about animosity and mistrust between US and USSR.

Signaling the crumbling of

Grand Allaince ( formed by the end of 1941, After Germany invaded Soviet Union,
The western powers co-operate with Stalin to recognize the threat posed by Nazi
Germany. US, UK and USSR played a major role in persecuting a war against, the
Axis powers led by Nazi Germany, Imoperial Japan and Fascist Italy.

4). Winston Churchill, Iron Curtain Speech:

After one year of Yalta conference, in March 1946, Churchill delivered his famous
speech. Where he condemned the opressive power of USSR in the Eastern
Europe. Declared that, An Iron Curtain descended across the continenet, hinting
at the end of co-operation between the USSR and it's Western Allies. Thus, marks
the begining of the Cold War.

5). Mediterranean Crises:

In 1947, tensions in the Mediterranean made the lines between democracies and
communism clear cut.

In Greek Civil war ( 1946-1949)

Greek nationalist Army supported by US and Communist militia fighting for new
democratic government. This internal conflict made it vulnerable to the political
influence of External powers. US feared that The USSR would step in and would
support the communist war effort in Greece. Meanwhile the USSR had been
trying to expand its influence in other parts of the mediterranean, putting a lot of
pressure on Turkey in particular, The Soviet wanted to drill for oil in Iran. To get
that oil out of Iran, Turkish waters had to be used. The Soviet goernment
pressured Iran into granting them oil concessoions right near the Turkish border
while trying to get Turkey to grant them a military base and transit rights through
the Turkish straits. the US did not want the USSR to control the Turkish straits
that offered both economic and militaruy advantage. for this reason the US and
it's western allies sought the anti-communist Turkey. American diplomats
concluded from the Russian interest in Turkey that USSR was supporting the
communist in Greece just west of Turkey. So they feared Domino effect either
from communist victory in Greece and Turkish concession to Soviet interest in the
straits.

Truman therefore addressed Congress on the Mediterranean crisis on Mrch 12

1947. He declared a solid communist threat across the entire region. Thus marked
the begining of the cold war.

6). Harry S. Truman Doctrine:

" I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people ,
who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside
powers."

Careful about mentioning the USSR but the warning against the Soviet was
clearly implied.

Truman's speech called for an immediate economic and military aid of 400
million dollar to Turkey and Greece.

In the speech,He announced ,

A Policy of Containment which involved preventing the spread of Communism

and supporting the democratic governmets around the world.

Truman's speech marked a significant shift in U.S. Foreign policy away from
isolationism and towards active engagement with the world community. By
announcing a new policy of containment, Truman was signaling that the U.S.
Would be willing to take an active role in shaping world events and defending
Western values against what he saw as an existential threat from communism,
which would help to set the stage for many of the key events and conflicts of the
Cold War era.

First defenitive cold war speech.

Served as a prelude to the marshall plan, which would extend aid to all western
Europe.
This doctrine emphasized the virtues of the free market economy and the defense
of the western world against communism.

It also established interventionist trend, setting the precedent for American

involment in both Korean and Vietnam wars.

7). Berlin Crisis: . The Cold War began while the embers of World war two were
still smoldering.

The first major confrontation of the Cold war took place over berlin in 1948 Berlin
was the center of cold war political tensions as it was a city that presented both
sides of the ideological divide between the Eastern Soviet communist and
Western Capitalism to the world.

Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain speech in 1948 had enveloped most of Eastern
Europe. The political and ideological barriers divided the Europe continent and
Germany's capital Berlin.

Berlin located in the middle of the Soviet East Germay. Despite its location, it was
divided into Allies Western and a soviet Eastern.

Construction of Berlin Wall: Physical barrier constructed by the East German

government in 1961 to prevent its citizens from fleeing to the West ( Brain
Drain) that separated Berlin into Soviet-backed East German government and
west Berlin, occupied by Western powers ( US, UK ,France). Tensions increased in
august 1961, as the western powers failed to prevent the Soviets from from
constructing the Berlin wall that was constructed as a response to the mass
migration of East Germans to the West, known as the "Brain Drain" which had
begun in the late 1940s, that the East German government saw as a threat to its
stability and feared that it would lead to the collapse of its economy and political
system.

Berlin Blockade : Berlin blockade would be the first real battle of the cold war
between US and USSR and their Allies. Blockading the road and rail line that the
western Allies had been using to supply to the city.

It was a response to the Western powers decision of introducing a new currency,

the Deutsche Mark in west Berlin. The people of West Berlin, who were cut off
from food, fuel, and other essential supplies.

Operation Vittles: Massive Airlift

The Western powers responded by launching an airlift operation to supply the

city with food and other necessities. The airlift, known as Operation Vittles, lasted
for 11 months and involved over 200,00 flights carrying more than 2 million tons
of cargo.

Standoff at checkpoint Charlie: World on the brink of WWIII

On October 27, 1962 . The world stood on the brink of the World War three at the
small border crossing Checkpoint Charlie between East and West Berlin. The two
Superpowers stood toe-toe, tank-tank, ready to start World War three, the
standoff at checkpoint Chalie had begun.

Soviet and US remained there throughout the rest of the day and until the next
morning on the 28th oct each side waited for the other to act first neither
wanting to start war. In the end faced eachother for 16 hours.

Berlin crisis and the standoff at the Checkpoint Charlie stands out for bringing the
world to the brink of war.

8). American deployment of Long-Range bombers in the Britain:

America deployed long-Range bombers in Britain officially described as Atomic

capable though none were actually armed with nuclear weapons This deployment
as part of US Cold War strategy to deter the Soviet Union. The deployment also
served as a symbol of the close military alliance between the US and the UK,
which had been forged during World War II.

8). NATO Formation To Counter communism The first secretary general of

NATO, Lord Hashtings Lionel said, NATO was created to keep the Soviets out, The
Americans in and the Germans down.
American Depolyment was followed by political commitment enshrined in the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO) treaty signed on 4th April 1949, in
Washington DC .12 counttries signed the treaty and become the members.It was
created as a response to the growing threat of Soviet aggression and
Expansionism during the Cold War era.

The ongoing Berlin Blockade from 1948 particulary stressed the insurgency to
form NATO.

Collective security as enshrined in the Article 51 of the United Nations Charter.By

joining together, if one nation is attacked the other would defend it militarily
under one command. ( Accorded with principle of collective self-defense
enshrined in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter.

Deterrence demonstrating to Soviet Union The collective power of 12 nations ,

who promised to defend each other, if one was attacked, worked as a deterent
demonstrating to the Soviet that Western Europe would defend itself against
Soviet aggression and expansionism .

Cold war strategy to defend western Europe: The cornerstone of the Alliance was
the commitment of the US to defend Western Europe. Now US could have the
Military presence in Europe which enables a more immediate retaliation incase of
Soviet attack.

Extended to Doctrine of massive retaliation willingness of the NATO members to

use nuclear weapons to deter Soviet aggression as a last resort.

Political and Economic Co-operation: So far the United Stated had initaited the
Mrshall plan which would help fund and the rebuildingf of Western Europe and
encouraged greater co-operation between Europe and the US.

Members countries could spend more on their economies rather than large scale
Army.

Small nations secured due to this collective-defense, as the powerful nations

would protect them.
Creatin of Warsaw Pact: Soon many countries became the members. Greece and
Turkey in 1952. Spain in 1982.

In 1954 USSR also suggested to be the part of NATO alliance to preserve peace in
Europe but that was rejected by Member nations that it would weaken the
Allaince. West Germany's entry into NaATO in 1955 posed a threat to USSR that
caused the USSR to retaliate by forming the similar collective military Alliance
called Warsaw Pact that was signed among the Soviet Satellites states of Eastern
Europe that was dominated by the USSR.

9). Spreading of Communist governments:

Soviet Union expanded it's influence across Eastern Europe installing Communist
governments in their countries forming the Eastern Bloc. Soviet sponsered Coup
in Czechoslovakia resulted in full communist takeover in 1948. Similar events and
conflicts in Asia ( In 1949 the Chinese 30 years long civil-war ended in victory for
the communists under Mao Zedong) and elsewhere also had a major impact on
Asian Affairs and on perception in both Moscow and Washinton.

US tried to stop the spread of communism' policy of Containment

Marshall paln

by forming NATO and The CIA interventions in Elecetion where the communist
had a chance to win as in Italy

10). Korea war:

25th June, 1950 - 27th July, 1953

At teh end of World war 2 in 1945, Korea was freed from Japanese Control.

North Korea was occupied by the Soviet Union and the South Korea was occupied
by the US.

by 1948, The country was divided in half at the 38th parallel. Capitalist South and
the Communist North. Soviet troops withdrew from Korea in 1948 and The US
troops withdrew from Korea in 1949.

North Korea Attacked the South Korea both as enemies won't accept the border
between them as permanant. North Korea attacked the South Korea on June 25th
1950, advancing across the 38th parallel.

Republic of korea's Army was defeated by 75000 troops of the North Korean's
people Army. Seuol captured by North Korea. the Occupying the whole of south
Korea.

As the Truman and the US wanted to contain the spread of communism by

preventing the domino Effect. that if Korea feel to the Communism so would the
other counttries to their ideology.

South Korea Appealed for Support

Appeal was made by the security council of UN, for North Korea to withdraw it's
troops. the appeal was ignored by North Korea. As a result approvel was granted
for UN Army, made of international force of 16 nations to send help to South
Korea. UN trrops were mainly of America landed in South Korea in Early July.

North Korean troops were pushed back on the retreat over the 38th parallel and
soon Seoul was re-captured along with the whole of South Korea by the end of
the month.

Attack on North Korea: Beyond the initial idea of containment Truman approved
UN troops to North Korea on Oct 7 1950.On 12th Oct captured Pyongyang and
Yalu River, border with communist China.

China involvement China retaliated by helping North Korea and sent troops.

US troops overwhelmed by the new force and were pushed out of North Korea
with heavy loses.
Attack on South Korea Chinese and North Korean forces on January 1951
captured Seoul.

More UN troops were sent to Korea eventually driving the North Korean to the
38th parallel thus stabilizing the front.

The term Cold war has been used in two

distinct senses:
First meaning of the cold war: In narrow sense:
Behavioral characteristics Of East-West Relations The term
‘Cold War’ refers to a certain kind of behavior, characterized by open ideological
confrontation. Which fluctuated over the period of 1945-1989 in the following
way;

Cold war years

(From Truman Doctrine 1947 to Khrushchev thaw 1953)

Refers to the years between Truman doctrine (1947) and Khrushchev’s thaw of
1950s, during which unrelieved antagonism exited between the two
superpowers.

Kennedy And Lyndon B. Johnson’s administration (1961-1963, 1963-1969) And

Reagan administration (1981-1985): Where the open antagonisms of the above
years reproduced later.

Détente: Above periods of cold war alternated with periods of détente (1953-
1960, 1969-1975, 1985-1989) during which negotiations and tensions reductions
were firmly on agenda
Second meaning of the Cold War:
Structure of East-West Relations: To the extent that
the key elements of that structure remained continuous
throughout the postwar period, Cold war refers to the
whole period from late 1940s to late 1980s. Viewed from
this perspective, détente was part of the cold war rather
than a departure from it. There was behavioral change in
periods of détente, the fundamental structure of US-
Soviet relations remains constant.
Cold war years + Détente = Cold war