contract, heat is given off as a by-product. CLASSIFICATION OF STIMULUS:
This released heat is critical to the 1. Minimal/liminal (threshold)
• a smallest amount of stimulus
maintenance of body temperature (37 °C).
• enough to produce a muscle twitch (a
5. COMMUNICATION- Skeletal muscles are single recordable muscle contraction)
involved in all aspects of communication, 2. Sub-minimal/subliminal (sub-threshold)
including speaking, writing, typing, gesturing, • any stimulus of lesser strength.
and facial expressions. • stimulus that cannot produce twitch
6. CONSTRICTION of organs and vessels-  surround and protects the muscle tissue
The contraction of smooth muscle within the
walls of internal organs and vessels causes Connective Tissue
those structures to constrict. This
constriction can help propel and mix food 1. Fascia (bandage) – a large sheet-like
and water in the digestive tract, propel connective tissue that covers the entire
secretions from organs, and regulate blood muscle.
flow through vessels. A. Superficial fascia (subcutaneous
7. CONTRACTION of the Heart- The layer/hypodermis)
contraction of cardiac muscle causes the B. Deep fascia
heart to beat, propelling blood to all parts of 2. Tendons – cord of dense connective tissue
the body that attaches muscle to bone.

WORKSHEET 1
 MIDTERMS 1

3. Aponeurosis – broad, flattened connective  Origin- Less movable attachment site, more
tissue that attaches muscle to another stable end, usually proximal
muscle.  Insertion- More movable attachment site,
less stable end, usually distal

 Muscle Tones- a persistent or continuous

state of slight muscle contraction
 Tension in a muscle at rest
 Muscle Strength- muscle’s ability to
contract and create force in response to
resistance.
TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

1. Isometric contraction
 Increase the degree of muscle tone.
 do not shorten the muscle during
contraction.
 Responsible for the constant length of the
postural muscles of the body,
 Ex: Standing in position with books on top
of the head.

2. Isotonic contraction
 Muscle shortens, thereby producing
movement.
 the amount of tension produced by the
muscle is constant during contraction,
but the length of muscle decreases.
 All movements are the result of isotonic
contraction.
 ex. movements of the arms and fingers
 Get tired muscle

3. Tonic contraction
 Tendons- White glistening fibrous bands of  Produce muscle tone
connective tissue which attach the muscle to  Do not shorten the muscle
the bone, flat tendons are aponeuroses  Only few fibers contract at one time.

2
 MIDTERMS 1

 Ex: standing position (no movement)

NOMENCLATURE OF MUSCLES
Nomenclature (naming) of skeletal muscles:
1.) According to direction of muscle fibers
– direction relative to the midline of the
body.
a. Rectus: ex. Rectus abdominis
b. Transverses: ex. Transverses
abdominis
c. Oblique: ex. Externa/internal
2.) According to location
– structure near which a muscle is found.
a. Frontalis 5.) According to number of origins
b. Tibialis anterior a. biceps – 2 origins ex. Biceps brachii
c. Tibialis posterior b. triceps – 3 origins ex. Triceps brachii
3.) According to size c. quadriceps – 4 origins ex.Quadriceps
a. Maximus-largest ex.Gluteus maximus Femoris
b. Minimus-smallest ex. Gluteus minimus 6.) according to origin and insertion
c. Longus- longest ex. Adductor longus a. Sternocleidomastoid
d. Brevis- short ex. Peroneus brevis 7.) according to action (principal action of
e. Major- large ex. Pectoralis major the muscle)
f. Minor- small ex. Pectoralis minor
4.) According to shape
a. Deltoid– triangular in shape ex. Deltoid
b. Trapezius– trapezoid ex. Trapezius
c. Serratus–serrated ex. Serratus
anterior
d. Rhomboideus – diamond shaped
ex. Rhomboideus (major/minor)
major/minor
Muscle Shape
A. Based on organization of fascicles
B. Types
GROUP ACTIONS OF MUSCLES:
 Agonist (prime mover) - muscle that causes
the action
 Synergist (helper) - muscle that acts with an
agonist
 Antagonist - muscle that causes the
opposite action of the agonist
 Fixator (stabilizer) - muscle that stabilizes
body position

 Synergist-fixator (deltoid, contracting)

 Prime Mover (biceps, brachii, contracting)
 Synergist (pronator teres, contracting)

3
 MIDTERMS 1

in the illustration on the right, the posterior

deltoid acts as a fixator of the arm by creating a
force of extension on the arm at the shoulder
joint. This prevents the biceps brachii from
flexing the arm at the shoulder joint.
Principal Skeletal Muscles
I. Head and Neck
Muscles and actions
A. Muscles of facial expression
1. Frontalis: draws scalp anteriorly, raises
eyebrows, wrinkling of the forehead
horizontally
2. Orbicular: is oculi closes the eyelids, B. 4 Muscles of Mastication
causes the crowsfeet (a name for wrinkles in 1. Masseter- elevates the jaw
the outer corner of the eyes as the result of 2. Temporalis- elevates and retracts the jaw
aging. 3. Lateral pterygoideus- protrudes the jaw
3. Zygomaticus: draws the angle of the mouth 4. Medial pterygoideus- moves the jaw from
upward and outward, as in smiling and side to side
laughing C. Muscles of the eyeball
4. Risorius: draws the angle of the mouth 1. Superior rectus- directs the eyeball
laterally as in sarcastic smile upwards
5. Buccinator: major cheek muscle, blowing or 2. Inferior rectus- directs the eyeball
kissing (trumpeter’s muscle) muscle, downwards
compresses the cheeks as in suckling. 3. Medial rectus- directs the eyeball medially
6. Levator labii superioris: elevates upper lip 4. Lateral rectus- directs the eyeball laterally
7. Depressor labii inferioris: depresses lower 5. Superior oblique- rotates the eyeball
lip laterally and downward
8. Depressor anguli oris: depresses angle of 6. Inferior oblique- rotates the eyeball laterally
the mouth and upwards 56
9. Mentalis: elevates and protrudes lower lip D. Muscles that move the head and neck
10. Orbicularis oris: closes lips, protrudes lips, 1. Sternocleidomastoid
shaped the lips during, kissing muscle together- flex the head
11. Levator palpebrae superioris: speech, forward Individual- bend the head
compresses the lips against teeth laterally affected in stiff neck (torticollis)
12. Corrugator supercilii: elevates the upper 2. Platysma- retracts the angle of the mouth
eyelid, opens the eye, draws the eyebrows and jaw Responsible for downward sag of
inferiorly mouth in grief and exhaustion.
3. Trapezius- extends head and neck
E. Muscles that move the shoulder
1. Rhomboids retract scapula
2. Serratus anterior protract scapula
3. Pectoralis minor depresses scapula
4. Pectoralis major flexes shoulder, adducts
arm
5. Teres major extends shoulder, adducts,
rotates arm
6. Latissimus dorsi extends shoulder,
adducts arm
7. Infraspinatus extends, rotates shoulder
8. Supraspinatus abducts arm

4
 MIDTERMS 1

9. Teres minor adducts, rotates arm III. Upper extremity muscles

10. Deltoid abducts arm, flexes, extends 1. Triceps Brachii- extends forearm
shoulder 2. Biceps Brachii- flexes, supinates forearm
3. Brachialis- flexes forearm
4. Pronators (2) - P. teres - P. quadratus
 pronate forearm
5. Brachioradiali- flexes, supinates, pronates
forearm
6. Flexor carpi ulnaris- Flexes, abducts wrists
7. Flexor carpi radialis- Flexes, abducts
wrists
8. Flexor digitorum- flex fingers
9. Extensor carpi ulnaris- Extends, abducts
wrists
10. Extensor carpi radialis- Extends, abducts
wrists
11. Extensor digitorum- extends fingers

IV. Lower extremity muscles

1. Iliopsoas- chief flexor of the hip
2. Tensor fasciae latae- flexes hip; abducts
thigh
3. Gluteus maximus- chief extensor of the
hip
4. Gluteus- abducts thigh
5. Quadriceps femoris group: extensor
muscles
a. Rectus femoris: extends knee
b. Vastuslateralis: extends knee
c. Vastus medialis: extends knee
d. Vastusintermedius: extends knee
II. Muscles of the Trunk 6. Sartorius
A. Muscles of the abdominal wall 7. Hamstring group flexor muscles
1. Rectus abdominis- compress abdomen to a. biceps femoris flexes knee, extends hip
aid in defecation, urination, forced expiration b. semimembranous flexes knee, extends hip
and child birth. c. semitendinosus flexes knee, extends hip
2. External oblique- compresses abdomen, 8. Adductor group adducts thigh
bends & rotates vertebral column laterally a. Adductor longus/magnus adducts thigh
3. Internal oblique- compresses abdomen, b. gracilis adducts thigh
bends & rotates vertebral column laterally 9. Tibialis anterior extends (dorsiflexes) ankle
4. Transverses- compresses abdomen (foot)
* search muscles of the abdominal image 10. Gastrocnemius (plantar) flexes ankle (foot)
11. Soleus (plantar) flexes ankle (foot)
B. Muscles used in breathing 12. Peroneus (2) flex, evert ankle (foot)
1. Diaphragm- chief muscle of respiration
2. External Intercostals- compress thorax
3. Internal intercostal- expand thorax