CSE 281

Computer Programming Techniques

Topic: Iterative Statements (Loops)
Department of CSE,MIST
Why are Loops used?
▪ Write a code to print hello world

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf( "Hello World\n");
}
Why Loop is used?
▪ Write a code to print hello world 10 times
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n"); }
Why Loop is used?
▪ Loops in C programming is used Solution 1:
#include <stdio.h>
when we need to execute a block
int main() {
of statements repeatedly. printf( "Hello World\n");
▪ For example: Suppose we want to printf( "Hello World\n");
print “Hello World” 10 times. printf( "Hello World\n");
How can this be done efficiently? printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
▪ Using loop statement, we could printf( "Hello World\n");
easily solve this problem without printf( "Hello World\n");
writing the printf statement 10 printf( "Hello World\n");
times. printf( "Hello World\n");
printf( "Hello World\n");
}
Why Loop is used?
▪ In looping, a sequence of statements are executed until some
conditions for termination of the loop are satisfied.
▪ In short, in loop statement, we can specify how many times a
block of statement will be executed.
▪ There are three loop statements in C:
▪ for loop
▪ while loop
▪ do…while loop
for Loop - syntax
▪ For loop is used to repeat a statement or a block of statements a
specific number of times.
▪ Syntax:
for (initialization of loop variable; conditional test; update loop variable) {
// body of the loop
// statements we want to execute
}
for Loop – Execution Steps
for (initialization of loop variable; conditional test; update loop variable) {
// body of the loop
// statements we want to execute
}
1. At first the loop variable is initialized. This statement is executed only
once.
2. Then condition is evaluated-
i. If the condition is false, it returns 0 and the loop is terminated.
ii. if the condition is true, it returns 1, body of the loop is executed, loop variable
is updated
3. Step 2 is repeated until the loop is terminated
for Loop – Flow Chart
1 2 5 4
1 for (initialization of loop variable; conditional test; update loop variable) {

3. If true 6. If false
2 // body of the loop
// statements we want to execute

3 }
5
6
Statement after for loop ;

4
for Loop – Flow Chart
6. If false
1 2 5 4
1 for (initialization of loop variable; conditional test; update loop variable) {
3. If true

2 // body of the loop

// statements we want to execute

3 7 }
5

Statement after for loop ;

Terminate Loop and execute
4
the statement right after the
loop
Summary of for loop Execution
1. Initialize loop variable
2. Check condition
3. if false terminate loop body
4. If true execute loop body
5. Update loop variable and repeat from step 2
Sample for Loop
1. Here at first loop variable i is initialized with 0
for (i=0 ; i<2 ; i++) { 2. As step , condition i<2 is evaluated. Since now value
printf(“Hello World”); of i is 0 which makes the condition i<2 true, the body of
} the for loop will be executed.
printf(“Outside loop body”); 3. Then the loop variable i will be updated. As we have
i++, value of i now will be 1
OUTPUT 4. Condition i<2 is evaluated and holds true for i=1, the
Hello World body of the for loop will be executed
Hello World 5. Then the loop variable i will be updated. As we have
Outside loop body i++, value of i now will be 2
6. Condition i<2 is evaluated and hold false for i=2, the
body of the for loop will be terminated and statement
immediately after loop body will be executed.
Sample for Loop
for (i=0 ; i<2 ; i++) {
printf(“Hello World”);
Value of i Condition State Execution
}
printf(“Outside loop body”); i=0 i<2 or 0<2 true Loop body
i=1 i<2 or 1<2 true Loop body
OUTPUT
i=2 i<2 or 2<2 false Outside loop
Hello World
Hello World
Outside loop body
Sample for Loop
•What should we change to print hello world 10 times?

for (i=0 ; i<10 ; i++) {

printf(“Hello World\n”);
}
 for Loop Example 1
▪Print all the integer numbers from 1 for(i=1; i<=10;i++){
to 10 inclusive printf(“%d\n”,i);
▪What is the lowest number we need }
to print?
➢1
▪What is the largest number we need
to print?
➢10
▪We can run the loop from 1, increase
it by value 1 upto 10 and print each
value
 for Loop Example 1
▪Print all the integer numbers from 1 Value Condition State Execution Output
to 10 inclusive of i
i=1 i<=10 or 1<=10 true Loop body 1
i=2 i<=10 or 2<=10 true Loop body 2
for(i=1; i<=10;i++){
i=3 i<=10 or 3<=10 true Loop body 3
printf(“%d\n”,i);
i=4 i<=10 or 4<=10 true Loop body 4
}
i=5 i<=10 or 5<=10 true Loop body 5
i=6 i<=10 or 6<=10 true Loop body 6
i=7 i<=10 or 7<=10 true Loop body 7
i=8 i<=10 or 8<=10 true Loop body 8
i=9 i<=10 or 9<=10 true Loop body 9
i=10 i<=10 or 10<=10 true Loop body 10
i=11 i<=10 or 11<=10 false Outside loop
for Loop Example 2
▪Print the sum of all the integer numbers
from 1 to 5 inclusive int sum=0;
▪How many integer numbers are there between 1 to for(i=1; i<=5;i++){
5 inclusive? sum=sum+i;
➢5 }
▪How many numbers do we need to add? printf(“%d”,sum);
➢5 numbers
▪What is the lowest number to add in the range?
➢1
▪What is the highest number to add in the range?
➢5
▪How many times should my loop iterate?
➢5 times
for Loop Example 2
▪Print the sum of all the integer
Valu Condition State Execution sum=sum+i
numbers from 1 to 5 inclusive e of i
int sum=0; i=1 i<5 or 1<=5 true Loop body 1
for(i=1; i<=5;i++){ i=2 i<5 or 2<=5 true Loop body 3
sum=sum+i; i=3 i<5 or 3<=5 true Loop body 6
} i=4 i<5 or 4<=5 true Loop body 10
printf(“%d”,sum); i=5 i<5 or 5<=5 true Loop body 15
i=6 i<5 or 6<=5 false Outside
loop
for Loop Example 3
▪Print the following series and its
sum: Value Condition State Execution sum= Output
▪1+2+3+4+5=15 of i sum+i
i=1 i<5 or 1<=5 true Loop body 1 1+
int sum=0;
i=2 i<5 or 2<=5 true Loop body 3 2+
for(i=1; i<=5;i++){
printf("%d+",i); i=3 i<5 or 3<=5 true Loop body 6 3+
sum=sum+i; i=4 i<5 or 4<=5 true Loop body 10 4+
} i=5 i<5 or 5<=5 true Loop body 15 5+
printf(“\b=%d”,sum); i=6 i<5 or 6<=5 false Outside =15
loop
for Loop Example 4
▪Print all the even numbers from 1 to 10 inclusive for(i=1; i<=10;i++){
▪How many even numbers are there between 1 to 10
inclusive?
if(i%2==0){
➢5 printf(“%d\n”,i);
▪How many times do you have to print? }
➢5 times }
▪How many times should my loop iterate?
➢5 times
▪What is the lowest number to print in the range?
➢2
▪What is the highest number to print in the range?
➢10
for Loop Example 4
▪Print all the even Value of i Condition State Execution Output
i=1 i<10 or 1<=10 true Loop body
numbers from 1 to 10
i=2 i<10 or 2<=10 true Loop body 2
inclusive:
i=3 i<10 or 3<=10 true Loop body
for(i=1; i<=10;i++){ i=4 i<10 or 4<=10 true Loop body 4

if(i%2==0){ i=5 i<10 or 5<=10 true Loop body

printf(“%d\n”,i); i=6 i<10 or 6<=10 true Loop body 6
} i=7 i<10 or 7<=10 true Loop body
} i=8 i<10 or 8<=10 true Loop body 8
i=9 i<10 or 9<=10 true Loop body
i=10 i<10 or 10<=10 true Loop body 10
i=11 i<10 or 11<=10 false Outside loop
 for Loop Example 5
▪Print the following series and its Value of i Condition State Execution Sum=sum+i Outpu
sum: t
▪2+4+6+8+10 = 30 i=1 i<10 or 1<=10 true Loop body
i=2 i<10 or 2<=10 true Loop body 2 2+
int sum=0; i=3 i<10 or 3<=10 true Loop body
for(i=1; i<=10;i++){ i=4 i<10 or 4<=10 true Loop body 6 4+
if(i%2==0){ i=5 i<10 or 5<=10 true Loop body
printf("%d+",i); i=6 i<10 or 6<=10 true Loop body 12 6+
sum=sum+i; i=7 i<10 or 7<=10 true Loop body
} i=8 i<10 or 8<=10 true Loop body 20 8+
} i=9 i<10 or 9<=10 true Loop body
printf(“\b=%d”,sum); i=10 i<10 or 10<=10 true Loop body 30 10+
i=11 i<10 or 11<=10 false Outside loop
for Loop Example 6(Self Study)
▪Print all the odd Value of i Condition State Execution Output
i=1 i<10 or 1<=10 true Loop body 1
numbers from 1 to 10
i=2 i<10 or 2<=10 true Loop body
inclusive:
i=3 i<10 or 3<=10 true Loop body 3

for(i=1; i<=10;i++){ i=4 i<10 or 4<=10 true Loop body

if(i%2!=0){ i=5 i<10 or 5<=10 true Loop body 5
printf(“%d\n”,i); i=6 i<10 or 6<=10 true Loop body
} i=7 i<10 or 7<=10 true Loop body 7
} i=8 i<10 or 8<=10 true Loop body
i=9 i<10 or 9<=10 true Loop body 9
i=10 i<10 or 10<=10 true Loop body
i=11 i<10 or 11<=10 false Outside loop
 for Loop Example 7(Self Study)
▪Print the following series and its Value of i Condition State Execution Sum=sum+i Outpu
sum: t
▪1+3+5+7+9 = 25 i=1 i<10 or 1<=10 true Loop body 1 1+
i=2 i<10 or 2<=10 true Loop body
int sum=0; i=3 i<10 or 3<=10 true Loop body 4 3+
for(i=1; i<=10;i++){ i=4 i<10 or 4<=10 true Loop body
if(i%2!=0){ i=5 i<10 or 5<=10 true Loop body 9 5+
printf("%d+",i); i=6 i<10 or 6<=10 true Loop body
sum=sum+i; i=7 i<10 or 7<=10 true Loop body 16 7+
} i=8 i<10 or 8<=10 true Loop body
} i=9 i<10 or 9<=10 true Loop body 25 9+
printf(“\b=%d”,sum); i=10 i<10 or 10<=10 true Loop body
i=11 i<10 or 11<=10 false Outside loop
 Infinite for loop
▪As the name suggests, a loop that iterates for infinite time/ never stops
iterating, is called infinite for loop
▪When an infinite loop occurs?
➢Infinite loop occurs if the condition of the loop is always true
▪Example:
for(i=1 ; i>0 ; i++){
printf(“print inside for loop”);
}
 Jump statements in for loop
▪Break Statement: When a break statement is encountered inside
a loop/switch-case block, the loop/switch-case block is immediately
terminated and the program control resumes at the next statement after the
loop/switch-case block

▪Continue Statement: When continue is encountered inside any loop, the

remaining statement of the loop body is skipped and control of the loop is
passed to the next step – update variable
Jump statements in for loop Example
for(i=1; i<=3;i++){ for(i=1; i<=3;i++){
printf("%d\n",i); printf("%d\n",i);
if(i==2){ if(i==2){
break; continue;
} }
printf("%d\n",i); printf("%d\n",i);
} }
 Variations of for loop
▪Print all the integer numbers from 1
to 3
Value Condition State Execution Output
We can initialize the loop variable of i
before the loop statement. i=1 i<3 or 1<3 true Loop body 1
i=2 i<3 or 2<3 true Loop body 2
int i=1; i=3 i<3 or 3<3 false Outside loop
for(; i<3;i++){
printf(“%d\n”,i);
}
 Variations of for loop
▪Print all the integer numbers from 1
to 3
Value Condition State Execution Output
We can update the loop variable inside of i
the loop body. i=1 i<3 or 1<3 true Loop body 1
i=2 i<3 or 2<3 true Loop body 2
int i=1; i=3 i<3 or 3<3 false Outside loop
for(; i<3;){
printf(“%d\n”,i);
i++;
}
Task – Solve Using for loop
▪ Print the following series up to n and its sum :
▪ 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
▪ 0 + 2 + 4 + ... + n
▪ 1+ 3 + 5 + ... + n
▪ 1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + ... n
▪ 12 + 22 + 32 + … + n2
▪ x + 2x^2 + 3x^3 + ….. + nx^n
Task - Solve Using for loop
▪ Print the alphabets from A to Z
▪ Print the alphabets from a to z
▪ Print the alphabets from a to z without the vowels
▪ Take input of a number n and print all of its factors
▪ Take input of two numbers a & b, and print their GCD(Greatest common
divisor)
▪ Take input of a number and print its factorial
while Loop – Syntax & Flow Chart
▪ Syntax:
while (conditional test) {
statement 1;
statement 2;
………
statement n;
}
while Loop – Execution Steps
while(conditional test) {
// body of the loop
// statements we want to execute
}
1. Condition is evaluated-
i. If the condition is false, it returns 0 and the loop is terminated.
ii. if the condition is true, it returns 1, body of the loop is executed
2. Step 1 is repeated until the condition is false and loop is terminated
while Loop – Execution Simulation
1
1 while(conditional test) {
4. If true
2.
2
statement 1; 3
…………………
statement n;
}
3
while Loop – Execution Simulation
1
1 while(conditional test) {
4.
2. If false
true
2
statement 1; 3
…………………
statement n;
}
3
Statement outside loop;
Summary of while loop Execution
1. Check condition
2. if false terminate loop body
3. If true execute loop body
4. repeat from step 1
Sample while Loop
1. Here at line 1 i is initialized with 0
1. int i = 0;
2. Condition i<2 is evaluated. Since now value of i is 0
2. while ( i<2) {
which makes the condition i<2 true, the body of the
3. printf(“Hello World\n”);
while loop will be executed.
4. i++;
3. At line 4, as we have i++, value of i now will be 1
5. }
4. Condition i<2 is evaluated and hold true for i=1, the
6. printf(“Outside loop body”);
body of the while loop will be executed
OUTPUT 5. Again at line 4, we have i++, value of i now will be 2
6. Condition i<2 is evaluated and hold false for i=2, the
Hello World
body of the while loop will be terminated and
Hello World statement immediate after loop body will be executed.
Outside loop body
Sample while Loop
1. int i = 0;
2. while ( i<2) {
3. printf(“Hello World”); Value of i Condition State Execution
4. i++; i=0 i<2 or 0<2 true Loop body
5. } i=1 i<2 or 1<2 true Loop body
6. printf(“Outside loop body”); i=2 i<2 or 2<2 false Outside loop

OUTPUT
Hello World
Hello World
Outside loop body
 while Loop Example 1
▪Print all the integer numbers int i=1;
from 1 to 10 inclusive while(i<=10){
printf(“%d\n”,i);
for(i=1; i<=10;i++){ i++;
}
printf(“%d\n”,i);
}
 while Loop Example 2
▪Print all the odd numbers from int i=1;
1 to 10 inclusive while(i<=10){
if(i%2!=0){
for(i=1; i<=10;i++){ printf(“%d\n”,i);
}
if(i%2!=0){ i++;
printf(“%d\n”,i); }
}
}
Task – Solve Using while loop
Print the following series up to n and its sum :
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
0 + 2 + 4 + ... + n
1+ 3 + 5 + ... + n

▪Print all the even numbers from 1 to 10 inclusive

▪Print the reverse of a given number
▪Take input of a number n and print all of its factors
do while Loop – Syntax & Flow Chart
▪ Syntax:
do{
statement 1;
statement 2;
………
statement n;
} while (conditional test) ;
do while Loop – Execution Steps
do{
// body of the loop
// statements we want to execute
} while(conditional test) ;
1. Body of the loop is executed first.
2. Condition is evaluated-
i. If the condition is false, it returns 0 and the loop is terminated.
ii. if the condition is true, it returns 1, body of the loop is executed
2. Step 2 is repeated until the condition is false and loop is terminated
do while Loop – Execution Simulation

do{ 1
1

statement 1;
…………………
2 3. If true
5.
3
statement n;
} while(conditional test) ; 24
do while Loop – Execution Simulation

do{ 1
1

statement 1;
…………………
2 3. If true
3
statement n;
5 } while(conditional test) ; 24
5. If false
Statement outside loop;
Sample do while Loop
1. int i = 0;
2. do{ Execution Value of Condition State
3. printf(“Hello World”); i
4. i++; Loop body i=1 i<2 or 0<2 true
5. } while ( i<2) ; Loop body i=2 i<2 or 1<2 false
6. printf(“Outside loop body”); Outside loop

OUTPUT
Hello World
Hello World
Outside loop body
Difference Between while and do while Loop
▪ In while loop, find the condition is checked, then the body is
executed if condition is true.
▪ In do...while loop, first the body is executed, then condition is
checked.
▪ the body of do...while loop will execute at least once irrespective
to the test-expression.
Difference Between while and do while Loop
int i=0; int i=0;
while(i<0){ do{
printf("I is a positive number"); printf("I is a negative number");
i++; i++;
} }while(i<0);
Difference Between while and do while Loop
int i=0;
while(i<0){
printf("I is a positive number");
i++; Value of i Condition State Execution

} i=0 i<0 or 0<0 false Outside

loop
Difference Between while and do while Loop
int i=0;
do{
printf("I is a negative number");
i++;
Execution Value of i Condition State
}while(i<0);
Loop i=1 i<0 or 1<0 false
Output: body
I is a negative number Outside
loop