Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Sta. Cruz Campus

College of Engineering
1st Semester A.Y. 2023-2024

EE 13 Instrumentation and Control

Activity

Submitted by:
Encontro, Inee-kriezl S.
Lumbera, Angelo Lex R.
Martin, Espencer Winslet C.
Raturat, Angelo P.
Rosales, Brian L.
BSEE 4B

October 17, 2023

Title: IR Sensor

Security is a primary concern everywhere and for everyone. Every person wants his home,
industry, etc. to be secured. This project describes a security alarm system that can monitor an
industry and home. This is a simple and useful security system and easy to install.

There will be an arrangement of an IR transmitter and IR receiver to which an LED and buzzer
are connected. This IR transmitter and IR receiver are kept at two sides of the door of the restricted
area. The concept is such that, the IR transmitter transmits a frequency of 38 kHz and this frequency
should be detected or received by the IR receiver. If any intruder comes in between this arrangement
IR receiver cannot detect the signal, so the LED and buzzer connected to the IR receiver are
activated, which alerts the people surrounding that area.

A 555 timer is operated in a stable mode and is connected to an IR transmitter to generate a

frequency of 38 KHz. Astable mode is one of the operating modes of 555timer.In this mode the timer
doesn’t have any stable state, it goes on changing its state with some particular delay. This feature is
used in this project to generate the required frequency. This circuit uses a regulated 5V, 500mA
power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. A type full wave
rectifier is used to rectify the AC out of the secondary 230/12V step-down transformer.

Working Principle

IR or infrared sensors are electronic devices that can detect and measure infrared radiation
in their surrounding environment. Sensors detect object heat radiation, determining the presence of
intruders, be they objects, animals, or humans. When an object emits infrared radiation, the sensor
detects and signals the security system, triggering an alarm or alert. A lens equips Infrared sensors
that focus the infrared radiation onto a detector. The detector converts radiation into an electrical
signal for analysis, helping the security system identify unusual activity. Due to their high sensitivity
to heat radiation, IR sensor modules are excellent for detecting movement, even in low-light
conditions. They are a crucial part of modern home security systems, providing reliable and effective
protection against intruders.

IR LED is one kind of transmitter that emits IR radiation. This LED has the appearance of a
standard LED, and the radiation it emits is not visible to the human eye. An infrared transmitter is
used to detect the radiation by infrared receivers. These infrared receivers are available in
photodiode form. IR Photodiodes are different from regular photodiodes in that they only detect IR
radiation. Different types of infrared receivers exist based on voltage, wavelength, package, and
other factors. When used as an IR transmitter and receiver, the wavelength of the receiver must
match that of the transmitter. The transmitter is an infrared LED, and the receiver is an infrared
photodiode. The infrared photodiode is activated by the infrared light produced by an infrared LED.
The photodiode's resistance and the change in output voltage are proportional to the amount of
infrared light obtained. This is the IR sensor's fundamental working principle. Once the infrared
transmitter generates emission, when it arrives at the object & some of the emission will reflect
toward the infrared receiver. The sensor output can be decided by the IR receiver depending on the
intensity of the response.

Uses/Applications

An IR sensor is a type of motion detector that is used as a physical security measure to

detect intruders on your property. Infrared sensors are a popular type of security alarm system.
Depending on the use cases of a property, they can be used in both commercial and residential
properties.

For example, the closing manager will turn the IR sensor on. Then, if somebody breaks into
the department store after hours, the infrared sensor will detect their movement and set off an
alarm. What’s more, depending on the company that provides the sensor, the alarm system can be
linked to emergency services such as the police.

Further, IR sensors can also be linked to motion sensor lights. This use case can also have an
environmental impact. To illustrate, lights that turn on and off when somebody is in a room or
hallway in a public space can save a ton of energy.

Motion sensor lights can also be used as a security tool. Lights that turn on when they detect
motion on your property at night can deter intruders. Further, motion sensor lights can also provide
energy-efficient lighting for possibly unsafe areas such as parking lots or dumpsters. And studies have
shown time and again that a well-lit area can deter criminals from acting.

Advantages of Infrared sensor

The following are the advantages of Infrared sensors:

 It provides secured communication due to line of sight or point-to-point mode of

communication.
 The battery used in infrared devices lasts for a long duration due to lower power
consumption.
 Infrared motion sensors detect motion in daytime and nighttime reliably.
 The sensor does not require any contact with the product to be sensed. The infrared devices
are more appropriate for targets that are closer than 10 mm.
 Infrared devices can measure distance to soft objects which may not be easily detected by
ultrasound.
 They are physically smaller in size and are more affordable.
 It has a response time faster than a thermocouple.
 It provides good stability over time.
 No corrosion or oxidation can affect the accuracy of the infrared sensor.
 It delivers high repeatability.

Disadvantages of Infrared sensor

 Infrared frequencies are affected by hard objects (e.g. walls, doors), smoke, dust, fog,
sunlight, etc. Hence it does not work through walls or doors.
 Infrared waves at high power can damage the eyes.
 In the monitor & control application, it can control only one device at a time. Moreover, it is
difficult to control things that are not in LOS (Line of Sight). It requires a line of sight between
the transmitter and receiver to communicate.
 It supports shorter range and hence its performance degrades with longer distances.
 It supports lower data rate transmission compared to wired transmission.
Schematic Diagram

How to use

Breakdown of Expenses

Components/ Materials Quantity Price in Pesos

9V Battery 2 64
IR LED 1 20
100ohms Resistor 1 17
10k ohms Resistor 2 25
100k ohms Resistor 1 30
220 ohms Resistor 1 15
10uF Capacitor 1 76
NE555 Monostable 1 46
LM358 1 48
Buzzer 1 16
Solid Connecting Wire 20 160

TOTAL 561