Maharashtra Board of Technical Education, Mumbai.

Government Polytechnic, Solapur.

DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

Academic Year 2023-24

CAPSTONE PROJECT PLANNING

(22058)

REPORT ON

Taxi Sharing System

Submitted by

Roll.no. Enrollment No. Seat No. Student Name

51 2100150053 162977 Pratik Santosh Salunke

59 2100150084 162999 Shivpratap Shrinivas Mithapalli

Radhekrishna Vyankatesh
30 2100150045 162970
Kshirsagar

67 2100150095 163007 Wasim Dildar Pathan

58 2100150082 162998 Atharva Rajendra Mashale

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mentor name: Prof. R.V Mundhe

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 Government Polytechnic, Solapur
Department of Computer Technology

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that

Roll.no. Enrollment No. Seat No. Student Name

51 2100150053 162977 Pratik Santosh Salunke

59 2100150084 162999 Shivpratap Shrinivas Mithapalli

Radhekrishna Vyankatesh
30 2100150045 162970
Kshirsagar

67 2100150095 163007 Wasim Dildar Pathan

58 2100150082 162998 Atharva Rajendra Mashale

of Class: CM5I have satisfactorily completed the project planning titled as

Taxi Sharing System

as a partial fulfilment for awarding the Diploma in Computer Technology by Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai for the academic year 2023-2024.

Project Guide Head of Department Principal

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date:

Place: Solapur

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 Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this Report of capstone planning and the completion of
this capstone project planning many people have bestowed upon us their blessings and
their heart privileged support .Primarily I would like to express a special thanks of
gratitude to our Principal Dr. A. L. Upadhyay sir of Government Polytechnic ,Solapur,
our head of department Prof. A. L. Tarange department of computer technology
Government Polytechnic , Solapur for giving this golden opportunity with all the required
facilities for completing this planning of capstone project and of our group report of
capstone planning.

I would like to extend my gratitude to our mentor and teacher, Prof. R.V Mundhe
whose valuable guidance has been the key of our success in this Capstone planning. I
would also thank my fellows group members who worked together with each other to
foresee the completion of the Capstone planning.

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 Abstract
Urban mobility is a pressing concern in today's increasingly congested and fast-
paced cities. As cities continue to grow, the demand for efficient transportation
solutions is escalating. Taxi sharing systems have emerged as a potential remedy,
offering a promising solution to alleviate traffic congestion, reduce environmental
impact, and enhance the overall quality of urban life. This report provides a
comprehensive analysis of a taxi sharing system, exploring its impact on urban
mobility, environmental sustainability, and user experience.

The primary objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a taxi

sharing system in reducing traffic congestion in urban areas. By leveraging data from
a real-world implementation of such a system, we investigate the impact on traffic flow,
travel times, and congestion levels. Additionally, we explore the potential benefits in
terms of reduced air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and fuel consumption,
contributing to a more sustainable urban environment.

To ensure a holistic evaluation, this report delves into the economic implications
of taxi sharing. We assess the potential cost savings for both passengers and taxi
drivers, along with the economic viability of implementing and operating such systems.
Furthermore, we analyze the operational and logistical challenges involved in
establishing a successful taxi sharing platform, including route optimization, user
matching algorithms, and fleet management.

User experience plays a crucial role in the adoption and success of taxi sharing
systems. Therefore, this study investigates user perspectives and satisfaction levels,
examining factors such as comfort, safety, and reliability. Through surveys, interviews,
and user behavior analysis, we gauge public sentiment towards these systems and
identify areas for potential improvement.

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 Index

Sr.no Title Page No

1. Introduction 6

2. Problem Solving and Analysis 8 to 19

2.1 Problem Statement
2.2 Analysis
2.3 Feasibility Study
2.4 Objectives of Project
2.5 Software/hardware requirements
2.6 Constraints on Project Development

3. Literature Survey 20 to 24
3.1 Quality of Life: Assessment for Transportation
Performance Measures
3.2 A Systematic Literature Review on Ridesharing
3.3 Taxi Sharing: Benefits, Challenges, and Research
Focus
3.4 Systematic Literature Review on Ride-Sharing
Platforms, User Factors, and Barriers

4. Proposed methodology 25 to 32
4.1 problem solving approach
4.2 functionalities provided
4.3 Design: I/O screen design, report design, methodology.

5. Planning 33 to 36

6. Conclusion 37

7. References 38

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 Introduction
In an era of unprecedented urbanization, cities around the world face complex
challenges related to transportation and mobility. Rapid population growth, increased
vehicle ownership, and the consequent traffic congestion have made efficient and
sustainable urban transportation a critical concern. To address these challenges,
various innovative solutions have been proposed and implemented, among which taxi
sharing systems have gained prominence. This introduction sets the stage for our
comprehensive analysis of a taxi sharing system, aiming to explore its potential as a
solution to enhance urban mobility, alleviate traffic congestion, and reduce
environmental impact.

1.1 The Urban Mobility Conundrum

Urban areas are hotspots of economic activity, culture, and social interaction.
They attract people seeking opportunities, but this influx places immense pressure on
transportation networks. As a result, cities often grapple with increased traffic
congestion, longer commute times, and reduced air quality. These issues not only
affect the quality of life for urban residents but also have far-reaching economic and
environmental implications.

1.2 The Rise of Taxi Sharing Systems

Recognizing the urgency of these challenges, transportation experts and

innovators have been exploring alternative modes of urban mobility. Among these, taxi
sharing systems have emerged as a promising solution. By leveraging the proliferation
of smartphones and innovative ride-hailing technologies, these systems aim to
optimize the use of existing taxi fleets by connecting passengers with similar
destinations. Through shared rides, they promise to reduce the number of vehicles on
the road, leading to reduced traffic congestion and its associated problems.

1.3 The Need for a Comprehensive Analysis

While the concept of taxi sharing appears promising, it is crucial to conduct a

comprehensive analysis to understand its potential benefits, challenges, and
implications. This report addresses this need by providing an in-depth examination of
a taxi sharing system from multiple perspectives.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

Our study is guided by several key objectives:

To assess the effectiveness of a taxi sharing system in reducing traffic

congestion and improving urban mobility (Section 2).

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 To investigate the environmental sustainability of taxi sharing systems, focusing
on their impact on air quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and fuel consumption
(Section 3).
To analyze the economic aspects of implementing and operating a taxi sharing
system, including cost savings for passengers and drivers (Section 4).
To explore the operational and logistical challenges involved in establishing a
successful taxi sharing platform, such as route optimization, user matching algorithms,
and fleet management (Section 5).
To evaluate the user experience and satisfaction levels associated with taxi
sharing systems, taking into consideration factors like comfort, safety, and reliability
(Section 6).
1.5 Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will provide valuable insights for policymakers, urban
planners, transportation authorities, and stakeholders interested in improving urban
mobility. It is anticipated that the results will shed light on the potential of taxi sharing
systems as a means to reduce traffic congestion, enhance environmental
sustainability, and provide a convenient mode of transportation for urban dwellers.

1.6 Structure of the Report

The subsequent sections of this report will delve into each of the objectives
outlined above, offering a comprehensive analysis of a taxi sharing system. Section 2
will assess the effectiveness of the system in reducing traffic congestion, while Section
3 will explore its environmental sustainability. Section 4 will delve into the economic
aspects, followed by a discussion of operational and logistical challenges in Section
5. Finally, Section 6 will focus on the user experience and satisfaction levels, with a
conclusion summarizing our findings and their implications for the future of urban
mobility.

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 Problem Solving and Analysis
2.1 Problem Statement
The urban environment today faces a multitude of transportation-related
challenges that threaten the quality of life, economic productivity, and environmental
sustainability of cities. As urban populations continue to swell, congestion on roadways
has become a ubiquitous issue. This problem statement encapsulates the challenges
associated with urban traffic congestion and its ramifications on urban mobility, public
health, and environmental sustainability. Addressing these challenges is paramount
to ensure efficient, equitable, and sustainable urban transportation systems.

1 The Pervasive Issue of Traffic Congestion

Urban traffic congestion, characterized by slow-moving or standstill traffic, is an issue

that transcends geographical boundaries. This congestion stems from a combination
of factors, including an increase in the number of private vehicles, inefficient public
transportation systems, and inadequate road infrastructure. As a result, urban
commuters face daily challenges, from extended travel times to heightened stress
levels and decreased productivity.

2 Implications for Urban Mobility

Traffic congestion has far-reaching consequences for urban mobility. The daily
commute, which should ideally be a time-efficient and stress-free experience, has
become a source of frustration for many. This not only diminishes the overall quality
of life for urban residents but also affects the efficiency of the labor force and the
potential for economic growth. Congestion is a significant impediment to achieving
seamless and sustainable urban mobility.

3 Public Health and Environmental Impacts

Beyond the inconveniences of traffic congestion, there are critical public health and
environmental implications. Idling vehicles produce harmful pollutants that degrade air
quality and contribute to respiratory diseases. Additionally, increased traffic leads to
higher greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating the problem of climate change. These
impacts on public health and the environment necessitate an urgent response.

4 Equitable Access to Transportation

Another facet of the problem is the disparity in access to efficient transportation.

Vulnerable communities often bear the brunt of congestion and its associated health
risks. Those with limited means may not have access to alternative modes of
transportation, further exacerbating social inequalities and limiting opportunities for
upward mobility.

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5 Inefficiency of Existing Solutions

Existing transportation systems and strategies have not been fully effective in
addressing traffic congestion. Expanding road networks or adding more private
vehicles to the mix is not a sustainable solution, as it only exacerbates the problem.
Public transportation systems, while crucial, may not be optimized to handle the
demands of growing urban populations.

2.2 Analysis of the Problem

1 Understanding Congestion Causes

Traffic congestion is not a singular issue; it is the result of a complex interplay of

factors. These include population growth, urbanization, increased vehicle ownership,
and commuter patterns. Understanding the causes of congestion is essential for
developing effective solutions.

2 Inadequacy of Infrastructure

In many urban areas, the road infrastructure is not commensurate with the growing
demand for mobility. Roads may be poorly designed, in disrepair, or unable to
accommodate the volume of traffic. Inadequate infrastructure can exacerbate
congestion.

3 Behavioral and Cultural Factors

Traffic congestion is also influenced by behavioral and cultural factors. The prevalence
of single-occupancy vehicles, reluctance to carpool or use public transportation, and
a lack of efficient urban planning all contribute to the problem.

4 Economic and Health Implications

The economic implications of traffic congestion are significant. It results in productivity

losses, increased fuel consumption, and maintenance costs for vehicles. Additionally,
the health costs associated with air pollution from traffic congestion are substantial.

5 Need for a Multifaceted Approach

Addressing traffic congestion requires a multifaceted approach. Strategies may

include improved public transportation systems, investment in alternative modes of
transportation (e.g., cycling and walking), congestion pricing, smart urban planning,
and the promotion of carpooling and ride-sharing. These approaches should be
tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of each city or urban area.

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6 Equitable Access and Environmental Sustainability

Efforts to alleviate congestion must prioritize equitable access to transportation and

environmental sustainability. These two objectives can be achieved through policies
and initiatives that ensure that vulnerable communities have efficient transportation
options and that measures are taken to reduce the environmental impact of
transportation systems.

In conclusion, traffic congestion is a multifaceted problem that affects urban mobility,

public health, and environmental sustainability. Addressing this issue is imperative for
the well-being and economic growth of cities. A comprehensive solution requires a
thorough understanding of the causes and implications of congestion and the
implementation of a range of strategies to mitigate its effects.

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2.3 Feasibility Study

A feasibility study is a crucial step in evaluating the viability and practicality of

implementing solutions to the complex problem of traffic congestion. This section
explores the feasibility of addressing traffic congestion through various measures,
focusing on economic, environmental, and social considerations.

1. Economic Feasibility

1.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis

To assess the economic feasibility of mitigating traffic congestion, a

comprehensive cost-benefit analysis is required. This analysis should consider both
short-term and long-term costs and benefits. The costs include the initial investments
in infrastructure, transportation systems, and technological solutions, as well as
ongoing operational expenses. The benefits encompass economic gains resulting
from reduced congestion, improved productivity, and lower healthcare costs due to
decreased pollution. The feasibility of these investments relies on the projected return
on investment and the timeframe for recouping costs.

1.2 Funding and Resource Allocation

Feasibility also hinges on the availability of funding and resource allocation.

Governments, city authorities, and private entities must allocate budgets and
resources to implement congestion mitigation strategies. The feasibility study should
identify potential sources of funding, assess their sustainability, and outline the
allocation of resources for specific projects.

1.3 Revenue Generation

One way to enhance economic feasibility is to explore revenue-generating

mechanisms. Congestion pricing, for example, has been successfully implemented in
some cities, where drivers pay a fee to use certain roads during peak hours. Such
mechanisms can offset the costs of congestion mitigation projects while also
influencing travel behavior.

2. Environmental Feasibility

2.1 Impact on Air Quality and Emissions

The environmental feasibility of congestion mitigation measures should be

evaluated in terms of their impact on air quality and emissions. Reductions in traffic
congestion have the potential to significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions,

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improving the overall environmental sustainability of urban areas. Feasibility should
consider not only the reduction in emissions but also the means by which these
reductions can be quantified and monitored.

2.2 Technological Solutions

Technological solutions, such as the adoption of electric vehicles and the

development of smart transportation systems, are key components of environmental
feasibility. Their feasibility depends on factors such as the availability of technology,
its affordability, and the potential to integrate these solutions into existing
infrastructure.

3. Social Feasibility

3.1 User Acceptance and Behaviour Change

The social feasibility of mitigating traffic congestion relies on user acceptance

and behaviour change. Commuters must be willing to adopt alternative transportation
modes, such as public transportation, carpooling, and cycling. Feasibility studies
should consider public sentiment and assess the willingness of individuals to embrace
these changes. Promotional campaigns and incentives may be necessary to
encourage such shifts in behaviour.

3.2 Equitable Access

Ensuring equitable access to transportation options is a fundamental aspect of

social feasibility. Policies and strategies must be designed to address the needs of
vulnerable communities, reduce disparities, and promote social inclusion. Feasibility
studies should assess the effectiveness of such policies and the potential obstacles to
achieving equitable access.

3.3 Stakeholder Engagement

Stakeholder engagement is critical for social feasibility. Communities,

businesses, and advocacy groups play an essential role in shaping transportation
policies and practices. The feasibility study should consider the feasibility of engaging
various stakeholders in the decision-making process and whether their concerns and
suggestions can be effectively integrated into congestion mitigation plans.

In conclusion, a feasibility study for addressing traffic congestion requires a thorough

assessment of economic, environmental, and social factors.

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2.4 Objectives of Project
Project Objectives

The primary aim of this project is to develop a ride-sharing platform that builds upon
the successes of existing services like BlaBlaCar while addressing their shortcomings.
The following objectives outline the key goals and targets of this project, including the
improvement of user experience, enhanced environmental sustainability, and fostering
a sense of community.

1. Improve User Experience

1. Enhanced User Matching Algorithms

One of the primary objectives of this project is to develop and implement advanced
user matching algorithms. These algorithms will aim to connect passengers with
similar travel routes, schedules, and preferences, reducing wait times and increasing
the likelihood of successful ride-sharing arrangements. By streamlining the user
matching process, we intend to provide a more convenient and efficient experience
for users.

2. User Feedback Mechanisms

To enhance the overall user experience, the project will incorporate user feedback
mechanisms. This feature will allow passengers and drivers to rate and provide
comments about their ride-sharing experience, fostering a culture of accountability and
continuous improvement. Addressing user feedback will help create a safer and more
satisfying ride-sharing environment.

3. Seamless Payment and Transaction Processes

This project will focus on optimizing payment and transaction processes. The goal is
to provide users with secure and straightforward payment methods, allowing them to
easily split costs, transact payments, and manage their financial interactions within the
platform.

2. Enhance Environmental Sustainability

1. Encourage Shared Rides and Carpooling

Environmental sustainability is a crucial objective of this project. To address this, the

platform will prioritize shared rides and carpooling arrangements, reducing the number
of vehicles on the road and lowering carbon emissions. The project will encourage and
incentivize users to choose eco-friendly options whenever possible.

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2. Promote Electric and Fuel-Efficient Vehicles

The project will take proactive steps to promote the use of electric and fuel-efficient
vehicles among drivers. Through incentives and partnerships, we aim to increase the
number of environmentally friendly vehicles within the ride-sharing fleet, ultimately
reducing the platform's carbon footprint.

3. Foster a Sense of Community

1. Community Building and Social Features

Fostering a sense of community is a significant objective. The project will incorporate

social features that allow users to build connections and engage with fellow ride-
sharers. This sense of community will enhance the overall ride-sharing experience and
contribute to a safer and more sociable environment.

2. Safety and Trust Building

Safety and trust are paramount in ride-sharing. The project will implement safety
measures and features to build trust among users. This includes driver background
checks, user identity verification, and an emergency assistance system, all aimed at
ensuring the well-being of the ride-sharing community.

4. Address BlaBlaCar's Shortcomings

1. Reduce Geographic Limitations

BlaBlaCar's geographical limitations have posed challenges in some regions. The

project aims to reduce these limitations by expanding the service's coverage to more
areas, allowing residents in previously underserved locations to access ride-sharing
opportunities.

2. Pricing Transparency

Pricing transparency is a notable issue with some existing ride-sharing platforms. This
project intends to address this concern by providing clear and upfront pricing
information, ensuring that users understand the costs associated with their ride-
sharing arrangements.

3. Accessibility and Inclusivity

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The project will work towards improving accessibility and inclusivity. This includes
features to accommodate users with diverse needs, such as those with disabilities,
and creating an inclusive platform where all users feel welcome and valued.

In summary, this project seeks to enhance the ride-sharing experience by improving

user matching, fostering environmental sustainability, and building a sense of
community. It also aims to overcome the limitations of existing platforms like BlaBlaCar
by addressing pricing transparency, geographic coverage, and accessibility, ultimately
providing a more comprehensive and user-centric ride-sharing service.

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2.5 Requirements
Software Requirements:

● Operating System: The software should be compatible with various operating

systems, including Windows, macOS, and popular Linux distributions, to ensure
broad accessibility for both users and drivers.

● Mobile Applications: Develop mobile applications for both Android and iOS
platforms to reach a wider user base. These apps should be user-friendly,
intuitive, and support essential features like ride booking, payment processing,
and user feedback.

● Web Application: Create a web-based platform accessible through standard

web browsers. The web application should offer the same functionality as the
mobile apps, providing flexibility for users who prefer to access the service from
their desktop or laptop.

● Database Management: Implement a robust database management system

(e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL, or NoSQL databases like MongoDB) to efficiently
store and manage user data, ride histories, and other essential information.

● Geospatial Tools: Integrate geospatial tools like Google Maps or Mapbox to

facilitate real-time location tracking, route planning, and navigation for both
users and drivers.

● Payment Gateways: Integrate secure payment gateways, such as Stripe,

PayPal, or similar services, to handle financial transactions securely. This
should include support for multiple payment methods, including credit/debit
cards, digital wallets, and potentially cryptocurrency for more extensive
payment options.

● User Authentication: Implement a secure and user-friendly authentication

system to verify user identities. This may include options for traditional
username and password, social media logins, and two-factor authentication for
enhanced security.

● Rating and Feedback System: Develop a robust rating and feedback system to
allow users to rate their ride-sharing experiences and provide comments. This
system should be integrated into the software to encourage accountability and
improvement.

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 ● Data Analytics Tools: Utilize data analytics tools and frameworks (e.g., Apache
Hadoop, Apache Spark) to process and analyze user data, helping to improve
route optimization, user matching, and overall service quality.

● Communication Tools: Implement in-app messaging and notification systems

to enable communication between users and drivers. This includes alerts for
ride requests, updates on ride status, and support for customer service
inquiries.

Hardware Requirements:

● Server Infrastructure: Set up a reliable and scalable server infrastructure to host

the back-end services and databases. This infrastructure should have sufficient
processing power, memory, and storage to handle user requests and data
storage efficiently.

● Mobile Devices: Ensure compatibility with a wide range of mobile devices, both
smartphones and tablets. Consider the hardware specifications, screen sizes,
and device capabilities to optimize the mobile app's performance.

● Web Servers: Deploy web servers capable of handling concurrent connections

and serving web application requests efficiently. Load balancing and
redundancy should be in place to ensure high availability and reliability.

● GPS and Location Services: Users and drivers will require GPS-enabled
devices to accurately determine their location and provide real-time tracking
during rides. These devices should support location-based services without
significant battery drain.

● Payment Processing Hardware: If your project includes handling payment

transactions directly, ensure that the payment processing hardware, such as
card readers or mobile payment terminals, is compatible with your software.

● Customer Support Hardware: Equip your customer support team with the
necessary hardware, such as computers, headsets, and customer relationship
management (CRM) software to address user inquiries, issues, and feedback.

● Data Backup and Storage: Implement a robust data backup and storage
infrastructure, including redundant storage solutions, to prevent data loss and
maintain user data integrity.

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2.6 Constraints on Project Development

Budgetary Constraints:
● Limited Funding: The project may face budgetary constraints that restrict the
allocation of resources for development, including software, hardware, and
personnel.
● Cost Overruns: Unforeseen expenses and cost overruns can impact the
project's development, potentially leading to delays or reduced functionality.
Time Constraints:
● Tight Deadlines: Imposed deadlines for project completion may limit the time
available for thorough development and testing.
● Seasonal or Event-Driven: The project may need to align with specific events
or seasons, necessitating on-time delivery.
Resource Limitations:
● Human Resources: Availability and expertise of skilled developers, designers,
and other project team members can be limited, affecting development
capabilities.
● Hardware and Infrastructure: Hardware, server, and network constraints may
affect the project's scalability and performance.
Regulatory and Compliance Constraints:
● Legal and Regulatory Requirements: Adherence to local, national, and
international laws and regulations can introduce constraints, particularly
regarding data privacy and transportation regulations.
● Industry Standards: Compliance with industry-specific standards and
certifications may be mandatory, adding development constraints.
Technological Constraints:
● Compatibility: The need to ensure compatibility with various devices, operating
systems, and software versions may limit development choices.
● Technological Limitations: The availability of specific technology, such as GPS
services or real-time mapping APIs, may constrain development options.
Geographic and Environmental Constraints:
● Geographic Variation: Different geographic regions may have varying
infrastructure, network capabilities, and local constraints that impact the
project's reach.
● Environmental Factors: Environmental concerns, such as extreme weather
conditions, may introduce constraints on service reliability and safety.
Security and Privacy Constraints:
● Data Security: Compliance with data security and privacy regulations (e.g.,
GDPR) may limit data handling and storage options.
● User Privacy: Balancing user privacy with service functionality may impose
constraints on data collection and sharing.
Vendor and Partner Constraints:

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● Vendor Reliability: Dependence on third-party vendors and partners for
services, APIs, or hardware can introduce constraints if these parties
experience disruptions or changes in service.
● Contractual Agreements: Pre-existing contractual agreements with vendors
may introduce limitations on technology choices and integration.
User Adoption and Behaviour Constraints:
● User Acceptance: User behaviour and willingness to adopt ride-sharing
services and behavioural changes may present constraints, particularly in
regions where ride-sharing is less prevalent.
● Community Engagement: Building a sense of community may take time and
effort, impacting the rate of user adoption.
Economic and Market Constraints:
● Economic Conditions: Economic downturns or fluctuations may influence user
spending on transportation services, affecting the project's financial viability.
● Market Competition: The presence of established competitors with larger user
bases and resources may impose constraints on market penetration.
Cultural and Societal Constraints:
● Cultural Norms: Cultural preferences and practices related to transportation
may constrain user adoption and the project's approach in different regions.
● Societal Attitudes: Societal attitudes toward ride-sharing and shared mobility
may impact the project's reception and growth.
Stakeholder Expectations:
● Differing Stakeholder Expectations: The project may need to address conflicting
expectations among stakeholders, such as users, drivers, regulators, and
investors, which can be a significant constraint.

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 Literature Survey
3.1 Literature 1:
Title: "Quality of Life: Assessment for Transportation Performance Measures"
Authors: Ingrid Schneider, Tian Guo, Sierra Schroeder
Published by: Minnesota Department of Transportation
Report No.: MN/RC 2013-05
Publication Date: January 2013

Summary:
This report, authored by Ingrid Schneider, Tian Guo, and Sierra Schroeder, delves into
the relatively under-researched topic of the impact of transportation on quality of life.
Notably, there is limited comprehensive research on this subject. To establish a context
for their study, the researchers initiate their investigation by conducting a
comprehensive overview of the broader quality of life research landscape.

The authors embark on this review by defining key terms relevant to the study, including
methodologies that have been employed to measure and predict quality of life. They
pay special attention to demographic distinctions that influence quality of life
assessments.

To link this broader quality of life literature to the realm of transportation, the authors
adopt a patchwork approach, gathering research papers that shed light on specific
facets of transportation's influence on quality of life. This approach seeks to create a
comprehensive picture of the subject, given the limited existing research.

Chapter 2 of the report is dedicated to summarizing the constrained number of

assessments conducted in this domain, offering insights into the strengths and
weaknesses of their methodologies. These assessments are systematically organized
according to the specific factors they investigate. The literature review effectively
distinguishes between existing knowledge and areas where research is lacking.

This report serves as an important contribution to understanding the relationship

between transportation and quality of life, filling gaps in the existing literature and
providing a foundation for future research in this field.

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3.2 Literature 2
Title: "A Systematic Literature Review on Ridesharing: Determinants, Theoretical
Grounds, and Methodologies"

Authors: Maryum Zaigham, Jakaria Dasan, Christie Pei-Yee Chin

Published by: Journal of Information System and Technology Management
Volume: 7 (27)
Pages: 187-200
Publication Date: September 5, 2022

Summary:

This literature review, authored by Maryum Zaigham, Jakaria Dasan, and Christie Pei-
Yee Chin, investigates the landscape of ridesharing research. Ridesharing has
revolutionized urban transportation, and its impact on both riders and drivers has
garnered significant attention from researchers globally. This systematic review aims
to shed light on the regularity of determinants influencing ridesharing usage and
explores the predominant theoretical trends and research methodologies applied.

The study identifies that despite the substantial body of literature on ridesharing, the
field remains somewhat fragmented. This is partly due to the diversity of terms used
to describe ridesharing, including ride-sourcing, ride-hailing, e-hailing, and car-
sharing, among others. Additionally, ridesharing lacks a universally accepted
definition. Furuhata et al. (2013) provide one such definition, referring to ridesharing
as a mode of transportation where individuals share a vehicle for a trip and split the
travel costs with others having similar itineraries. However, other perspectives
emphasize mobile applications connecting consumers and drivers to attain rides,
emphasizing riders, drivers, and platforms during the transaction.

The review's methodology involved a systematic search using keywords and concepts
extracted from various research disciplines. It focused on identifying determinants,
issues, theoretical frameworks, and methodologies related to ridesharing usage
among both drivers and riders.

For driver-related research, keywords such as "uber drivers," "ridesharing drivers,"

and "e-hailing drivers" were utilized. In contrast, keywords like "ridesharing riders,"
"uber riders’ intention to use," and "e-hailing riders’ usage" were employed to retrieve
relevant literature concerning ridesharing riders.

The results of this comprehensive literature review indicate that customer satisfaction,
service quality, and trust are the most significantly researched factors in ridesharing
for both riders and drivers. The review also highlights the prevalence of technology
acceptance models, particularly the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), as the

21
preferred theoretical framework. Quantitative research is the most common mode
used in ridesharing research.

In conclusion, this systematic review not only provides an overview of existing

research but also offers valuable insights and recommendations for future ridesharing
research. It contributes to a better understanding of the multifaceted determinants,
theoretical underpinnings, and research methodologies within the ridesharing domain.

3.3 Literature 3
Title: "Taxi Sharing: Benefits, Challenges, and Research Focus"

Summary:
This literature explores the world of taxi sharing, emphasizing its advantages and
challenges, and the key areas of research focus in this domain.

Advantages of Taxi Sharing:

Taxi sharing offers the advantages of comfort and convenience compared to other
daily public transport modes such as buses and metros.
It provides a similar service at a lower cost, attracting interest from many travelers.
Taxi sharing increases income for taxi drivers, serving as a good incentive.
It reduces the total Vehicle Mileage Traveled (VMT), contributing to lower fuel
consumption, reduced vehicle emissions, and less traffic congestion.
Challenges in Taxi Sharing:

Despite the benefits, surveys and investigations reveal that taxis often carry only one
or two passengers, leaving substantial room for sharing opportunities.
High demand, with many passengers waiting to share, coexists with low taxi
occupancy rates, highlighting untapped market potential.
The matching and routing strategy in taxi sharing considers clients' choices and route
selection, employing both static and dynamic modeling.
Static modeling gathers demand in advance, optimizing client matching and route
choices based on given origins and destinations.
Dynamic modeling, enabled by IT techniques, allows clients to post taxi sharing
demands online in real-time.
Pricing in taxi sharing aims to ensure a win-win scenario for both clients and drivers,
with equity as a central element.
Various pricing schemes consider factors like the number of clients, travel distance,
waiting time, and trip urgency.
Research Focus in Taxi Sharing:

Current research in taxi sharing concentrates on several aspects, including the Dial-
a-Ride Problem (DARP), taxi sharing at the roadside or transport hubs, routing
optimization, pricing, and equity.

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The process of taxi sharing involves three critical aspects: matching (passenger-based
or driver-based), route choice (optimized via various methods), and pricing schemes
aimed at achieving equity.
In summary, taxi sharing has the potential to provide numerous benefits, including cost
savings, reduced environmental impact, and increased convenience for travelers.
However, challenges such as low taxi occupancy rates and unmet demand present
opportunities for further research and development. Current research in this field
primarily focuses on matching, route optimization, and pricing, with an emphasis on
equity and cost-sharing among passengers.

3.4 Literature 4
Title: "Systematic Literature Review on Ride-Sharing Platforms, User Factors, and
Barriers"

Aim:
This systematic literature review aims to comprehensively investigate ride-sharing,
with a focus on online platforms, user factors, and barriers. The goal is to provide
valuable insights into the successful implementation of ride-sharing services.

Method:
The review encompasses scientific publications in English. Articles included in the
review report studies on user factors affecting ride-sharing use and barriers hindering
ride-sharing implementation. The analysis also examines ride-sharing online platforms
through their official websites. Articles are categorized by author, year, and location.
Online platform attributes and user factors that influence ride-sharing likelihood are
summarized and discussed.

Findings:
The term "ride-sharing" encompasses both for-profit and non-profit ride-sharing
services.
The study identifies twenty-nine ride-sharing online platforms with distinct
characteristics.
Sixteen user factors affecting ride-sharing likelihood are grouped into
sociodemographic, location, and system factors. While location and system factors
exhibit consistent patterns across studies, sociodemographic factors yield mixed
results.
Barriers to ride-sharing implementation are categorized as economic, technological,
business, behavioral, and regulatory.
Conclusion:

The review underscores the potential for enhancing existing ride-sharing services and
establishing successful new ones. Future research should investigate users' trip

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purposes, study ride-sharing factors both before and after implementation, and
conduct cross-case studies to compare findings across cities and countries.

Introduction:

Ride-sharing aims to mitigate environmental impacts, reduce costs, alleviate

congestion, and increase vehicle occupancy and public transit ridership. It includes
various sharing concepts, with this study focusing on cost compensation rides
performed by drivers for non-profit purposes. Ride-sharing trips are typically pre-
arranged through matching applications with trust mechanisms and links to social
networks. However, limited uptake of ride-sharing is observed due to various barriers.

Methodology:

This systematic literature review adheres to a scientific, transparent process. It

encompasses English-language academic journals and conference proceedings,
excluding books and theses.

Key Focus Areas:

Definitions and usage of the term "ride-sharing" in literature.

Exploration of online ride-sharing platforms, including operation status, starting year,
location, and service distance.
Identification of user factors influencing the likelihood of ride-sharing.
Categorization of barriers hindering ride-sharing implementation.
The study is divided into drivers and passengers. It does not cover financial, economic,
or business models of ride-sharing. The review emphasizes potential avenues for
further research.

In summary, this systematic literature review provides a comprehensive overview of

ride-sharing, offering valuable insights into its successful implementation. It examines
platforms, user factors, and barriers, shedding light on the complexities and challenges
in the ride-sharing landscape.

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 Proposed Methodology

4.1 Problem solving approach

Problem Identification:
● Define the specific challenges and issues associated with urban transportation,
such as traffic congestion, environmental impact, and accessibility disparities.
● Conduct a thorough analysis of the existing taxi and ride-sharing services,
including their strengths and weaknesses.
Stakeholder Engagement:
● Identify and engage key stakeholders, including potential users, drivers,
regulatory authorities, and local communities.
● Gather feedback and insights from stakeholders to understand their needs,
concerns, and expectations.
Market Research:
● Analyze the market landscape to identify opportunities and threats, taking into
account competitors and emerging trends in the ride-sharing industry.
● Explore potential partnerships and collaborations with transportation and
technology companies.
Technology Assessment:
● Evaluate the available technology stack and solutions for developing the taxi
sharing platform.
● Assess the scalability, security, and reliability of the chosen technologies.
Algorithm Development:
● Develop sophisticated matching algorithms to optimize user pairing, minimize
detours, and improve the efficiency of shared rides.
● Implement route optimization algorithms to ensure timely and cost-effective
journeys.
Planning:
Project Scope and Objectives:
● Define the project's scope, including the target geographic areas, user base, and
services to be offered (e.g., ride-sharing, carpooling, and personalized
transportation solutions).
● Clearly articulate the project's objectives, such as reducing traffic congestion,
improving environmental sustainability, and enhancing user experience.
Technical Development:
● Establish a dedicated development team with expertise in software development,
data science, and user experience design.
● Create a detailed project timeline with milestones for software development,
testing, and deployment.
User-Centric Approach:
● Prioritize user experience and satisfaction throughout the project. Conduct user
surveys, usability testing, and continuous feedback collection to refine the
platform.

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 ● Develop user-friendly mobile applications and a responsive web platform for
easy access.
Regulatory Compliance:
● Collaborate with regulatory authorities and stakeholders to ensure compliance
with local transportation regulations.
● Implement data privacy and security measures to safeguard user information.
Marketing and Outreach:
● Develop a comprehensive marketing and outreach strategy to attract users and
drivers to the platform.
● Leverage digital marketing, social media, and partnerships with local businesses
and communities.
Quality Assurance and Testing:
● Implement rigorous testing procedures to ensure the platform's reliability,
performance, and security.
● Conduct real-world testing and user feedback loops to identify and address any
issues.
Launch and Scalability:
● Plan for a soft launch in a specific geographic area to test the platform's
functionality and user adoption.
● Develop a scalability strategy to accommodate the platform's growth and
expansion to new regions.
Data Analytics and Continuous Improvement:
● Implement data analytics tools to monitor user behavior, operational
performance, and user feedback.
● Utilize the data-driven insights to make continuous improvements, optimize
routes, and enhance user matching.

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4.2 Functionalities Provided
The success of a taxi sharing system hinges on the efficient delivery of various
functionalities that cater to the needs of both passengers and drivers. Here are the key
functionalities provided by the taxi sharing system:

1. User Registration and Profile Management:

Passengers and drivers can create user profiles with personal information, contact
details, and payment preferences.
Users can verify their identities through a secure process, enhancing safety and trust.

2. Ride Booking and Scheduling:

Passengers can request rides in real-time or schedule future rides, specifying pick-up
and drop-off locations, date, and time.
The system provides a user-friendly interface for inputting ride details and preferences.
3. User Matching and Route Optimization:
Advanced algorithms match passengers with compatible routes and other riders
traveling in the same direction.
Route optimization minimizes detours and ensures cost-effective and timely journeys.

4. Real-time GPS Tracking:

Passengers and drivers can track the location of their rides in real-time through
integrated GPS and mapping services.
The system provides estimated arrival times and route information.

5. Fare Estimation and Payment Processing:

The system calculates and displays fare estimates for passengers based on ride
distance, duration, and any surge pricing.
Passengers can make secure payments using various methods, including credit/debit
cards and digital wallets.

6. User Rating and Feedback:

After each ride, users can rate their experience and provide feedback on drivers and
fellow passengers.
Ratings and reviews enhance accountability and inform the community.

7. Safety Features:
Drivers undergo background checks and verification to ensure passenger safety.
Emergency assistance and SOS buttons are available within the app for immediate
support.

8. Multiple Booking Options:

Passengers can choose from various ride-sharing options, such as private rides,
carpooling, and shared rides with multiple stops.

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These options cater to diverse user preferences and needs.

9. Ride History and Receipts:

Users have access to their ride history, including details of previous rides, routes
taken, and fare information.
Digital receipts are available for expense tracking and reimbursement.

10. User Support and Customer Service:

- The system provides a customer support portal where users can report issues, ask
questions, and receive assistance.
- User support is available via chat, email, and phone for prompt issue resolution.

11. Surge Pricing Management:

- The system can implement surge pricing during high-demand periods and
dynamically adjust fares based on supply and demand.
- Passengers are informed of surge pricing and given the option to confirm or wait for
standard fares.

12. Community Building and Social Features:

- Users can connect and share rides with friends, family, and coworkers through social
features.
- In-app messaging and community-building tools enhance the ride-sharing
experience.

13. Accessibility Features:

- The platform offers accessibility options for users with disabilities, including features
for the visually impaired and support for mobility devices.

14. Environmental Sustainability Features:

- Users can choose eco-friendly options, such as electric vehicles and carpooling, to
reduce the carbon footprint of their rides.
- The system encourages users to make environmentally conscious choices.

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4.3 Design:

1.Data Flow Diagram

29
2. Use Case Diagram:

30
3. Module Design:

31
32
4. Planning

1. Timeline Chart:

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 In an era where urban mobility and transportation solutions are constantly
evolving, the concept of taxi sharing has emerged as a promising approach to address
issues related to traffic congestion, environmental sustainability, and overall
transportation efficiency. A taxi sharing system allows multiple passengers to share a
single ride, effectively reducing the number of vehicles on the road, curbing emissions,
and offering a cost-effective alternative to traditional taxi services.

1. The Need for a Taxi Sharing System

Traffic congestion is a common challenge in urban areas, leading to wasted
time, increased fuel consumption, and environmental pollution. As cities grow, the
demand for efficient and sustainable transportation options becomes imperative. Taxi
sharing can significantly contribute to alleviating these issues by optimizing the use of
existing taxi fleets, enhancing passenger experiences, and reducing the overall
transportation footprint.

Objectives of the Taxi Sharing System

The primary objectives of planning for a taxi sharing system include:

● Reducing Traffic Congestion: By encouraging the sharing of taxi rides, the

system aims to reduce the number of vehicles on the road, ultimately alleviating
traffic congestion.

● Environmental Sustainability: Taxi sharing helps lower emissions and promote

sustainability by reducing the carbon footprint associated with personal
vehicles.

● Cost Efficiency: Passengers benefit from cost savings when sharing taxi rides,
making it an economically attractive option for daily commuting.

● Enhanced Mobility: The system strives to provide a convenient and accessible

means of transportation for all, contributing to improved urban mobility.

● Technological Integration: Leveraging technology and mobile apps, the system

aims to provide a seamless and user-friendly experience for both drivers and
passengers.

Scope of the Report

This report delves into the critical planning aspects of a taxi sharing system, focusing
on the infrastructure, technological requirements, regulatory considerations, and
passenger engagement. It aims to provide insights for policymakers, transportation
authorities, and entrepreneurs interested in developing and implementing efficient taxi
sharing systems.

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2. Key Components of Taxi Sharing System Planning

Infrastructure Planning

● Creating an effective taxi sharing system requires careful infrastructure

planning. Key considerations include:

● Pick-Up and Drop-Off Points: Identifying strategic locations for pick-up and
drop-off points is essential. These locations should be easily accessible and
well-distributed across the city.

● Taxi Fleet Optimization: Determining the appropriate size and composition of

the taxi fleet is crucial. The fleet size should be based on anticipated demand
and the number of potential passengers.

● Route Planning: Efficient route planning software is essential for optimizing

shared taxi routes. Algorithms should be employed to ensure minimal detours
and reduced travel times.

Technological Requirements

● Incorporating the right technology is fundamental to the success of a taxi

sharing system. This includes:

● Mobile Applications: Developing user-friendly mobile apps for passengers to

request shared rides and for drivers to accept requests.

● GPS and Mapping Services: Integrating GPS and mapping services for real-
time tracking of vehicles and route optimization.

● Data Management: Collecting and analyzing data related to ride-sharing

demand, passenger preferences, and traffic patterns is vital for system
optimization.

Regulatory Considerations

● Regulatory aspects play a significant role in the planning and operation of a taxi
sharing system. Key regulatory considerations encompass:

● Licensing and Permitting: Ensuring that taxi drivers and vehicles adhere to the
necessary licensing and permitting requirements.

● Pricing and Fare Structures: Developing fair and transparent pricing models for
shared rides that benefit both passengers and drivers.

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 ● Data Privacy and Security: Addressing concerns related to the privacy and
security of user data is critical in compliance with regulations and ensuring
passenger trust.

Passenger Engagement and Education

The success of a taxi sharing system also relies on passenger engagement and
education:
● Marketing and Awareness: Creating awareness about the benefits of ride-
sharing and marketing the service to potential users is crucial.

● User Education: Educating passengers on how to use the mobile app, request
rides, and participate in the sharing process enhances user experience.

● Feedback Mechanisms: Establishing feedback mechanisms for passengers to

report issues or provide suggestions helps improve the service continually.

Effective planning for a taxi sharing system necessitates a holistic approach

that combines infrastructure development, technological integration, regulatory
compliance, and passenger engagement. A well-designed system can contribute to
reduced congestion, enhanced environmental sustainability, and cost-efficient
transportation options for urban populations. By addressing these key components,
cities can pave the way for a more efficient and sustainable transportation future.

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 Conclusion

The deployment of a taxi sharing system marks the culmination of extensive

planning, development, and testing, leading to the realization of a platform designed
to address urban transportation challenges. Through this well-structured and
comprehensive deployment process, the taxi sharing system is positioned to offer a
convenient, efficient, and sustainable mode of transportation for users and drivers
alike.

The pre-deployment phase involves careful preparation of infrastructure,

rigorous software testing, and meticulous data migration to ensure the readiness of
the system. The process unfolds in phases, commencing with a soft launch in a limited
area, followed by gradual expansion to additional regions, and culminating in a full-
scale launch. This phased approach allows for real-world testing and the collection of
valuable user feedback, contributing to the fine-tuning of the system.

Post-launch, the emphasis shifts to monitoring and maintenance, where the

system's performance, security, and scalability are closely observed. Monitoring tools
and alert systems are vital for the early detection and resolution of any anomalies.
Data security and regulatory compliance remain paramount, with a focus on
safeguarding user information and privacy.

Scalability and performance optimization are ongoing priorities to ensure a

responsive and reliable user experience as the platform attracts a growing user base.
Providing user training materials and responsive customer support further enhances
user satisfaction and engagement.

Marketing and growth strategies play a pivotal role in expanding the user and
driver community, with user data and feedback serving as guiding lights for service
enhancements. Regular updates and feature improvements, informed by user insights
and market trends, contribute to the system's adaptability and competitiveness.

In conclusion, the deployment of the taxi sharing system represents the

culmination of a well-executed plan and a significant step towards transforming urban
transportation. By prioritizing security, scalability, user satisfaction, and growth, the
taxi sharing system is poised to make a positive impact on urban mobility, offering a
convenient and eco-friendly transportation option for a diverse and ever-expanding
user base. With a commitment to continuous improvement and innovation, the system
has the potential to shape the future of urban transportation and contribute to more
sustainable and efficient cities.

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 References
● https://www.blablacar.in/
● https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277258632200003X
● https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9356070
● https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2021/5572200/
● https://www.academia.edu/26745929/Real_Time_Taxi_Ride_Sharing_System

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